EDUCATIONAL

BOLECTIC

RAY'S

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

THE

COURHS.

PRINCIPLES
or

ARITHMETIC,
ANALYZED

PRACTICALLY

AND

FOR

STUDENTS.

ADVANCED

JOSEPH

BY

RAY,

M.:f";

"

'

LATE

MATHEMATICS

OK

PROFESSOR

EDITED

BY

CHAS.

E.

STEREOTYPE

REVISED

IN

WOODWARD

COLLKOA.

M.'

MATTHEWS,

EDITION.

.,

CINCINNATI:

WILSON,
PHIL'A
NEW

"

HINKLE
:

CLAXTON, REMSEN
YORK:

CLARK

146022

" HAFFELFINGER.
" MAYNARD.

GO

THE

BEST

CHEAPEST

AND

MATHEMATICAL
PROFESSOR

BY

Each

of the

BOOK

WORKS.
JOSEPH

RAY.

Course, as

Arithmetical

well

the

as

is
Algebraic,

and is sold separately.

Complete in itself,

simple mental

Lessons

BOOK

RAY'S

RAY'S

academies

and

and

full

analyticalmethods

By"."#'S
ARITHMETIC,

also,of;te,si
Examples
'HIGHER

RAY'S

tables for little learners.

and

ARITHMETIC."

for schools

extant.

THIRD
ARITHMETIC,
and
on
complete treatise,

containing solutions

for the Slate and

The

BOOK:
the inductive

RAY'S

and academies; a
cbtemo^"6cliools

to the

questions;

Blackboard.

Principlesof Arithmetic,ana-

For advanced

lysad aoel p'ractically

applied.
ALGEBRA."

SECOND

ARITHMETIC,

of instruction.

ARITHMETIC."

ELEMENTARY

BOOK:

FIRST

interestingIntellectual Arithmetic

the most

PRACTICAL

TO

ARITHMETIC,

ARITHMETIC."

NTELLECTTIAL

KEY

RAY'S

ARITHMETIC."

PRIMARY

classes.

FIRST
BOOK
ALGEBRA,
; for
and thorough
simple,progressive,

elementary.treatise.
ifcLXJEBRA."RAY'S

HIQHER

SECOND
BOOK
ALGEBRA,
; for adand
for
academies,
colleges; a progressive,
work.
Comprehensive
in

v:-:n"!edv'8ttidents

IftWd anU*
TO

KEY

FIRST

IIAY'S ALGEBRA,

AND

SECOND

BOOKS.

In

one

vol.

ringfor |ubluati0n,
L-TTHE.

ELEMENTS

geometry^with

numerous

OF

GEOMETRY,

embracing plain

practicalexercises,

n.

"

and

solid

TRIGONOMETRY

ANi} iMEJnURATION,

containing logarithmic computations, plane

mensuration
of
trigonometry,with their applications,
'spherical
VEYING
plaues"and solids,with logarithmic and other tables. III. SURNAVIGATION
,'AJSTi)
; surveying and
leveling,navigation,
barftm'ttrio hights,"c.
Tei.Veffefluwed
Course
by others,forming a complete Mathematical
for'Sahools.nei'd
colleges.
M. A. for many
quently
CHAS. E.'MATTHEWS,
years a pupil of,and subseand

"

an

the

'associate Instructor

department of Woodward
publicationof the unfinished

ENTERED

"nd

with

according to
Fifty Six, by WINTHROP

Court

of the United

by C.
fltereotyped

Act

of
B.

the late DR.

College,will

in the Mathematical

edit and

superintend

parts of the series.

Congress,in

the year

Eighteen Hundred

SMITH, in t'^e Clerk's Office of the District

States for the Southern

F. O'Driscoll

RAY

4 Co.

District of Ohio.

Q.A
\ 03

PREFACE.

As my
JOSEPH

in connection with that of the late I'K.

appears
the title-page
of this work, it is proper to account

name

RAY,

for the

on

circumstance

in their nature.

by referringbrieflyto matters
personal
to the public
an
author, Dr. Ray is known

As

large,through the medium

publications.As an able and
deeplyimpressedon those who

of

at

within

of his

reach

excellent

mathematical

faithful teacher, his merits

have

immediate

every line of duty he was

and in all the relations of

his

been

fortunate

so

instructions

conspicuousfor

to

as

aro
come

example. In
unremittingindustry,

his first desire

life,

and

to be of service

was

to others.

To

me,

his memory

is endeared

confidence, extending over

which

spent

were

Collegeand High

him

with

by many acts of friendshipand

a
periodof twenty years, sixteen of
in Woodward
as
pupiland colleague,

School.

In his last illness,

Dr.

Ray expresseda wish that I should prepare

for publication,
his Higher Arithmetic, then unfinished,and
directed hia manuscriptsand materials to be handed
for
to me
chat purpose.
In
to

performingthe part thus assignedto

and pursue the course
preserve the spirit

Arithmetics
author

has

of this series.
been

manuscriptwas
a
change has
and

with

the work.
deemed

necessary

has

been

desire

matter
to

has

render

Common

of

to

been

in

been done
carry

out

with
the

demonstration

subjectmore

general plan

case

more

numbers

of
it

clusive,
con-

satisfactory.

in the Contractions

of whole

when

clear and

full and

Division,Greatest Common

Multipleboth

great caution

introduced
occasionally

the
especially

Contractions
Least

indicated in the other

this view, the

made, it has

the treatment

or

This

been

New

endeavored

language of the
retained without material change as far as the
complete and ready for publication.Whenever

anxious

an

With

I have

me,

in Multiplication,

Divisor and
and

fractions

fiii)

PREFACE.

IT

Pure

Common

Arithmetic, comprising Simple Numbers,

Decimal

Fractions

has

been

This arrangement
in

"i

is

discussed

before

and
philosophical,

any

of ita

not

open

and

applications.
to objection

\vork of this character.

In

and generallythroughoutthe book,

questionsof proportion,
the analyticmethod
of solution has been preferredto mere
mal
forand irrational directions ; for no
true
development of the
intellectual powers
or
satisfactory
knowledge of any science can
be attained,unless the spiritof every operationis clearly
seen
through its form.
to demand
"Where the importanceof the subjectseemed
it,as
in Insurance, Simple Interest,Compound Interest and their applications,
brief methods
of operationhave
been given,and prao
for the

tical rules deduced

The

of the applicaattendingsome
tions
Interest are
inseparablefrom the

Simple and Compound

subjectsthemselves, and it is better
of

in

school-room

the

apology is therefore offered

them at large.
discussing
The

exercises

are

of business.

men

obscurities

difficultiesand

obstacles

and

of accountants

use

to

these

overcome

counting-room. No
introducingthese subjectsand

most

numerous,

and

in the

than
for

meet

of them

and

new

interesting,

prepared with a view to practicalutility.AVhile

of Arithmetic,
theyafford a full and thorough exercise in the principles
at the same
time, they enable the pupilto make use of his
own
knowledge to the best advantage.
and

have

been

and

Decimals
Circulating

bo omitted

useful,may
or

of the

the character
considered

farm)

too

rather curious

other matters
until

pupils make

review,if the

it necessary

difficultat first may

also be

want

and

tensively
ex-

of time

any

ples
exam-

postponed in the

way

THE
STEREOTYPE
The

marked

approbation

into
of

than

several

editions

revised,and
revision, by
eented
wrid

the

is

now

in

extended

few

presented

careful

EDITION.
to this

Schools of the

best

months,
in

EDITOR

volume, and its wide

country, having led to the

the work

has

been

sala

thoroughly

permanent stereotype form.

of

troduction
in-

In th"

abridgment
language, the ideas are preand
greater precision
perspicuity,the book condensed,
number
of
and
new
large
interesting
examples added.
with

CONTENTS.
"Mi

INTRODUCTION
SIMPLE

NUMBERS.

