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1.

Ch ng (subject). 7

1.1 Danh t m c v khng m c.

1.2 Qun t a (an) v the
1.3 Cch s dng Other v another.
1.4 Cch s dng litter/ a litter, few/ a few
1.5 S hu cch
1.6 Some, any
2.

ng t ( verb)

2.1 Hin ti (present)

2.1.1

Hinti n gin (simple present)

2.1.2

Hin ti tip din (present progressive)

2.1.3

Present perfect ( hin ti hon thnh)

2.1.4
Hin ti hon thnh tip din ( preset perfect
progressive)

2.2

Qu kh ( Past)

2.2.1

Qu kh n gin (simple past)

2.2.2

Qu kh tip din (Past progresive).

2.2.3

Qu kh hon thnh (past perfect).

2.2.4
Qu kh hon thnh tip din (past perfect

progressive).

2.3

Tng lai

2.3.1

Tng lai n gin (simple future)

2.3.2

Tng lai tip din ( future progressive)

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 2.3.3

Tng lai hon thnh (future perfect)

3. S ho hp gia ch ng v ng t.

3.1

Ch ng ng tch khi ng t.

3.2

Cc danh t lun i hi ng t v i t s it.

3.3

Cch s dng none, no

3.4

Cch s dng cu trc either ... or v neither ...

3.5

Cc danh t tp th

3.6

Cch s dng A number of/ the number of

3.7

Cc danh t lun dng s nhiu.

3.8

Cch dng cc thnh ng There is, there are

nor.

4. i t

4.1

i t nhn xng ch ng (Subject pronoun)

4.2

i t nhn xng tn ng

4.3

Tnh t s hu

4.4

i t s hu

4.5

i t phn thn (reflexive pronoun)

5. ng t dng lm tn ng

5.1

ng t nguyn th lm tn ng

5.2

Ving dng lm tn ng

5.3

3 ng t c bit

5.4

Cc ng t ng ng sau gii t

5.5

Vn i t i trc ng t nguyn th hoc

Ving lm tn ng.

Trang 2

6. Cch s dng ng t bn khim khuyt need v dare

6.1

need

6.2

Dare

7. Cch dng ng t to be + infinitive

8. Cu hi

8.1

Cu hi yes v no

8.2

Cu hi thng bo

8.2.1

who v what lm ch ng.

8.2.2

Whom v what l tn ng ca cu hi

8.2.3
how)

Cu hi dnh cho cc b ng (when, where, why,

8.3

Cu hi gin tip (embedded questions)

8.4

Cu hi c ui

9. Li ni ph ho khng nh v ph nh.

9.1

Li ni ph ho khng nh.

9.2

Li ni ph ho ph nh

10. Cu ph nh
11. Mnh lnh thc

11.1

Mnh lnh thc trc tip.

11.2

Mnh lnh thc gin tip.

12. ng t khim khuyt.

12.1

Din t thi tng lai.

12.2

Din t cu iu kin.
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 12.2.1

iu kin c th thc hin c thi hin ti.

12.2.2

iu kin khng th thc hin c thi hin ti.

12.2.3

iu kin khng th thc hin c thi qu kh.

12.2.4 Cc cch dng c bit ca Will, would v sould

trong cc mnh if

13. Cch s dng thnh ng as if, as though.

13.1

Thi hin ti.

13.2

Thi qu kh.

14. Cch s dng ng t To hope v to wish.

14.1

Thi tng lai.

14.2

Thi hin ti

14.3

Thi qu kh.

15. Cch s dng thnh ng used to v get/be used to

15.1

used to.

15.2

get / be used to.

16. Cch s dng thnh ng Would rather

16.1

Loi cu c mt ch ng.

16.2

Loi cu c 2 ch ng

17. Cch s dng Would Like

18. Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din t
cc trng thi hin ti.

18.1

Could/may/might.

18.2

Should

18.3

Must
Trang 4

19. Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din t

cc trng thi thi qu kh.

20. tnh t v ph t (adjective and adverb).

21. ng t ni.
22. So snh ca tnh t v danh t

22.1

So snh bng.

22.2

So snh hn, km

22.3

So snh hp l

22.4

Cc dng so snh c bit

22.5

So snh a b

22.6

So snh kp (cng ....th cng)

22.7

No sooner ... than (va mi ... th; chng bao

lu ... th)

23. Dng nguyn, so snh hn v so snh hn nht.

24. Cc danh t lm chc nng tnh t

25. Enough vi tnh t, ph t v danh t
26. Cc t ni ch nguyn nhn

26.1

Because/ because of

26.2

Mc ch v kt qu (so that- )

26.3

Cause and effect

27. Mt s t ni mang tnh iu kin

28. Cu b ng
29. ng t gy nguyn nhn

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 29.1

Have/ get / make

29.2

Let

29.3

Help

30. Ba ng t c bit
31. Cu trc phc hp v i t quan h thay th

31.1

That v Which lm ch ng ca cu ph

31.2

That v wich lm tn ng ca cu ph

31.3

Who lm ch ng ca cu ph

31.4

Whom lm tn ng ca cu ph

31.5

Mnh ph bt buc v mnh ph khng

31.6

Tm quan trng ca du phy trong mnh

bt buc
ph

31.7

Cch s dng All / both/ several / most ... + of +

whom / which

31.8

What v whose

32. Cch loi b cc mnh ph

33. Cch s dng phn t 1 trong mt s trng hp c
bit

34. Cch s dng nguyn mu hon thnh

35. Nhng cch s dng khc ca that

35.1

That vi t cch ca mt lin t (rng)

35.2

Mnh c that

36. Cu gi nh

Trang 6

 36.1

Cu gi nh dng would rather that

36.2

Cu gi nh dng vi ng t trong bng.

36.3

Cu gi nh dng vi tnh t

36.4

Dng vi mt s trng hp khc

36.5

Cu gi nh dng vi it is time

37. Li ni bao hm

37.1

Not only ... but also (khng nhng ... m cn)

37.2

As well as (cng nh, cng nh l)

37.3

Both ... and ( c ... ln )

38. Cch s dng to know v to know how

39. Mnh nhng b

39.1

Despite / in spite of (mc d)

39.2

although, even though, though

40. Nhng ng t d gy nhm ln

41. Mt s ng t c bit khc.
Phn II

Ting Anh vit

I. Cc li thng gp trong ting anh vit
42. S ho hp ca thi ng t
43. Cch s dng to say, to tell
44. T i trc gii thiu
45. i t nhn xng one v you
Trang 7

46. Cch s dng phn t m u cho mnh ph

46.1

V+ing m u mnh ph

46.2

Phn t 2 m u mnh ph ch b

ng

46.3

ng t nguyn th ch mc ch m u cho
mnh ph

46.4

Ng danh t hoc ng gii t m u mnh

ph ch s tng ng

47. Phn t dng lm tnh t

47.1

Dng phn t 1 lm tnh t

47.2

Dng phn t 2 lm tnh t

48. Tha (redundancy)

49. Cu trc cu song song
50. Thng tin trc tip v thng tin gin tip

50.1

Cu trc tip v cu gin tip

50.2

Phng php chuyn i t cu trc tip sang

cu gin tip

50.3

ng t vi tn ng trc tip v tn ng gin

tip

51. Ph t o ln u cu
52. Cch chn nhng cu tr li ng

53. Nhng t d gy nhm ln

54. Cch s dng gii t

Trang 8

 54.1

During - trong sut (hnh ng xy ra trong mt

qung thi gian)

54.2

From (t) >< to (n)

54.3

Out of (ra khi) >< into (di vo)

54.4

by

54.5

In ( trong, ti) - ngha xc nh hn at

54.6

on

54.7

at - ti (thng l bn ngoi, khng xc nh

bng in)

55. Ng ng t
56. S kt hp ca cc danh t, ng t v tnh t vi cc
gii t

GRAMMAR REVIEW
Cu trc cu ting Anh
Subject + Verb as predicate + Complement + Modifier.
Ch ng

1.

ng t v ng

tn ng

b ng

Ch ng (subject)

ng u cu lm ch ng v quyt nh vic chia ng t.

Ch ng c th l 1 cm t, 1 ng t nguyn th (c to), 1 V+ing, song

nhiu nht vn l 1 danh t v 1 danh t c lin quan ti nhng vn
sau:

Trang 9

1.1

Danh t m c v khng m c.

- Danh t m c c th c dng vi s m do c hnh thi s t, s

nhiu. N c th dng c dng vi a (an) v the.
- Danh t khng m c khng dng c vi s m do n khng c
hnh thi s nhiu. Do , n khng dng c vi a (an).
- Mt s cc danh t m c c hnh thi s nhiu c bit v d:
person - people

woman

women
mouse - mice

foot

feet
tooth - teeth

man -

men.
-Sau y l mt s danh t khng m c m ta cn bit.
Sand

soap

physics

mathematic
s

News

mumps

Air

politics

measles

information

Meat

homework

food

economics

advertising
*

money

* Mc d advertising l danh t khng m c, nhng advertisement li l

danh t m c.
V d:
There are too many advertisements during television shows.
There is too much advertising during television shows.
- Mt s danh t khng m c nh food, meat, money, sand, water, i lc
c dng nh cc danh t m c ch cc dng khc nhau ca loi danh
t .
V d:
This is one of the foods that my doctor has forbidden me to eat.
(ch ra mt loi thc n c bit no )
He studies meats
( chng hn pork, beef, lamb. vv...)
Bng sau l cc nh ng dng c vi danh t m c v khng
m c.

Trang 10

Danh t m c (with count

noun)
a (an), the, some, any
this, that, these, those,
none,one,two,three,...
many
a lot of
plenty of
a large number of
a great number of, a great many
of.
(a) few
few ... than
more ... than

Danh t khng m c (with non-count

noun)
the, some, any
this, that
non
much (thng dng trong cu ph nh hoc
cu hi
a lot of
a large amount of
a great deal of
(a) little
less ... than
more ... than

- Danh t time nu dng vi ngha thi gian l khng m c nhng nu

dng vi ngha s ln hoc thi i li l danh t m c.
V d:
We have spent too much time on this homework.
She has been late for class six times this semester.

1.2

Qun t a (an) v the

1- a v an
an - c dng:
- trc 1 danh t s t m c bt u bng 4 nguyn m (vowel) a,
e, i, o
- hai bn nguyn m u, y
- cc danh t bt u bng h cm.
v d: u : an uncle.
h : an hour
- hoc trc cc danh t vit tt c c nh 1 nguyn m.
V d: an L-plate, an SOS, an MP
a : c dng:
- trc 1 danh t bt u bng ph m (consonant).
- dng trc mt danh t bt u bng uni.
a university, a uniform, a universal, a union.
- trc 1 danh t s t m c, trc 1 danh t khng xc nh c th
v mt c im, tnh cht, v tr hoc c nhc n ln u
trong cu.
- c dng trong cc thnh ng ch s lng nht nh.
V d : a lot of, a couple, a dozen, a great many, a great deal of.

Trang 11

- dng trc nhng s m nht nh, c bit l ch hng trm,

hng ngn.
V d: a hundred, a thousand.
- trc half khi n theo sau 1 n v nguyn vn.
V d: a kilo and a half v cng c th c l one and a half kilos.
Ch : 1 /2 kg = half a kilo ( khng c a trc half).
- dng trc half khi n i vi 1 danh t khc to thnh t ghp.
V d : a half-holiday na k ngh, a half-share : na c phn.
- dng trc cc t s nh 1/3, 1 /4, 1/5, = a third, a quarter, a fifth hay
one third, one fourth, one fifth .
- Dng trong cc thnh ng ch gi c, tc , t l.
V d: five dolars a kilo; four times a day.
- Dng trong cc thnh ng trc cc danh t s t m c, dng trong
cu cm thn.
V d: Such a long queue! What a pretty girl!
Nhng: such long queues! What pretty girls.
- a c th c t trc Mr/Mrs/Miss + tn h (surname):
V d: a Mr Smith, a Mrs Smith, a Miss Smith.
a Mr Smith ngha l ngi n ng c gi l Smith v ng l ng
ta l ngi l i vi ngi ni. Cn nu khng c a tc l ngi ni bit
ng Smith.
2- The
- c s dng khi danh t c xc nh c th v tnh cht, c im, v
tr hoc c nhc n ln th 2 trong cu.
- The + noun + preposition + noun.
V d : the girl in blue; the man with a banner; the gulf of Mexico; the
United States of America.
- The + danh t + i t quan h + mnh ph
V d: the boy whom I met; the place where I met him.
- Trc 1 danh t ng ch mt vt ring bit.
V d: She is in the garden.
- The + tnh t so snh bc nht hoc s t th t hoc only way.
V d : The first week; the only way.
- The + dt s t tng trng cho mt nhm th vt hoc vt th c th b
the v i danh t sang s nhiu.
V d: The whale = Whales, the shark = sharks, the deep-freeze = deep freezes.
Nhng i vi danh t man (ch loi ngi) th khng c qun t (a, the)
ng trc.
V d: if oil supplies run out, man may have to fall back on the horse.
- The + danh t s t ch thnh vin ca mt nhm ngi nht nh.
Trang 12

V d: the small shopkeeper is finding life increasingly difficult.

- The + adj i din cho 1 lp ngi, n khng c hnh thi s nhiu nhng c coi l 1 danh t s nhiu v ng t sau n phi c chia ngi th 3 s
nhiu.
V d: the old = ngi gi ni chung; The disabled = nhng ngi tn tt; The
unemployed = nhng ngi tht nghip.
- Dng trc tn cc khu vc, vng ni ting v mt a l hoc lch s.
V d: The Shahara. The Netherlands. The Atlantic.
- The + East / West/ South/ North + noun.
V d: the East/ West end.
The North / South Pole.
Nhng khng c dng the trc cc t ch phng hng ny, nu n i km vi
tn ca mt khu vc a l.
V d: South Africal, North Americal, West Germany.
- The + tn cc hp xng, cc dn nhc c in, cc ban nhc ph
thng.
V d: the Bach choir, the Philadenphia Orchestra, the Beatles.
- The + tn cc t bo ln/ cc con tu bin/ khinh kh cu.
V d: The Titanic, the Time, the Great Britain.
- The + tn h s nhiu c ngha l gia nh h nh ...
V d: the Smiths = Mr and Mrs Smith (and their children) hay cn gi l gia
nh nh Smith.
- The + Tn s t + cm t/ mnh c th c s dng phn
bit ngi ny vi ngi khc cng tn.
V d: We have two Mr Smiths. Which do you want? I want the Mr Smith who
signed this letter.
- Khng dng the trc 1 s danh t nh Home, church, bed, court, hospital,
prison, school, college, university khi n i vi ng t v gii t ch
chuyn ng (ch i ti lm mc ch chnh).
V d: He is at home. I arrived home before dark. I sent him home.
to bed ( ng)

We go

to church ( cu nguyn)
to court ( kin tng)
to hospital (cha bnh)
to prison (i t)
to school / college/ university ( hc)

Tng t
in bed
at church
We can be
in court
in hospital
at school/ college/ university
Trang 13

We can be / get back (hoc be/ get home) from school/ college/university.
We can

leave school
leave hospital
be released from prison.

Vi mc ch khc th phi dng the.

V d:
I went to the church to see the stained glass.
He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures.
Student go to the university for a class party.
Sea
Go to sea (thy th i bin)
to be at the sea (hnh khch/ thu th i trn bin)
Go to the sea / be at the sea = to go to/ be at the seaside : i tm bin,
ngh mt.
We can live by / near the sea.
Work and office.
Work (ni lm vic) c s dng khng c the trc.
Go to work.
nhng office li phi c the.
Go to the office.
V d:
He is at / in the office.
Nu to be in office (khng c the) ngha l ang gi chc.
To be out of office - thi gi chc.
Town
The c th b i khi ni v th trn ca ngi ni hoc ca ch th.
V d:
We go to town sometimes to buy clothes.
We were in town last Monday.
Go to town / to be in town - Vi mc ch chnh l i mua hng.
Bng dng the v khng dng the trong mt s trng hp c bit.
Dng the

Khng dng the

Trc cc i dng, sng ngi, bin,

vnh v cc h s nhiu.
V d:
The Red sea, the Atlantic Ocean,

Trc tn 1 h (hay cc h s t).

V d:
Lake Geneva, Lake Erie

Trang 14

the Persian Gulf, the Great Lackes.

Trc tn cc dy ni.
V d:
The Rockey Moutains.
Trc tn 1 vt th duy nht trn th
gii hoc v tr.
V d:
The earth, the moon, the Great Wall
Trc School/college/university + of +
noun
V d:
The University of Florida.
The college of Arts and Sciences.
Trc cc s th t + noun.
V d:
The first world war.
The third chapter.
Trc cc cuc chin tranh khu vc vi
iu kin tn cc khu vc phi
c tnh t ho.
V d:
The Korean war.
Trc tn cc nc c t 2 t tr ln.
Ngoi tr Great Britain.
V d:
The United States, the United
Kingdom,
the
Central
Africal
Republic.
Trc tn cc nc c coi l 1 qun
o.
V d: The Philipin.

Trc tn 1 ngn ni
V d:
Mount Mckinley
Trc tn cc hnh tinh hoc cc chm
sao
V d:
Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion.

Trc tn cc trng ny khi trc n l 1

tn ring.
V d:
Coopers Art school, Stetson
University.
Trc cc danh t m sau n l 1 s
m.
V d:
World war one
chapter three.
Khng nn dng trc tn cc cuc
chin tranh khu vc nu tn khu vc
nguyn.

Trc tn cc nc c 1 t nh : Sweden,
Venezuela v cc nc c ng trc
bi new hoc tnh t ch phng hng.
V d: New Zealand, South Africa.

Trc tn cc lc a, tiu bang,

tnh, thnh ph, qun, huyn.
Trc cc ti liu hoc s kin mang
V d: Europe, California.
tnh lch s.

Trc
tn bt c mn th thao no.
V d: The constitution, the Magna
Carta.
V d:
Base ball, basket ball.
Trc tn cc nhm dn tc thiu s.

Trc
tn cc danh t mang tnh tru
V d:
The Indians, the Aztecs.
tng tr nhng trng hp c bit.
V d: Freedom, happiness.
Nn dng trc tn cc nhc c.

Trc
tn cc mn hc chung.
V d:
To play the piano.
V d:
Mathematics, Sociology.
Trc tn cc mn hc c th.

Trc
tn cc ngy l, tt.
V d:
The applied Math.
V d:
The theoretical Physics.
Christmas, thanksgiving.

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1.3

Cch s dng Other v another.

Hai t ny tuy ging nhau v mt ng ngha nhng khc nhau v mt ng

php.
Dng vi danh t m c

Dng vi danh t khng m c

another + dt2 s it = 1 ci na, 1

ci khc, 1 ngi na, 1 ngi khc.
V d: another pencil
other + dt2 s nhiu = my ci
na, my ci khc, my ngi na,
my ngi khc.
V d: other pencils = some more.
the other + dt2 s nhiu = nhng
ci cui cng, nhng ngi cui cng
cn li.
V d: the other pencils = all
remaining pencils

the other + dt 2s t = ngi cui

cng, ci cui cng ca 1 b, 1 nhm.
other + dt khng 2 = 1 cht na.
V d: other water = some more
water.
other beer = some more
beer.
the other + dt khng 2 = ch cn
st li.
V d:
The other beer = the remaining
beer. (ch bia cn li)

- Another v other l khng xc nh trong khi the other l xc nh. Nu

danh t hoc ch ng trn c hiu hoc c nhc n, ch cn
dng another v other nh 1 i t l .
V d:
I dont want this book. Please give me another.
- Nu danh t c thay th l s nhiu th other c s dng theo 1 trong 2
cch (other + nouns hoc others) m khng bao gi c s dng (others +
DTSN).
- C th dng i t thay th one hoc ones cho danh t sau another, the
other v other.
Lu rng this v that c th dng vi i t one nhng these v those tuyt
i khng dng vi ones.

1.4

Cch s dng litter/ a litter, few/ a few

- Little + dt khng m c : rt t, hu nh khng.

V d:
There is little water in the bottle.
I have little money, not enough to buy groceries.
- A little + dt khng m c: c 1 cht, dng.
V d:
I have a little money, enough to buy a ticket.
- few + dt m c s nhiu : c rt t, khng .

Trang 16

V d:
She has few books, not enough for references.
- a few + dt m c s nhiu : c mt t, .
V d:
She has a few books, enough to read.
- Nu danh t trn c nhc n th di ch cn dng (a) few v (a)
little nh 1 i t l .
V d:
Are you ready in money? Yes, a little.
- quite a few = quite a lot = quite a bit = kh nhiu.
- only a few = only a little = c rt t ( nhn mnh).

1.5

S hu cch

The + nouns + noun.

- Ch c dng trong cc danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt, khng dng cho
bt ng vt.
V d:
The students book.
The cats legs.
- Nu c 2 danh t cng ng s hu cch th danh t no ng gn
danh t b s hu nht s mang du s hu.
V d:
Tom and Marks house.
- i vi nhng danh t s nhiu c s th ch cn t du l .
V d:
The students books.
- Nhng i vi nhng danh t c s nhiu c bit khng c s ti ui vn
phi dng nguyn du s hu.
V d:
The childrens toys.
- N c dng cho thi gian (nm thng, th k, thin nin k.)
V d:
The 1980 events.
The 21

st

centurys prospect.

- N c dng cho cc ma trong nm ngoi tr ma Xun v ma Thu. Nu

dng s hu cch cho ma Xun v ma Thu tc l ta ang nhn cch ho
ma .
V d:
The summers hot days.
The winters cold days.

Trang 17

The springs coming back = Nng Xun ang tr v.

The autunms leaving = s ra i ca Nng Thu.
Trng hp ny hin nay t dng. i vi mt s danh t bt ng vt ch dng
trong 1 s trng hp tht c bit khi danh t nm trong cc thnh ng.
V d:
A stones throw.
- i khi i vi nhng danh t ch ni chn hoc a im ch cn dng
s hu cch cho danh t m khng cn danh t theo sau.
V d:
At the hairdressers
At the butchers

1.6

Some, any

some v any ngha l 1 s hoc 1 lng nht nh. Chng c s dng vi

(hoc thay th) cc danh t s nhiu hoc danh t khng m c.
+ Some l dng s nhiu ca a/an v one:
V d: Have a biscuit/some biscuits. I ate a date/ some dates.
+ some, any of + the/ this/ these/ those/ i t ring/ i t s hu.
V d: Some of the staff can speak Japaneses.
Did any of your photos come out well?
+ some c s dng vi :
- Cc ng t th khng nh.
V d:
They bought some honey.
- Trong cc cu hi m c cu tr li l yes.
V d:
Did some of you sleep on the floor? ( Ngi ni ch i cu tr li l
yes)
- Trong cc cu ngh v yu cu:
V d:
Would you like some wine?
Could you do some typing for me?
+ any c s dng:
- Vi ng t th ph nh
V d:
I havent any matches.
- Vi hardly, barely, scarely ( cc ph t ny u mang ngha ph
nh)
V d:
I have hardly any spare time.

Trang 18

- Vi without khi without any ... = with no ...

V d:
He crossed the frontier without any difficulty/ with no difficulty.
- Vi cc cu hi
Have you got any fish?
Did he catch any fish?
- Sau if/ whether cc thnh ng mang tnh nghi ng.
V d:
If you need any more money, please let me know.
I dont think there is any petrol in the tank.

2.

ng t ( verb)

ng t trong ting Anh chia lm 3 thi chnh:

- Qu kh.
- Hin ti.
- Tng lai.
Mi thi chnh li chia ra lm nhiu thi nh xc nh chnh xc thi
gian ca hnh ng.

2.1

Hin ti (present)

2.1.1 Hinti n gin (simple present)

Khi chia ng t ngi th 3 s t, phi c s ui v vn phi c
c ln.
V d:
John walks to school everyday.
- N dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra thi im hin ti, khng xc
nh c th v mt thi gian v hnh ng lp i lp li c tnh quy lut.
- N thng dng vi 1 s ph t nh: now, present day, nowadays. c bit l1
s ph t ch tn sut hot ng: often, sometimes, always, frequently.
V d:
They understand the problem now.
Henry always swims in the evening. (thi quen)
We want to leave now.
Your cough sounds bad.

