MANAGEMENT THEORY AND PRACTICE

ASSIGNMENT 1
(Individual Assignment)
Deadline: April 11, 2014

1. Identify each of Taylor's principles of Scientific Management, and explain how

you would apply each principle to improve the class registration process here
at your workplace.

Taylors principles of Scientific Management are given below:

a. They develop a science for each element of a mans work, which replaces
the old rule-of-thumb method.
b. They scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the workman,
whereas in the past he closes his own work and trained himself as the
best he could.
c. They heartily cooperate with the men so as to insure all of the work being
done in accordance with the principles of the science which has been
developed.
d. There is an almost equal division of the work and the responsibility
between the management and the workmen. The management takes over
all work for which they are better fitted than the workmen, while in the
past almost all of the work and the greater part of the responsibility were
thrown upon the men.
The above-mentioned principles of Scientific Management are more efficient
in making the worker more productive coupled with improvement such as
establishing new ways to perform the tasks. The continuous development of
an individual through furnishing his or her skills is also a measurement on
the performance level thus in turn an established reward system be a
resultant to the effort of the individual.
As to improve the class registration process, the principles of Taylor is a way
of attaining an organized system. In the process of class registration, all we
need is an encoder, cashier, and the registrar. By using the system given by
the principle, simply, let the worker increase their efficiency by having their
specialized task.
2. What is Contingency Management Theory? Explain when managers may use
an organic structure to organize and control an organization's activities to
respond to the nature of its environment.

Contingency Management Theory is an instrument of identifying keys to

solve a particular problem. It is where the effectivity of the manager is
measured through its ability to correct problems in a given situation by
analyzing several factors may it be external or internal as long as it will carry
out the best action that will fit to the situation.
Managers use organic structure whenever the situation is not steady because
it will entail a lot of managerial time to fix the situation.
3. Managers have two very different points of view about how much control
they have over what happens to them on the job and in their personal lives
(i.e., the locus of control trait). Explain the advantages and disadvantages of
each of them in terms of their possible impact on the effectiveness of the
manager.
Managers have the most important role in keeping the organization a
success. Although for some time, managers tend to believe that they are the
one who is responsible for whatever action they perform or this is commonly
known as internal locus of control. This point of view gives a benefit to the
organization since managers increases more their effectivity in their tasks.
Another point of view on how much control managers have is the external
locus of control. This could be a weakness in the effectiveness of the
manager since the thinking is that whatever occurs in the organization is the
cause of external forces thus in turn, they ignore the problem.
4. David McClelland has done extensive research on the various "needs" of
managers. Discuss the three major types of needs of managers according to
McClelland and explain their possible advantages and disadvantages on the
effectiveness of a manager.
a. Affiliation The need for affiliation is not advisable when it comes to
decision-making acts. It is because the effectivity of the manager is
affected by the thinking of not being liked or rejected by the followers.
b. Achievement The need for achievement is said to be effective for the
managers since this type of need gives the manager the opportunity to
establish objectives such that they tend to increase their performance by
setting up standards.
c. Power The need for power is a strong indicator of how the manager
influence his followers. This is effective in a way that managers can be
able to control their followers in order to attain the goals of the
organization.

5. Researchers have studied the concept of "organizational commitment".

Discuss the meaning of this concept and explain how a manager is likely to
act differently on the job depending on whether the manager has a high or
low degree of commitment to his or her organization.
Organizational commitment is a behavior of an individual embracing his or
her relationship with the organization. It is where the desire, the need and
the obligation is observed to the attitude of the individual. Organizational
commitment is determined if the worker tends to have a mindset of
achieving the goals and values of the organization.
Managers who have high degree of commitment is a sign of satisfaction with
their job which make them feel secured. On the other hand, managers who
have low commitment do not show their full effort on introducing their
organization to their followers thus low encouragement is carried out.
6. Organization employ various resources (eg. Finance, raw materials, people,
plant and equipment) in order to achieve objectives. Discuss the role of
management in organization and assess the relative importance of
management as a resource.
Management takes a great part in an organization. It is the key to attain the
success of an organization through consigning various tasks to the members.
Its role is to encourage each individual to work efficiently and effectively to
attain the goals of the organization.
Management as a resource is very much important since the development of
every organization depends on the effectiveness of the management.
7. What do you understand by the term management and organization?
Explain in your words.
Management is the handling of responsibility and control to an organization.
It is a function of synchronizing a set of activities to achieve the goals and
objectives of the organization.
On the other hand, an organization is an entity that is configured and
managed to attain those set of goals and achievements.
8. Give a specific business example of how the use of groups and teams can
help an organization to gain a competitive advantage.

Groups and Teams are essential to gaining competitive advantage among

other organizations. It is because the synergy formed among the members
enhances the performance of each member. Through the groups formed, the
increase of knowledge is also attained as to transforming these new ideas to
more competitive strategies. With such combined effect of each member,
contentment and motivation is also increased.
As an example, a group working in an advertising company establishing the
characteristics of a team as described above, the exchange of ideas results
to an excellent output. If the goal is to set an advertisement of a vintage
product, then each member tries to form a technique on how to deliver the
advertisement with the customer satisfaction in a way that other
organizations have not performed before.
9. Discuss the different management skills by giving examples. You can use
your own company to discuss your opinion.
Management skills are tools to establish the ability of an individual to achieve
his or her goals and objectives. These will help him or her to manage people
to attain an effective and efficient outcome of their jobs.
Basically, there are three main types of skills a manager should have. First is
the Technical Skills. This skill requires an individual to understand the nature
of the task given to his or her employees. Thus, it is a skill to perform a task
within your specific specialization. An example of the application of technical
skills is when the nature of a company is on engineering thus the manager
should be familiar with the nature of the organization.
Second is the Conceptual Skills. This represents the ability of an individual to
have different views on the organization as to work with theoretical ideas.
This is applicable on the decision-making process wherein the problems are
solved by analyzing with different perspectives.
Lastly, Human or Interpersonal Managerial skills shows the ability of an
individual to work with other people as a motivator to achieve better
accomplishments. This is more applicable in relation to controlling the
workers making them more productive by gaining their respect and loyalty.
10.

Evaluate the power in leadership theory. In your answer you should list
and describe several types of power. You should also evaluate each type of
power commenting on how it may be perceived by followers.
Power is the greatest motivator in leadership theory. It is because it
emphasizes the effectiveness of leadership through its influence. To further

understand the concept of power in the leadership theory, the types of power
are described as follows.
a. Reward Power This type of power is effectively used by a leader who
recognizes the contribution and achievement of one individual. An
example of which is an incentive given to a person who did a job well
done. The focus is not on the reward but on influencing the individual to
comply to his or her responsibilities in order to gain the rewards.
b. Coercive Power This type of power is not practically wise since this type
may cause undesirable impacts such as resistance to comply. Most
employee does not want to be threatened just to fulfill the goal.
c. Legitimate Power This type of power is mostly used by an individual
who has a higher position in the organization. This power is carried out
and is acceptable to persons with lower position because it is an
obligation to comply.
d. Expert Power This power is exercised by an individual who has the
knowledge or information needed
e. Referent Power This type of power is used to influence other individuals
through its personality or qualities of one individual.
With the above-mentioned types of power, the leadership of an individual to
exercise his power can result to a stronger commitment with the members as well
as compliant followers. Power should not be abused to avoid resistance from any of
the members.

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