Notation

and

Numeration

11

Addition

19

Subtraction

22

Multiplication

26

Division

35

Principles of Multiplicationand

General

of

Summary

Division

47

Principles

PROPERTIES

51

NUMBERS

OF

55

66

Factoring
Greatest
Least

Divisor

Common

Proofs

60

Multiple

Common

Rules

of the

by

64

castingout

the 9's and

ll's

67

Cancellation

71

TRACTIONS

COMMON

and

Numeration

72

Notation

of Fractions

74

of Fractions

Reduction

77

of Fractions

Addition

84

of Fractions

Subtraction

Multiplicationof

85

Fractions

87

Division of Fractions

89

To

Reduce

Complex

Fractions

To

find

the

Greatest

Common

To

find

the

Least

to

Simple

Divisor

Common

92

ones

of Fractions

93

Multiple of Fractions

U4

FRACTIONS

DECIMAL

and

Numeration

of

Reduction

Notation

97
of Decimals

99

Decimals

103

of Decimals

Addition

107

of Decimals

Subtraction

108

Multiplicationof Decimals
Division

of Decimals

CIRCULATING
Reduction

110
114

.'

DECIMALS

120

of Cii'culates

123

of Circulates

Addition

Subtraction

124

of Circulates

125
.

Multiplication of Circulates
Division

126

of Circulates

127
.

CONTENTS.

FAOR.

NUMBERS
COMPOUND
Mariners'
Long or Linear Measure
and
Surveyors'
Engineers'Measure

12.3

Measure

"

Cloth

120
HjO
130

Measurer

Square
Land

and

Surface

131

Measure

132

Measure

Cubic

Solid Measure

or

Troy

133
134

Miut

Weight
Diamond
Weight
ApothecariesWeight
Avoirdupoisor Commercial
Comparison of Weights
or

Wine

135
loo
130

Weight

136
137

Measure

Ale and

Beer

137

Measure

Dry Measure
Comparison of Measures
Apothecaries'Fluid Measure

138

Time

139

Circular

Comparison
Federal

139

142

Measure

Angular

or

138

of Time

142

Longitude
United
States Money
SterlingMoney

or

English or

and

143
145

State Currencies

146

French

147

Weights, Measures, and Money

Foreign Weights and Measures
Reduction of Compound Numbers,
Addition of Compound Numbers
Subtraction of Compound Numbers
of Compound Numbers
Multiplication
of
Division
Compound Numbers

148
151
166
168
171

175
181

PARTS

ALIQUOT

Miscellaneous

181

Currencies

in State

Exercises

Examples

in

Compound

180

Numbers

RATIO

H7

PROPORTION

110

Simple Proportion
*
Compound Proportion
Rule

of Cause

and

I!'1.)
200

Effect

202

PERCENTAGE
To

Find

any

To Find

A. Number
"noro

given Per

the Rate

To Find

or

Per

Number,

Cent, of
Cent,

when

one

another,

20:i

Number
is of another

number

certain

being given,which
less than

is

per

200
.

cent, oi it is known

certain

to find that

208
.

per cent,

other

210

CONTENTS.

Vli

*
PAOl.

APPLICATIONS
and

Gain

212
213

Loss
and

Commission

219

Brokerage

226

Dividends

and

Stocks

PERCENTAGE

OP

227

Premium

Par, Discount,and
Insurance

232

Taxes

236

Duties

239

Customs

or

242

INTEREST
Simple

Interest
Rules

Practical

computing Simple

for

247

Interest

263

Discount

and

Worth

Present

244

256

BANKING
the

To Find

257

Notes

Promissory

day

268

legallydue

258

NOTES

DISCOUNTING
To

Find

the Proceeds

To

Find

the rate

To

Find
and

is

Note

the

of

260

Note

Interest,when

of

Face

of any

Note

Note, when

the

is Discounted

263

proceeds,time,
264

of

Discount,are given
rate of Discount,corresponding to

rate

To find the

given rate
266

of Interest
Rules

for Partial

266

Payments

271

EXCHANGE

Foreign Coins and

Home
or Inland
Exchange
Foreign Exchange
Arbitration
of Exchange
Table

of

Chain

an

To

settle

278

282

Account

Current

Merchant's

Account

whose

items

draw

283

Interest

Current

286
288

ACCOUNTS
OP

289

PAYMENTS

295

INTEREST

Comp. Int.,principal,rate and time given

To find the Rate, when
the principal,
time,and compound
interest or amount
is given
T.o find the Principal,time,rate, and interest given
The same, time,rate, and compound amount
given
To find the Time, when
the principal,
rate, and compound
interest or amount, are given
To

276

CURRENT

settle

COMPOUND

275

279

To

EQUATION

274

of account

Rule

ACCOUNTS

STORAGE

moneys

find the

...

296

300
.

801
302

303

CONTENTS.

viii

PAQB

306

ANNUITIES
Ti

the Initial value

find

of

To

find the Present

value

To

find the Present

value

To find the Forborne

or

of

o.f an

Annuity

final value

of

find

an

Interest and
To

present

find the rate

value,and

of

305

306

....

an

307
.

309

known
when

runs,

final value

or

of Interest

time

certain

Annuity
present or final value,rate

its
Annuity, when
and time to run, are
of Interest,
To find the time a given annuity
To

804

Perpetuity
a deferred Perpetuity

are

the

of

rate

309

known

....

given annuity, the present

310

to run, known

ContingentAnnuities
To find the value
To

how

find

given
To

find

Annuity

dower

be

can

for

purchased

311

313

of the reversion

the
a

value

PROPORTIONAL

of

Annual

Policy of

Life

Annuity

Premiums

at the death
a

of

to

necessary

of the person

313

Insured

313

Life-Insurance

314

PARTS

Partnership
Partnership with
Bankruptcy
General

and

Single
given sum

find the

Rate

Life

Widow's

or

sum

secure

To

Life-Estate

large a

find the value

To

of

311

315
317

Time

319
321
322

average

Bills for Schools

324
325

Alligation
INVOLUTION

830

EVOLUTION

332

Square
Cube

332

root

Root

338

Extraction

of any

Root

342

344

SERIES
Arithmetical
Geometrical

845

Series
Series
.

346

349

NOTATION

OP

848

PERMUTATIONS, COMBINATIONS
SYSTEMS

'

DUODECIMALS

350
...

351

MENSURATION
and
Painters',
Plasterers',

Pavers'

Work

35'J

Mensuration

of Solids

354

Masons'

Bricklayers'Work

357

Guaging
Tunnage
MECHANICAL

and

358
of Vessels

POWERS

S'""3

see

ARITHMETIC.

I.
1.

ARTICLE

QUANTITY

is

diminished.

or

time,

INTRODUCTION.

and

weight,

Thus,

2.

MATHEMATICS

ART.

3.

The

is the

fundamental

ART.

4.

ARITHMETIC

ART.

5.

PROBLEM

ART.

6.

THEOREM

ART.

7.

Problems

ART.

8.

lines, space,

science

branches

and

Algebra,

Arithmetic,

numbers,

be

can

creased
in-

motion,

quantities.

are

ART.

which

thing

any

of

quantity.

of

Mathematics

of

numbers.

are

Geometry.
is
is

the

COROLLARY

truth

be

to

proved.

are

is

deduced

truth

called

both

Theorems

solution.

for

question proposed

is
and

science

positions.
Pro-

from

ceding
pre-

proposition.

by

which

ART.