2.1.2 Hin ti tip din (present progressive)

Subject +
+ing ]...

am
is

+ [verb

are

Trang 19

- N dng din t 1 hnh ng ang xy ra thi hin ti. Thi gian c xc nh c th bng cc ph t nh now, right now, presently.
- N dng thay th cho thi tng lai gn.
V d:
He is learning in the US.
Lu : phn bit tng lai gn v hnh ng ang xy ra cn cn c vo
ph t trong cu)
V d:
The committee members are examining the material now. ( hin ti ang
kim tra)
George is leaving for France tomorrow. (tng lai gn - s ri ti Php vo ngy
mai)

2.1.3 Present perfect ( hin ti hon thnh)

Have + P2
- Dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra trong 1 qu kh ko di v chm
dt hin ti. Thi gian trong cu hon ton khng xc nh.
- Ch 1 hnh ng xy ra nhiu ln trong qu kh ko di ti hin ti.
- Dng vi 2 gii t for v since + thi gian.
- Dng vi already trong cu khng nh, already c th ng sau have
nhng n cng c th ng cui cu.
have
Subject +
+ P2

+ already
has

V d:
We have already written our reports.
I have already read the entire book.
Sam has already recorded the results of the experiment.
- Dng vi yet trong cu ph nh v cu nghi vn ph nh, yet thng
xuyn ng cui cu, cng thc sau:
have
Subject +
yet ...

not + P 2 ...+
has

V d:
John hasnt written his report yet.
The president hasnt decided what to do yet.
We havent called on our teacher yet.

Trang 20

- Trong 1 s trng hp yet c th o ln ng sau to have v ng php c

thay i. Not mt i v phn t 2 tr v dng nguyn th c to.
have
Subject +
simple form] ...
has

+ yet +

[verb in

V d:
John has yet to learn the material. = John hasnt learned the material yet.
We have yet to decide what to do with the money. = We havent decided
what to do with the money yet.
Ch : Cn thn s dng yet trong mu cu ko nhm vi yet trong mu cu
c yet lm t ni mang ngha nhng
V d:
I dont have the money, yet I really need the computer.
My neighbors never have the time, yet they always want to do something on
Saturday nights.

2.1.4 Hin ti hon thnh tip din ( preset perfect progressive)

Have been + verbing.
- Dng ging ht nh present perfect nhng hnh ng khng chm dt hin
ti m vn ang tip tc xy ra. N thng xuyn c dng vi 2 gii t for,
since + time.
V d:
John has been living in the same house for ten years. = John has live in the
same house for ten years.
Mt s th d
Jorge has already walked to school. (thi gian khng xc nh)
He has been to California three times. (hn 1 ln)
Mary has seen this movie before. (thi gian khng xc nh)
They have been at home all day.
We havent gone to the store yet. (thi gian khng xc nh).
John has worked in Washington for three years.
Hoc
John has been working in Washington for three years.
(vn cha kt thc - John vn ang lm vic Washington).

Trang 21

Phn bit cch dng gia 2 thi

Present perfect

Present perfect progressive

Hnh ng chm dt hin ti, do

c kt qu r rt.

Hnh ng vn tip tc tip din

hin ti do vy khng c kt qu r
rt.

V d:

V d:

I have waited for you for half an

hour (now I stop waiting)

I have been waiting for you for half

an hour.
(and continue waiting hoping that
you will come)

2.2

Qu kh ( Past)

2.2.1 Qu kh n gin (simple past)

Verb + ed
- Mt s ng t trong ting Anh c qu kh c bit v ng thi cng c
phn t 2 c bit.
- Mt s cc ng t c c 2 dng:
V d:
Light - lighted - lighted
lit

- lit

Ngi Anh a dng qu kh thng khi chia ng t v phn t 2 c bit.

V d:
He lighted the candle on his birthday cake.
N thp ngn nn trn chic bnh sinh nht
Nhng
I can see the lit house from a distance.
Ti c th nhn thy t xa ngi nh sng nh in.
N dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra dt im trong qu kh,
khng lin quan g ti hin ti.
Thi gian hnh ng trong cu l rt r rng, n thng dng vi mt s
ph t ch thi gian nh: yesterday, at that moment, last + thi gian nh:
Last

night
month
week vv...

Lu : Nu thi gian trong cu l khng r rng th phi dng present

perfect.

Trang 22

V d:
John went to Spain last year.
Bob bought a new bicycle yesterday.
Maria did her homework last night.
Mark washed the dishes after dinner.
We drove to grocery store this afternoon.
George cooked dinner for his family Saturday night.

2.2.2 Qu kh tip din (Past progresive).

Was / were + Ving
- N c dng din t 1 hnh ng ang xy ra vo 1 thi im
nht nh trong qu kh khng lin h g ti hin ti. Thi im trong cu
c xc nh bng cc ph t ch thi gian nh:
At + thi gian qu kh.
V d:
He was eating dinner at 7 P.M Last night.
- N c dng kt hp vi 1 simple past thng qua 2 lin t When v while
ch 1 hnh ng ang xy ra trong qu kh th 1 hnh ng khc t
ngt xen vo (tng ng vi cu Ting Vit Khi ang ... th bng).
*
Subject1 + simple past + while + subject
progressive.

+ past

V d:
Somebody hit him on the head while he was going to his car.
Subject1 + past progressive + when + subject
simple past.

V d:
He was going to his car when someone hit him on the head.
Lu : Mnh c when v while c th ng bt k ni no trong cu nhng sau when nht thit phi l 1 simple past v sau while nht thit phi l 1
past progressive.
- Dng din t 2 hnh ng song song cng 1 lc, ni vi nhau bng lin
t while.

Trang 23

Subject1 + past progressive + while + subject

progressive.

+ past

V d:
He was reading newspaper while his wife was preparing the dinner in the
kitchen.
( Mnh khng c while c th c chuyn sang simple past nhng him
khi v s nhm ln vi *)
V d:
Jose was writing a letter to his family when his pencil broke.
While Joan was writing the report, Henry was looking for more information.
When Mark arrived, the Johnsons was having dinner, but they stopped in
order to talk to him.

2.2.3 Qu kh hon thnh (past perfect).

Had + P2
- Dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra trc 1 hnh ng khc trong qu
kh. (trong cu bao gi cng c 2 hnh ng: 1 trc v 1 sau.
- Dng kt hp vi 1 simple past thng qua 2 gii t ch thi gian before v
after.
Subject + past perfect + before + subject + past
simple
V d:
I had gone to the store before I went home.
The professor had reviewed the material before he gave the quiz.
Before Ali went to sleep, he had called his family.
George had worked at the university for forty-five years before he retired.
The doctor had examined the patient thoroughly before he prescribed the
medication.

Subject + past simple + after + subject + past

perfect

Trang 24

V d:
John went home after he had gone to the store.
After the committee members had considered the consequences, they voted
on the proposal.
- Mnh c before v after c th ng u hoc cui cu nhng sau
before nht thit phi l 1 simple past v sau after nht thit phi l 1 past
perfect.
- Before v after c th c thay bng when m khng s b nhm ln v
trong cu bao gi cng c 2 hnh ng: 1 trc v 1 sau.
V d:
The police cars came to the scene when the robbers had gone away.
( trong cu ny when c ngha l after v sau when l past perfect.)

2.2.4 Qu kh hon thnh tip din (past perfect progressive).

Subject + had + been + [Verb
+ ing]...
N c dng ging ht nh past perfect nhng hnh ng khng dng li m
tip tc tip din cho n thi im simple past. N thng c kt hp vi
1 simple past thng qua ph t before. Trong cu thng c since hoc for +
thi gian.
- Thi ny hin nay t dng v c thay th bng past perfect.
V d:
Henry had been living in New York for ten years before he moved to
California.
George had been working at the university for forty-five years before he
retired.

2.3

Tng lai

2.3.1 Tng lai n gin (simple future)

Will / shall
+ [ Verb in simple
form ]
Can / may.

Trang 25

- Ngy nay ng php hin i, c bit l M dng will cho tt c cc ngi

cn shall ch c dng trong cc trng hp sau:

Mi mc ngi khc 1 cch lch s.

V d:
Shall we go out for lunch?
Shall I take your coat?

ngh gip ngi khc 1 cch lch s.

V d:
Shall I give you a hand with these packages.

Dng ng gi khi mua bn, mc c.

V d:
Shall we say : fifteen dollars?
- N dng din t 1 hnh ng s xy ra vo thi im nht nh
trong tng lai. Thi im ny khng c xc nh r rt. Cc ph t thng
dng l tomorrow, next + thi gian, in the future.
Near future. (tng lai gn)
To be going to do smth - sp lm g.
- Dng din t 1 hnh ng s xy ra trong 1 tng lai gn, thi gian s
c din t bng 1 s ph t nh : in a moment (lt na), tomorrow.
V d:
We are going to have a meeting in a moment.
We are going to get to the airport at 9 am this morning.
- Ngy nay, c bit l trong vn ni ngi ta thng dng Present progressive
thay th.
- Dng din t 1 s vic chc chn s xy ra d rng khng phi l tng lai gn.
V d:
Next year we are going to take a TOEFL test for the score that enables us to
learn in the US.

2.3.2 Tng lai tip din ( future progressive)

Will / shall
+ be + [ verb
+ ing ]
Can / may.
- N din t 1 hnh ng s ang xy ra 1 thi im nht nh ca tng lai. Thi im ny c xc nh c th bng ngy, gi.
V d:
I will be doing a test on Monday morning next week.

Trang 26

- N c dng kt hp vi 1 present progressive din t 2 hnh ng

song song xy ra, 1 hin ti, 1 tng lai.
V d:
Now we are learning English here but by the time tomorrow we will be
working at the office.

2.3.3 Tng lai hon thnh (future perfect)

Will have + P2
- N c dng din t 1 hnh ng s phi c hon tt 1 thi im
no trong tng lai. Thi im ny thng c din t bng : by the end
of, by tomorrow.
V d:
We will have taken a TOEFL test by the end of this year.
Lu : Thi ny phi c l do c bit mi s dng.

S ho hp gia ch ng v ng t.

3.

Thng thng th ng t ng lin ngay vi ch ng v phi chia theo ngi

ch ng. Song c nhng trng hp khng phi nh vy.

3.1

Ch ng ng tch khi ng t.

- ng xen vo gia ch ng v ng t l 1 ng gii t ( 1 gii t m u

kt hp vi cc danh t theo sau). Ng gii t ny khng quyt nh g n
vic chia ng t. ng t phi chia theo ch ng chnh.
Subject + [ng gii t] +
verb
V d:
The study of languages is very interesting.
Singular subject

singular verb

Several theories on this subject have been proposed.

Plural subject

plural verb

The view of these disciplines varies from time to time.

Singular subject

singular verb

The danger of forest fires is not to be taken lightly.

Singular subject

singular verb

The effects of that crime are likely to be devastating.

Plural subject

plural verb

The fear of rape and robbery has caused many people to flee the cities.
Singular subject

singular verb

- Cc thnh ng trong bng di y cng vi cc danh t i ng sau n to

nn hin tng ng ch ng. Cm ng ch ng ny phi ng tch bit ra

Trang 27

khi ch ng chnh v ng t bng 2 du phy v khng c nh hng g

ti vic chia ng t.
Together with

along
with

accompanied
by

as well as

V d:
The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party
tonight.
Singular subject

singular verb

Mr. Robbins, accompanied by his wife and children, is arriving tonight.

Singular subject

singular verb

Lu : - Nu 2 ng ch ng ni vi nhau bng lin t and th ng t lp

tc phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu (they).
V d:
The actress and her manager are going to a party tonight.
- nhng nu 2 ng ch ng ni vi nhau bng lin t or th ng t s
phi chia theo danh t ng sau or. Nu l danh t s t th phi chia
ngi th 3 s t v ngc li.
V d:
The actress or her manager is going to a party tonight.

3.2

Cc danh t lun i hi ng t v i t s it.

l cc ng t trong bng sau:

any + danh t s
t

no + danh t s
t

anybody
anyone
anything
every + danh t s
everybody
everyone
everything

nobody
no one
nothing
it

Some + danh t s
t

somebody
someone
something
each + danh t s t
either*
neither*

* Either v either l s t nu n khng c s dng vi or v nor.

Lu :
- either (1 trong 2) ch dng cho 2 ngi, 2 vt. Nu 3 ngi, 3 vt tr ln phi
dng any.
V d:

Trang 28

If either of you takes a vacation now, we wont be able to finish this work.
If any of students in this class is absent, he or she must have the permission
of the instructor.
- Neither (khng 1 trong 2) ch dng cho 2 ngi, 2 vt. Nu 3 ngi, 3 vt tr
ln phi dng not any).
V d:
Neither of two his classes gets an c
Not any of those pairs of shoes fits me.

3.3

Cch s dng none, no

none of the : c s dng ty theo danh t ng ng sau n.

- nu danh t l khng m c th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s
t.
None + of the + non-count noun + singular verb
V d:
None of the counterfeit money has been found.
- nu sau none of the l 1 danh t m c s nhiu th ng t phi chia
ngi th 3 s nhiu.
None + of the + plural noun + plural verb
V d:
None of the students have finished the exam yet.
No c s dng cng tu theo danh t ng sau n.
- nu sau no l danh t s t hoc khng m c th ng t phi chia
ngi th 3 s t.
Singular noun
No +
verb

+ singular
non-count noun

V d:
No example is relevant to this case.
- nhng nu sau no l 1 danh t m c s nhiu th ng t phi chia
ngi th 3 s nhiu.

Trang 29

No + plural noun + plural

verb
V d:
No examples are relevant to this case.

3.4

Cch s dng cu trc either ... or v neither ... nor.

iu cn lu nht khi s dng cp thnh ng ny l ng t sau phi

chia theo danh t sau or hoc nor. Nu danh t l s t th ng t
phi chia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li.
Neither

nor

+ noun
singular verb
either

+ singular noun +
or

V d:
Neither John nor Bill

Singular noun

Either John or Bill

Singular noun

is going to the beach today.

singular verb

is going to the beach today.

singular verb

Neither

nor

+ noun
plural verb
either

+ plural noun +
or

V d:
Neither Maria nor her friends are going to class today.
Plural

plural

Lu :
Khi ch ng l 1 verbing th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t.
3.5

Cc danh t tp th

l nhng danh t trong bng di y dng ch mt nhm ngi hoc

1 t chc. Cho d vy, chng vn c xem l danh t s t v do , cc
ng t v i t i cng vi chng phi ngi th 3 s t.
congress

family

group

committe

class
crowd
public

organizati

team

army

e
club

on
governme

jury

majority

minority

nt

Trang 30

- Nu ng t ng sau nhng danh t ny chia ngi th 3 s nhiu th

n m ch cc thnh vin ca t chc hoc nhm ang hot ng ring
r.
V d: The congress votes for the bill.
The congress are discussing the bill (some agree but some dont).
(TOEFL khng bt li ny)
* Majority
Danh t ny c dng tu theo danh t i ng sau n.
The majority + singular verb
The majority of the plural noun + plural
verb.
V d: The majority believes that we are in no danger.
The majority of the students believe him to be innocent.
Lu : Danh t police lun c coi l danh t ngi th 3 s nhiu do vy ng
t ng sau n phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.
V d:
The police come to the crime scene at good time and arrested a suspect.
Mt s th d:
The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal.
The family was elated by the news.
The crowd was wild with excitement.
Congress has initiated a new plan to combat inflation.
The organization has lost many members this year.
Our team is going to win the game.
Cc cm t trong bng di y ch mt nhm gia sc ng vt cho d danh
t ng sau gii t of c s nhiu th ng t sau vn phi chia ngi
th 3 s t.
flock of birds,
sheep

herd of
cattle

pack of
dogs

V d:
The flock of birds is circling overhead.
The herd of cattle is breaking away.

Trang 31

school of
fish

pride of
lions

A school of fish is being attacked by sharks.

Lu : Tt c cc danh t tp hp ch thi gian, tin bc, s o u i hi
cc ng t - i t - b ng i cng n phi ngi s t.
(TOEFL bt li ny).
V d:
He has contributed $50 and now he wants to contribute another fifty.
Twenty-five dollars is too much to pay for that shirt.
Fifty minutes isnt enough time to finish this test.
Twenty dollars is all I can afford to pay for that recorder.
Two miles is too much to run in one day.

3.6

Cch s dng A number of/ the number of

a number of + danh t s nhiu + ng t
s nhiu

- a number of : mt s lng ln nhng... . i vi danh t s nhiu v ng t

phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.
- the number of : mt s.... i vi danh t s nhiu nhng ng t phi chia
ngi th 3 s t.
the number of + danh t s nhiu +
ng t s t
V d:
A number of applicants have already been interviewed.
The number of residents who have been questioned on this matter is quite
small

3.7

Cc danh t lun dng s nhiu.

Cc danh t sau y lun phi dng dng s nhiu.

Trousers
shorts
Jeans

eyeglasses
scissors- ci
ko
pants- qun

tongs - ci kp
tweezers- ci
nhp
pliers - ci km

V d:
The pants are in the drawer.

Trang 32

A pair of pants is in the drawer.

Cc danh t trn thng xuyn dng s nhiu v chng bao gm 2 thc th,
do vy cc ng t v i t i cng chng phi ngi th 3 s nhiu.
V d:
The pliers are on the table.
These scissors are dull.
- Nu mun bin chng thnh s t dng a pair of ... v lc ng t v
i t i cng vi chng phi ngi th 3 s t.
V d:
This pair of scissors is dull.
The pair of pliers is on the table.

Cch dng cc thnh ng There is, there are

3.8

Thnh ng ny ch s tn ti ca ngi hoc vt ti 1 ni no . Phi phn

bit chng vi ng t to have.
There is

ch s tn ti
There are (existance)
To have

ch s s hu (possession)

To possess (get, hold instinctively).

- Ch ng tht ca thnh ng ny i ng sau ng t to be. Nu danh t
l s nhiu th ng t chia s nhiu v ngc li.
- Mi bin i v thi v th u nhm vo ng t to be cn phn t 2
th da vo tr ng t to have/ has been.
there is
there was
subject ...
there has been
count)
there are
there were
subject ...
there have been
count)

+ singular
( hoc non-

+ singular
( hoc non-

V d:
There is a storm approaching.
singular

singular

There have been a number of telephone calls today.

Plural

plural

There was an accident last night.

Trang 33

singular

singular

There were too many people at the party.

Plural

plural

There has been an increase in the importation of foreign cars.

Plural

plural

There was water on the floor where he fell.

Plural

4.

non-count

i t

i t trong ting Anh chia 5 loi c cc chc nng ring bit.

4.1

i t nhn xng ch ng (Subject pronoun)

Gm :
I
you
he
she
it

we
you
they

Chc nng:
- ng u cu lm ch ng trong cu v quyt nh vic chia ng t.
- ng ng sau ng t to be.
V d: The teachers who were invited to the party were George, Batty.
- ng ng sau cc ph t so snh nh than, as. Tuyt i khng c dng
i t nhn xng tn ng trong trng hp ny.
V d:

He is taller than I (am) - khng c dng me.

She is as beautiful as my girlfriend.

- i vi cc i t nhn xng ch ng nh we, you v i t nhn xng tn

ng nh us c th dng 1 danh t s nhiu ngay sau .
V d: We students, you teachers, us workers.
Cc i t nh all, both c th c dng theo li ny vi cc ngi s nhiu.
we
you

all/ both

they
V d:
I am going to the store.
We have lived here for twenty years.
It was she who called you. (sau ng t be)
George and I would like to leave now.
We students are going to have a party.

Trang 34

4.2

i t nhn xng tn ng
me
you
him

us
you

them
her
it
- n ng ngay sau ng t hoc cc gii t lm nhim v ca mt tn
ng.
- i vi cc ngi i t nhn xng tn ng s nhiu c th dng all hoc
both ngay sau .
us
you
all / both
them
V d:
They called us on the phone.
complement

The teacher gave him a bad grade.

complement

John told her a story.

complement

The policeman was looking for him.

sau gii t

To us, it seems like a good bargain

sau gii t

Lu : Nn nh rng nhiu gii t c th c chc nng nh cc thnh phn khc

trong cu, chng hn nh ph t hoc lin t. V vy, ta cn phi xc nh
cc xem chng ng vai tr g - cn da vo ng cnh ch khng phi da
vo s hiu bit bnh thng v chc nng ca chng.
V d:
Janet will make her presentation after

him.

preposition complement pronoun

Janet will make her presentation after

he finishes his speech.

conjunction subject pronoun

clause

( mt mnh (clause) gm 1 ch ng v 1 ng t. Trong mnh trn,

he l ch ng v finishes l ng t).

4.3

Tnh t s hu
my
your
his

our
your

Trang 35

her
its

their

- N ng ngay trc danh t v ch s s hu ca ngi hoc vt i vi

danh t ng ng sau.
V d:
John is eating his dinner.
This is not my book.
The cat has injured its foot.
The boy broke his arm yesterday..
She forgot her homework this morning.
My food is cold.
Lu : Its khc vi Its. Its c ngha l it is hoc it has.

4.4

i t s hu
mine ours
yours yours
his
hers theirs
its

- Dng thay th cho tnh t s hu v danh t c nhc n trn.

possessive pronoun + possessive
adjective + noun

- N c th c ng lm ch ng trong cu.
- ng ng sau ng t to be.
- N c th lm tn ng khi i sau 1 ng t hoc sau 1 gii t.
Do you remember to take your money?
- ng ng sau cc ph t so snh nh than, as.
Your book is as good as mine.
Mt s th d:
This is my book = This is mine.
Your teacher is the same as his teacher = Yours is as the same as his.
Her dress is green and my dress is red = Hers is green is green and mine is
red.
Our books are heavy = Ours are heavy.
Their coasts are too small. Theirs are too small.

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I forgot my homework = I forgot mine.

4.5

i t phn thn (reflexive pronoun)

myself
ourselves
yourself
yourselves
himself
themselves
herself
itself

Lu : cc ngi s nhiu, ui - self bin thnh - selves.

Chc nng:
- Ch ch ng lm vic g cho chnh mnh. Trong trng hp ny n
ng ngay sau ng t hoc ng cui cu sau gii t for hoc to.
V d:
He sent the letter to himself.
You can see the differences for yourselves.
- Ch ch ng t thn lm ly 1 vic g. Trong trng hp ny n ng
ng sau ch ng hoc cui cu khi ni.
V d:
I myself believe that the proposal is good.
He himself set out to break the long distance flying record.
She prepared the nine-course meal herself.
The students themselves decorated the room.
You yourself must do this homework.
John himself bought this gifts.
By + one-self = alone.
V d:
John washed the dishes by himself = John washed the dishes alone.

5.

ng t dng lm tn ng

- Khng phi bt c ng t no trong ting Anh cng i hi 1 danh t

hoc i t theo sau n lm tn ng. C mt s ng t li yu cu tn
ng sau n phi l mt ng t khc. Chng chia lm 2 loi sau:

Trang 37

5.1

ng t nguyn th lm tn ng

Bng sau l nhng ng t i hi tn ng sau n phi l mt ng t

khc. Chng tun theo mu cu nh sau:
agree to do something.
desire to do something.
decide to do something.
agree
desire
hope
plan
strive

attemp
t
expect
intend
prepar
e
tend

claim
fail
learn
preten
d
want

decid
e
forget
need
refuse
wish

deman
d
hesitat
e
offer
seem

V d:
John expects to begin studying law next semester.
Mary learned to swim when she was very young.
The budget committee decided to postpone this meeting.
The president will attempt to reduce inflation in the next your years.
The soldiers are preparing to attack a village.
Cynthia has agreed to act as a liaison between the two countries.

5.2

Ving dng lm tn ng

- Bng sau l 1 s cc ng t i hi tn ng sau n l 1 Ving theo cc

mu cu sau:
admit doing something (th nhn lm g)
V d: He admitted having done wrong.
Enjoy doing something (thch th khi lm iu g)

admit
delay
miss
report
suggest

appreciat
e
deny
postpone
resent
avoid

enjoy
practice
resist
cant
help
finish

quit
resume
conside
r
mind
recall
risk

Lu : Trong bng trn c mu ng t:

cant help

+ (against) doing smth : khng th dng c, khng th

cant resist nhn c ...
V d:
With such good oranges, we cant help (resist) buying 2 kilos at a time.

