Professional Documents
Culture Documents
70
Protection
71
History
Biography
Generator
Protection
PAC.MARCH.2010
Walter Schossig
(VDE) was born
in Arnsdorf (now
Czech Republic) in
1941. He studied
electrical engineering in Zittau
(Germany), and
joined a utility in
the formerEastern
Germany.After the
German reunion
the utility was
renamed as TEAG,
now E.ON Thueringer Energie AG in
Erfurt. There he received his Masters
degree andworked
as a protection
engineer until his
retirement. He was
a member of many
study groups and
associations. He is
an active member
of the working
group Medium
Voltage Relaying
at the German
VDE. He is the
author of several
papers, guidelines
and the book
Netzschutztechnik
[Power System Protection]. He works
on a chronicle
about the history
of electricity supply, with emphasis
on protection and
control.
PAC history
72
1 Earth fault
supervision
(Btow, 1932)
earth was appr. 40 V. The fixed coil with 5000 windings was
connected with a capacity of 4 F and a resistance in parallel
to the secondary winding of the transformer (voltage 120 V).
With the capacity and the resistance in parallel the current
could be set up. The current was constant as long as the
primary voltage of the transformer was constant. The current
delivered the field for the electro dynamic device (required
170 mA). BBC produced a rotor earth fault device RBV in
1947 Figure 13. A scheme used in the United States in 1948
is shown in Figure 12.
In the 50s of the last century rotor earth fault detection
with alternating measurement of the voltage of the plus and
the minus pole to earth (Figure 7) was the common method
used.
Rudolf Ulbricht (GDR) proposed in 1951 a relay
implementation of this method (Patent 5278 Figure 8). The
idea was used in the REG5 of EAW. BBC produced the rotor
earth fault protection as shown in Figure 11.
If the generators have not been excited by rotating machines
but by the more and more used static exciting systems, the
protection was not sensitive enough. That is why improving
the system or development of other systems were required.
The reason was that the rectifier exciting systems caused
a ripple in the rotor current. This ripple caused in the
capacitance C in the excitation circuit currents with harmonics
which were responsible for false tripping. To avoid this, a
Ferraris measuring element has been used as rotor earth fault
protection PUM20. Polarized by the generator voltage, it
was stable against the ripple of the rectifier exciting currents.
This allows the detection of earth faults with earth contact
resistance of up to 1000 Ohms. Utilizing the PUM20, BBC
delivered the system Compatrol (Figure 14).
OERLIKON (CH) also used in the 1960s capacitors for
blocking. They provided the AC in the bridge circuit (Figure
6). The zone of protection was also 100% of the whole rotor
circuit; the winding itself and all coupled circuits as brushings
PAC.MARCH.2010
Pohontsch, 1928
G
2
3
G
_
73
protection, 1951
R
r
R
T
V
Figure 9:
Schematics of
the Electronic
Rotor Earth
Fault Protection,
SIEMENS, 1972
6 Rotor earth fault protection, OERLIKON 10 Rotor earth relay REG5 11 Rotor earth fault
OERLIKON, CH, 1966
EAW, 1966
PAC.MARCH.2010
PAC history
74
14
16 Principle
12
13
Rotor
earth fault
device RBV
indicated correctly that the earth fault position was lying at the
negative end of the rotor.
Rotor double earth fault protection
Double earth faults in the rotor are very dangerous. The
fluxes in the rotor became different and radial forces occur,
causing dangerous vibrations which could destroy the
generator. Harms, Berlin, demonstrated in 1949, that at a
4-pole-rotor the bypass of one pole could cause a magnetic
force on one side as high as 4-times the weight of the rotor.
Especially the limitation of generation in Eastern Germany
15 Circuit of Ferschl and Hofer, SSW, 1964 17 Field ground detection relay DGF
Westinghouse, 1979
(BBC, 1947)
Figure 2
Figure 1
PAC.MARCH.2010
Westinghouse
produced the
Field Ground
Detection Relay
DGF in 1979.
75
required an operation of generators during a single fault.
Rudolf Ulbricht, GDR, presented in 1951 his solution under
Patent 5278. See Figure 30.
Precondition was a solid rotor earth fault. In the bridge
connection the resistance R was defined in such a manner,
that the double-earth-fault relay was without a current
(mA-pointer). In case of a second earth fault, the relay A trips,
switches off the generator and de-excites the machine. The
bridge current was taken from the axle (Welle) directly. The
relay itself was a sensitive polarized DC-device with contacts
on both sides because the bridge current could be positive or
negative (depending on the 2nd earth fault). If everything was
dimensioned very well, double earth faults within 1015%
of the winding could be detected.
The sensitivity depends on the exciting voltage. The
mA-pointer indicates starting failures already at their
beginning. The device also detects earth faults in other
equipments connected. The same scheme has been used in
Western Germany, the United States and in the Soviet Union.
In normal cases this protection was not a part of the standard
configuration; it has been used after a rotor earth fault. The
tuning was done during operation. Figure 23 shows the REG6
of EAW.
During the commissioning of the first 500-MW-unit
in Eastern Germany (Hagenwerder, 1974) and in later
installations (as Jnschwalde 1981) rotor double earth fault
protection built in the Soviet Union was used, (the device
K3P-2Y4). See Figures 24 and 31. The sensitive measuring
element has been two anti-parallel connected polarized relays
P1 and P2. It was used as a built-in or mobile device (for
several generators).
In most countries double earth fault protection was not an
issue; in case of an earth fault the generator is no longer used.
Figure 20:
Two pole rotor
connection,
REG216/316*4
with REX010/
REX011, ABB
21 7UR21
(Siemens, 1984)
22 7UR22
(Siemens, 1984)
Linear resistor
Moving coil
connections
DC Contact
making
milliameter
Adjustable
stationary
contacts
Moving
contacts
PAC.MARCH.2010
PAC history
76
25
G
3~
UH
CE
23 REG6,
EAW, 1956
RE
RV Coupling resistor
UM
UH Auxiliary voltage
Ucontrol
RM
UM
Digital
protection
(7UM62)
calculation
of RE
UM Measuring shunt
CE Rotor capacitance
24 K3P-2,
USSR, 1974
28 Dual-end injection scheme, NARI, 2007 32Single-end injection scheme, NARI, 2007
PAC.MARCH.2010