9.

ART.

proposition

10.

3.
6.
to

What

is

both?

demonstration

proposition

1. What

"

What

is
its

are

problem?
What

shown

6.

is

to

to

quantity

Give

theorem

corollary?

4.

branches?

fundamental
?

9.

7.
A

What

of

2.

examples.

common

demonstration?

reasoning

which

one

by a chain
proved.

be

of

process
be true.
is

and

truths,

known
the

establishes

is

DEMONSTRATION

DIRECT

with

REVIEW.

is

DEMONSTRATION

reasoning

matics?
is Mathe-

What

Define

mences
com-

Arithmetic.
is

name

10.

(9)

applied
direct

RAY'S

10
ART.

An

11.
the

assumes

HIGHER

ARITHMETIC.

is

DEMONSTRATION

INDIRECT

bo

propositionto

then

fake, and

This

follow.
absurditywill necessarily

some

palled Reductio
12.

ART.

ad

An

is

evident

demonstration.

any

proves that
is sometimes

absurdum.

AXIOM

propositionso

which

one

that it
The

truth ; that is,a

be made
plainerby

self-evident

not

can

followingare

the

among

most

important axioms.
1. If

the

the

sums

If the

2.

If the

4.

equal.

same

the

MATHEMATICAL

ART.

13.

For

+,
ART.

14.

The

ART.

sign

The
The

follows

sign X,
numbers

The

17.

Division.

The

that which

REVIEW.

between

the

most

tnentlyneed

in

sign -7-,

number

indirect

read

which

follows it.

11. An

"

it is

placed

equals8.

be

it is to

subtracted

plication.
times,is the sign of Multi-

read

Be multipliedtogether. Thus,
ART.

which

tion;
Addi-

"

Plus and minus

18.

sign of

4 equals3.
precedesit. Thus, 7
and less.
Latin words,signifying
more
are

that which

ART.

which

used

traction;
minus, is the sign of Sub-

read

"

the

batween

together. Thus, 3 +

the number

Name

the

( )or

=,

the numbers

that

The

15.

-=-,

sign -}-,read plus,is

be added

to

X,

"

it shows

by

the

SIGNS.

are
brevity,characters,called signs,
Those
used in Arithmetic,are
most

in Mathematics.

from

from

identical operation be perGenerally,if the same

formed
the
will
be
results
two
on
equal.
equalquantities,

5.

are

subtracted

or

the

number,

same

equals,

to

be multiplied
by
equalquantities
be
will
equal.
products
be divided by
or
equal quantities
quotientswill be equal.

same

number,

game

will be

remainders

If the

added

or

same

equals,the
3.

be
equal quantities
equal.
be
or
equal quantities

same

will be

which

4x5
divided

it is

placed are
equals 20.
by, is

precedesit

Thus, 20

demonstration?

is to

-j- 4
12.

the

sign of

be divided

equals5.

What

13-19.
Describe
important axioms.
Arithmetic, and give examples of their

to

the
use.

is

an

axiom

signs most

fre-

NUMERATION

ART.

18.

AND

NOTATION.

The

sign =, read equate,or

between
sign of Equality;the quantities
are
equal to each other. Thus, 5 -f- 3
19.

ART.
that two

parenthesis
( ), or

or

numbers

more

Thus, (7+ 4) X 3

33;

20.

unit

ART.

21.

number

classed under
Sow

the

1.

"

shows

:,

considered

8^5x4=19

or

ARITHMETICAL

ART.

equal to, is the

which it is placed

vinculum

to be

are

is

as

one.

"

+ 5-^2.

DEFINITIONS.

is

singlething; a cent, a hat, "o.

is

same

unit, or

and

name,

collection

the

to

answers

of units

question,

many?

The

unit of

thus,in

number

Jive cents,

is

is the

cent

one

of the

one

thingsit
in

unit;

expresses:

apples,one

ten

appleis the unit.

Units

foot is

thus,one
part of

is,one

sometimes

are

unit in

in

Numbers

abstract number

is

character;
only a
din? a is a unit,that
in regard to cents.

designated,as

one,

the

one

in which

two

apples,

either abstract

are

in which

one

of unit

called denominate
Arithmetic

23.

carried

are
operations

is

of

called

by

on

Give

its fundamental

is

cent,

one

numbers

quently
fre-

are

means

of ADDITION,
These

its

TION,
SUBTRACare

termed

NOTATION.

is the art
of

and

NOTATION,

on

AND

NUMERATION

of

naming

numbers.

numbers
representing

by

acters
char-

or digits.
figures
20.

REVIEW."
relative character

number

designated,as

is founded

is the art

NOTATION

is not

numbers.

NUMERATION
24.

ART.

An

unit

concrete

and
DIVISION.
MULTIPLICATION,
rules of Arithmetic.
the fundamental

II.

it is

concrete.

or

kind

Concrete

bushels,"c.

ten

the

three,"c.

two,

kind

their

regard to feet,but

regard to yards. One

regardto dimes,but it is ten

22.

ART.

in

relative

unit in

ART.

only

of

What
some

examples.
rules ?

is

units.
23. On
24.

What

unit?

21. What

22. What
what

arc

is Arithmetic

is numeration

number?

abstract

founded?
What

Show

numbers

?
What

is notation

th"
crete?
Con-

art

RAY'S

12

ART.

by

first nine

The

25.

HIGHER

ARITHMETIC.

numbers

are

each

represented

singlefigure,thus:

12345
three,

two.

one.

T89

6
fire.

four.

iix.

eight, nine.

seven,

All other numbers

these and

another

REMARK

cipher,0, is used to indicate no value.

because
significant
they indicate
figures,

The

"

called

flguresare

of
representedby combinations
0, called zero, naught,or cipher.
figure,
are

The

other
value.

some

TEN,
the

The

26.

ART.

number

is written

and

next

with

two

higher than 9
figuresthus, 10:

is named
in which

unit,1, on
its left is different from the unit,1, standingalone,which
represents a singlething,while this represents a single
group of ten things.
cipher,0, merely serves

succeedingTen

numbers

The
follows

show

to

that the

written

are

and

named

as

11

12

13

14

15

16

eleven.

twelve.

thirteen,

fourteen,

fifteen.

sixteen.

17

18

seventeen,

19

eighteen,

nineteen.

which, the 1 on the left,

represents a group of
while
the
the
ten
figure on
right,expresses the
things,
units or single
requiredto make up the
thingsadditional,
In each of

number.
REMAKE.

eleven

and

the

from

rived
supposed to be deleftafterten,and two leftafterten.
twelve

Saxon, meaning one

fourteen,"c., are
thirteen,

words

The

words

The

"

are

of three and

contractions

ten,

four and ten,"c.

The

next

number

to

nineteen,(nine and ten),is

and

ten

of ten, written 20, and called twenty.

The
next
are
twenty-one, 21; twenty-two, 22; "c., up
to tfireetens,or thirty,
60;
50; sixty,
30; forty,40; fifty,
80; ninety,90.
eventy, *70;eighty,
two

ten, or

RE

vi

numbers
What

does

are

E w.

groups

"

25.

How

above

nine

the

other

the first nine numbers

represented?
figures called?

the cipher show?

bombers.

are

Explain their

What
names.

does
Show

Rem.
26.

the 1
what

For
How

represented? How are

is the cipherused?
what
is Ten

represent?
the

written?