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Lu : Nu mun t ph nh cho cc trng hp ny t not trc nguyn

th b to hoc Ving. Tuyt i khng c cu to dng ph nh ca ng
t chnh.
V d:
John decided not to by the car.
We regretted not going to the party last night.
Mt s th d:
John admitted stealing the jewels.
We enjoy seeing them again after so many years.
You shouldnt risk entering that building in its present condition.
Michael was considering buying a new car until the price went up.
The Coast Guard reported seeing another ship in the Florida Straits.
Would you mind not smoking in this office?
* Cc ng t bng sau l nhng ng t m tn ng ca chng c th
l ng t nguyn th hay Ving m ng ngha ca chng khng thay i.
V d:
begin to do smth = begin doing smth.
begin
hate
regret

cant
stand
like
start

continu
e
love
try

dread
prefer

Lu : Trong bng trn c mu ng t :

cant
stand
V d:

to do smth
( Khng th chu ng c khi phi lm
doing smthg)

I cant stand

waiting such a long time.

to wait such a long time.

I hate to ride her bicycle to school = I hate riding her bicycle to school.

5.3

3 ng t c bit

l cc ng t m ng ngha ca chng thay i khi tn ng sau n l

1 nguyn th hoc 1 Ving.
Stop to do smth : dng li lm g.
V d:
He stops to get gasoline.
Stop doing smth : dng vic g ang lm li.
V d:
He stops writing and goes out.
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Remember to do smth : nh s phi lm g.

V d:
I remember to send a letter at the post office.
Remember doing smth : nh lm g.
V d:
I remember locking the door before leaving but I cant find the key.
Forget to do smth : qun s phi lm g.
V d:
He forgets to call his friend this afternoon.
Forget doing smth : qun lm g.
V d:
I forget doing the homework yesterday.
Lu : ng t forget trong mu cu mang ngha ph nh.
I forget getting to the airport to meet my girl-friend this morning.

5.4

Cc ng t ng ng sau gii t

- Tt c cc ng t ng ng sau gii t u phi dng Ving.

verb
adj.

+ preposition + Ving

noun
ng t + gii t + Ving
Bng sau gm cc ng t + gii t.
approve of: tn
thnh
give up: t b
rely on: ph thuc
vo
worry about: lo
lng v

be better off:
insist on: ni n
succeed in: thnh cng
trong
count on = rely on

Danh t + gii t + Ving (bng sau)

possibility
of
choice of

method of
intention
of

method
for
excuse
for

V d:

Trang 40

reason
for

keep on =
continue
think about
think of
depend on
put off: tr hon

George has no excuse for dropping out of school.

There is a possibility of acquiring this property at a good price.
There is no reason for leaving this early.
Connie has developed a method for evaluating this problem.
Tnh t + gii t + Ving (bng sau)
accustomed
to
intent on

afraid of
interested
in

capable of
successful
in

fond of
tired of

V d:
Mitch is afraid of getting married now.
We are accustomed to sleeping late on weekends.
Jean is not capable of understanding the predicament.
Alvaro is intent on finishing school next year.
Craig is fond of dancing.
We are interested in seeing this film.
- Khng phi bt c tnh t no trong ting Anh cng i hi ng sau n
phi l 1 gii t, c mt s tnh t li i hi ng sau n l mt ng t
nguyn th (xem bng sau).
anxious
eager: ho
hc
pleased
usual

boring
easy
prepare
d
commo
n

dangero
us
good
ready
difficult

hard
strang
e
able*

eager to do smth: ho hc lm g.
hard to do smth : kh lm g.
* able :
able
capable
of doing smth
to do smth
unable
incapable
=
V d:
These students are not yet able to handle such difficult problems.
These students are not yet capable of handling such difficult problems.
Mt s th d:
Mohammad is eager to see his family.
It is dangerous to drive in this weather
We are ready to leave now.
It is difficult to pass this test.
It is uncommon to find such good crops in this section of the country.
Ritsuko was pleased to be admitted to the college.
Trang 41

Lu :
- Mt s cc ng t ting Anh thng c gii t i km pha sau. Khng c
nhm ln gii t vi to ca ng t nguyn th. Chng hn mt s ng
t trong bng sau:
object to: phn
i

look forward to : mong

i

confess to : th nhn
lm g

V d:
John gave up smoking because of his doctors advice.
Mary insisted on taking the bus instead of the plane.
Fred confessed to stealing the jewels.
We are not looking forward to going back to school.
Henry is thinking of going to France in August.
You would be better off leaving now instead of tomorrow.

5.5
Vn i t i trc ng t nguyn th hoc Ving lm
tn ng.
- ng trc 1 ng t nguyn th lm tn ng th dng ca i t phi l
tn ng.
Subject + verb + complement form
to + verb] ...

Pronoun

+[

noun

Sau y l bng cc ng t i hi i t (hay danh t ) i sau n phi

dng tn ng.
allow
invite
remind

ask
order
urge

beg
permi
t
want

convinc
e
persuad
e
expect

instruct
prepare
promise

V d:
Joe asked Mary to call him when he woke up.
We ordered him to appear in court.
I urge you to consider your decision.
They were trying to persuade him to change his mind.
The teacher permitted them to turn their assignments in late.
You should prepare your son to take this examination.

Trang 42

Tuy nhin, ng trc 1 Ving lm tn ng th dng ca danh t hoc i t

phi dng s hu.

Ch ng + ng t +
[verb + ing] ...

dng s hu ca danh t

tnh t s hu

V d:
We understand your not being able to stay longer.
He regrets her leaving.
We are looking forward to their coming next year.
We dont approve of Johns buying this house.
We resent the teachers not announcing the test sooner.
We object to their calling at this hour.

6.

Cch s dng ng t bn khim khuyt need v

dare
6.1

need

ng t ny c s dng ra sao cn ph thuc vo danh t ng ng sau

n l ng vt hay bt ng vt.
- khi ch ng l ng vt (living thing)
Subject as a living thing + need +
to + verb
(cn phi lm g)

V d:
I need to clean my house.
John and his brother need to paint the house.
My friend needs to learn Spanish.
He will need to drive alone tonight.
-Tuy nhin khi ch ng l mt bt ng vt (unliving thing) th ng t sau
need s i khc.
Subject as unliving thing + need +
[Verb + ing]
to be
+ P2

Trang 43

V d:
The grass needs to be cut. Hoc The grass needs cutting.
The television needs repairing. Hoc The television need to be
repaired.
The composition needs rewriting. Hoc The composition needs to be
rewritten.
Lu :
need = to be in need of +
noun
to be in need of + noun c th thay th cho c 2 cng thc trn.
V d:
Jill is in need of money = Jill needs money.
The roof is in need of repair = The roof needs to be repaired.
The organization was in need of volunteers = The organization needed
volunteers.

6.2

Dare

- Dare khng c dng nhiu khng nh. N ch c dng ph nh v

nghi vn. ng t sau n theo l thuyt l c to nhng trn thc t thng b
to. N c th dng vi tr ng t to do hoc dng trc tip.
He doesnt dare (to) say anything
= He dares not (to) say anything.
Does he dare (to) say anything = Dares he (to) say anything.
- Dare khng c dng th khng nh tr trng hp - I dare say mang 2
ngha:
- Ti cho l.
V d: I dare say there will be a restaurant car at the end of the train.
- Ti cng nhn l.
V d: I dare say you are right. Ti tha nhn l anh ng.
- How dare (dared) + subject ... (sao dm).
V d:
How dare you open my letter? Sao cu dm bc th ca ti ra th ?
- Dare cn c dng nh 1 ngoi ng t mang ngha dm, thch theo mu
cu sau:
To dare smb to do
smth
(thch ai lm g)

Trang 44

They dare the boy to swim across the river in the cold weather.

7.

Cch dng ng t to be + infinitive

BE + INFINITIVE

- N c dng truyn t nhng mnh lnh hoc nhng ch dn tt

ngi th nht qua ngi th 2 ti ngi th 3.
V d:
No one is to leave this building without the permission of the police.
(khng ai c php ri to nh ny m khng c php ca cnh st).
He is to stay here until we return.
(n phi li y cho ti khi bn tao quay li).
- Dng vi mnh if mang tnh bt buc hoc mnh lnh.
V d:
Something must be done quickly if extinct birds are to be saved
He said if he fall asleep at the wheel, we were to wake him up.
- truyn t mt d nh.
V d:
She is to be married next month.
(c y s ci vo thng ti)
The expedition is to start in a weeks time.
Cu trc ny rt thng dng trong bo ch v nu n l ta bo th ngi
ta b be i tit kim ch.
V d:
The Prime Minister is to make a statement tomorrow.
= The Prime Minister to make a statement tomorrow.
- Was/ were + infinitive
din t 1 tng v s mnh.
V d:
They said good bye without knowing that they were never to meet again.
(h chia tay nhau m khng bit rng s chng bao gi h gp li nhau)
- To be about to + verb = near future = to be in the point of Ving.

8.

Cu hi

8.1

Cu hi yes v no

S d gi l nh vy v trong cu tr li c th dng yes hoc no u

cu. Nn nh rng:
Yes + positive verb
No + negative verb.
Khng c nhm ln dng cu tr li ting vit.

Trang 45

auxiliary
be
verb ...
do, does, did

+ subject +

Is Mary going to school today?

Was Mary sick yesterday?
Have you seen this movie before?
Will the committee decide on the proposal today?
Do you want to use the telephone?
Does George like peanut butter?
Did you go to class yesterday?

Cu hi thng bo

8.2

L loi cu hi m trong cu tr li ngoi yes hoc no ra cn phi thm mt

s cc thng tin khc. Cc cu hi ny dng vi mt s cc i t nghi vn.

8.2.1 who v what lm ch ng.

Who
+ verb + (complement) +
(modifier)
what
Who opened the door? (someone opened the door)
What happened last night? (something happened last night.)
Ch : Khng ng khi ni :
Who did open the door?
What did happen last night?

8.2.2 Whom v what l tn ng ca cu hi

whom

auxiliary
+

+ ( modifier)
what

+ subject + verb
do, does, did

Ch :
Mc d trong vn ni, nhiu ngi s dng who thay cho whom trong loi cu
hi ny nhng tuyt i khng c dng nh vy trong vn vit (li c bn)
V d:

Trang 46

Whom does Ahmad know from Venezuela? ( Ahmad know someone from
Venezuela)
What did George buy at the store? ( George bought something at the store)

8.2.3 Cu hi dnh cho cc b ng (when, where, why, how)

when
where
why
how

Auxiliary
+
be
+ subject + verb +
(complement) + (modifier)
do, does, did

When did John move to Jacksonville?

Where does Mohamad live ?
Why did George leave so early?
How did Maria get to school today?
Where has Henry gone?
When will Bertha go back to Mexico?

8.3

Cu hi gin tip (embedded questions)

L loi cu hi c cc c im sau:
- Cu c 2 thnh phn ni vi nhau bng 1 i t nghi vn.
- ng t mnh 2 phi ng xui sau ch ng khng c cu to cu
hi thnh phn th 2.
- i t nghi vn khng ch bao gm 1 t m nhiu khi c th l 2 hoc 3 t
chng hn: whose + noun, how many, how much, how long, how often, what
time, v what kind.
Subject + verb ( phrase) + question word +
subject + verb
V d:
Cu hi : Where will the meeting take place?
Cu hi gin tip: We havent ascertained where the meeting will take place.
Q word

subject

verb phrase

Cu hi: Why did the plane land at the wrong airport?

Cu hi gin tip : The authorities cannot figure out why the plane landed at
the wrong airport.
Q word

subject

auxiliary + subject + verb + question word +

subject + verb

Trang 47

phrase

Do you know where he went?

Could you tell me what time it is?
Mt s th d:
The professor didnt know how many students would be in her
afternoon class.
I have no idea how long the interview will take.
Do they know how often the bus runs at night?
Can you tell me how far the museum is from the college?
Ill tell you what kind of ice cream tastes best.
The teacher asked us whose book was on his desk.
8.4

Cu hi c ui

Khi s dng loi cu hi ny nn nh rng n khng nhm mc ch hi

m nhm khng nh li kin ca bn thn mnh bit.
- Cu chia lm 2 thnh phn tch bit nhau bi du phy.
- Nu ng t phn chnh th khng nh th phn ui l ph
nh v ngc li.
- ng t to be c dng trc tip, cc ng t thng dng tr ng t to do,
cc ng t thi kp: future, perfect, progressive dng vi chnh tr ng t
ca thi .
- Cc thnh ng there is, there are v it is dng li phn ui.
- ng t to have trong ting Anh ca ngi M l ng t thng do n s
dng vi tr ng t to do.
V d:
There are only twenty-eight days in February, arent there?
Its raining now, isnt it? It isnt raining now, is it?
The boys dont have class tomorrow, do they?
You and I talked with the professor yesterday, didnt we?
You wont be leaving for another hour, will you?
Jill and Joe have been to Mexico, havent they?
You have two children, dont you?
(Trong ting Anh, th s dng havent you?)
Lu :
Trong cc bi thi TOEFL nu ng t chnh l have th ng sau phi dng
tr ng t do.
V d:
She has an exam tomorrow, doesnt she?

Trang 48

9.

Li ni ph ho khng nh v ph nh.

9.1

Li ni ph ho khng nh.

- Dng ph ho li khng nh ca mt ngi khc tng ng vi cu

ting vit cng th v ngi ta s dng so v too trong cu trc ny.
- ng t to be c php dng trc tip, cc ng t thng dng vi tr ng
t to do, cc ng t thi kp (future, perfect, progressive) dng vi chnh
ng t ca n.
- Khi be c s dng trong mnh chnh th thi ca ng t be s dng
trong cu ph ho cng phi cng thi vi be mnh chnh.
Subject + verb(be)
+ too
Affirmative statement (be) + and +
So + verb(be) +
subject
V d:
I am happy, and you are too.
I am happy, and so are you.
- Khi mt ng t th kp (auxilary + verb), v d, will go, should do, has
done, have written, must examine, vv... xut hin trong mnh chnh th
tr ng t ca mnh chnh c s dng dng khng nh, v ch
ng v ng t phi ho hp.
Subject + auxiliary only +
too
Affirmative statement + and +
(ng t th kp)
only + subject

So + auxiliary

V d:
They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too.
They will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you.
Subject +do, does, or did +
too.
Affirmative statement + and +
(ng t n tr be)
So + do, does, or did
+ subject
V d:
Jane goes to that school, and my sister does too.

Trang 49

Jane goes to that school, and so does my sister.

John went to the mountains on his vacation, and we did too.
John went to the mountains on his vacation, and so did we.
I will be in New Mexico in August, and they will too.
I will be in New Mexico in August, and so will they.
He has seen her plays, and the girls have too.
He has seen her plays, and so have the girls.
We are going to the movies tonight, and Suzy is too.
We are going to the movies tonight, and so is Suzy.
She will wear a costume to the party, and we will too.
She will wear a costume to the party, and so will we.

9.2

Li ni ph ho ph nh

- Dng ph ho li ph nh ca ngi khc, tng ng vi cu ting vit

cng khng.
- Cu trc dng cho loi cu ny l either v neither.
Nn nh rng: Not ... either / Neither ... positive verb.
Cc trng hp dng ging ht cng thc khng nh.
Subject + negative auxiliary or be +
either .
Negative statement + and +
Neither + positive auxiliary or
be + subject.

V d:
I didnt see Mary this morning. John didnt see Mary this morning.
I didnt see Mary this morning, and John didnt either.
I didnt see Mary this morning, and neither did John.
She wont be going to the conference. Her colleagues wont be going to the
conference.
She wont be going to the conference, and her colleagues wont either.
She wont be going to the conference, and neither will her colleagues.
John hasnt seen the new movie yet. I havent seen the new movie yet.
John hasnt seen the new movie yet, and I havent ether.
John hasnt seen the new movie yet, and neither have I.

10.

Cu ph nh

thnh lp cu ph nh ngi ta t not vo sau ng t to be, tr

ng t to do ca ng t thng, v cc tr ng t ca ng t thi kp.

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- t any ng trc danh t nhn mnh cho ph nh.

- Trong mt s trng hp nhn mnh cho danh t ng sau b ph nh,
ngi ta ng t nguyn th v t no trc danh t. ( no = not at all).
Nagative + nagative = Positive
V d:
Its really unbelievable that he has no money.
Nagative + comparative = Superlative
V d:
Professor Baker couldnt be more helpful = Pr. Baker was the most helpful.
We couldnt have gone to the beach on a better day. Tc l: Today is the best
day to go to the beach.
Nagative ..., much less + noun.
(khng m li cng khng)
V d:
He didnt like to read novels, much less text books.
Its really unbelievable how he could have survived, after such a free fall,
much less live to tell about it on TV.
Mt s ph t trong ting Anh mang ngha ph nh, khi dng n trong
cu tuyt i khng c dng ph nh ca ng t na.

V d:
Hardly
Scarcely

Hu nh khng ( Almost no)

Barely
Hardly ever
Rarely

Hu nh khng bao gi ( almost never).

Seldom
Cng thc dng vi cc ph t trn.

Subject + nagative + adverb +

Trang 51

positive verb

Lu : Barely v scarcely i khi mang ngha va , va son (just

enough). Phi cn c theo ng cnh ca cu hoc cc cu tr li di phn
nghe tm ra ngha ng.
V d:
He scarcely has money for the tuition fee and not any coins left.
(N va tin tr hc ph v khng cn xu no c.)

11.

Mnh lnh thc

Chia lm 2 loi trc tip v gin tip.

11.1

Mnh lnh thc trc tip.

Mnh lnh thc trc tip l cu m mt ngi ra lnh cho mt ngi khc lm
vic g . N c th c please i trc. Ch ng c hiu l you. S dng
dng n gin ca ng t (Nguyn th b to).
V d:
Close the door.

Open the window.

Leave the room.

Pay your rent.

Please turn off the light.

Be quiet.

Dng mnh lnh thc ph nh c thnh lp nh cng thm dont trc

ng t.
Dont close the door.
Please dont turn off the light.
Dont open the window, please.
( Please c th ng u hoc cui cu mnh lnh thc lm cho cu tr
nn lch s hn).

11.2

Mnh lnh thc gin tip.

Thng dng vi 4 ng t sau:

to order
to ask
to tell

smb

to do something.
not to do something

to say
V d:
John told Mary to close the door.
Jack asked Jill to turn off the light.
The teacher told Christopher to open the window.
Please tell Jaime to leave the room.

Trang 52

John ordered Bill to close his book.

The policeman ordered the suspect to be quiet.
Lu :
ui ca Lets ...., shall we.
V d:
Lets go out for lunch, shall we?
Khc vi let us trong cu mnh lnh thc.
V d:
Lets go now (chng ta i thi) khc vi Let us go, please. ( xin hy cho
chng ti i)

12.

ng t khim khuyt.

S d gi l nh vy v ng t ny mang nhng c tnh nh sau:

- Khng c tiu t to ng trc.
- ng t no i sau n cng phi b to.
- Khng bao gi 2 ng t khim khuyt i cng vi nhau, nu c th bt
buc ng t th 2 phi chuyn sang mt dng khc.
V d:
Will have to
must

Will be able to
can

Will be allowed to
may

ng t khim khuyt c s dng vi cc chc nng sau:

12.1

Din t thi tng lai.

12.2

Din t cu iu kin.

12.2.1 iu kin c th thc hin c thi hin ti.

Will/shall
If + Subject + simple present + subject +
[verb in simple form]

+
can/ may

V d:
If I have the money, I will buy a new car.
If you try more, you will improve your English.
We will have plenty of time to finish the project before dinner if it is only ten
oclock now.
Trang 53

If + subject + simple present tense + subject + ... +

simple present tense
Mu cu ny cn c dng din t mt thi quen.
V d:
If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits his patients in the hospital in
the afternoon (khng c ng t khuyt thiu.)
John usually walks to school if he has enough time.
If + Subject + simple present tense ... + command
form* ...
* Nn nh rng mnh lnh thc dng n gin ca ng t. ( simple form)
Mu cu trn c ngha l nh ai, ra lnh cho ai lm g.
V d:
If you go to the Post Office, please mail this letter for me.
Please call me if you hear from Jane.

12.2.2 iu kin khng th thc hin c thi hin ti.

Would/should
If + Subject + simple past + subject +
in simple form

+ verb
could/ might

V d:
If I had enough money now, I would buy this house
( but now I dont have enough money.)
If I had the time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend.
(but I dont have the time.) ( Im not going to the beach with you.)
He would tell you about it if he were here.
( he wont tell you about it.) ( He is not here).
If he didnt speak so quickly, you could understand him.
(He speaks very quickly.) (You cant understand him.)
Lu :
ng t to be sau if mu cu ny phi chia lm were tt c cc ngi.
I... they were.
V d:

Trang 54

If I were you, I wouldnt do such a thing.

(but Im not you.)

12.2.3 iu kin khng th thc hin c thi qu kh.

Would/should
If + Subject + past perfect + subject +
have + P2

+
could / might

V d:
If we hadnt lost the way we could have been here in time.
(but in fact we lost the way, so we were late.)
If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
(We didnt know that you were there.) ( we didnt write you a letter.)
She would have sold the house if she had found the right buyer.
(She didnt sell the house.) (She didnt find the right buyer.)
If we hadnt lost the way, we would have arrived sooner.
(We lost our way.) (we didnt arrive early.)
Cu iu kin khng phi lc no cng tun theo ng cng thc trn,
trong mt s trng hp 1 v ca cu iu kin qu kh cn mt v li
hin ti do thi gian ca tng mnh quy nh.
V d:
If she had caught the flight she would be here by now.
Lu :
Trong mt s trng hp cu iu kin khng th thc hin c
thi qu kh, ngi ta b if i v o had ln u cu nhng ngha vn gi
nguyn.
Had + subject + [verb in past participle ]...
V d:
Had we known you were there, we would have written you a letter.
Had she found the right buyer, she would have sold the house.
Hadnt we lost the way, we would have arrived sooner.

12.2.4 Cc cch dng c bit ca Will, would v sould trong cc mnh

if

Thng thng nhng ng t ny khng c dng ng sau if nhng nu

c dng n s mang ngha sau:
If you will /would.

Trang 55

Thng c dng trong cc yu cu lch s ( Would lch s hn)

V d:
If you would wait a moment, I will see if Mr John is here.
(Nu c vui lng ch mt cht, ti s xem liu ng John c y khng.)
I would be very grateful if you will/ would make an arrangement for me.
If you could + verb in simple form.
Nu ng vui lng - Ngi ni cho rng ngi kia s ng nh mt l
tt nhin
V d:
If you could fill in this form.
If you could open your books.
If + subject + will / would.
Nu ... chu - Din t t nguyn
V d:
If he will (would) listen to me, I can help him.
Nu n chu nghe theo li ti th ti c th gip n.
If + subject + will.
Din t s ngoan c.
V d:
If you will learn English this way, a failure for TOFEL test is sure awaiting you.
Nu cu m c hc ting Anh theo cch ny th trt k thi TOFEL chc chn
ang ch n cu.
If + subject +should.
Din t mt hnh ng d rt c th c song kh nng rt t v khi ni
ngi ni khng tin l s vic li c th xy ra.
V d:
If you shouldnt know how to use this TV set, please call me up this number.

Trang 56

Nu anh khng bit cch s dng chic tivi ny, hy gi in cho ti s my

ny. (Ni vy nhng ngi ni khng cho rng l anh ta li khng bit s dng
chic tivi .)
If you should have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel
free to ask me.
(Ngi thy khng cho rng cu hc sinh li khng lm c nhng bi tp v chng rt d hoc cu hc tr rt thng minh)
- Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta b if i v o should ln u cu m ng
ngha khng thay i.
V d:
Should you have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free
to ask me.
Should it be cloudy and gray, the groundhog will supposedly wander around
for food - a sign that spring is near.
Nu tri c nhiu my v bu tri xm xt th ngi ta cho l con sc t s
i lang thang kim n - l du hiu ca ma Xun ang ti gn. Thc ra,
khi s dng cu trc ny th tc gi cho rng khi con sc t chui ra th rt
him khi tri li c nhiu my v bu tri li xm li - c th l do kt qu
thng k.

13.

Cch s dng thnh ng as if, as though.