Write

figuresdenote

What

the next
in each.

nine

NUMERATION

AND

NOTATION.

13

The

highestnumber that can be written with two figures

is 99, called ninety-nine;
that is,nine tens and nine units.
The next
higher number is 9 tens and ten, or ten tens,
which
is called a hundred, and written with three figures,
100; in which the two ciphersmerely show that the unit
their left is neither

on

things,10,

ten

but

highergrade than
In

'

like manner,
hundreds,and

three

thousand,and
unit of

singlething,1, nor a group of

a
group of ten tens, being a unit of a
either of those alreadyknown.
200, 300, "c., express two hundreds,
a

so

written

on

to

up

with

hundreds,called

ten

four figures,
1000, being

a
a

still higher order.

27. From
figurein the 1st
ART.

what

has

been

said,it

is clear that

place,with no others to the rightof it,

the left
expresses units or singlethings;but standingon
of another figure,
that is,in the 2d place,
expresses groups
and
in the
or
of tens;
standingat the left of two figures,
3d

of tens, or
tens of hundreds

place,expresses

4th

tent

place,expresses

counting from

the

Units

order

of

The

order

of Tens

The

order
order

or

and

in th.e

thousands.

Hence,

place
place
place
place

righthand,

The

The

hundreds;

is in the 1st
is in the 2d
is in the 3d

of Hundreds

is in the 4th

of Thousands

10
.

100
1000

values
By this arrangement, the same
figureha" different
accordingto the placein which it stands. Thus, 3 in the
firstplaceis 3 units; in the second place3 tens,or thirty;
in the third place3 hundreds; and so on.
ART.

28.

the orders

as

The

word

UNITS

may

be used

in

naming

all

follows:

called

Unit*

of the

Tens

Units

of the 2d

Hundreds

Units

of the

3d order.

Thousands

Units

of the

4th order.

Simple units

are

"c.

1st order.
order.

"o.

highestnumber of two
is it written ? Explain its figures.
? What
Is tho next called ? How
figures
What
How
27. What
does a figurein the 1st
is a Thousand?
written?
the
the
3d place? in the 4tb
in
in
2d
place express? a figure
place?
place? How doe* tho value of the same
figurevary ?
RKTIHW."

26. What

are

20, 30, 40 ?

What

is the

BAY'S

i i

NOTE.

Wlicu

"

units

order,units

ARITHMETIC.

without

named

are

number

less than

hundreds, 2 tens or twenty,

is therefore written, 425.
In the number

three hundred

0 tens, and
of the

none

ART.

units ; or 3
9 of the
and
second,

method
For

of

ple,
examare

units; the number

nine, there
units of the

ticular
par-

there
twenty-jive,

and

and

any

dreds,
3 hun-

arc

third, and

hence, tho

first order ;

representedthus, 309.

is

number

the

show

and

to

intended.

thousand.

one

four hundred

reference

always

are

preceding articles

expressingnumbers
in the

Ell

the first order

of

The

29.

ART.

HIGH

30.

OF

SUMMARY

1. All numbers

are

2. Zero

has

value;

3. The

base

no

PRINCIPLES.

represented
by
its

the nine

Jillvacant

is to

use

and
digits

zero

pin ":""*.

of our system of notation is ti-n ; ten units of

unit of the order next higher.
any order making one
4. The same
values
figure has different
accordingto the
place it occupies.

2d.

1st.

a
cj

"
no

in

-0
a

.pj

W
AET.

32.

For

or

UNIT

or

THOUSAND

MILLION

REVIEW.
'he number

"u

-=

EH

convenience

periodsof three
orders,UNITS, TENS,

and

PJ

used.

are

3 orders

third

form

first 3

The

constitute

HUNDREDS,

the

PERIOD;

each,

second

bers,
reading and writingnum-

in

orders

The

PERIOD.

T5

S
O

the

the

first

second

orders, the third

or

PERIOD.

"

29.

Write

threo hundred

the number
and

niuo.

four

hundred

and

twenty-fire. Write

AND

33.

ART.
or

Second

Third
.

Fourth
Fifth
.

The

Units.

Sixth

Thousands.

Seventh

Millions.

Eighth

Billions.

Ninth

Trillions.

Tenth

twelve

next

the

commcn

of Numeration.

method

First Period

15

Periods,accordingto

List of the

French

NUMERATION

Period
.

Quadrillions.
Quintillions.
Sextillions.

Septillions.
Octillions.

UnDecillions,
periodsare, Nonillions,

decillions,
Duodecillions,
Tredecillions,
Quatuordecillions,
Octodecil
Quindecillions,
Sexdecillions,
Septendecillions,
lions,Novendecillions,
Vigintillions.
ART.

34.

Division

^~"j

into

periods.

"

35.

ART.

of the orders

FOR

RULE

NUMERATION.

Begin at the right,and point the number into periods of

and read in succession
figureseach. Commence at the left,
period with

its

REMARK.

the

each

name.

Numbers

"

figurewith

tliret

name

of

also be read
by merely naming each
may
the place in which
it stands.
This method,

rarely used except in teaching beginners. Thus,

expressed by the figures205, may be read two hundred
and fiveunits.
hundreds
tens
two
no

however,
numbers
or
five,

is

Express

the

and

in

which
is representedby
words, the number
608921045.
The number, a? divided into period?,
is 608*
J)21'045 ; and is read six uundred
and
eight millions
nine hundred
and twenty
and forty-five.
thousand
ne
REVIEW.
81.

Repeat

33. Name

the

What

Table

the firstten.

case.

may

30.

"

ho used?

35. What

'

are

of O-

of
principles
32.

ier8.

3-4 tlive
is the

an

What

example

Notation
are

of tho

rule for Numeration

and

Numeration

periods and their

of periodsin a
use
?

What

other

uBel
ticular
par-

method

HIGHEll

RAY'S

(6

EXAMPLES

IN

ARITHMETIC.

NUMERATION.

12345

1375482

29347283

40

68380

6030564

37053495

85

94025

7004025
8025607

45004024

70500.
165247

503

50340726

1345

350304

6002007

2450

204026

4300201

3708

500050

8603004

60025709
343827544
904207080
700200408

4053

808080

2030405

502003070

7009

730003

6005010

278

9030040

830070320
832045682327825000000321

8007006005004003002001000000

60030020090080070050060030079
504030209102800703240703250207
36.

ART.

ROLE

FOR

Write,firstthe number

periods in their

proper

NOTATION.

of the highestperiod,then,of (he other

succession,fillingvacant places with

ciphers.
in

Express
thousand

figuresthe

three hundred

number

and

four

millions
Ans.

seven.

twenty

4020307.

4 in millions

Write

period; place a dot after it to separate

period: then, write 20 in thovtandt
period; placeanother dot : then write 307 in units period.
This gives 4' 20*307.
As
there are
but two
places in
the thousands
period,a cipher must be put before 20 to
complete its orders,and the number
correctlywritten,is
it from

the next

4020307.
NOTE.

have
its three
Every period,except the highest,must
in the given number,
figures;and if any period is not mentioned
supply its place by three ciphers.
"

PROOF.

"

Apply

numeration,and

to the

see

2.

IN

Seventy-five.

IS

4.

written,the

rule for

the number

given.

TATION.
i

"

hundred

and

forty-

four

Ninety.

3. One
hundred
four.

as

with

if it agrees

EXAMPLES

1.

number,

and

thirty-

5. Two
6. Two

hundred
hundred

and

forty.

and four.

HIGHER

RAY'S

18

METHOD

ENGLISH

37.

ART.

Although

understand

should

have

six orders

ARITHMETIC.

this

the

NUMERATION.

OF

but

now

little

used, the

system of Numeration.

same

The

in the French

as

names

learnei
first

method,

The
next
and
these constitute the period of Units.
01
Each
Millions period,consists of six orders.
succeeding

orders,and their names

and so
Trillions,
Quadrillions,
Quintillions,
consists of six

period

Billions,

are

The

on.

lowing
fol-

table illustrates this method:

a
""

.2

J" E~" "O J2

Q1""^

EH T5 _?o

oo

g3*v

t-oS*'

s-oS"
2t3

"W

oo

co

_2 H

00

T3

fl

S^

rrt

Soo3rtOQ-S

00

IlilJg lljlls

432109

876543

hundred

two

and

thousand

ten

millions,six hundred

seven

T3

XooSSm"

hundred

be

and

thousand, three

hundred

and

ROMAN

38'. In

ART.

by

letters.

C,
ten; L, fifty,
The

thousand.
to the

the

one

and

II denotes

REVIEW.

"

of

they
dred
hun-

fifty-four

twenty-one.

Notation,numbers

are

sented
repre-

letter I represents one;

V, five;X,
M, one
representedaccording

hundred; D, fivehundred; and

other

numbers

are

followingprinciples:
its value
Every time a letter is repeated,

1st.

three

NOTATION.

Roman

The

hundred

read,

eighty-

thousand
fifty-four

six
millions,
eighty-seven

and

example

00

"

method
twenty-one. By the French
be read, two
hundred
and ten billions,
nine

would

Thus,

"

654321

figureswould

nine

and

""

and

hundred

Roman

210987

system the first twelve

this

uo?s-

lulll
By

JS

T3

^-*

^oS^

2*0
2oo32on-t"

00

^MS^oo-i

f-^ f-j

two;

XX

denotes

is

repeated.

twenty.

37.
ite

Notation

Give
of Numeration.
Explain the English method
38.
How
numbers
are
application.
represented in
?
What
numbers
are
repregentodby I, V, X, C, D, M

an

th"
?

ADDITION.

2d.

Where

letter of less value

is

placed beforeone

of

greater value,the less is taken from the greater. If placed

afterit,the less is added to the greater. Thus, IV denotes

four,while

VI

denotes

six ; IX

denotes

nine, while

XI

denotes eleven.

III.

more

numbers

Sum

into

40.

Since

kind, two

onlywhen

is the process

one

of

or

number

their units

is

numbers

more

two
collecting

or

sum.

is the result obtained

Amount

or

ART.
tame

ADDITION

39.

ART.

ADDITION.

Addition.

collection of units of the

can

be united into
kind.

Two

repeatinga

letter?

one

turn,

applesand
3 applesare 5 apples;but 2 applesand 3 peaches can
not
be united into one number, either of applesor of peaches.
REVIEW.

"

38.

What

of

are

ia the

letter of less value before another

value after
ta addition

one

of

Bum

greater value ?
or

amount

the

by

same

effect of

Of

placing "

of loss
Of placingone
of greater value ?
39. What
Of placinga bar over a letter?

HIGHER

RAY'S

20

ARITHMETIC.

numbers
of different names
Nevertheless,
be
together,if they can
brought under a
2
3 women
and
men
are
Thus,
3
4
9
and
animals.
horses, sheep,
cows, are

RULE

order

stand

may

hundreds
1.

tens

each

of

the next

to

be

to

added,

column, units
hundreds, "c.

at the

Begin

SIMPLE

in

under

the units

ADDING

the numbers

Write

1.

FOR

and
right,

add

under

sum

that

under

the

figuresof

same

under

units, tens

column

the column

At

column.

nation.
denomi5 persons.
Two

common

NUMBERS.

so

each

be added

may

tens,

separately,
placing

added, and

carrying the

the last column, set down

the whole

amount.

What

is the

SOLUTION.
2

say,

3 and

and

4 units.

I ten

are

Write

I and

6, and

are

other

being no

Then

1 hundred

beneath,and

columns

units of the

same

name

2. Commence

of any

the

to

3.

rightto add, so

greater than

the

CJ.

Lastly,
beneath, there

order

same

are

but

none

(Art.40.)
that when

the

be
may
thereby,units of the

nine, the

column, and,
together.

tens

sum
ried
carsame

for every ten, since ten units of each order

unit of the order next
higher. (Art. 30.)

one

ART.

ward;

into

column.

is set

be added.

METHODS

next

which

are

written

Carry one

make

be

convenience,since

for

next

added

name

is

column

the

carry

the

Figuresof

can

the

at

to

1 ten

are

add.

to or

1.

other

to

639
82
543

margin,

5, and

are

tens

hundreds,

"

each

under

written

carried

to carry

DEMONSTRATION.

are

12

are

1 and

be

to

which
units,
beneath, and

4 units

the

in the

as

14

are

tens,which

16

are

column.

to the next

13, and

the numbers

Writing
5, and

"

543?

639, 82, and

of

sum

vi

41.

the

PROOF

figuresdownward

instead

of up-

or

one

Explain

1. Add

OF

w.
sum

the

Erst method

40.

"

What

Why

example, and
of

proof?

is necessary
What

give

is

the

in order that numbers

the rule

reasons

for

may

adding simple

for the

rule.

41.

be added
numbers

What

is the

ADDITION.

2.

Separate the

find the
add

of the

sum

the several

at

the

left;add

or

more

column

each

separately;

previouslyobtained,but

that

figurefurther to the

one

divisions;
division,and then

two

in each

together;or

under

sum

into

numbers

sums

3. Commence

placeeach

numbers

21

right,and

then

add

tending
ex-

them

together.
In

all these

methods

the numbers

when
NOTE.

For

"

are

the result should

added

Find

the

FOR

9's,see

page

68.

PRACTICE.

the sum,

76767; 7654; 50121; 775.

97674; 686; 7676; 9017.
971; 7430; 97476; 76734.

1.

Of

2.

Of

3.

Of

4.

Of four hundred

and

as

same

upward.

proof by casting out

EXAMPLES

the

be

Ant.

135317.

An*.

115053.

AM.

182611.

three; 5025; sixtythousand

and
thousand
eighty-seven thousand; two

seven;

and

100.

ninety,and

154625.

Ana.

999; 3400; 73; 47; 452; 11000; 193; 97;

31306.
AM.
9903; 42, and 5100.
5.

Of

6.

Of

two

20050;

hundred; four millions

thousand

hundred

seven

and

one;

and

and

and

seventy; 98002;

and
and

hundred

three

seventy thousand

five;two

eighty;

one

millions

ninety

hundred

sand
thou-

millions

seven

70070.

Am.

five thousand

13754178.

609505; 90070; 90300420; 9890655; 789;

5278; 2109350;
41236; 722;
37599; 19962401;
123456789.
Am.
8764; 29753, and 370247.
7.

Of

8.

Of

hundred

two

millions

thousand

six thousand

seventy thousand

and

dred
hundred; three hunthirty; seventy millions

two

and

seventy; nine

millions

nine

thousand

millions

nine

thousand; six hundred

seven
hundred; four

five thousand
and
RBVIKW.

and

forty;eightythousand

What

thousand
millions
Ans.

twenty.
"

hundred

is the second

method

of

and

four

ninety

and

sixty;

sand
twenty thou-

1369000120,

proof?

The

third ?

RAY'S

2"""

the numbers

ARITHMETIC.