(C ngha l : dng nh l, nh th l)
- Mnh ng sau 2 thnh ng ny thng hay dng iu kin khng
th thc hin c v chia lm 2 thi:

13.1

Thi hin ti

Nu ng t mnh trc chia simple present th ng t mnh

sau phi chia simple past, ng t to be s phi chia l were tt c cc
ngi.
as if
Subject + verb (simple present) +
(simple past)
as though

+ subject + verb

V d:
The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer.
Hin ti

qu kh

(It is not winter.)

Angelique walks as though she studied modelling.
Hin ti

qu kh

(She didnt study modelling)

He acts as though he were rich.

Trang 57

Hin ti

qu kh

(He is not rich)

13.2

Thi qu kh.

Nu ng t mnh trc chia simple past th ng t mnh 2

phi chia past perfect.
as if
Subject + verb (simple past) +
as perfect)
(past
though

+ subject + verb

V d:
Betty talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize.
Past simple

past perfect

(She didnt win the grand prize.)

Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost.
Past simple

past perfect

(She didnt see a ghost.)

He looked as though he had run ten miles.
Past simple

past perfect

(He didnt run ten miles.)

C 2 dng chia sau as if u din t iu kin khng th thc hin

c.

Lu :
Trong mt s trng hp nu iu kin l c tht th 2 cng thc trn khng
c tun theo. ng t li tr v dng bnh thng theo din bin ca cu.
V d:
He looks as if he has finish the test.

14.

Cch s dng ng t To hope v to wish.

Hai ng t ny tuy ng ngha nhng khc nhau v mt ng php.

+ ng sau ng t to hope l mt cu din bin bnh thng.
V d:
I hope that they will come. ( I dont know if they are coming.)
( Ti hy vng l h s ti.)
We hope that they came yesterday. ( We dont know if they came.)
+ Nhng ng t to wish li i hi ng sau n phi l mt iu kin
khng th thc hin c. iu kin ny chia lm 3 thi.

Trang 58

14.1

Thi tng lai.

ng t mnh sau s phi l Would / could + verb hoc were + Ving.

Could + verb
Subject + wish + (that) + Subject* +
would +
verb
+ ...
were + Ving

Subject* : c th l cng hoc khc ch ng vi ch ng trong mnh

chnh.
V d:
We wish that you could come to the party tonight. (You cant come.)
I wish that you would stop saying that. (You probably wont stop.)
She wish that she were coming with us. ( She is not coming with us.)

14.2

Thi hin ti

ng t mnh 2 s chia simple past. ng t to be phi chia lm were

tt c cc ngi.
Subject + wish + (that) + Subject* + verb in simple past ...

V d:
I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework. ( I dont have enough
time.)
We wish that he were old enough to come with us. ( He is not old enough.)
They wish that they didnt have to go to class today. ( They have to go to
class.)

14.3

Thi qu kh.

ng t mnh sau s phi chia Past perfect hoc Could have + P2

Past perfect
Subject + wish + (that) + Subject +
Could have + P2

V d:
I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday. ( I didnt wash the clothes
yesterday.)
She wish that she could have been there. ( She couldnt be there.)

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We wish that we had had more time last night. ( We didnt have more time.)
Lu :
ng t wish ch c th nh hng n mnh ng sau n bng
cch buc mnh phi iu kin khng th thc hin c. Nhng
iu kin thi no li do thi gian ca mnh quyt nh
khng h ph thuc vo thi ca ng t to wish.
V d:
He wished that he could come to the party next week.
Qu kh

iu kin tng lai

Tng lai

Ph hp v thi

The photographer wished that we stood closer together than we are standing
now.
Qu kh

iu kin hin ti

hin ti

Ph hp v thi

- Phi phn bit vi to wish dng cu ny vi ngha c g, mong g

vi to wish trong mu cu sau:
To wish somebody something
V d:
I wish you a happy birthday.

15.

Cch s dng thnh ng used to v get/be used to

15.1

used to.
Used to + [Verb in simple form]... ( Thng hay, tng)

(*)

Ch mt thi quen, hnh ng thng xuyn xy ra lp i lp li trong qu

kh.
V d:
When David was young, he used to swim once a day. ( Thi quen trong qu
kh)
Chuyn sang cu nghi vn:
Did + Subject + use to + Verb
= Used + Subject + to + verb.

Trang 60

V d:
When David was young, did he use to swim once a day?
used he to swim once a day?
Cu ph nh:
Subject + didnt + use to + Verb
= Subject + used not to + verb.

V d:
When David was young, he didnt use to swim once a day.
he used not to swim once a day.

15.2

get / be used to.

BE / GET USED TO + VING
( tr nn quen vi)

(noun)

Lu : Trong cng thc (*) c th thay used to = Would nhng d nhm ln.

Cch s dng thnh ng Would rather

16.

Would rather ... than = Prefer ... to

(Thch ... hn l; th ... hn l)

ng sau would rather phi l mt ng t nguyn th b to (bare

infinitive) nhng ng sau prefer phi l mt verb+ing.

V d:
John would rather drink Coca-Cola than orange juice.
John prefer drinking Coca-Cola to drinking orange juice.
Lu :

Vic s dng thnh ng ny cn tu thuc vo s ch ng v ngha ca

cu

16.1

Loi cu c mt ch ng.

loi cu ny ch dng Would rather (khng c than) v chia lm 2 thi :

1. Thi hin ti.
ng t sau Would rather l nguyn th b to. Nu mun dng ph nh
t not trc ng t nguyn th b to ( cng thc 1)

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Subject + Would rather + (not) bare infinitive

(1)

V d:
Jim would rather go to class tomorrow
Trong cu ny ngi ni mun ni Jim thch n lp vo ngy mai (ch hm
nay Jim khng mun)

2.

Thi qu kh.

thi qu kh sau would rather l have + past participle (hay cn gi l

phn t 2 - P2) - Cng thc 2.

Subject + would rather + have + (P2)

(2)

V d:
John would rather have gone to class yesterday than today ( John thch i
hc vo ngy hm qua hn ngy hm nay).

16.2

Loi cu c 2 ch ng

loi cu ny thnh ng c s dng s l Would rather that (c g,

mong g) v chia lm nhng mu cu nh sau:
1. Cu gi nh
L loi cu din t ngi th nht mun ngi th 2 lm mt vic g
, nhng lm hay khng cn tu thuc vo vo pha ngi th 2. Do vy cu
trc ng t sau ch ng 2 phi l nguyn th b to - Cng thc 1.

Subject1 + Would rather that + Subject2 + bare

infinitive

(1)

V d:
I would rather that Jones call me tomorrow ( Ti mun Johnes gi in cho ti
vo ngy mai - Nhng Jones c gi in cho ngi ni hay khng cn tu vo
Jones).
We would rather that he take this train. (p chuyn tu hay khng cn
tu vo anh y - H ch mun vy).
2. iu kin khng thc hin c hin ti (ngha ca cu tri vi
thc t).
ng t sau ch ng 2 s chia Simple past, ng t to be s phi c chia
thnh Were tt c cc ngi - Cng thc 2

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Subject1 + would rather that + Subject2 + Simple past...

(2)

V d:
Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he
does
(In fact his girlfriend doesnt work in the same department.)
Jane would rather that it were winter now.
(It is not winter now.)
Nhn xt:
- Trong cc cu trn ngha ca v th 2 lun tri vi thc t thi im
hin ti.
Did
not + verb
- Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh
dng
Were not + verb
3. iu kin khng th thc hin c trong qu kh ( Ngha ca
cu l tri vi thc t.)
Trong loi cu ny ng t mnh th 2 s phi c chia Past
perfect - Cng thc 1.
Subject1 + would rather that + Subject 2 + Past perfect

(1)

V d:
Jim would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday.
(nhng trong thc t th Jill khng ti lp ngy hm qua v ngi ni ch ly
lm tic l Jill khng ti lp vo ngy hm qua.)
Nhn xt: Trn thc t ngha ca to wish v would rather that (vi ngha c,
mong mun) trong trng hp trn l ging nhau nhng Wish c s dng trong
ting Anh bnh dn (hng ngy). Cn Would rather that mang kch tnh
nhiu hn.

17.

Cch s dng Would Like

Thnh ng ny dng mi mc ngi khc mt cch lch s hoc

din t mong mun ca mnh mt cch nh nhn sau phi l ng t
nguyn th c to (infinitive).
Subject + would like + [to + verb] ...

V d:
Would you like to dance with me?
I would like to visit Hongkong.
Trang 63

We would like to order now, please.

The president would like to be re-elected.
They would like to study at the university.
Would you like to see a movie tonight?

Lu :
- Nu hnh ng c xc nh c th v mt thi gian hoc thi
gian l hin ti th dng ng t nguyn th sau like.
- Nhng nu thi gian l khng xc nh th phi dng Verb+ing.
V d:
Would you like a lemonade now? (thi gian l hin ti now)
She likes watching TV every night. (thi gian l khng xc nh - ch s
thch hobby)
Hoc I would like eating a steak and salad.

Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din t

cc trng thi hin ti.
18.

18.1

Could/may/might.
Could/may/might + [Verb in simple form]
C th /c l.

Ch mt kh nng c th xy ra hin ti song ngi ni khng chc.

C 3 ng t c gi tr nh nhau.
V d:
It might rain tomorrow

It will possibly rain

tomorrow
It may rain tomorrow
It could rain tomorrow
tomorrow

OR
Maybe it will rain

Ch :
Maybe l s kt hp ca may v be, nhng n l mt t v khng phi l tr
ng t. N ng ngha vi perhaps.
Mt s v d v Could, may, v might:
The president said that there might be a strike next month.
I dont know what Im doing tomorrow. I may go to the beach or I may stay
home.
(Lu l ngi Anh thng ni l stay at home nhng ngi M li ni l stay
home.)
It might be warmer tomorrow.
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I may not be able to go with you tonight.

I dont know where Jaime is. He could be at home.

18.2

Should
Should + [Verb in simple form]

Ngha l :
- Nn ( din t mt li khuyn, ngh hoc bt buc nhng khng mnh
lm)
- C khi - dng din t mong mun iu g xy ra.
V d:
It should rain tomorrow ( I expect it to rain tomorrow)
My check should arrive next week. ( I expect it to arrive next week).
Lu :
- Had better, ought to, be supposed to ni chung l ng ngha vi should vi
iu kin l ng t to be phi chia thi hin ti.
- be supposed to ngoi ngha tng ng vi should cn mang ngha quy
nh phi, bt buc phi.
V d:
We are supposed to have a math test this afternoon, but it was postponed
because the Professor had to attend a science conference.
( Theo quy nh l ....)

18.3

Must
Must + [verb in simple form]

Ngha l :
- Phi - bt buc rt mnh (ngi b bt buc khng c s la chn no
khc)
V d:
One must endorse a check before one cashes it. (ngi ta phi k sau
tm sc trc khi rt tin).
George must call his insurance agent today.
A pharmacist must keep a record of the prescriptions that are filled.
An automobile must have gasoline to run.
An attorney must pass an examination before practising law.
This freezer must be kept at -200.

Trang 65

- Hn l - din t mt s suy lun c logic da trn nhng hin t ng

c tht hin ti.
V d:
Johns lights are out. He must be asleep.
(We assume that John is asleep because the lights are out.)
The grass is wet. It must be raining.
(We assume that it is raining because the grass is wet.)

Must c thay th bng have to trong nhng trng hp sau y

- ng sau Will thi tng lai.
V d:
We will have to take a TOEFL test at the end of this year.
- Had to thay cho must qu kh.
V d:
The teacher had to attend a science conference yesterday.

thi hin ti have to c thay th cho must khi:

Hi xem mnh c b buc phi lm iu g khng hoc din t s
bt buc do khch quan mang li lm gim nh tnh bt buc
ca must.
V d:
Q : Do I have to leave a deposit?
A : No, you neednt but you have to sign in this register, Im sorry
but thats the rule.

Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din t

cc trng thi thi qu kh.
19.

Could/ May/ might + have +P2 (c l )

Ch mt kh nng qu kh song ngi ni khng dm chc.
V d:
It might have rained last night, but Im not sure.
(C l m qua tri ma)
The cause of death could have been bacteria.
(Nguyn nhn ca ci cht c l l do vi trng)
John might have gone to the movies yesterday.
(C l John ti rp chiu bng ngy hm qua)
Could + have +P2 (c l c th - nhng thc t th
khng)

Trang 66

V d:
We could have solved this problem at that time (But we couldnt in fact)
(L ra lc chng ti c th gii quyt c vn ny.)
SHOULD + HAVE + P2 (l ra phi, l ra nn - nhng thc t th
khng)
Thnh ng ny tng ng vi Was / were / Supposed to.

MUST HAVE P2 - Hn l
(Ch s suy lun logic da trn nhng hin tng c tht trong
qu kh)

V d:
Paul did so well in his speech today that he could have rehearsed it many
times this past week.
(Hm nay Paul c li pht biu rt hay, hn l tun qua n din tp
rt nhiu ln ).
MIGHT HAVE BEEN VERB+ ING - c l lc y ang
(Ch s suy lun logic da trn nhng hin tng c tht trong
qu kh)

V d:
I didnt hear the telephone ring, I might have been sleeping at that time.
I didnt watch that scene on television, I might have been paying attention to
the argument.
MUST HAVE BEEN VERB+ ING - chc hn lc y ang
(Ch s suy lun logic da trn nhng hin tng c tht trong
qu kh)

V d:
I didnt hear you knock, I must have been sleeping at that time.
I didnt see him this morning, he must have been working in the office.

20.

tnh t v ph t (adjective and adverb).

Mt tnh t bao gi cng b ngha cho mt danh t v ch danh
t. N ng ngay trc danh t . Trong ting Anh ch c mt
danh t duy nht ng sau danh t m n b ngha l: galore
( nhiu, phong ph, di do).
Trang 67

V d:
There are errors galore in the final exam.
- Mt ph t bao gi cng b ngha cho:
+ Mt ng t - mt tnh t - v mt ph t khc.
V d:
He runs very fast.
verb

adv

adv

She is terribly beautiful.

Adv

adj

- Adj + ly = adv nhng phi cn thn v khng phi bt c t no c ui ly

u l ph t. Mt s cc tnh t cng c tn cng l ly.
V d:
Lovely, friendly, lonely.
- Mt s cc cm t m u bng gii t ch a im, thi gian, phng tin hnh ng, tnh hung hnh ng cng c coi l ph t. V d:
in the office.
- Mt s cc ph t c cu to c bit nh soon, very, almost.
- V tr cc ph t trong ting Anh tng i thoi mi nhng cng c nhng
phc tp. C mt s quy lut nh sau:
+ Cc ph t b ng s thng xuyn ng cui cu theo th t u
tin:

ch phng thc hnh ng (ui ly),

ch a im (here, there, at school...),

ch thi gian,

ch phng tin hnh ng,

ch tnh hung hnh ng.

+ Mt ph t khng bao gi c ng xen vo gia ng t v tn

ng.
V d:
I have terribly a headache. (cu sai v ph t ng xen gia
ng t v tn ng )
+ Nu trong cu ch c ph t ch thi gian th n th ng ln
u cu.
V d:
In 1975 I graduated but I didnt find a job.
+ Cc ph t ch tn s (always, sometimes...) thng bao gi cng
ng trc ng t chnh khi n l ng t hnh ng, nhng bao gi
cng ng sau ng t to be.
V d:

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- They have often visited me recently.

- He always comes in time.
Nhng: The president is always in time.

ng t ni.

21.

l cc ng t trong bng sau.

appear
become
remain

smell
taste

Cc ng t trn c nhng c tnh sau:

Khng din t hnh ng m din t bn cht ca s vt, s vic, nh

mu sc, mi v ...

ng sau chng phi l mt tnh t khng c l mt ph t.

Lu : cc cp ng t
appear

to happen

seem =

to chance

( Dng nh)

- To appear c th thay th cho to seem v ngc li nhng khng th thay th

cho to happen v to chance.
- 3 ng t to be, to become, to remain c nhng trng hp c mt danh t
hoc mt ng danh t theo sau, lc chng mt i chc nng ng t
ni.
- 4 ng t to feel, to look, to smell v to taste trong mt s trng hp i
hi sau n l danh t lm tn ng v tr thnh mt ngoi ng t. Lc ny
chng mt i chc nng ca mt ng t ni v tr thnh mt ng t din
t hnh ng v c quyn i hi 1 ph t i b tr (chng thay i v
mt ng ngha).
- To feel = s, nn, khm xt.
- to look at : nhn
- to smeel : ngi.
- to taste : nm.

22.

So snh ca tnh t v danh t

22.1

So snh bng.

So snh bng ch ra 2 thc th chnh xc ging nhau (bng nhau hoc nh

nhau) v ngc li nu cu trc so snh dng ph nh.
Cu trc

Trang 69

As ... as
adj

noun
S + verb + as +

adv

+ as +

pronoun

Nu l cu trc ph nh as th nht c th thay bng so.

V d:
He is not so tall as his father.
Lu :
Ta cn phi nh rng i t sau as lun dng ch ng.
Peter is as tall as I. You are as old as she.
Mt s th d v so snh bng.
My book is as interesting as your.
Tnh t

His car runs as fast as a race car.

Ph t

John sings as well as his sister.

Ph t

Their house is as big as that one.

Tnh t

His job is not as difficult as mine. Hoc His job is not so difficult as mine.
Tnh t

Tnh t

They are as lucky as we

Tnh t

Danh t cng c th dng so snh cho cu trc ny nhng trc khi so

snh phi xc nh chc chn rng danh t c nhng tnh t tng
ng nh trong bng sau:
Tnh t
heavy, light
wide, narrow
deep, shallow
long, short
big, small

Danh t
weight
width
depth
length
size

Cu trc dng cho loi ny s l the same ... as.

noun
Subject + verb + the same + (noun) + as
pronoun

Trang 70

V d:
My house is as high as his
My house is the same height as his.
Lu :
- Do tnh cht phc tp ca loi cng thc ny nn vic s dng b hp vo
trong bng trn.
- The same as >< different from.
My nationality is different from hers.
Our climate is different from Canadas.
- Trong ting Anh ca ngi M c th dng different than nu sau l c
mt cu hon chnh (khng ph bin).
V d:
His appearance is different from what I have expected.
= His appearance is different than I have expected.
- From c th thay th bng to.

Mt s th d v the same v different from:

These trees are the same as those.
He speaks the same language as she.
Her address is the same as Ritas.
Their teacher is different from ours.
My typewriter types the same as yours.
She takes the same courses as her husband.
22.2

So snh hn, km

- Trong loi so snh ny, ngi ta phn ra lm 2 loi ph t, tnh t ngn v

ph t, tnh t di.
- i vi cc ph t v tnh t ngn, ta ch cn cng thm ui ER vo tn
cng.
- i vi nhng tnh t ngn c 1 nguyn m kp gia 2 ph m, ta phi
gp i ph m cui khng phi thay i cch c.
V d:
big - bigger.
red - redder
hot - hotter
- Nhng tnh t c tn cng bng bn nguyn m phi i thnh ier (y -ier)
V d:
happy - happier
friendly - friendlier (hoc more friendly than)

Trang 71

- Trng hp ngoi l: strong - stronger.

- i vi tt c cc ph t v tnh t di dng more (nu hn) v dng less
( nu km).
V d: more beautiful, more important, more believable.

Subject + verb +
noun
than +
pronoun

adj + er
adv + er*

more + adj/ adv

less + adj

* c th thm er vo tn cng ca mt s ph t nh: faster, quicker, sooner,

v later.
Lu :
- ng sau ph t so snh nh than v as phi l i t nhn xng ch ng,
khng c php l i t nhn xng tn ng ( li c bn).
V d:
Johns grades are higher than his sisters.
Today is hotter than yesterday.
This chair is more comfortable than the other.
He speaks Spanish more fluently than I .
He visits his family less frequently than she does.
This years exhibit is less impressive than last years.
- nhn mnh cho tnh t v ph t so snh ngi ta dng far hoc much trc
so snh.
Subject + verb
+

Subject + verb
+

far
much

adv

+er

adj

noun
pronoun

far
much

+ than

more
+
less

adj

+ than

adv

noun
pronoun

- Mt s thnh ng nhn mnh : much too much

adv

adv

adj

V d:
Harrys watch is far more expensive than mine.
That movie we saw last night was much less interesting than the one on
television.
Trang 72

A watermelon is much sweeter than a lemon.

She dances much more artistically than her predecessor.
He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish.
His car is far better than yours.
Danh t cng c th c dng so snh trong cc cu trc bng hoc
hn, km.
- Trong cu trc so snh bng ch cn xc nh xem danh t l m c hay khng m c v trc chng c mt s nh ng dng vi 2 loi danh
t .
- Trong cu trc so snh hn km cng cn phi xc nh xem danh t
l m c hay khng m c v ng trc chng c dng fewer (cho
m c), less (khng m c) v more dng chung cho c 2 (cng thc
di y). Do cu trc ny khng phc tp nn c dng rng ri hn so vi cu
trc so snh bng.

Subject + verb + as +
noun

many
much

+ noun + as +

little

pronoun

few

hoc
Subject + verb +
pronoun

more
fewer

noun
+ noun + than +

less

V d:
I have more books than she.
February has fewer days than March.
He earns as much money as his brother.
They have as few class as we.
Their job allows them less freedom than ours does.
Before pay-day, I have as little money as my brother.

22.3

So snh hp l

Khi so snh nn nh rng cc mc t dng so snh phi tng ng vi

nhau v bn cht ng php ( ngi vi ngi, vt vi vt). Do vy 3 mc so snh
hp l s l:

s hu cch

that of (cho s t)

those of (cho s nhiu)

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Cu sai: His drawings are as perfect as his instructor (cu ny so snh

drawings vi instructor)
Cu ng : His drawings are as perfect as his instructors (instructors =
instructors drawings)
Cu sai: The salary of a professor is higher than a secretary. (cu ny so
snh gia lng ca 1 ng gio s vi mt c th k)
Cu ng: The salary of a professor is higher than that of a secretary. ( that
of = that salary of)
Cu sai : The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than a teacher. (cu
ny so snh gia duties vi teacher)
Cu ng: The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than those of a
teacher. (those of = those duties of).
Mt s th d v so snh hp l.
Johns car runs better than Marys.
(Marys = Marys car)
The climate in Florida is as mild as that of California.
(that of = that climate of )
Classes in the university are more difficult than those in the college.
(those in = the classes in )
The basketball games at the university are better than those of the high
school.
(those of = the games of)
Your accent is not as strong as my mothers.
(my mothers = my mothers accent)
My sewing machine is better than Janes.
(Janes = Janes sewing machine).

22.4

Cc dng so snh c bit

Bng di y l mt s dng so snh c bit ca tnh t v ph t. Trong

lu rng farther dng cho khong cch, further dng cho thng tin v
nhng vn tru tng khc.
Tnh t v ph
t
far
little
much
many

so snh hn
km
farther
further
less

so snh
nht
farthest
furthest
least

more

most

Trang 74

good
well

better

best

bad
badly

worse

worst

I feel much better today than I did last week.

The university is farther than the mall.
He has less time now than he had before.
Marjorie has more books than Sue.
This magazine is better than that one.
He acts worse now than ever before.
+ further = more.
V d:
The distance from your house to school is farther than that of mine.
He will come to the US for further education next year.

So snh a b

22.5

L loi so snh gp ri, gp i, gp 3. Nn nh rng trong cu trc ny khng

c dng so snh hn km m phi dng so snh bng.
Subject + verb + bi s +
as +

much

+ noun +

as +
many

noun
pronoun

V d:
This encyclopedia costs twice as much as the other one.
At the clambake last week, Fred ate three times as many oysters as Barney.
Jerome has half as many records now as I had last year.
Lu :
- Khi dng so snh loi ny phi xc nh r danh t l m c hay
khng m c v ng trc chng c much v many.
- Cc cu trc twice that much ...
many
(gp i s )
ch c dng trong vn ni, tuyt i khng c dng trong vn vit.
V d:
We had expected eighty people at the rally, but twice that many showed up.
(vn ni)
We had expected eighty people at the rally, but twice as many as that
number showed up. (vn vit)

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22.6

So snh kp (cng ....th cng)

Nhng cu ny bt u bng mt cu trc so snh hn, v do mnh

th 2 cng phi bt u bng mt cu trc so snh hn.
The + comparative + subject + verb + the comparative + subject +
verb

V d:
The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel.
The higher we flew, the worse Edna felt.
The bigger they are, the harder they fall.
The sooner you take your medicine, the better you will feel.
The sooner you leave, the earlier you will arrive at your destination.
The more + subject +verb + the + comparative + subject
+ verb

The more you study, the smarter you will become.