7 followingexamples, find the

of the

each

In

HIGHER

from

includingthese

to B,

A.

B.

9.

119

131

10.

987

11.

3267

12

4197

13.

5397

14.

7815

1001

Paid

16.

$564;

3281

the

4211

32028

three

the

than

more

the second:

as

cloth:

14910.

Ans.

49110.

Ans.

63060.

Ans.

108130.

Am.

132991.

1280340.

Ans.

the

and
first;

the

what

the others:

both

Ans.

for tea, $280; for suga,,

and
for spices,$75: what

pieces of

did all cost?

Bought three bales of

than
second, $16 more

much

1625.

$1413.
first cost $87;
the third, $47
Ans. $358.
Ans.

18.
.

Ans.

to?

amount

Bought

numbers.

molasses, $119;

for

7831

coffee,$375;

for

than

5416

second, $25

more

did the whole

17.

...

31989

15.

...

...

The

cotton.

the

what

first cost

first;and

the

$75;

has

much

as

A, B,

and

B. and

and

$19

has

$23

together:what

than

more

and

more;

do

sum

A;
has

they all

as

The

is the

SUBTRACTION

difference between

two

Minuend

number
means

as

much

as

possess?

$722.

process

of

findingthe

numbers.
is the

larger number
the

has

SUBTRACTION.

IV.
42.

third, as

$1332.

Ans.

ART.

$325;

did the three bales cost?

Ans.

19. A

of

sum

trahend;
Minuend; the less,the Sub-

Remainder.
or
left,the Difference
to bo diminished; subtrahend, to

be.

subtracted.
ART.
since

43.

but

none

REVIEW."
maindor?

Subtraction

42.

What

numbers
What

is the
of the

is Subtraction?

does minuend

mean

of

reverse
same

kind

Minuend?
What

does

Addition, and
can

be

added
RP

Subtrahend?
subtrahend

mean

SUBTRACTION.

93

that a
together,(Art.40), it follows,therefore,
of the same
be subtracted only from another
can

2 cents can
8 horses.

not

44.

ART.

be taken

FOR

RULE

from

nor
apples,

SUBTRACTING

1. Write the less number

SIMPLE

numbfT
kind

".

from

cows

NUMBERS.

the greater,placingunits under

under

lens, "c.

units,tens under

above
subtract each figurefrom the one
Begin at the right,
beneath.
it,placing the remainder
above it,add ten to the upper,
3. If any fgure exceeds tlieone
2.

subtract the lower

the sum,

from

and

to the next

one

carry

lower

figure.

827 dollars take 534

From

SOLUTION.

leaves
from
12

each

3 units.
2

Then,

tens,add 10

tens, and

3 tens

as

to the 2

tens

3 tens

To compensate

12

from

tens,which
leaves

tens

for the 10 tens

DEMONSTRATION.
of

another

placed in

are

makes
9

298

tens, add

6 hundreds

say,

Rem

tens.

to the 2

added

827
534

units

remainder

hundred

one

from

hundreds

is 2 hundreds

9 tens

units,or 293.

from

Barne

taken

be

not

can

(10 tens) to the 6 hundreds, and

2 hundreds; and
the whole
leaves
and

ir8'

writing figuresof the

other,say, 4 units from 7

After

"

under

order

dollars.

1. Since

"

the

be convenient

column, to

being placed below

2. Commence

as

be

subtracted

to each

same

only
name

other,the less number

of custom.

matter

can

(Art.43),figuresof the

kind,

same

number

the

right to subtract, so that if any figure is

greater than the one above it,the upper may be increased by 10,and
lower figureby 1 ; both numbers
the next
being equally increased,
is
10
in
1
since
equal to in the next higher place.
any place
The
the

at

difference

between

between

difference

numbers

two

those

numbers

is the

same

increased

equally.

Thus, the difference between 2 and 5, is the same

2 + 10 and 5 + 10, or 12 and
difference between
There
RKTIKW.
necessary

is another

"

in

43. What
order
What

Why?
the example, and
44.

method

of

is subtraction

that

one

number

is the rule

give the

reasons

for

performing

the

reverse

of?

may

be

subtracted

the

as

the

15.

operatina

Why?
from

subtractingsimple numbers?
for the rule.

as

What
another

ii

Explain

RAY'S

21

when

the

lower

borrowing. To
SOLUTION.
5 units, borrow
the 6, which
15 units

figure is greater than the upper,

explainthis,take 26 from 75.

Since

"

is 4 tens

and

PROOF.

will be

sum

NOTE.

When

the

number

lower

in the upper,

occupiedby

FOR

the

9's,see

50009.

take

1145906

4.

7150490
2900000

6.

71086540

7.

10143072

8.

20286144

9.

25047361
of the
and

so

29970028

30253
.

12.

7058123.
.

777888

'.

64179730
9247568

895504.

1791008.

7140851

17906510

100259063
.

the

following
examples to
from
on,

till

the
a

second,

remainder

then

808737.

18th,subtract
from

is found

the

REM

'. "5!

36800

5376.

35768

and

248697

14.

730928
3956847

and

2500000

and

21018802

10101.

307216.

1234567.

....

and

mainder,
re-

less than
LAST

7359 and
7598 and

9080907

6906810.

59649

16.

2122112.

13.

15.

1106030.

92367

49432.

39876

first number.

11.

Rem

REM.

18495136
.

101067800

first number

the

50009

TAKE

3.

5.

tne

37

no

79685

each

69.

page

zeroes.

2.

In

The

PRACTICE.

FROM

10.

remainder

less number.

to the

figures in the
those
to correspond with
the
consider
vacant
places
are

the whole

greater.

proof by castingout

30020037

there

4 9

tens, (the

and

from

49.

EXAMPLES

1. From

tens

"

it to

0 units
6

called

'

from

add

from

the remainder

equal to

For

"

units,or

Then,

2 tens

and

place)leaves

Add

"

7 tens, and

16 units.

units;

taken

be

not

can

the

from

will make

left in tens'

number

6 units

1 ten

leaves

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

60000000

17.

1234567

and

10000000

18.

938979

and

9389790

5514558.
123464.
0.

RAY'S

"8

2. From

the

HIGHER

of I'lOOOO

differed

28374

of

sum

ARITHMETIC.

84506.

and

the difference of 95603

3. To

of 8632
4. From

5. From

what

number

of

what

be

subtracted

number

1327

must

be

8. To
the

number

what

number

must

65

is 275

3673.
3

by

railroad from

Cincinnati

When

one

locomotive

another

118

miles from

miles.
and

times,
119.

37.

Am.

distance

is 60

to

Cleveland

miles from

Cleveland,how

far apart,when
they apart? How
miles,and the other 183 miles?
Ans. 97

has

one

the

4 times, to make

297?

9. The

make

added, to

added

be

leave

400.

Am.

what

sum

to

27 be subtracted

must

the

233.

Am.

38?

to leave

55485.

Am.

7. From

the different

subtract

5000?

sum

add

Ans.

256

must

3149

and

the

69012.

AM.

144?

the remainder
6. To

44571,

and

7325
and 4702.

the difference

subtract

Am.

4179.

and

difference of 8645

56132,

and

miles

far

traveled

and

cinnati,
Cinare

174

82 miles.

B was
37 years old when
born; how old was
A, when B was 25 years of age? and how old was B, when
73 years of age?
Ans. 62 and 36.
A was
10. A

was

11. Which
or

is the nearer
how much?

7849, and

V.

times

as

there

is a
Multiplication
"re
equal.
The
uther

number

to

Ans.

The

356908;

713866

last,
by 7899.

MULTIPLICATION.

MULTIPLICATION

48.

ART.

number

to be

are

is

units in

short method

taken,is

taking one

number

another; or
of adding numbers

as

that

called the

and
number, the Multiplier;

the

Multiplicand;th"
the
result obtained,

Product.
RMVIKW.

"

46. What

is

?
Multiplication

What

is the

Multiplicand?

MULTIPLICATION.

How

many

SOLUTION.
times

as

many

three times.
42

three

"

27

trees

in 3 rows, each

Since

trees

as

This may

times, and

contain

rows

one

row,

42

by writing
adding. This

be done
then

take

containing42
First row,
Second
Third

row
row

of trees.
gives 126 for the whole number
Instead,however, of writing 42 three times,write
it the figure3,the number
t once
; then placing under
times it is to be taken, say, 3 times 2 are
6, and 3
This process is Multiplication.
4 are
12.
times

trees.

42
42
42
126

trees.
trees.
trees.

tree*.

trees.

"

The
Factors

l^O

trees.

Multiplicandand Multiplierare together called

(makers),because they make the product.
MULTIPLICATION

TABLE.

RAY'S

28

ART.
tame,

47.

THEOREM.

whichever

are

3 times

gives

may

ART.
name

as

and

two

THEOREM.

the

4,

times

and

row,
12

3,

are

diagram,
ing
Count-

rows.

3 rows;

But

hence,

rows;

of stars

of

number

stars.

The

in this

of stars

the

by

row,

and

number

of any

48.

4 in

the whole

be shown

4
row,
3,= 12 stars.

in

be 4 times

must

each

are

be 3 times

must

across, there
there

of stars

down, there

hence, there

in

is tht

multiplier.

To find the number

"

multiply the number

numbers

productof two

The

"

factoris the

DEMONSTRATION.

up and

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

two

ducts,
pro-

equal, since
in the diagram.

The

same

numbers.

The

"

productis always of the

same

multiplicand.

DEMONSTRATION.

repeatingit.

The

"

Thus,

5 dollars

of

nature

is not

number

multipliedby

2, that

changed by
twice,

is,taken

be 10 dollars.

must

THEOREM.

49.

ART.

"

The

must
multiplier

always be

an

abstract number.
of times
multipliershows the number
be yards,bushels,
not
the multiplicandis to be taken ; hence, it can
We can
attach no idea to taking any thing
number.
concrete
or any
inches times.
It may
then be asked,
dollars times,or so many
PO many
What
will 3 yards
such
how
questions as
explain the solution of
lar
Ans. By the followingor s simiof cloth cost at 5 dollars a yard ?"
one
as
yard ;
Analysis: Three yards will cost three times as much
will
3
times
5 dollars,
3
cost
5
if
cost
one
yards
dollars,
yard
therefore,
DEMONSTRATION.

"

The

"

$15.

REMARK.

dollars.
8

It would

applesby
ART.

Hence, it

"

50.

2. When

diaw
2.

rational

to

propose

is divided into
Multiplication
does not exceed
the multiplier
exceeds 12.
the multiplier

WHEN

1. Write

as

multiplyingdollars by
to find the product of

turnips.

1. When

RULE

be

to talk of

is absurd

the

THE

MULTIPLIER

place
multiplicand;

DOES

the

NOT

two

cases:

12.

EXCEED

12.

multiplierunder it,and

line beneath.

Begin

with

units; multiplyeach figure of the

settingdown
by the multiplier,

and

carrying as

in

multiplicand
Addition.

MULTIPLICATION.

the rate of 53

At
car

SOLUTION.

times

each

railroad

is

o^To

complete.

The

multiplierbeing written
for convenience,begin with units,so that
be carried to the tens
contain
tens, they may
"

successive

miles.

1 carried

20, and

are

the work

DEMONSTRATION.

should

53

flay, 4 times 3 (units)are

the 2 in units' place,and
carry

(ten); then,4
and
21 (tens),

makes

far will

Here

"

(units); write

the 1

hour, how

an

in four hours?

run

12

miles

under

the multiplicand

if the
; and

product
so

for

on

order.

the
figureof the multiplicandis multiplied,therefore,
multiplicandis multiplied.

Since every
whole

PROOF.

Separatethe multiplierinto

"

be

must

separately. The

these

multiply by

the first product.

equal to

EXAMPLES

FOR

15

1.

195

2.

3823

3.

8765

t.

98374

....

....

....

o.

64382

6.

58765

7.

837941.

8.

645703

9.

407649

....

....

men

SOLUTION.

One

far

46.

"

48.

How
kind

49. What

perform
will it

Give

43825.

590244.

450674.

470120.
7541469.

....

6457030.

....

4484139.

certain

15

in

pages

pieceof

60

times

long

as

miles

Repeat
is the

of

the

reason.

ocean

tho

is
What

men.

days.

half-dozen
steamer

day?

books, each

travel in
Ans.

1715

taining
con-

2016.

week,

at

miles.

Table.
47. Prove
the theorem.
Multiplication
of the product known
?
Why t
is the multiplier? Why?
50. How
is multiplication
the rule when
tho multiplier
Joes not exceed

denomination

number
What

four

as

Ans.

an

in

work

require1 man?

will be four

man

can

divided ?
12?

....

long

of 245

REVIEW.

15292.

pages?

12. How
rate

11

many

336

585.

....

4 X

11. How

10

....

can

"

PRODUCT.

...

days,how

he

PRACTICE.

MULTIPLIER.

MULTIPLICAND.

10. If 4

Bum

any two parte;

of the products

is the proof?

RAY'S

30

What

13.

$32053

1.

is the

of

every

WHEN

Ana,

month?

MULTIPLIER

THE

if
cotton-mill,

$384636.
12.

EXCEEDS

multiplierunder the multiplicand,

placing figuret

Write the

order

the,same

of

ARITHMETIC.

yearly expense

paid out

are

51. RULE

ART.

HIGHER

under

each other.

Multiplyby each figureof the multipliersuccessively

; fill
tens'
units1
t
hen
the
by
by the
figure,
figure,"c.; placing the righi
2.

figureof each product under

hand
which

produces

3. Add
the

figureof the multiplier

it.

the several

partialproductstogether;their
requiredproduct.

Multiply246
SOLUTTON.
6

that

"

by

First

will be

235.
246
235

multiply by

the first figure

and
(units),

sum

place
the 5
product, 1230, under
-i 9 o A
U
0
(units).Then multiplyby 3 (tens), i " product by
d
0
product by
arid place the first figure of the
* JZ
product by IQV
product, 738, under the 3 (tens).
Lastly,multiply by 2 (hundreds), 57810
product by 2 3 5
and
the
first
of
the
place
figure
2 (hundreds). Then
the
under
add these several
product,492,
ducts
profor the entire product.
of

the

{j

product,1230, is units,Art. 60.

3 (tens)times 6
6
The
8 of the 2d product,738, is tens,because
times
3 (tens)=18
(tens);giving 8 (tens) to be written in the
tens' column.
The 2 of the 3d product,492, is hundreds, because
2
2
12
6=6
times
(hundreds)
(hundreds),giving
(hundreds)times
2 (hundreds)to be written
in the hundreds'
column.
The
right
in
other
hand
each
its
the
of
figure
product being
proper column,
will
fall
and
each
in
their
line being the
columns
figures
;
proper
their sum
product of the multiplicand by a part of the multiplier,
will be the product by all the partt or the whole of the multiplier.
ANALTHIS.