The more he rowed the boat, the farther away he got.
The more he slept, the more irritable he became.

22.7

No sooner ... than (va mi ... th; chng bao lu ... th)

Nu thnh ng no sooner xut hin u cu th than phi u cho

mnh 2. Lu rng tr ng t phi ng trc ch ng theo cng thc
sau:
No sooner + auxiliary + subject + verb + than + subject + verb

V d:
No sooner had they started out for California than it started to rain.
No sooner will he arrived than he will want to leave.
No sooner had she entered the building than she felt the presence of
somebody else.
Lu :
No longer ngha l not any more (khng cn... na). Khng bao gi c s
dng not longer trong cu m ngha ca n nh vy.
John no longer studies at the university.
(John doesnt study at the university any more).
Cynthia may no longer use the library because her card has expired.
(Cynthia may not use the library any more)
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Dng nguyn, so snh hn v so snh hn nht.

23.

Phn ln cc tnh t din t (trng thi, tnh cch, v p...) u c 3 dng:

dng nguyn (happy), dng so snh hn (happier) v so snh hn nht
(happiest).
Dng nguyn
hot
interesting
sick
colorful

so snh
hotter
more
interesting
sicker
more colorful

so snh nht
hottest
most
interesting
sickest
most colorful

- Dng nguyn khng ch s so snh. N ch m t phm cht n thun

ca 1 ngi, 1 vt, hay mt nhm (ngi hoc vt).
V d:
The house is big.
The flowers are fragrant.
- Dng so snh hn ch ra mc mnh hn hay yu hn v s khc nhau
gia 2 ngi (2 vt).
V d:
My dog is smarter than yours.
Bob is more atheletic than Richard.
Spinach is less appealing than carrots.
* Ta cng c th so snh 2 thc th (ngi hoc vt) m khng s dng than.
Trong trng hp ny thnh ng of the two s c s dng trong cu (n c
th ng u cu v sau danh t phi c du phy, hoc ng cui Xem 2 cng thc di y).
Subject + verb + the + comparative + of the two +
(noun)

hoc
of the two + (noun), + Subject + verb + the +
comparative

Harvey is the smarter of the two boys.

Of the two shirts, this one is the prettier.
Please give me the smaller of the two pieces of cake.
Of the two landscapes that you have shown me, this one is the more
picturesque.
Of the two books, this one is the more interesting.
Ghi nh:

Trang 77

2 thc th - so snh hn
3 thc th tr ln - so snh hn
nht

- cp so snh hn nht, 3 thc th tr ln c so snh vi nhau,

mt trong chng tri hn hoc km hn so vi cc thc th cn li.
Subject + verb + the +

adj+ est
In + dt2 s t
most + adj
+
of + dt2 s nhiu
least + adj

John is the tallest boy in the family.

Deana is the shortest of the three sisters.
These shoes are the least expensive of all.
Of the three shirts, this one is the prettiest.
Lu :
- Sau thnh ng one of the + superlative, danh t phi dng s nhiu
v ng t chia ngi s t.
V d:
One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Bjon Borg.
Kuwait is one of the biggest oil producers in the world.
Cc ph t khng c i km bi -er hoc -est. M thay v , khi c dng
trong cu so snh chng i cng more hoc less i vi cp so snh hn, v
vi most hoc least thnh lp nn dng so snh hn nht.

Dng nguyn

So snh hn

So snh hn
nht
most carefully
least carefully

carefully

more carefully
less carefully

cautiously

more
most cautiously
cautiously
least cautiously
less cautiously

V d:
Sal drove more cautiously than Bob.
Joe dances more gracefully than his partner.
That child behaves the most carelessly of all.
Irene plays the most recklessly of all.

Trang 78

Cc danh t lm chc nng tnh t

24.

Trong ting Anh, rt nhiu danh t c th lm chc nng tnh t khi chng
ng trc cc danh t khc (a wool coat, a gold watch, a history teacher).
Danh t ng u ca s kt hp ng vai tr mt tnh t, m t danh t
th 2 (ng vai tr danh t). Tt c cc danh t vi chc nng tnh t lun
dng s t cho d danh t m n b ngha c s nhiu. S kt hp s danh t lun phi c du gch ngang -.
V d:
We took a tour that lasted five weeks.
(Weeks lm chc nng danh t trong cu ny).
We took a five-week tour.
Adj

noun

His subscription to that magazine is for two years.

(years : danh t)
He has a two-year subscription to that magazine.
Adj

noun

That student wrote a report that was ten pages long.

(pages : danh t)
That student wrote a ten-page report.
Adj

noun

These shoes cost twenty dollars.

These are twenty-dollar shoes.
Adj

25.

noun

Enough vi tnh t, ph t v danh t

S thay i v tr ca enough tu thuc vo vic n b ngha cho 1 danh

t, 1 tnh t, hay 1 ph t. Khi b ngha cho 1 tnh t hay 1 ph t, enough
ng ng sau:
adj
+
enough
adv
Are those French fries crisp enough for you?
Adj

She speaks Spanish well enough to be an interpreter.

Adv

It is not cold enough to wear a heavy jacket.

Adj

Khi b ngha cho mt danh t enough ng ng trc.

enough + noun

Trang 79

Do you have enough sugar for the cake?

noun

Jake bought enough red paint to finish the barn.

noun

He does not have enough money to attend the concert.

noun

Lu :
Danh t m enough b ngha i khi khng cn thit c mt trong
cu m khng lm thay i ngha ca cu.
I forgot my money. Do you have enough?
(ta hiu rng ng ca ngi ni l enough money)

Cc t ni ch nguyn nhn

26.

Phn ny s trnh by cch s dng mt vi cng c ng php ch nguyn

nhn.

26.1

Because/ because of

Because ( khng c of) i hi ng sau n l mt cu hon chnh (phi c

ch ng v ng t). Because of i hi ng sau n l mt danh t hoc
1 ng danh t ( khng c php c ng t lin hp).
Subject + verb
... because +
there + verb +
subject
... because of + danh t ( hoc cm
danh t)

Lu :
Because of c th thay th cho thnh ng due to.
Jan was worried because it

Subject

had started to rain.

verb

Jan was worried because of the rain.

noun

The students arrived late because there was a traffic jam.

verb

subject

The students arrived late because of the traffic jam.

noun phrase

We have to cut down on our driving because there is an oil shortage.

verb

subject

We have to cut down on our driving because of the oil shortage.

noun phrase

Trang 80

26.2

Mc ch v kt qu (so that- )

Cc mnh ch mc ch c i cng vi lin t so that. Sau so that l

mt mnh kt qu gm ch ng v ng t. Thi gian ca mnh
kt qu phi tng lai trong mi quan h vi thi gian ca mnh ch
mc ch.
Subject + verb + so that +
subject + verb

Lu :
Mc d trong vn ni c th chp nhn khng c that nhng trong vn vit
buc phi c that.
He studied very hard so that he could pass the test.
(n hc rt chm ch c th qua c k thi)
She is sending the package early so that it will arrive in time for her sisters
birthday.
Damien is practicing the guitar so that he can play for the dance.
I am learning German so that I will be able to speak it when I go to Austria
next summer.
Susan drove to Miami instead of flying so that she could save money.
Will you let me know about the party so that I can make plans to attend?

26.3

Cause and effect

Nhng cu trc sau y c s dng ch mi quan h nhn qu.

adjective
Subject + verb + so
+
adverb
subject + verb

+ that +

Lu : Khng s dng mt danh t sau so. Cn mun dng danh t th xem

cc cu trc di y.
The soprano sang so well that she received a standing ovation.
Terry ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
Judy worked so diligently that she received an increase in salary.
The soup tastes so good that every one will ask for more.
The little boy looks so unhappy that we all feel sorry for him.
The students had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
Cc cu trc cha cc b ng cng :

many
Subject + verb + so +
few

+ dt 2 s nhiu + that

Trang 81

+ subject + verb

The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
I had so few job offers that it wasnt difficult to select one.

much
Subject + verb + so +
little
+ subject + verb

+ dt khng 2 + that

He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it

now.
The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
Subject + verb + such + a + adjective + dt 2
s t + that ...
hoc
Subject + verb + so + adjective + a + dt 2 s
t + that ...
Lu :
Such + a + adjective thng c dng nhiu hn trong 2 cu trc trn.
It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors.
Hoc
It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
It was such an interesting book that he couldnt put it down.
Hoc
It was so interesting a book that he couldnt put it down.

dt 2 s
Subject + verb + such + adjective +
nhiu
+ subject + verb
dt khng 2

+ that

She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.

dt m c s nhiu

They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.

Trang 82

dt m c s nhiu

Perry has had such bad luck that hes decided not to gamble.
dt khng m c

This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.

dt khng m c

Lu : Ta khng th s dng so trong cu trc trn.

Phn tch ngha ca cc cu trc trn.
v d:
It has been such a long time since Ive seen him that Im not sure if I will
remember him
( Ti khng bit liu ti c nhn c ra n khng v lu lm ri ti
khng gp n.)
Nguyn nhn: It has been a long time.
Kt qu : Im not sure if I will remember him.
He has so heavy a work load that it is difficult for him to travel.
( Tht l kh i vi anh ta trong chuyn i du lch bi v anh ta c nhiu
cng vic phi lm.)
Nguyn nhn: He has a very heavy work load.
Kt qu : It is difficult for him to travel.
Peter has such long fingers that he should play the piano.
(Peter nn chi n Piano bi v n c nhng ngn tay di.)
Nguyn nhn: Peter has such long fingers.
Kt qu : He should play the piano.
Professor Sands gives such interesting lectures that his classes are never
boring.
(cc gi hc ca gio s Sands chng bao gi bun t bi v ng y thng a
ra nhng bi ging ht sc th v.)
Nguyn nhn: Professor Sands gives very interesting lectures.
Kt qu : His classes are never boring.
This is such tasty ice cream that Ill have another helping.
(Ti s gi mt sut kem na v n rt ngon.)
Nguyn nhn: The ice cream is very tasty.
Kt qu : Ill have another helping.

27.

Mt s t ni mang tnh iu kin

even if + nagative
verb
(cho d ...)

Trang 83

You must go tomorrow even if you arent ready.

Whether or not + positive
verb
(d c ... hay khng)
He likes watching TV whether or not the show is god.
unless + positive verb = if ...
not
(tr phi, nu ... khng)
If you dont start at once, you will be late.
= You will be late unless you start at once.
But for that + unreal
condition
(nu khng th ....)
Her father pays her fees, but for that she wouldnt be here ( but she is here)
present

iu kin khng thc hin ti

My car broke down, but for that I could have come in time.
qu kh

iu kin khng thc qu kh

otherwise + conditional sentence

khng th ....

ko, nu

- iu kin c th thc hin c.

We must be back before midnight, otherwise I will be locked out.
- iu kin khng thc hin c.
Her father pays her fees, otherwise she couldnt be here.
present

iu kin khng thc hin ti

I used a computer, otherwise it would have taken longer.

qu kh

iu kin khng thc qu kh

Nhn xt.
Trong ting Anh hng ngy, ngi ta dng or... else thay th cho
otherwise.
Provided/providing (that)
(vi iu kin l, min l )
You can camp here provided (that) you leave no mess.

Trang 84

Suppose/ supposing ? = what ... if ...?

(gi s v sao, nu v sao)
Suppose the plane is late? = what will happen if the plane is late?
- T ni ny cn c s dng em ra li gi .
Suppose you ask him = why dont you ask him?
What if Im- tao th th sao
no

a ra s thch thc

Simple
If only +
present
hope that
will + verb

Hy vng l...
If only he comes in time (hy vng anh y n ng gi)
If only he will head your advice.

If only + Simple past

wish that past perfect

Gi m - tri vi thc t.
If only he didnt smoke. (but he doesnt)
If only she had come in time. (but she didnt)
if only + would verb
mong sao

- c sao,

- dng din t mt c mun hin ti

If only he would drive more slowly (but he drive so fast)
hoc mt c mun v vng tng lai.
If only it would stop raining.
Mong sao tri ng ma na - nhng thc t th tri ang ma rt to.

Trang 85

Cu b ng

28.

Cu b ng c s dng nhm nhn mnh vo hnh ng ca tn

ng ch khng nhn mnh vo hnh ng ca ch ng trong cu ch
ng.
be + P2
Phng php chuyn i t cu ch ng sang cu b ng.
- a tn ng ca cu ch ng ln lm ch ng. Trong trng hp nu c 2
tn ng ( 1 trc tip, 1 gin tip), mun nhn mnh vo tn ng no th
ngi ta a n ln lm ch ng ( nhng thng l tn ng gin tip lm ch
ng).
V d:
I gave him a book.
hay I gave a book to him.
Trong cu ny book l tn ng trc tip, him l tn ng gin tip, ta i:
He was given a book by me.
- Thi ca ng t cu b ng phi tun theo thi ca ng t cu
ch ng.
- t by + tn ng mi ng sau tt c cc tn ng khc.
- to be made, to be made of c lm bng - ch mt vt c lm bng 1 th
nguyn vt liu.
This table is made of wood.
- to be made from: c lm bng - ch mt vt c lm bng 2 th nguyn
vt liu tr ln.
- to be made out of: c lm bng ( dng cho thc phm)
This cake is made out of flour, egg, butter and sugar.
- Mi bin i v thi v th u nhm vo ng t to be, cn phn t 2
gi nguyn (xem cc cng thc di y.)

Simple present hay simple past

am
is
are
participle]

[verb in past

was
were
Ch ng : Hurricanes destroy a great deal of property each year.
Subject

present

complement

B ng : A great deal of property is destroyed by hurricanes each year.

Trang 86

singular subject

be

past participle

Ch ng : The tornado destroyed thirty houses.

Subject

past

complement

Bi ng : Thirty houses were destroyed by the tornado.

plural subject

be

past participle

present progressive hay Past progressive

am
is
are

+ being + [verb in past participle]

was
were
Ch ng : The committee is considering several new proposals.
Subject

present progressive

complement

B ng : Several new proposals are being considered by the committee.

plural

subject

auxiliary

be

past participle

Ch ng : The committee was considering several new proposals.

Subject

past progressive

complement

B ng : Several new proposals were being considered by the committee.

plural subject

auxiliary

be

past participle

present perfect hay Past perfect

has
have
participle]

+ been + [verb in past

had

Ch ng: The company has ordered some new equipment.

subject

present perfect

complement

B ng : Some new equipment has been ordered by the company.

Singular subject

auxiliary

be

past participle

Ch ng : The company had ordered some new equipment before the strike
began.
subject

past perfect

complement

B ng : Some new equipment had been ordered by the company before

the strike began.
Singular subject

auxiliary be

past participle

Trang 87

ng t khim khuyt (modal)

modal + be + [ verb in past
participle]
Ch ng : The manager should sign these contracts today.
Subject

modal + verb

complement

B ng : These contracts should be signed by the manager today.

Subject

modal

be past participle

modal + perfect
modal + have + been + [ verb in past
participle]

Ch ng: Somebody should have called the president this morning.

Subject

modal + perfect

complement

B ng : The president should have been called this morning.

Subject

modal

have

be

past participle

ng t gy nguyn nhn

29.

ng t gy nguyn nhn c s dng ch ra mt ngi gy cho ngi

th hai lm mt vic g cho ngi th nht. Mt ngi c th gy cho ai
phi lm ci g cho anh ta hoc cho ch ta qua vic chi tr tin, yu
cu, hoc cng p ngi . Cc ng t gy nguyn nhn l: have, get,
make.

Have/ get / make

29.1

Mnh theo sau have hoc get c th dng ch ng hoc b ng.

To have smb do smth = to get smb to
do smth
(Sai ai, khin ai, bo ai lm g)
Mary had John wash the car (John washed the car.)
Mary got John to wash the car. (John washed the car.)
To have / get smth done
(a ci g i lm...)
- Bn thn mnh khng lm c nn nh 1 ngi khc lm.
V d:
Mary got the car washed. (The car was wash by somebody.)
Mary had the car washed. (The car was wash by somebody.)
I have the laundry washed. (the laundry is washed by someone)

Trang 88

To want / like something done

Mu cu hi ca 2 ng t ny s l:
- What do you want done to ...

Anh mun lm g vi ....

V d:
- What do you want done to your motorbike?
- Id like it repaired and cleaned
hoc I want it repaired and cleaned.
To make smb do smth = to force smb to
do smth
( buc ai phi lm g.)
V d:
The robber forced the teller to give him the money.
= The robber made the teller give him the money.
ng t to make v to cause cn c dng theo mu sau:

To
+ P2

make/

smb
to
smth cause

(lm cho ai, ci g b lm sao)

V d:
Working all night on Friday made me tired on Saturday.
The hurricane caused many water front houses damaged.
- ng sau ng t to make cn c th dng 1 tnh t.
To make smb / smth
adjective

V d:
Wearing flowers made her more beautiful.
i theo hng ny th ng t to find c th dng theo cng thc:
To find + smb/ smth + adjective
(P1- P2)
Nu l phn t 1 s mang tnh ch ng cn phn t 2 mang tnh b
ng.

Trang 89

V d:
I found her quite interesting to talk to.
My sister found snakes frightening - con rn ng s.
We found the boy frightened - bn thn thng b s.

Let

29.2

Let thng c b sung v danh sch cc ng t gy nguyn nhn trong

cc sch ng php. Nhng thc cht th n khng phi l ng t gy
nguyn nhn. N ngha l allow hay permit. Ta hy lu s khc nhau v mt
ng php khi s dng to let v to allow hay permit.
permit
Let sb do smth = to
allow
to do smth

sb

(cho php ai, ai lm g)

V d:
John let his daughter swim with her friends.
(John allowed his daughter to swim with her friends.)
(John permitted his daughter to swim with her friends.)
The teacher let the students leave class early.
The policeman let the suspect make one phone call.
Dr. Jones is letting the students hand in the papers on Monday.
Mrs. Binion let her son spend the night with a friend.
We are going to let her write the letter.
Mr. Brown always lets his children watch cartoons on Saturday mornings.

29.3

Help

Help thc cht cng khng phi l mt ng t gy nguyn nhn, nhng ni

chung c xem xt cng vi cc ng t gy nguyn nhn trong cc sch
ng php. N thng i vi ng t dng simple form (tc l ng t
nguyn th b to), nhng c th i vi ng t nguyn th trong mt s trng
hp.
to do
To help smb smth
v ngha. do smth

ging nhau

(gip ai lm g)
V d:
John helped Mary wash the dishes.
Jorge helped the old woman with the packages (to) find a taxi.
The teacher helped Carolina find the research materials.

Trang 90

- Nu tn ng sau help l mt i t v nhn xng mang ngha ngi ta th

ngi ta b i v v b lun c to ca ng t ng sau.
V d:
This wonderful drug helps (people to) recover more quickly.
- Nu tn ng ca help v tn ng th 2 ca ng t ng sau trng hp
nhau th ngi ta b tn ng sau help v b lun c to ca ng t ng
sau.
V d:
The body fat of the bear will help (him to) keep him alive during hibernation.

Ba ng t c bit

30.

- l nhng ng t m ngha ca chng s hi bin i nu ng t

ng sau tn ng ca n l mt nguyn th b to hay verbing.
hear
to watch
cui.

somebody do something

- Hnh ng trn vn t u ti

see
hear
to watch somebody doing something
khng trn vn.

- Hnh ng c tnh nht thi,

see
V d:
I didnt hear the telephone ring.
I didnt hear the telephone ringing.
I see her sing./ I see her singing.

31.

Cu trc phc hp v i t quan h thay th

Ting Anh c 2 loi cu :

- cu n gin : l cu ch c mt thnh phn v ch mt thnh phn
cng ngha.
v d:
She is standing in the way.
- Cu phc hp l cu c 2 thnh phn chnh v ph ni vi nhau bng 1 i
t gi l i t quan h thay th.

31.1

That v Which lm ch ng ca cu ph

Chng ng u cu v lm ch ng ca cu ph, thay th cho danh t

bt ng vt ng trc n. Do vy, n nht thit phi c mt trong cu.

31.2

That v wich lm tn ng ca cu ph

Chng vn ng u cu ph v thay th cho danh t bt ng vt

ng trc n nhng lm tn ng. Do vy, n c th b i c.
V d:
Trang 91

George is going to buy the house that we have been thinking of buying.
Ngoi ra, trong mt s trng hp ngi ta bt buc phi dng that.
The + tnh t so snh bc nht + danh t + that +
mnh ph
V d:
This is the best book that I have ever read before.
All/ every/ little/ no/ none/ smth + that + dependent
clause
V d:
All the apples that fall are eaten by the pigs.
Thats something that looks terrible.

31.3

Who lm ch ng ca cu ph

N thay th cho danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt ng trc n v lm ch

ng ca cu ph. Do , n khng th b i c.
Lu : Tuyt i khng c dng that thay cho who trong trng hp ny mc
d n c th c chp nhn trong vn ni.

31.4

Whom lm tn ng ca cu ph

N thay th cho danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt ng ngay trc n nhng

lm tn ng ca cu ph. Do , n c th b i c.
V d:
The man (whom) I dont like are angry.
Lu : Tuyt i khng c dng who thay th cho whom trong vn vit mc
d trong vn ni c th c chp nhn.
- Nu whom l tn ng ca 1 ng ng t bao gm 1 ng t + 1 gii t,
th li vit hon chnh nht l a gii t ln trn whom.
V d:
He is the man to whom I talked yesterday.
Hoc
The man to whom you have just talked is the chairman of the company.
- Tuy nhin, nu whom l tn ng ca 1 ng ng t bao gm 1 ng t +
2 gii t, th lut trn khng c tun theo. Hai gii t vn phi t
ng sau ng t.
V du:
The man whom you are looking forward to is the chairman of the company.

Trang 92

31.5 Mnh ph bt buc v mnh ph khng bt

buc
- Mnh ph bt buc l loi mnh bt buc phi c mt
trong cu, nu khng cu s mt hn ngha ban u. Trong trng
hp ny khng c dng which l ch ng ca cu ph m phi dng
that mc d which vn c th c chp nhn. Cu ph s ng xen
vo gia cu chnh v khng tch ra khi n bng bt c 1 du phy
no.
V d:
Hurricanes that are born off the coast of Africa often prove to be the
most deadly.
Subject

dependent clause

main verb

(TOEFL khng bt li ny)

- Mnh ph khng bt buc l loi mnh mang thng tin ph trong
cu, nu b n i th cu cng khng b mt ngha ban u. Do bt
buc phi dng which lm ch ng, khng chp nhn dng that. Which cho d
c l tn ng ca cu ph cng khng c b i, cu ng xen vo gia
mnh chnh v tch ra khi mnh bng 2 du phy.
V d:
This rum, which I bought in the Virgin Island, is very smooth.
(TOEFL bt li ny)

31.6 Tm quan trng ca du phy trong mnh ph

- Trong mnh ph bt buc, khi n ngn cch gia mnh
chnh bng bt c du phy no th danh t dng trc mnh ph
b gii hn (tng ng vi cu ting vit ch c).
V d:
The travellers who knew about the flood took another road.
(only the travellers who knew about the flood ...)
The wine that was in the cellar was ruined.
(only the wine that in the cellar ...)
- Trong mnh ph khng bt buc, danh t ng ng trc i t quan
h thay th b ngn cch vi n bi 1 du phy khng b xc nh hoc gii
hn bi mnh ph (tng ng vi ngha ting vit tt c).
V d:
The travellers, who knew about the flood, took another road.
(all the travellers knew about the flood...)
The wine, that was in the cellar, was ruined.
(all the wine in the cellar ...)

Trang 93

31.7 Cch s dng All / both/ several / most ... + of + whom /

which.
Khng c s dng i t nhn xng tn ng trong loi cu ny.
V d:
Her sons, both of whom are working abroad, ring her up everynight.
The buses, all of which are full of passingers, begin pulling out of the station.

31.8

What v whose

+ What (the thing/ the things that) c th lm tn ng ca cu chnh v

ng thi lm ch ng ca cu ph.
V d:
What we are expecting is his exam result.
+ whose (ca ngi m, ca con m)
- Thay th cho danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt ng trc n v ch s s
hu ca ngi hoc ng vt i vi danh t ng sau.
V d:
I found the cat whose leg was broken.
- i vi bt ng vt vn c th dng whose trong nhng trng hp bnh thng. Tuy nhin, trong nhng trng hp ting Anh quy chun nn dng of
which.
V d:
Checking accout, of which interest is quite high, is common now.

32.
Cch loi b cc mnh ph
- Trong nhng mnh ph bt buc, ngi ta c th loi b i t quan h
thay th v ng t bo be (cng vi cc tr ng t ca n nu c) trong
nhng trng hp sau y:

Khi n ng trc mt mnh ph m cu trc ng t th b ng.

V d:
This is the Z value which was obtained from the table areas under the normal
curve.
Hoc
This is the Z value obtained from the table areas under the normal curve.

Trc mt ng gii t (mt gii t m u kt hp vi cc danh t theo sau).

V d:
The beaker that is on the counter contains a solution.
Hoc
The beaker on the counter contains a solution.

Trc mt cu trc ng t th tip din.

V d:
The girl who is running down the street might be in trouble.
Trang 94

Hoc
The girl running down the street might be in trouble.
Ngoi ra, trong mt s trng hp ngi ta c th loi b i t quan h thay
th v ng t chnh, thay vo bng 1 Ving nu nh i t quan h
ng st ngay danh t m n b ngha.
V d:
Weeds that float on the surface should be removed before they decay.
Weeds floating on the surface should be removed before they decay.
- i vi mnh ph khng bt buc ta c th loi b i t quan h v
ng t to be khi n ng trc mt ng danh t, nhng phn ng danh t
cn li vn phi ng trong 2 du phy.
V d:
Mr. Jackson, who is a professor, is traveling in the Mideast this year.
hoc
Mr. Jackson, a professor, is traveling in the Mideast this year.
- Ngoi ra, ta cn c th loi b i t quan h v ng t chnh v thay
vo bng 1 Ving khi n i b ngha cho 1 tn ng.
V d:
The president made a speech for the famous man who visited him.
Hay
The president made a speech for the famous man visiting him.

33.

Cch s dng phn t 1 trong mt s trng hp c

bit
- Khi 2 hnh ng xy ra song song cng mt lc th hnh ng th 2
dng Ving. Hai hnh ng ny khng ngn cch vi nhau bi bt k 1 du
phy no.
V d:
He drives away and whistles = He drives away whistling.
- Khi hnh ng th 2 hoc cc hnh ng tip theo sau l 1 phn
trong tin trnh ca hnh ng th nht th hnh ng th 2 v cc hnh
ng theo sau dng Ving. N ngn cch vi hnh ng chnh bng 1
du phy.
V d:
She went out and slammed the door = she went out, slamming the door.
- Khi hnh ng th 2 hoc cc hnh ng theo sau n l kt qu ca hnh
ng th nht th hnh ng th 2 s dng Ving.
V d:
He fired two shots, killing a robber and wounding the other.

Trang 95

- Hnh ng th 2 khng cn phi c chung ch ng vi hnh ng th

nht, n ch cn l kt qu ca hnh ng th nht th cng
dng Ving.
V d:
The plane crashed, its bombs exploding when it hit the ground.
Lu : Cc trng hp trn y thng c dng trong vn vit.

Cch s dng nguyn mu hon thnh

34.

To have + P2
Should like
would like

+ to have +
P2

(Din t c mun nhng khng thnh.)

V d:
I would (should) like to have passed the test last week.
Should like
He
like
photos would
=
would

He
photos should
=

to have seen the

have liked to see the

(but he couldnt)

- N dng vi mt s ng t : To seem/ appear/ happen (dng nh) / pretend

(gi v).
- Nn nh rng hnh ng ca nguyn mu hon thnh xy ra trc hnh ng
ca mnh chnh.
V d:
He seems to have been an athlete = It seems that he has been an athlete.
He pretended not to have known about that.
= He pretended that he hadnt known about that.
Dng vi sorry.
To be sorry + to have + P2
Hnh ng ca nguyn mu hon thnh xy ra trc.
The girl were sorry to have missed the rock concert.
= The girl were sorry that they had missed the rock concert.
Dng vi mt s cc ng t sau y th b ng.
To acknowledge, to belive, to understand, to consider, to find, to know, to
report, to say, to suppose, to think.
- nn nh hnh ng ca mnh ph xy ra trc hnh ng ca mnh
chnh.
V d:
He is said to have been out of the country.
It is said that he has been out of the country.

Trang 96

N cn c s dng vi mt s ng t : claim/ expect/ hope/ promise.

- Trong trng hp ny, hnh ng ca nguyn mu hon thnh xy ra sau
hnh ng ca mnh chnh dng tng lai hon thnh.
V d:
He expects to have finished the homework tonight.
= He expects that he will have finished the homework tonight.
He promised to have told me about that event.
= He promised that he would have told me about that event.
Neednt + have
+ P2
(l ra khng cn phi)
V d:
You neednt have hurried, we still have enough time now.

35.

Nhng cch s dng khc ca that

35.1 That vi t cch ca mt lin t (rng)

- Khi that ng sau 4 ng t : say, tell, think, believe ngi ta c th b n
i.
V d:
John said that he was leaving next week.
Hay
John said he was leaving next week.
Henry told me that he had a lot of work to do.
Hay
Henry told me he had a lot of work to do.
- Tuy nhin, sau 4 ng t : mention, declare, report, state th that khng
th b i, bt buc phi c.
V d:
The mayor declared that on June the first he would announce the results of
the search.
George mentioned that he was going to France next year.
The article stated that this solution was flammable.

35.2

Mnh c that

L loi mnh bt buc phi c that trong cu, n c th dng vi ch

ng hnh thc it, hoc ng u cu lm ch ng.
It + to be + adj + that + subject +

Trang 97

verb ....

That + subject + verb +... + to be

+ adj

V d:
It is well known that many residents of third world countries are dying.
Hay
That many residents of third world countries are dying is well known.
Lu : Nu mt cu bt u bng 1 mnh that, ta phi chc chn
rng c 2 mnh cng cha 1 ng t.
It surprises me that John would do such a thing.
Hay
That John would do such a thing surprises me.
It wasnt believed until the fifteenth century that the earth revolves around
the sun.
hay
That the earth revolves around the sun wasnt believed until the fifteenth
century.
It is obvious that the Williams boy is abusing drugs.
Hay
That the Williams boy is abusing drugs is obvious.
Nhn xt: Ch ng gi it thng c dng trong vn ni cn that ng u
cu c dng trong vn vit.

36.

Cu gi nh

L loi cu m ngi th nht mun ngi th 2 lm mt vic g cho mnh,

nhng lm hay khng cn tu thuc vo pha ngi th 2.

36.1

Cu gi nh dng would rather that

Xem thnh ng would rather trang 49 - loi cu c 2 ch ng.

36.2

Cu gi nh dng vi ng t trong bng.

Bng sau l mt s ng t bt buc ng t sau n phi dng gi nh.

advise
ask
comman
d
decree

deman
d
insist
move
order

prefer
propose
recomme
nd
request

require
stipulat
e
sugges
t
urge

Trang 98

- Trong cu nht nh phi c that.

- ng t sau ch ng 2 dng nguyn th b to.

Subject1 + verb + that + subject 2+ [verb in

simple form] ...
V d:
We urge that he leave now.
Nu b that i ch ng 2 s tr thnh tn ng, ng t tr v dng nguyn
th c to, cu s mt i ngha gi nh v tr thnh cu bnh thng.
V d:
We urge him to leave now.
Lu : Trong ting Anh ca ngi Anh (British English), trc ng t nguyn
th b to c should. Nhng trong ting Anh ca ngi M (American English)
ngi ta b n i.
Mt s v d
The judge insisted that the jury return a verdict immediately.
The university requires that all its students take this course.
The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking.
Congress has decreed that the gasoline tax be abolished.
We proposed that he take a vacation.
I move that we adjourn until this afternoon.

36.3

Cu gi nh dng vi tnh t

Cc tnh t dng trong cu gi nh gm cc tnh t trong bng di y.

advised
important
mandator
y

necessar
y
obligator
y
propose
d

recommend
ed
required
suggested

urgent
imperativ
e

Trong cng thc sau, adjective ch nh mt trong cc tnh t c trong bng

trn.
it + be + adjective + that + subject + [verb in
simple form ]...
( any tense)

Mt s v d:
It is necessary that he find the books.
It was urgent that she leave at once.
It has been proposed that we change the topic.

Trang 99

It is important that you remember this question.

It has been suggested that he forget the election.
It was recommended that we wait for the authorities.
Trong mt s trng hp c th dng danh t tng ng vi cc tnh t trn
theo cng thc sau.
it + be + noun + that + subject + [verb in simple
form ]...
( any tense)

V d:
It is a recommendation from a doctor that the patient stop smoking.

36.4

Dng vi mt s trng hp khc

- Cu gi nh cn dng c trong mt s cu cm thn, thng bao hm cc

th lc siu nhin.
V d:
God save the queen !. Cha ph h cho n hong.
God be with you ! = good bye (khi chia tay nhau)
Curse this frog !: cht tit con cc ny
- Dng vi mt s thnh ng:

Come what may: d c chuyn g i na.

V d:
Come what may we will stand by you.

If need be : nu cn
V d:
If need be we can take another road.

- Dng vi if this be trong trng hp mun nu ra mt gi nh t pha ngi

ni nhng khng tht chc chn lm v kh nng.
V d:
If this be proven right, you would be considered innocent.

36.5

Cu gi nh dng vi it is time

It is time (for smb) to do smth : n lc phi lm g. (thi gian va vn,

khng a ra gi nh)
V d:
It is time for me to get to the airport (just in time).
Nhng:
It is time
It is high time
subject + simple past
n tr mt cht)

( n lc - gi nh thi gian

Trang 100

It is about time
Nhn xt: High/ about c dng trc time thm vo nhn mnh.
V d:
Its high time I left for the airport.
(it is a little bit late)

37.

Li ni bao hm

l li ni kt hp 2 trong cu li lm mt thng qua mt s thnh ng.

37.1

Not only ... but also (khng nhng ... m cn)

Cc thnh phn i sau 2 thnh ng ny phi tng ng vi nhau v mt

ng php, tc l danh - danh, tnh t - tnh t...
Noun
adj
Subject + verb + not only +
adv
ng gii t

noun
adj
+ but also + adv
ng gii t

Subject + not only + verb + but also + verb

Lu : Thng thng thnh phn sau but also s quyt nh thnh phn sau
not only.
V d:
He is not only handsome but also talented.
tnh t

tnh t

Beth plays not only the guitar but also the violin.
Danh t

danh t

He writes not only correctly but also neatly.

Adv

adv

Maria excels not only in mathematics but also in science.

Ng gii t

ng gii t

Paul Anka not only plays the piano but also composes music.
ng t

37.2

ng t

As well as (cng nh, cng nh l)

Cc thnh phn i ng trc v ng sau thnh ng ny phi tng ng

vi nhau v mt t loi theo cng thc di y:
noun
noun
Subject + verb + not only +
adj
also +
adj
adv
adv
ng gii t
Trang 101

+ but

ng gii t
hoc
subject + verb + as well as +
verb ...
V d:
Robert is talented as well as handsome.
Tnh t

tnh t

Beth plays the guitar as well as the violin.

anh t

danh t

He writes correctly as well as neatly.

ph t

ph t

Marta excels in mathematics as well as in science.

Nggii t

ng gii t

Paul Anka plays the piano as well as composes music.

ng t

ng t

Lu : Khng c nhm ln thnh ng ny vi as well as ca hin tng ng

ch ng mang ngha cng vi. N i cng vi cc thnh phn ng sau n
to thnh 1 cm t, tch ra khi mnh chnh bng 2 du phy v
khng nh hng g n vic chia ng t.
V d:
The teacher, as well as her students, is going to the concert.
My cousins, as well as Tim, have a test tomorrow.

37.3

Both ... and ( c ... ln )

Cng thc ny dng ging ht nh trng hp Not only ... but also.
Lu : Both ch c dng vi and khng c dng vi as well as.
V d:
Robert is both talented and handsome.
Tnh t

tnh t

Beth plays both the guitar and the violin.

anh t

danh t

He writes both correctly and neatly.

ph t

ph t

Marta excels both in mathematics and in science.

Nggii t

ng gii t

Paul Anka both plays the piano and composes music.

ng t

ng t

Trang 102

38.

Cch s dng to know v to know how

Nhng cng thc sau y lin quan ti cch s dng ng t know. Know
how lun c s dng ch mt ai c k nng hay kh nng lm vic
g. V vy, n thng c i theo bi mt ng t, v khi , ng t phi
dng nguyn th c to.
Subject + know how to do smth : bit cch lm g
nh th no.
Tuy nhin sau to know cn c th l mt danh t, mt ng gii t hoc mt
cu hon chnh.

subject + know +
t

danh t
ng gii
cu

Tuy nhin ng sau to know how vn c th dng 1 mnh hon chnh

ch kh nng gii quyt hoc vic bt buc phi lm.
V d:
At a glance, he knew how he could solve this math problem.
Seeing the weather map, the pilot knew how he had to fly at which line.
Mt s th d:
Bill knows how to play tennis well.
Maggie and her sister know how to prepare Chinese food.
Do you know how to get to Jerrys house from here ?
Jason knew the answer to the teachers question.
No one knows about Roys accepting the new position.
I didnt know that you were going to France.

39.

Mnh nhng b

L loi mnh din t 2 tri ngc trong cng mt cu thng qua mt s

thnh ng.

39.1

Despite / in spite of (mc d)

ng sau 2 thnh ng ny ch c php s dng mt ng danh t, khng

c s dng mt cu hon chnh.
In spite of
+ ng danh
t
Despite
V d:
Despite his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
Trang 103

In spite of his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades.
Jane will be admitted to the university in spite of her bad grades.

39.2

although, even though, though

ng sau 3 thnh ng ny phi dng mt cu hon chnh khng c dng

mt ng danh t.
Although
even though
(complement) ...
though

+ Subject + Verb +

V d:
Although he has a physical handicap, he has become a successful
businessman.
Jane will be admitted to the university even though she has a bad grades.
Lu : Nu though ng cui cu, tch ra khi cu bng 1 du phy. Khi
ni hi dng li mt cht, lc n tng ng vi ngha tuy nhin
(however).
V d:
He promised to call me, but till now I havent received any call from him,
though.
Mt s th d b tr
In spite of the bad weather, we are going to have a picnic.
The child ate the cookie even though his mother had told him not to.
Although the weather was very bad, we had a picnic.
The committee voted to ratify the amendment despite the objections.
Though he had not finished the paper, he went to sleep.
She attended the class although she did not feel alert.

40.

Nhng ng t d gy nhm ln
l nhng ng t trong bng sau:

ris
e
lie
sit
Raise
lay
set

Ni ng t
rose risen rising
lay
lain
lying
sat
sat
sitting
Ngoi ng t
raised raised raising
laid
laid
laying
set
set
setting
Trang 104

Cc ng t ny rt d gy nhm ln v mt ng ngha, chnh t hoc

pht m, cn phn bit chng bng ng cnh trong cc cu c th.
TO RISE - t dng ln (ng t ny khng cn tn ng)
V d:
The sun rises early in the summer.
When the bell rings, the students rise from their seats.
When oil and water mix, oil rises to the top.
Jim rose early so that he could play golf before the others.
It must be late; the moon has risen.
Prices have risen more than ten percent in a very short time.
TO RAISE (smb, sth) - Nng ai, ci g ln - ng t i hi 1 tn ng.
V d:
The students raise their hands in class.
The weighlifter raises the barbell over its head.
The crane raised the car out of the lake.
After studying very hard, John raised his grades substantially.
Mr. Daniels has raised his tenants rent another fifteen dollars.
The OPEC have raised the price of oil.
TO LIE : ti , nm.
- To lie in : ti ni no.
- To lie down : nm xung
- To lie on : nm trn.
ng t ny rt d nhm ln vi to lie (ni di) phi phn bit n vi to lie
trong mu cu : To lie to smb.
V d:
The university lies in the Western section of town.
If the children are tired, they should lie down for a nap.
Maria Elena lay on the beach for three hours yesterday sunbathing.
( trong cu ny hnh ng sunbath xy ra song song vi vic nm trn bi
bin nn dng sunbathing - nh phn l thuyt trn trnh by)
The old dog just lay on the grass watching the children at play.
( 2 hnh ng nm v xem xy ra ng thi nn dng watching....)
Dont disturb Mary; she has lain down for a rest.
That old rug had lain in the corner for many years before it was put in the
garage.
TO LAY (smth, smb): t, ai , ci g ln trn b mt
- To lay on : t trn.

Trang 105

- To lay in : t vo.
- To lay down : t xung.
Lu : Nguyn th v hin ti ca ng t ny rt d nhm ln vi thi qu
kh ca ng t to lie, cn phn bit chng theo ng cnh.
V d:
Dont lay your clothes on the bed.
The boy lays his books on the table every day.
The enemy soldiers laid down their weapons and surrendered.
= The enemy soldiers laid down their weapons surrendering.
The children laid their toys on the floor when they had finished using them.
The students had laid their composition on the teachers desk before the bell
rang.
The nurse laid the baby in crib.
TO SIT : ngi
- To sit in : ngi trong, ngi .
- To sit on : ngi trn.
- To sit down : ngi xung.
V d:
We are going to sit in the fifth row at the opera.
Bullfight fans sit in the shade because it is cool.
Because the weather was nice, we sat on the patio.
After swimming, Bob sat on the beach to dry off.
Nobody has sat through as many boring lectures as Peter has.
They have sat in the same position for 2 hours.
Lu : Khng c nhm ln ng t ny vi to seat ( c sc cha, c ch ngi)
V d: This studium can seat 100.000 people.
TO SET : t ( tng ng vi to put).
Lu : ng t ny rt d ln pht m vi simple past ca to sit ( sat).
V d:
The little girl helps her father (to) set the table every night.
The carpenters set their tools in the box at noon and go to lunch.
The botanist set her plants in the sun so that they would grow.
After carrying her son from the car, the mother set him in his crib.
Dont set the chocolate near the oven or it will melt.
No sooner had they set the roast in the oven, than the electricity went out.
Mt s thnh ng dng vi cc ng t ny.

To lay off (workers, employees) - Dn th, cho ngh bt, cho tm ngh.

To set (broken bone) in : b xng gy vo trong ...

To set ones arlam for + time: ng h bo thc vo lc.

Trang 106

V d:
I set my alarm for 6 am everyday.

To set fire to (smth) : lm chy.

V d:
While playing with matches, the children set fired to the sofa.

To raise ( plants, animals) for a living: Trng cy, nui gia sc kim
sng.
V d :
That farmer raises chickens for a living.

41.

Mt s ng t c bit khc.

Agree to do smth ( ng lm g)
Agree to smbs doing smth (ng vi vic lm g ca ai).
V d:
He agrees to my leaving early tomorrow morning.
Mean to do smth: c nh lm g.
V d:
I mean to get to the top of the mount before sunrise.

It means doing smth: bao gm c vic lm g.

V d:

He is determined to get ticket for Saturdays game if it means standing in

the line all night.

Propose to do smth: c nh lm g.
V d:
I propose to start tomorrow.

Propose doing smth: ngh lm g.

V d:
I proposed waiting until the police came.

Go on doing smth: Tip tc lm vic g ( ang b b d)

V d:
He goes on talking about his accident.

Go on to do smth: Tip tc lm g (vn cng mt ch nhng chuyn

sang mt kha cnh khc).
V d:
He goes on to tell about his accident on the trip.

He shows the position of the Island on the map and goes on to talk about
its climate.

Try to do smth: c gng lm g.

V d:

Trang 107

He tries to improve his English.

Try doing smth : th lm g.

V d:

They try putting wise netting all around the garden to stop entering of the
livestock.

Phn II

Ting Anh vit.

I. Cc li thng gp trong ting Anh vit.

Ting Anh vit khc vi ting Anh ni mc i hi ng php v s dng

t vng mt cch cht ch to thnh ting Anh quy chun (Formal
written English).

42.

S ho hp ca thi ng t.

Trong mt cu ting Anh c 2 thnh phn th thi ca ng t 2 thnh

phn phi ho hp vi nhau. Thi ca ng t mnh chnh s quyt
nh thi ca mnh ph.
MAIN CLAUSE

DEPENDENT CLAUSE

Simple present

Present progressive

Hnh ng ca mnh ph xy ra song song vi hnh ng ca mnh

chnh.
V d:
I see that Harriet is writing her composition.
Do you know who is riding the bicycle?

Simple present

Will/ can/ may + verb

be going to

Hnh ng ca mnh ph xy ra sau hnh ng ca mnh

chnh trong mt tng lai khng xc nh ( hoc tng lai gn).
V du:
He says that he will look for a job next month.
I know that she is going to win that prize.
Mary says that she can play the piano.
Simple present

Simple past

Hnh ng ca mnh ph xy ra trc hnh ng ca mnh chnh trong

mt qu kh c xc nh c th v mt thi gian.
Trang 108

V d:
I hope that he arrived safely.
They think he was here last night.
Simple present

Present perfect (progressive)

Hnh ng ca mnh ph xy ra trc hnh ng ca mnh chnh trong

mt qu kh khng xc nh c th v mt thi gian.
V d:
He tells us that he has been to the mountains before.
We know that you have spoken with Mike about the party.
Simple past

Past progressive
Simple past

Hnh ng ca mnh ph xy ra song song vi hnh ng ca mnh

chnh.
V d:
I gave the package to my sister when she visited us last week.
Mike visited the Prado Art Musium while he was studying in Madrid.
Simple past

Would / could / might + verb

Hnh ng ca mnh ph xy ra sau hnh ng ca mnh chnh.

V d:
He said that he would look for a job next month.
Mary said that she could play the piano.
Simple past

Past perfect

Hnh ng ca mnh ph xy ra trc hnh ng ca mnh chnh li

su vo trong qu kh.
V d:
I hoped he had arrived safely.
They thought he had been here last night.

43.

Cch s dng to say, to tell.

Nu khng c mt tn ng no m n lin t that ngay th phi

dng ng t to say.
Subject + say + (that) + subject +
verb ...
Nhng nu c mt tn ng gin tip ri mi n lin t that th phi
dng to tell.
Subject + tell + inderect object + (that) + subjct +
verb ...

Trang 109

V d:
He tells me that he will be very busy today.
Tuy nhin ng sau ng t to tell cn c mt s tn ng trc tip d trong
bt c tnh hung no.

Tell

44.

a story
a joke
a secret
a lie (lies)
the truth
(the) time

T i trc gii thiu

Trong mt cu c 2 thnh phn nu mt trong 2 thnh phn c dng

n i t nhn xng d l bt c loi i t no th mnh cn li phi
c mt danh t gii thiu cho n. Danh t gii thiu phi hp vi i t v
ging (c, ci), s ( t nhiu).
Ch c php c mt danh t i gii thiu cho i t, nu c 2 s gy nn
nhm ln.
Cc v d v i t khng c tin s:
Cu sai: Henry was denied admission to graduate school because they did
not believe that he could handle the work load.
(Trong cu ny i t nhn xng they khng c tin s trong cu.
Graduate school l mt n v s t, v cc thnh vin trong khoa
ca n khng c cp ti.)
Cu ng: The members of the admissions committee denied Henry
admission to graduate school bexause they did not believe that he
could handle the work load.
(Trong cu ny, they m ch cc thnh vin ca u ban.)
Hoc l
Henry was denied admission to graduate school because the
members of the admissions committee did not believe that he could
handle the work load.
Cu sai : George dislikes politics because he believes that they are corrupt.
(i t they khng c tin s trong cu ny. Politics l s it, v vy
they khng th m ch ti n.)
Cu ng: George dislikes politics because he believes that politicians are
corrupt.
Hoc l
George dislikes pliticians because he believes that they are corrupt.

Trang 110

Cc v d v i t c tin s khng r rng:

Cu sai : Mr. Brown told Mr. Adams that he would have to work all night in
order to finish the report.
(Khng r rng l he m ch ti Mr. Brown hay Mr. Adams.)
Cu ng : According to Mr.Brown, Mr. Adams will have to work all night in
order to finish the report.
Hoc l
Mr. Brown said that, in order to finish the report, Mr. Adams would
have to work all night.
Cu sai : Janet visited her friend every day while she was on vacation.
(i t she c th m ch ti c Janet ln bn ca c y)
Cu ng : While Janet was on vacation, she visited her friend every day.

45.

i t nhn xng one v you

C 2 i t ny u mang ngha ngi ta nhng cch s dng khc nhau.

- Nu trn dng ti i t one th cc i t tng ng di cng phi l
one, ones hoc he, his.
V d:
If one takes this exam without studying, one is likely to fail.
If one takes this exam without studying, he is likely to fail.
One should always do ones homework.
One should always do his homework.
Mt s ngi cn thn trnh phn bit nam n dng he hoc she ( his
hoc her) nhng iu l khng cn thit.
Nu trn s dng i t you th cc i t tng ng di phi l you
hoc your.
you
You + verb... +
(verb) ...

+
your

V d:
If you take this exam without studying, you are likely to fail.
You should always do your homework.

Tuyt i khng c dng one v you ln ln.

Cc v d v cu sai:
If one takes this exam without studying, you are likely to fail.

Trang 111

Ngi th 3

Ngi th 2

If one takes this exam without studying, they are likely to fail.
S t

S nhiu

Cc v d b tr cho c 2 dng:
One should never tell his secrets to a gossip if he wishes them to remain
secret.
You should always look both ways before you cross the street.
If ones knowledge of English is complete, he will be able to pass TOEFL.
If you do not want your test scores reported, you must request that they be
canceled.
One should always remember his family.

Cch s dng phn t m u cho mnh ph

46.

Trong mt cu ting Anh c 2 thnh phn chung mt ch ng ngi ta c th

s dng:

phn t 1 (Verbing) m u cho mnh ph cho 2 hnh ng

xy ra song song,

hoc phn t 2 m u cho mnh ph (ch b ng),

hoc ng t nguyn th m u cho mnh ph ( ch mc ch)

v

ng danh t hoc ng gii t m u cho mnh ph ch s tng ng.

Lu : Khi s dng loi cu ny cn ht sc lu rng ch ng ca mnh

chnh ng thi cng l ch ng ca mnh ph.
V d:
Incorrect: After jumping out of a boat, the shark bit the man.
(Ta hiu ch ng tht ca ng t jumping l the man; nh vy,
ngay sau du phy ta phi cp ti the man.)
Correct : After jumping out of the boat, the man was bitten by a shark.

46.1

V+ing m u mnh ph

Thng thng c 5 gii t m u cho mnh ph ng trc Ving l:

By : bng cch, bi
after, upon : sau khi
before : trc khi
while : trong khi
when : khi
V d:
After preparing the dinner, Michelle will read a book.
= After Michelle finishes preparing the dinner, he will read a book.
By working a ten-hour day four days, we can have a long weekend.

Trang 112

Because we work a ten-hour day four days, we can have a long weekend.
While reviewing for the test, Marcia realised that she had forgotten to study
the use of participal phrases.
= While Marcia was reviewing for the test, she realised that she had forgotten
to study the use of participal phrases.
Nu being hoc having m u cu ph th ng trc chng n gii t
because.
V d:
Having a terrible toothache, Felipe had to call his dentist for an
appointment.
= Because Felipe had a terrible toothache, he had to call his dentist for an
appointment.
Nu mun dng ph nh t not trc verbing sau gii t (xem cng thc).
(Preposition) + (not ) +[verb + ing] ... + noun
+verb ...
Nn nh rng thi ca hnh ng mnh chnh s quyt nh thi ca
hnh ng mnh ph. Hai hnh ng xy ra song song cng mt lc
(cng thc trn).
V d:
Hin ti: Practicing her swing everyday, Tricia hopes to get a job as a golf
instructor.
Qu kh : Having a terrible toothache, Felipe called the dentist for an
appointment.
Tng lai : Finishing the letter later tonight, Sally will mail it tomorrow
morning.
Trong trng hp hnh ng ca mnh chnh ln mnh ph u xy
ra qu kh m hnh ng ca mnh ph xy ra trc hnh ng ca
mnh chnh th cng thc s l:
(not) + having + P2 ..., Subject +
simple past
ng trc c n 2 gii t because v after, vic hiu 2 gii t ny tu thuc vo
ng cnh ca cu.
V d:
Having finished their supper, the boys went out to play.
(After the boys had finihed their supper, they went out to play.)
Having written his composition, Louie handed it to his teacher.
(After Louie had written his composition, he handed it to his teacher.)

Trang 113

Not having read the book, she could not answer the question.
(Because she had not read the book, she could not answer the question.)
Nu hnh ng ca mnh ph th b ng th cng thc s l:
(not) + having been + P2 ..., Subject +simple
past
V d:
Having been notified by the court, Melissa reported for jury duty.
(After Melissa had been notified, she reported for jury duty.)
Having been delayed by the snowstorm, Jason and I missed our connecting
flight.
(After we had been delayed by the snowstorm, we missed the connecting
flight.)
Not having been notified of the change in meeting times, George arrived late.
(Because George had not been notified of the change in meeting times, he
arrived late.)

46.2

Phn t 2 m u mnh ph ch b ng

Xut pht t cu trc trn ( th b ng ) ngi ta b having been i v ch

gi li Past participle (P2)
Incorrect : Found in Tanzania by Mary Leaky, some archaeologists estimated
that the three million year old fossils were the oldest human remains
to be discovered.
Correct : Found in Tanzania by Mary Leaky, the three million year old fossils
were estimated to be the oldest human remains to be discovered.
Incorrect : Attacked by an angry mob, the gashes in the boys throat were
life-threatening.
(Lu rng attacked c cng ngha vi having been attacked. Ch
ng thc ca ng t attacked l the boy; v vy, vic m ch ti
n phi xut hin ngay sau du phy.)
Correct : Attacked by an angry mob, the boy suffered life-threatening gashes
in his throat.

46.3 ng t nguyn th ch mc ch m u cho mnh

ph
V d:
Incorrect : To prevent cavities, dental floss should be used daily after brushing
ones teeth.
Correct

: To prevent cavities, one should use dental floss daily after

brushing ones teeth.

Trang 114

46.4 Ng danh t hoc ng gii t m u mnh ph ch

s tng ng.
V d:
Incorrect : A competitive sport, gymnast has to perform before a panel of
judges who use their knowledge to determine which participant will
win.
Correct

: In a competitive sport, gymnast has to perform before a panel of

judges who use their knowledge to determine which participant will
win.

iu cn lu nht khi s dng loi mu cu ny l ch ng ca mnh

chnh phi l ch ng ca mnh ph.

47.

Phn t dng lm tnh t

47.1

Dng phn t 1 lm tnh t

Phn t 1 c dng lm tnh t khi n p ng y cc iu kin sau:

ng ngay trc danh t m n b ngha.

ng t khng i hi mt tn ng no (ni ng t).

Hnh ng phi th ch ng

Hnh ng ang th tip din.

47.2

Dng phn t 2 lm tnh t

Phn t 2 c dng lm tnh t khi n p ng y nhng iu kin

sau:
ng ngay trc danh t m n b ngha
Hnh ng phi th b ng
Hnh ng phi xy ra trc hnh ng ca mnh chnh.
Lu : Mt s cc ng t nh to interest, to bore, excited v frighten. Khi
dng phi cn thn xem hnh ng ch ng hay b ng.

48.

Tha (redundancy)

Mt cu trong thng tin trong cu c lp li m khng cn thit c

gi l tha. Sau y l mt s cm t tha m ta cn bit trnh s
dng.
Advance forward
Proceed forward
Progress forward

advance, proceed, v progress tt c ngha l tin ln

pha trc. V vy, forward l khng cn thit (tha)

return back
revert back

return v revert ngha l tr

back l khng cn thit (tha)

sufficent enough

cc t ny l ng ngha. Nn s dng 1 trong 2.

Trang 115

v hoc tr li v vy

compete together
reason ... because

Bn thn t compete ngha l tham gia vo cuc thi

u vi nhng ngi khc
Cc t ny ch ra cng 1 vn . Mu chun l reason...
that.

Join together.
Repeat again

Join c ngha l em li cho nhau, st cnh bn nhau,

hay tr thnh 1 b phn hay thnh vin ca .... nn
together y l tha.

new innovations

Bn thn repeat c ngha l ni li ln na, (re - lun

c ngha l again) nn y tha again.

matinee
performance

Bn thn innovation c ngha l 1 tng mi, 1 sng

kin mi

same identical

matinee ngha l bui biu din ban chiu. Nn

performance l tha.

two twins
the time when
the place wherre

Cc t ny ng ngha.
Twins ngha l hai anh em hay 2 ch em
Ngi Anh khng ni the time when m ch dng 1 trong 2.
V d: It is the time you must leave.
Ngi Anh khng ni the place where m ch dng 1 trong
2.
V d: It is the place I was born.

Mt s v d:
The army advanced after the big battle.
Hay
The army moved forward after the big battle.
The peace talks advanced.
Hay
The peace talks progressed.
We have sufficent money to buy the new dress.
They have enough time to eat a sandwich before going to work.
The teacher proceeded to explain the lesson.
John and his brother are competing in the running games.
The teacher asked us to join the students who were cleaning the room.
Mary repeated the question slowly so that Jim would understand.
Besides the two evening showings, there will also be a matinee.
The reason I want to take that class is that the professor is supposed to be
very eloquent.
(L do ti tham d vo lp hc l ng gio s rt c ti hng bin.)

Trang 116

This is where I left him.

That was the time I hit a home run.

Cu trc cu song song

49.

Khi thng tin trong mt cu c a ra di dng lit k ra hng lot th cc

thnh phn c lit k phi tng ng vi nhau v mt ng php (danh danh, tnh t - tnh t).
Nn nh rng thng thng th thnh phn u tin sau ng t s quyt
nh cc thnh phn cn li.
Tuy nhin nu thi gian trong cu khc nhau th cc hnh ng trong cu
phi theo quy lut thi gian v nguyn tc song song khng c p dng.
V d:
She is a senior, studies every day, and will graduate a semester early.

50.

Thng tin trc tip v thng tin gin tip

50.1

Cu trc tip v cu gin tip

Trong cu trc tip thng tin i t ngi th nht n ngi th 2.

V d:
He said I bought a new motorbike for myself yesterday
Cn trong cu gin tip, thng tin i t ngi th nht qua ngi th 2 v n
ngi th 3. Do vy c s bin i v mt ng php.
V d:
He said he had bought a new motorbike for myself the day before.

50.2 Phng php chuyn i t cu trc tip sang cu gin

tip
Khi chuyn i t cu trc tip sang cu gin tip cn phi:

Ph b ngoc kp, chuyn i ton b cc i t nhn xng theo ngi

ch ng th nht sang i t nhn xng ngi th 3.

Li ng t v th 2 xung 1 cp so vi mc ban u (li v thi).

Chuyn i tt c cc i t ch th, ph t ch thi gian theo bng

quy nh.
Bng i ng t
DIRECT SPEECH

INDIRECT SPEECH

Simple present

Simple past

Present progressive

Past progressive

Present perfect

Past perfect

(Progressive)

(Progressive)

Trang 117

Simple past

Past perfect

will /shall

would / should

Can / may

Could / might

Bng i cc loi t khc.

This, these

That, those

here, overhere

there, overthere

today

that day

yesterday

the day before

the day before yesterday

two days before

tomorrow

the following day/ the next day

the day after tomorrow

in two days time

next + thi gian (week, year ...)

the following + thi gian (week, year...)

last + thi gian (week, year ...)

the privious + thi gain (week, year...)

thi gian + ago

thi gian + before/ the privious +thi

gian

- Nu l ni v thut li xy ra trong cng mt ngy th khng cn phi i

thi gian.
V d:
At breakfast this morning he said I will be very busy today
At breakfast this morning he said he would be very busy today.
- Vic iu chnh logic tt nhin l cn thit nu li ni c thut li sau
1 hoc 2 ngy.
V d:
th 2 Jack ni vi Tom:
Im leaving the day after tomorrow. (tc l th 4 Jack s ri i)
Nu Tom thut li li ni ca Jack vo ngy hm sau (tc l th 3) th Tom s
ni:
Jack said he was leaving tomorrow.
Nu Tom thut li li ni ca Jack vo ngy tip theo (ngy th 4) th Tom s
ni:

Trang 118

Jack said he was leaving today.

50.3

ng t vi tn ng trc tip v tn ng gin tip.

Trong ting Anh c nhng loi ng t (trong bng sau)c 2 tn ng v

ng thi cng c 2 cch dng.
Bring
build
buy
cut
draw
feed
tell

find
get
give
hand
leave
lend
write

mak
e
offer
owe
paint
pass
pay

promiss
read
sell
send
show
teach

- Cch dng gin tip t tn ng trc tip sau ng t ri n gii t for,

to v tn ng gin tip (cng thc sau.)
for
Subject + verb + tn ng trc tip +
ng gin tip

+ tn
to

- Cch dng trc tip t tn ng gin tip ngay sau ng t v sau

n tn ng trc tip, gii t to v for mt i, cng thc sau:

Subject + verb + tn ng gin tip + tn

ng gin tip
- Nu c 2 tn ng u l i t nhn xng th khng c dng cng thc
trc tip (tc l cng thc th nht c s dng).
V d:
Correct : They gave it to us.
Incorrect: They gave us it.
- ng t to introduce v to mention khng bao gi c dng cng thc trc
tip m phi dng cng thc gin tip.
To introduce sb/smth to sb
to mention smth to sb
Mt s th d b tr
John gave the essay to his teacher.
John gave his teacher the essay.
The little boy brought some flowers for his grandmother.
The little boy brought his grandmother some flowers.

Trang 119

I fixed a drink for Maria.

I fixed Maria a drink.
He drew a picture for his mother.
He drew his mother a picture.
He lent his car to his bother.
He lent his brother his car.
We owe several thousand dollars to the bank.
We owe the bank several thousand dollars.

Ph t o ln u cu

51.

Trong ting Anh c nhng trng hp ph t khng ng v tr bnh thng

ca n m o ln ng u cu nhm nhn mnh vo hnh ng ca
ch ng.
Trong trng hp ng php c thay i, ng sau ph t ng u
cu l tr ng t ri mi n ch ng v ng t chnh (cng thc sau).
hardly
rarely
seldom
verb ...
never
only ...

+ auxiliary + subject +

V d :
Never have so many people been unemployed as today.
Ph t tr ng t

ch ng

ng t

(so many people have never been unemployed as today.)

Hardly had he fallen asleep when he began to dream of far-away lands.
Ph t

tt ch ng ng t

(He had hardly fallen asleep when he dream of far-away lands.)

Rarely have
Ph t

we

seen such an effective actor as he has proven.

tr ng t ch ng ng t

(we have rarely seen such an effective actor as he has proven.)

Seldom does the class let out early.
Ph t

tr ng t

ch ng

Only by hard work will

Ph t

ng t

we

be able to accomplish this great task.

tr ng t ch ng ng t

(We will be able to accomplish this great task only by hard work.)
Mt s cc ph t c bit ng u cu

IN/ UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES : D trong hon cnh no cng khng.

V d:
In / under no circumstances should you lend him the money.

Trang 120

(d trong bt c trng hp no anh cng khng nn cho n vay tin.)

ON NO ACCOUNT : D bt c l do no cng khng.

V d:
On no account must this switch be toughed.
(d vi bt c l do no anh cng khng c ng vo cm ny)

SO + ADJ + AUXILIARY + S + V + THAT. .... n ni m ....

V d:
So difficult did she get a job that she had to stay home for an year.
So sure of this were the owners that they provided lifeboats for only 950 of its
possible 3,500 passengers. (Nhng ngi ch ca con tu qu tin tng
n ni m h ch trang b xung cu m cho 950 trong s 3,500 hnh
khch m con tu c th ti c - chch trong bi c v tu Titanic).
(C y kim c vic lm mt cch kh khn n ni c y phi ngi nh
1 nm tri)

ONLY IN THIS WAY : Ch c bng cch ny.

V d:
Only in this way could you solve the problem.
(Ch c bng cch ny th cu mi gii c vn hc ba ny.)

NAGATIVE, ... , NOR + AUXILIARY + S + V.... ( ... m cng chng/ m

cng khng ...)

V d:
He didnt have any money, nor did he know anybody from whom he could
borrow.
( N chng cn ng no c m n cng chng bit ai m n c th hi
vay.)

52.

Cch chn nhng cu tr li ng.

Mt trong 2 bi thi ng php ca TOEFL c a ra di dng mt cu cho sn

cn b d v di l 4 cu in vo. Trong 4 cu ch c 1 cu
ng. chn c cu ng ta cn tin hnh cc bc sau:
1. Phi kim tra cc li ng php, bao gm:
a- S ho hp gia ch ng v ng t.
b- Vic s dng cc tnh t v ph t.
c- V tr ca cc b ng theo th t:
+ ch phng thc hnh ng
+ ch a im
+ ch thi gian
+ ch phng tin hnh ng
+ hon cnh hnh ng.
d- S phi hp gia cc th ca ng t.
e- Xem xt vic s dng hp l cc i t.

Trang 121

f- Cu trc cu song song.

2. Phi loi b nhng cu tr li mang tnh rm r
a- Phi loi b nhng cu tr li bao gm 1 thnh ng tuy khng sai nh ng
di, trong khi li c 1 t khc ngn hn thay th.
Nhng lu rng c nhng ph t khng c hnh thc ui ly hoc nu c s
mang ngha khc, nn phi dng theo cch : mt cm thnh ng ( nhng
tnh t c ui ly)
V d:
Freshly khc vi in a fresh mener (ti).
Minh ho
This food is only delicious when eaten in a fresh mener (khi n ti).
He had a dozen fresh-laid egges (trng va mi )
b- Phi trnh nhng cu tr li c 2 t mang cng mt ngha (Redundancy)
3. Phi trnh nhng cu tr li c nhng t vng khng khp vi ngha ca
cu. c bit l cc ng ng t.
4. Trnh nhng cu tr li c ting lng.

Nhng t d gy nhm ln

53.

l nhng t rt d gy nhm ln v mt ng ngha, chnh t hoc

cch pht m.
ANGEL (n) : Thin thn.
ANGLE (n) : Gc.
CITE (v) : Trch dn. In her term paper, Janis had to cite many references.
SITE (n) : Khu t ( xy dng). The corner of North Main and Mimosa
Streets will be the site of the new shopping center.
SIGHT (n) : 1- Khe ngm, tm ngm. Through the sight of the rifle, the
soldier spotted the enemy.
(n)
2- cnh tng. Whatching the landing of the spaces capsule was
a pleasant sight.
(v)

3- Thy, quan st thy We sighted a ship in the bay.

COSTUME (n)

Qun o, trang phc l hi.

V d:
It is a custom in Western Europe for little boys to wear shorts pants to school.
DECENT (adj) : 1- ng n, t chnh.
2- tm tt, tt
V d:
When one appears in court, one must wear decent clothing.
DESCENT (n) :

1- leo xung, tro xung.

V d:
The mountain climbers found their descent more hazardous than their ascent.
2- ngun gc, dng di.
Trang 122

V d:
Vladimir is of Russian descent.
DESSERT (n) : Mn trng ming.
V d:
We had apple pie for dessert last night.
DESERT (n) : sa mc.
V d:
It is difficult to live in the desert without water.
DESERT (v) : b, b mc.
V d:
After deserting the post, the soldier ran away from the camp.
LATER (adv) : sau , sau y, ri th (thng dng vi cu tng lai).
Ngc ngha vi n l earlier (c dng simple past).
V d:
We went to the movies and later had ice cream at Dairy Isle.
THE LATTER >< THE FORMER
Ci th 2, ngi th 2 >< ci th nht, ngi th nht.
V d:
Germany and England both developed dirigibles for use during World war II,
the latter primarily for coastal reconnaissance. (latter = England).
LOOSE (adj) : lng >< tight : cht
V d:
after dieting, Marcy found that her clothes had become so loose that she had
to buy a new wardrobe.
LOSE (v) :

1- nh mt, tht lc.

V d:
Mary lost her glasses last week.
2- thua, tht bi.
V d:
If Harry doesnt practice his tennis more, he may lose the match.
Passed (v - qu kh ca pass) :
1- tri qua, qua i.
V d:
Five hours passed before the jury reached its verdict.
2- i qua, i ngang qua.
V d:
While we were sitting in the park, several of our friends passed us.
3- thnh cng, vt qua c.
V d:

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The students are happy that they passed their exams.

PAST (adj) : 1- qua, d vng.
V d:
This past week has been very hectic for the students returning to the
university.
2- trc y.
V d:
In the past, he had been a cook, a teacher, and a historian.
PEACE (n) : ho bnh, s trt t, s yn n, s yn lng, s thanh bnh.
V d:
Peace was restored to the community after a week of rioting.
PIECE (n) : Mt mu, 1 mnh.
V d:
Heidi ate a piece of chocolate cake for dessert.
PRINCIPAL (n) :

1- hiu trng (trng tiu hc v trung hc).

V d:
The principal called a faculty meeting.
(adj) 2- chnh, ch yu.
V d:
An anthropologist, who had worked with the indigenous tribes in Australia,
was the principal speaker at Fridays luncheon.
PRINCIPLE (n) : Nguyn tc, lut l.
V d:
Mr. Connors is a man who believes that truthfulness is the best principle.
QUIET (adj) : yn ng, yn , im lng,tnh mch.
V d:
The night was so quiet that you could hear the breeze blowing.
QUITE (adv) :

1- hon ton.

V d:
Louise is quite capable of taking over the household chores while her mother
is away.
2- hi, mt cht.
V d:
He was quite tired after his first day of classes.
QUIT (v) : dng.
V d:
Herman quit smoking on his doctors advice.
STATIONARY (adj) : c nh, khng di chuyn, tnh ti.

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V d:
The weatherman said that the warm front would be stationary for several
days.
STATIONERY (n) : Giy vit c bit, vn phng phm.
V d:
Lucille used only monogrammed stationary for correspondence.
THAN (lin t) : c s dng trong cu so snh hn.
V d:
Todays weather is better than yesterdays.
THEN (adj) : sau ( c dng sau 1 thi im c cp).
V d:
First, Julie filled out her schedule; then, she paid her fees.
THEIR (adj) : tnh t s hu s nhiu.
V d:
Their team scored the most points during the game.
THERE (adv) :

1- , ng kia.

V d:
Look over there between the trees.
2- c s dng vi be ch ra s hin din, s c mt, s tn
ti.
V d:
There is a book on the teachers desk.
THEYRE (i t + ng t): vit tt ca they are.
V d:
Theyre leaving on the noon flight to Zurich.
TO (gii t) : i ti, cho ti, ti tn lc.
V d:
Go to the blackboard and write out the equation.
TWO (n hoc adj) - hai.
V d:
Two theories have been proposed to explain that incident.
TOO (adv)

1- qu.

V d:
This morning was too cold for the children go to swimming.
2- cng, cng vy.
V d:
Jane went to the movie, and we did too.
WEATHER (n): thi tit.
V d:

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Our flight was delayed because of bad weather.

WHETHER (lin t): nn chng (ch ra 1 la chn).
V d:
Because of gas shortage, we do not know whether we will go away for our
vacation or stay home.
WHOSE (i t) - tnh t hay i t quan h s hu.
V d:
The person whose name is drawn first will win the grand prize.
WHOS ( i t quan h + ng t) : vit tt ca who + is hoc who + has.
V d:
Whos (who is) your new biology professor ?
Scott is the attorney whos (who has) been reviewing this case.
YOUR (adj) - s hu ca you.
V d:
We are all happy about your accepting the position with the company in
Baltimore.
YOURE (i t + ng t) - Vit tt ca you + are.
V d:
Youre going to enjoy the panorama from the top of the hill.
Cc t c im ging nhau d nhm ln.
ACCEPT (v) : chp nhn.
V d:
Professor Perez will accept the chairmanship of the humanities department.
EXCEPT (gt) : ngoi tr (1 vt hay 1 ngi).
V d:
Everyone is going to the convention exept Bob.
ACCESS (n) : sn c, cch truy cp vo.
V d:
The teacher had no access to the studentsfiles, which were locked in the
principals office.
EXCESS (adj) :

1- di do, phong ph, d tha.

We paid a surcharge on our excess baggage.

(n)

2- Lng b xung, ph.

V d:
The demand for funds was in excess of the actual need.
ADVICE (n) : li khuyn, t vn.
V d:

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If you heed the teachers advice, you will do well in your studies.
ADVISE (v) : a ra li khuyn, hoc t vn.
The Congress advised the president against signing the treaty at
that time.
AFFECT (v) : Tc ng.
V d:
The doctors wanted to see how the medication would affect the patient.
EFFECT (n) :

1- Kt qu hoc hu qu.

V d:
The children suffered no ill effects from their long plane ride.
(v)

2- To hiu qu.

V d:
To effect a change in city government we must all vote on Tuesday.
Again (adv): 1 ln na, lp li ( 1 hnh ng).
V d:
Mike wrote to the publishers again, inquiring about his manuscript.
AGAINST (gii t) : 1- chng li, phn i ai hoc ci g .
V d:
The athletic director was against our dancing in the new gym.
2- k bn, bn cnh.
V d:
The boy standing against the piano is my cousin Bill.
ALREADY (adv) : sn sng.
V d:
Jans plane had already landed before we got to the airport.
ALL READY (noun + adj): chn b sn sng lm g.
V d:
We are all ready to go boating.
AMONG (gii t): Ch ra mi quan h trong (hoc s la chn t) 3 hay nhiu
ngi (nhiu vt) - trong s.
V d:
It was difficult to select a winner from among so many contestants.
BETWEEN (gii t) : ch ra mi quan h (s la chn) gia 2 thc th.
V d:
Between writing her book and teaching, Mary Ellen had litte time for anything
else.
Lu : cu trc between ... and cng c th c dng ch v tr chnh
xc ca 1 quc gia nm gia cc quc gia khc.

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V d:
Vitnam lies between China, laos and cambodia.
BESIDE (gii t) : bn cnh .
V d:
There is a small table beside the bed.
BESIDES (gii t hoc ph t): ngoi ra, cng, hn na.
V d:
I have five history books here besides the four that I left at home.
ASIDE (adv) : t sang 1 bn.
V d:
Harry sets money aside every payday for his daughters education.
COMPARE (V) + WITH: so vi ( ch ra s ging nhau, s tng ng).
V d:
Sue compared her new school with the last one she had attended.
CONTRAST (V) + WITH: ch ra s tng phn (khc nhau).
V d:
In her composition, Marta chose to contrast life in a big city with that of a
small town.
CONSECUTIVE (adj) : Lin tc ( khng c tnh ngt qung).
V d:
Today is the tenth consecutive day of unbearable heat wave.
SUCCESSIVE (adj) : lin tc (c tnh ngt qung).
V d:
The United States won gold medals in two successive Olympic Games.
CONSIDERABLE (adj): ng k.
V d:
Even thought Marge had considerable experience in the field, she was not
hired for the job.
CONSIDERATE (adj): lch s, n cn, chu o, hay quan tm ti ngi khc.
V d:
It was very considerate of Harry to send his hostess a bouquet of flowers.
CREDIBLE (adj) : c th tin c.
V d:
His explanation of the rescue at sea seemed credible.
CREDITABLE (adj) : v vang, ng ca ngi, ng khen.
V d:
The firemans daring rescue of those trapped in the burning was a creditable
deed.

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Vic ngi lnh cu ho dm xng vo cu nhng ngi b nht trong m

chy l vic lm ng khen ngi.
CREDULOUS (adj): c tin, nh da.
V d:
Rita is so credulous that she will accept any excuse you offer.
DETRACT (v) : lm gim (gi tr, uy tn).
V d:
Mollys nervousness detracted from her singing.
DISTRACT (v) : lm lng qun, lm mt tp trung.
V d:
Please dont distract your father while he is balancing the chequebook.
DEVICE (n): mt pht minh hay 1 k hoch, thit b, dng c, my mc.
V d:
This is a clever device for cleaning fish without getting pinched by the scales.
DEVISE (v) : ngh ra, sng ch ra.
V d:
The general devised a plan for attacking the enemy camp at night while the
soldiers were celebrating.
ELICIT (v) : rt ra, moi ra, thu hi li, rt li
V d:
The prosecutors barrage of questions finally elicited the truth from the
witness.
ILLICIT (adj) : bt hp php.
V d:
The politicians illicit dealings with organized crime caused him to lose his
government position.
EMIGRANT (n) : ngi di c (ng t l Emigrate from : di c t).
V d:
After world war II, many emigrants left Europe to go to the United States.
IMMIGRANT (n) : ngi nhp c (ng t l Immigrate into ).
V d:
The United States is a country composed of immigrants.
EXAMPLE (n) : th d, dn chng.
V d:
Picassos Guermica is an excellent example of expressionism in art.
SAMPLE (n) : mu.
V d:
My niece loves to go to supermarket because the dairy lady always gives her
a sample of cheese.
FORMERLY (adv) : trc y.
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V d:
He formerly worked as a professor, but now he is a physicist.
FORMALLY (adj) 1- t chnh (n mc).
V d:
At the resort we were required to dress formally for dinner every night.
ni ng ngi ngi ta yu cu chng ti n mc chnh t vo tt c cc
ba n ti.
2- chnh thc.
V d:
She has formally requested a name change.
HARD (adj): 1- kh.
V d: The test was so hard that nobody passed.
2- cng.
V d: The stadiums seats were hard, so we rented a cushion.
3- (ph t) chm ch, rt n lc.
V d: They worked hard on the project.
HARDLY (adv) : hu nh khng.
V d: He had so much work to do after the vacation that he
hardly knew where to begin.
HELPLESS (adj) : V vng, tuyt vng.
I could not speak their language, I felt helpless trying to understand the
tourists plight.
USELESS (adj) : v dng.
An umbrella is useless in a hurricane.
s tr nn v dng trong trn bo.
HOUSE (n) v Home (n) : nhiu khi c s dng ln ln, nhng c s khc bit
v ng ngha.
1- House m ch ti to nh hoc cng trnh kin trc.
The Chapmans are building a new house in Buckingham Estates.
2- Home m ch ti bu khng kh trong ngi nh. Home l ni
tri tim .
IMAGINARY (adj): Tng tng, khng c tht.
Since Ralph has no brother or sisters, he has created an imaginary playmate.
IMAGINATIVE (adj) : phong ph tr tng tng, giu tr tng tng.
Star Wars was created by an highly imaginatve writer.
IMMORTAL (adj) : bt t.
The immortal works of Shakespeare are still being read and enjoyed three
centuries after their writing.
IMMORAL (adj) : tri vi lun thng o l, i bi.
Their immoral behavior in front of the students cost the teachers their jobs.

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IMPLICIT (adj) : ngm, n tng, tim tng, tuyt i, hon ton.

Our supervisor has implicit faith in our ability to finish the project on time.
Ngi gim st d n c nim tin tuyt i vo kh nng hon tt d n ng
thi hn ca chng ti.
EXPLICIT (adj) : r rng, chnh xc.
The professor gave explicit instructions for carrying out the research project.
INDUSTRIAL (adj) : [thuc] cng nghip.
Paul had an industrial accident and wa in the hospital for three months.
INDUSTRIOUS (adj): cn c, sing nng.
Mark was such an industrious student that he received a four-year scholarship
to the university.
INFLICT (v) : kt n, bt phi chu.
Because the prisoners had created a riot and had assaulted several guards,
the warden inflicted several punishments on all the participants.
AFFLICT (v) : lm su no, lm au kh.
During the Middle Ages, millions of people were afflicted by the plague.
(vo thi trung c, hng triu ngi b ng bnh v nn dch.)
INSPIRATION (n): cm hng (sng to, hc tp, khm ph).
Thomas A. Edison, inventor of the phonograph, said that an idea was ninetynine percent perspiration and one percent inspiration.
(Thomas A. Edison, nh pht minh ra chic kn, ni rng 1 tng l 99% m
hi cng sc v ch 1% cm hng sng to).
ASPIRATION (n) :

1- kht vng, nguyn vng.

Gails lifelong aspiration has been that of becoming a
doctor.
2- s ht th.
To pronounce certain words, proper aspiration is
necessary.

INTELLIGENT (adj) : thng minh.

Dan was so intelligent that he received good grades without ever having to
study.
INTELLIGIBLE (adj) : d dng, d hiu.
The science teachers explanations were so intelligible that students had no
problems doing their assignments.
INTELLECTUAL (n) : 1- tr thc.
Because Fabian is an intellectual, he finds it difficult to
associate with his classmates who are less intelligent.
2- (adj): khn ngoan, ti tr, uyn bc.
John was involved in an intellectual conversation with his
old professor.

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INTENSE (adj) : mnh, d di, mnh lit.

Last winters intense cold almost depleted the natural gas supply.
INTENSIVE (adj) : mnh, su, tp trung.
Before going to Mexico, Phil took an intensive course in Spanish.
LATE (adj, adv):

1-khng ng gi, mun.

Professor Carmichael hates to see his students arrive late.
2- (adj) qu c.
Her late husband was the author of that book.

LATELY (adv) : gn y.
I havent seen Burt lately. He must be extremely busy with his research.
LEARN (v) : hc.
The new cashier had to learn how to operate the computerised cash register.
TEACH (v) : dy.
The instructor is teaching us how to program computers.
LEND (v) v LOAN (v) : cho vay - c th dng ln c.
Jill loaned (lend) me her red dress to wear to the dance.
BORROW (v) : vay.
I borrowed Jills red dress to wear to the dance.
LIQUEFY (v) : tan ra, chy ra.
The ice cream began to liquefy in the intense heat.
LIQUIDATE (v) : tr kh, thanh ton, thanh l.
The foreign agent tried to liquidate the traitor before he passed the
information to his contacts.
LONELY (adj) : c n..
After her husbands death, Debbie was very lonely and withdrawn.
Sau ci cht ca chng, Debbie rt c n v kh tnh.
ALONE (adj) : mt mnh.
After losing in the Olympic tryouts, Phil asked to be left alone.
Near (gii t hoc ph t): gn.
My biology class meets near the Student Union.
Nearly (adv): hu ht, gn nh, sut na.
We were nearly hit by the speeding car on the turnpike.
Chng ti sut na th b mt xe tc cao hc vo trn xa l.
Observation (n): s quan st, s theo di.
The ancient Egyptians observation of the heavently bodies helped them
know when to plant and harvest.
Observance (n): s tun theo, s tun th, nghi thc, nghi l.
There will be numerous parades and displays of the fireworks in observance
of Independece Day.

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Persecute (v) : ngc i, hnh h.

Throughout history many people have been persecuted for their religious
beliefs.
Prosecute (v): truy t.
Shoplifters will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law.
Preceed (v): ng trc.
Weather Service warnings preceeded the hurricane.
Proceed (v): tip tc (mt cng vic b b d).
After the fire drill, the teacher proceeded to explain the experiment to the
physics class.
Quantity (n) : s lng (c dng vi danh t khng m c).
A large quantity of sand was removed before the archeologists found the
prehistoric animal bones.
Number (n): s lng (c s dng vi danh t m c).
A number of artefacts were found at the excavation site.
Remember (v) : nh li, nh, ngh v.
I do not remember what time he asked me to call. You dont remember, do
you?
Remind (v) : nhc nh ai, lm cho nh li.
Please remind me to call Henry at 7 oclock tonight.
Henry reminds me of my uncle.
Sensible (adj) : c c phn on tt.
When it is raining hard, sensible people stay indoors.
Sensitive (adj) : nhy cm.
Stephen cannot be out in the sun very long because he has very sensitive
skin and burns easily.
Special (adj) : c bit.
Meyers Department Store will have a special sale for their charge customers.
Especially (adv) : c bit.
Rita is especially tatented in the fine arts. She has a special talent for playing
music by ear.
Use (n): p dng, s dng.
The salesman said that regular use of fertilizer would ensure a greener,
healthier lawn.
Usage (n) : cch s dng.
Norm Crosbys usage of English vocabulary in his comedy routine is hilarious.

54.

Cch s dng gii t.

Vic s dng gii t l rt kh v hu ht cc khi nim v gii t u c

nhng ngoi l. Cch tt nht hc chng l minh ho bng hnh nh xem
chng thc hin chc nng nh th no so vi cc gii t khc v hc

Trang 133

nhng ng dng chung nht nh v nhng thnh ng s dng cc gii t

khc nhau.
S di y s em li cho bn 1 nim chung v cch s dng gii t.
Tuy nhin, n khng gip c bn hiu nhng thnh ng cha gii t nht
nh. i vi nhng thnh ng m t n khng ni ln ngha ca n th
ngha ca n s phi hc thuc. Nghin cu cc cu v d hiu ngha
ca mi thnh ng. Cc gii t v thnh ng ny rt quan trng trong tt c
cc phn ca TOEFL.

Above, over
on
to

from
through

into

out of
by
Below, under

54.1 During - trong sut (hnh ng xy ra trong mt qung

thi gian)
during
for + time (ch trng thi).
V d:
During our vacation, we visited many relatives across the country.
During the summer, we do not have to study.

54.2

From (t) >< to (n).

Dng cho thi gian v a im.

From a time to a time
a place
a place
He lived in Germany from 1972 to 1978.
We drove from Atlanta to New York in one day.
From time to time : thnh thong, i khi.
V d:
We visit the art museum from time to time.

54.3

Out of (ra khi) >< into (di vo)

be (run) out of + danh t : ht, khng cn.

be out of town : i vng.
Mr. Adams cannot see you this week because he is out of town.
be out of date (c, li thi) >< be up to date (mi, cp nht, hp thi)
Dont use that dictionary. It is out of date. Find one that is up to date.
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 be out of work : tht nghip.

I have been very unhappy since I have been out of work.
be out of the question : khng th c.
Your request for an extension of credit is out of the question.
be out of order: hng.
We had to use our neighbours telephone because ours was out of order.

54.4

by

ng t ch chuyn ng + by = i ngang qua.

ng t tnh + by = gn, bn.
by + thi gian c th : trc lc.
V d: We usually eat supper by six oclock in the evening.
By c dng trong cu b ng ch ra ch th gy hnh ng.
V d: Romeo and Juliet was writen by William Shakespeare.
By + phng tin giao thng (bus/ plane/ train/ car/ ship/ bike).
V d: We traveled to Boston by train.
By then : trc lc .
V d: I will graduate from the university in 1997. By then, I hope to have
found a job.
By way of = via : theo ng.
V d: We are driving to Atlanta by way of Baton Rouge.
By the way :

1- tnh c.

V d: By the way, Ive got two tickets for Saturdays game. Would you like
to go with me?
2- nhn y, tin y.
By far + tnh t so snh : (dng nhn mnh).
V d: This book is by far the best on the subject.
By accident / by mistake : tnh c. >< on purpose (c tnh).
V d: Nobody will receive a check on Friday because the wrong cards
were put into the computer by accident.

54.5

In ( trong, ti) - ngha xc nh hn at

In a room/ building/ drawer/ closet : bn trong ...

V d: Your socks are in the drawer.

In + nm/ thng.
V d: His birthday is in April. I will begen class in 1998.

In time : ng gi -va vn.

V d: We arrived at the airport in time to eat before the plane left.

Trang 135

In the street: di lng ng.

V d: The children were warned not to play in the street.

In the morning / afternoon/ evening : vo bui sng/ bui chiu/ bui ti.

V d: I have a dental appointment in the morning, but I will be free in

the afternoon.

In the past/ future: trong qu kh/ tng lai.

V d: In the past, attendance at school was not compulsory, but it is

today.

In future : t nay tr i.
V d: I will spend much time on learning English in future because the
TOEFL test is coming.

In the beginning/ end. : thot u/ rt cuc = at first/ at last.

V d: Everyone seemed unfriendly in the beginning but in the end

everyone made friends.

In the way : chn ngang li, ngay li.

V d: He could not park his car in the driveway because another car was
in the way.

Once in a while : thnh thong, i khi.

V d: Once in a while, we eat dinner at Chiness restaurant.

In no time at all: trong nhy mt, trong 1 thong.

V d: George finishes his assignment in no time at all.

In the meantime = meanwhile : trong lc .

V d: We start school in several weeks, but in the meantime, we can

take a trip.

In the middle : gia (a im).

V d: Grace stood in the middle of the room looking for her friend.

In the army/ air force/ navy. Trong qun i/ trong khng lc/ trong hi
qun.

In the + s th t + row : hng gh th.

V d: We are going to sit in the fifteen row of the auditorium.

In the event that : trong trng hp.

V d: In the event that you win the prize, you will be notified by mail.

In case : phng khi, ng nh.

V d: I will give you the key to the house so you will have it in case I
arrive a little late.

Be/ get in touch/ contact with : tip xc, lin lc, gp g vi ai.

V d: Its very difficult to get in touch with Jenny because she works all
day.

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54.6

on

On + th trong tun/ ngytrong thng.

V d: I will call you on Thursday. His birthday is on February 3.

On + a/the + phng tin giao thng (bus/ plane/ train/ ship/ bike).
V d: Its two late to see Jane; shes already on the plane. I came to
school this morning on the bus.

On a street : ti ph.
V d: I lives on 1st Ngc khnh.

On + the + s th t + floor: tng th.

V d: My girlfriend lives on the fourth floor of an old building by my

house.

On time : ng gi (bt chp hon cnh bn ngoi).

V d: Despite the bad weather, our plane left on time.

On the corner (of two street) : gc gia 2 ph.

V d: My house is on the corner of Ngc khnh street and Trm cp

street.
On the corner

at the corner

in the corner

On the sidewalk : trn va h.

V d: Dont walk in the street, walk on the sidewalk.

On the way : trn ng ti >< on the way back to: trn ng tr v.

V d: We can stop at the grocery store on the way to their house.

On the right/ left : bn tri/ bn phi.

V d: Paul sits on the left side of the room and Dave sits on the right.

On television/ (the) radio: trn truyn hnh/ trn i pht thanh.

V d: The presidents State of the Union Address will be on television
and on the radio tonight.

On the telephone (on the phone): ni trn in thoi, gi in thoi, nh

c mc in thoi.

V d: Is your house on the telephone ? - nh cu c mc in thoi

khng?
Janet will be here soon; she is on the telephone.

On the whole = in general : ni chung.

V d: On the whole, the rescue mission was well executed.

Trang 137

On the other hand: tuy nhin.

on the one hand ... on the other hand : mt mt ... mt khc.

V d: The present perfect aspect is never used to indicate a specific
time; on the other hand, the simple past tense is.

On sale

1- for sale : c bn, bn.

2- bn h gi.

V d: The house will go on sale this weekend.

The regular price of the radio is $39.95, but today its on sale for $25.

On foot: i b.
V d: My car would not start so I came on foot.

54.7

at - ti (thng l bn ngoi, khng xc nh bng in)

V d: Jane is at the bank.

At + s nh.
V d: George lives at 565 16th Avenue.

At + thi gian c th.

V d: The class begin at 5:15.

At + home/ school/ work : nh/ trng/ ang lm vic.

V d: Charles is at work and his roommate is at school. At night, they are

usually at home.

At + noon/ night: vo ban tra/ vo ban m.

at noon (M) : ng 12h tra.

At least : ti thiu >< at most : ti a.

V d: We will have to spend at least two weeks doing the experiments.

At once : ngay lp tc.

V d: Please come home at once.

At times : thi thong, i khi.

V d: At times, it is difficult to understand him because he speaks too

fast.

At present/ the moment = now + thi tip din.

Lu : 2 gii t trn tng ng vi presently nhng phi cn thn khi s dng

ph t ny v nhng v tr khc nhau s mang nhng ngha khc nhau.
Sentence + presently : Ngay tc th, chng bao lu.
V d: She will be here presently : c y s ti y ngay by gi.
Presently + sentence : Ngay sau .
V d: Presently he heard her living home.
Subject + presently + verb : Hin nay.
V d: She is presently working on her PhD degree. - Hin nay c y
ang lm lun n tin s trit hc.

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V d: She is studying at the moment.

At first : thot u >< at last : v sau.

V d: Jane was nervous at first, but later she felt more relaxed.

At the beginning/ at the end of : u/ cui ( dng cho a im/ thi

gian).

Mt s thnh ng c bit dng vi gii t.

On the beach: trn bi bin.

V d: We walked on the beach for several hours last night.

In place of = instead of : thay cho, thay v.

V d: Sam is going to the meeting in place of his brother, who has to

work.
Lu : In place of khng thay th c cho instead khi instead i mt mnh
ng cui cu.
V d: She was supposed to come this morning, but she went to the lab
instead.

For the most part : ch yu.

V d: The article discuses, for the most part, the possibility of life in
other planets.

In hopes of + Ving = hoping to + verb = hoping that + sentence.

V d: John called his brother in hopes of finding somebodyto watch his

children.

Of course : chc chn, tt nhin.

V d: If you study the material very thoroughly, you will have no trouble
on the examination.

Off and on : dai dng, ti hi, tng chp mt.

V d: It rained off and on all day yesterday.

All of a sudden: bt thnh lnh.

V d: When we were walking through the woods, all of a sudden, we

heard a strange sound.

For good = for ever : vnh vin, mi mi.

V d: Helen is leaving Chicago for good.

55.

Ng ng t.

l nhng ng t kt hp vi 1,2 hoc i khi 3 gii t. Khi kt hp dng

nh vy, ng ngha ca chng thay i hn so vi ngha ban u.

To break off: chm dt, ct t, on tuyt.

V d: As a result of the recent, unprovoked attack, the two countries
broke off their diplomatic relations.

To bring up: nu ra, a ra.

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V d: The country commissioner brought up the heated issue of

restricting on-street parking.

Call on : 1- yu cu.

V d: The teacher called on James to write the equation on the

blackboard.
2- gh thm, n thm.
V d: The new minister called on each of the families of his church in
order to become better acquainted with them.

Care for: 1- thch (take care of).

V d: Because Marita doesnt care for dark colors, she buys only brightly
colored clothes.
2- trng nom, sn sc (take care for).
V d: My neighbors asked me to care for their children after school.

Check out :

1- Mn sch (th vin).

V d: I went to the library and checked out thirty books last night for my
research paper.
2- xem xt, iu tra.
V d: This photocopy machine is not working properly. Could you check
out the problem?

Check out of : lm th tc ( ra khi khch sn, sn bay, nh ga) ><

check into : lm th tc vo sn bay, khch sn...

Check (up) on : iu tra.

V d: The insurance company decided to check up on his driving record

before insuring him.

Close in on : tin li gn, chy li gn.

V d: In his hallucinatory state, the addict felt that the walls were closing
in on him.

Come along with: i cng vi.

V d: June came along with her supervisor to the budget meeting.

Come down with : Mc phi 1 cn bnh.

V d: During the summer, many people come down with intestinal

disorders.

Count on = depent on = rely on : trng cy vo, da vo, nh vo.

V d: Maria was counting on the grant money to pay her way through
graduate school.

Do away with = eliminate = get rid of : tng kh, loi b, tr kh.

V d: Because of the increasing number of broblems created after the
football games, the director has decided to do away with all sports
activities.

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Draw up : son tho (1 hp ng, 1 k hoch).

A new advertising contract was drawn up after the terms had been
decided.

Drop out of : b (c bit b hc gia chng).

V d: This organization has done a great deal to prevent young people
from dropping out of school.

S kt hp ca cc danh t, ng t v tnh t vi cc
gii t
56.

Rt nhiu danh t, ng t, v cc tnh t c i km vi cc gii t nht

nh. Tuy nhin, cng c nhiu ngoi l. Sau y s lit k mt s danh t,
ng t, v tnh t m chng thng xuyn hin din vi cc gii t km theo.

Nouns + prepositions
equivalent
of

number
of

quality of

reason
for

pair of

example of
exception
for
possibility of

sample of
Cc danh t cho trong bng sau c th i vi hoc for hoc of.

fear

metho
d

hatre
d

need mean
s

V d:
The quality of this photograph is poor.
I saw a sample of her work and was quite impressed.
They have yet to discover a new method of/ method for
information.
ng t + gii t.
Decide on

plan on

depend on

detract
from

engage in

approve of

escape
from

succeed in

remove
from

rely on

emerge
from
participate
in

mingle with

pay for

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analyzing this

confide in
Ch : Khng c nhm ln gia to ca mt ng t nguyn th vi gii t to.
Mt s ng t c th hoc

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