"

The

of the

first

METHODS

OP

PROOF.

1.

Multiply the multiplierby the multiplicand;thii

the first product.
as
productmust be the same
2. The same
when
the multiplier
does not exceed 12.
as
REMARK
R

E v

i K w

"

"

For
What

proof by castingout
i" the rule

when

the

9's,see

Art.

the multiplierexceeds

100.
12 ?

IN

CONTRACTIONS

ART.

52.

Although

it

MULTIPLICATION.

is

"46

the

figures
in regular
of the multiplier
order beginningwith units,it
will give the same
product to
them in any order,observuse
customary

to

use

CASE

ART.
more

2 and

53.
whole

THE

MULTIPLIER

r-

738

30
product by
product by 200
5
product by

?
^

1230

MULTIPLICATION.

IN

CONTRACTIONS

WHEN

3]

I.
18

compositenumber

COMPOSITE

is the

NUMBER.

productof

1,
numbers,
10
is
whoso
a
Thus,
composite number,
5: and

each

30

is

one

whose

factors

tiro

called its

greater than

are

or

tors.
fac-

factors arc
". 3 and 5-

RAY'S

32

RULE.

HIGHER

ARITHMETIC.

into
Separatethe multiplier

"

two

or

factors. Mul

more

the

tiplyfirst by one of
factors,then this product by another
till
each factor has been used as a multiplier.
factor,and so on
The last product will be the entire product required.

At

cents

ANALYSIS.
are

Is (he

same

and

take

times, as
the

same

may

Hence,

it

7 cents,cost

7,

product

times

7.

be shown

of

take

to

other

any

this
6

OPERATION.

~TT~

EXAMPLES

the

walk

in 28

will it
3.

miles

1130

about

in 54

far will

day, how

THE

MULTIPLIER

IS
AS

54.

ART.
there

RULE.
in

are

1036

the

man

miles.

Ans.

341775.

II.

ONE

WITH

CIPHERS

ANNEXED,

10, 100, 1000, "c.

Annex

"

feet per second : how far

Ans. 61020
feet.

seconds?

CASE

as

Multiply 9765 by 35.

WHEN

of 6 melons.

Ans.

moves

move

C08t of 2 melon8'

PRACTICE.

days?

Sound

2.

FOR

of 37

rate

1Cents'

of 1 melon.

42 cents, cost

composite number.

1. At

cost?

times

2 times

to take

then

And

times.

times

Three

"

will 6 melons

piece,what

to the

multiplicandas

multiplier; the result will be

many

the

ciphers
required

product.
By the principlesof Notation, (Art. 26),
placing one cipher on the rightof a number, changes the units into
multipliesthe
tens, the tens into hundreds, and so on, and therefore,
DEMONSTRATION.

"

by 10.
Annexing two

number

dreds,
changes the units into hunciphers to a number
into thousands, and
so
tens
on, and, therefore,multiplies
by 100. Annexing three ciphers multipliesthe number

the
the number

by 1000, "c.
FOR

EXAMPLES

1.
2.

Multiply375 by
Multiply207 by

REVIEW.
What
camber

are

"

52.

37500.
Ans. 207000.

100

Ans.

1000

Explain the Example.

its factors?

What

PRACTICE.

is the

53. What

rule for

is

composite number?

multiplyingby

ccxnposiie

by 997.

Multiply3046

same

3046

as

by 3, to multiply by

diminished

1000

OPERATE.

is the

997

Since

ANALYSIS."

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RAY'S

34

997

it is

multiply by 1000, (thatis,

3 ciphers),and
to annex
by 3, and take the
difference of the products,which agrees with
in any
be shown
the rule; and the same
can
the

to

as

same

"imilar

-.

case.

FOR

EXAMPLES

1.

7023x99

2.

16642x996

3. 372051
NOTE.

"

may

PRACTICE.

=16575432.
9998

ciphersat the r;ght of

still be applied,(/.it.
65.)
are

28714X995

6.

99999x99991

7.

525734x9994.
4127093x9989

9.

2634527x9980
372918x9999600

'ac-

=41225531977.

=26292579460.
....

203800x9997000

12.

811876x99988

13.

3606253x9999990

14.

2055416X992

=3729030832800.
=2037388600000.
=81177857488.
.

.=36062493937470.
=2038972672.
....

CASE

Another

comprisedin

the

both

.=9999000009.

....

11.

57.

or

=5254185596.

8.

ART.

one

=28570430.

5.

10.

3719765898.

=59746734.

642438x93

4.

695277.

If there
rule

tr.re, the

is

^046000

the

mode

of

v.

of frequent
contraction,
\jse,

following

from each
partialproducts,when possible,
which is most
other,commencing with that figureof the multiplier
convenient for the purpose;
making use of two or more figuresof
RULE.

"

the

Derive

the

multiplierat once, when it can be done, and settingthe righthand figure of each partialproduct under the right-hand
figure
the
i
n
time.
of
the
multiplier use
of
REVIEW.

"

56. What

is the rule for

but littleof 100, 1000, Ac.?

the

right of

method

one

or

is there of

both

multiplyingby a
Explain the example. If

factors,what

may

contractingmultiplication?

be

that wants

number
there

done ?

are

57.

ciphersat

What

other

OP

DIVISION

Multiply387295
SOLUTION.

"

SIMPLE

with

tie

35

216324.

by

Commence

NUMBERS.

the

of

QQfronti

and obtain
multiplier,
partial
then
this
product,1161885;
multiply
product by 8, which
the
of
the
gives
product
multiplicandby 24 at once, (since8 times
the first

8 times

make

number

any

24

the

1 1G 1 8 8 5

9295080
it.) 83655720

times

Set the right-hand figureunder

9 1
SOA
wlbd24

right-

"7ft1

no

ron

hanJ

figure 4 of the multiplier in use.

Multiply the second partialproduct by 9, which gives the product
of the multiplicandby 216, (since9 times 24 times a number
make
216 times that number.) Set the right-hand figureof this partial
add
to obtain
product under the 6 of the multiplicand;and, finally,
the total product.

38057x48618.
'267388x14982

1.
2.

481063x63721

3.

=28063298070.

=391789562472.
=236592013140.
.

=233686999145.

VI.
ART.
times

58.

The

how
is the process of finding
another.
is contained in

Division

factors of

DIVISION.

DIVISION

number

one

Also,

given

number

of

is the

process
product,when

contained

other number

is the

in the

the

finding one
other

other

Dividend,and

many
the

of

is known.

is the

the
Divisor,

the result obtained

is

Quotient.

The
after

Remainder

2,

is the

number

which

is sometimes

left

dividing.

Thus, in
is

930079x251255

8.

the

=30653815423.

750764x315135

7.

=1850255226.

=4006007016.

536712x729981

6.

=56853486204.

102735x273162

5.

.'

....

66917X849612

4.

PRACTICE.

FOR

EXAMPLES

the

NOTE.
the Latin

"

question,How often is 2 contained in 7? the

dividend
7, the quotient 3, and the remainder
the

to be divided. Quotient
signifies
how often.
which signifies
quoties,

Dividend

word

divisor
1.

is derived

from

RAY'S

36

ART.

The

59.

HIGHER

divisor

factors in

respond to the
correspondsto

the

ARITHMETIC.

and

quotientin Division,cor

and
Multiplication,
Thus:

product.
FACTORS.

MULTIPLICATION.

PRODUCT.

3X5

15.

DIVIDEND.

DIVISION.

or,

There

three methods

are

l"y 3

divided

by 5

3.

expressingdivision

**

indicates that 12 is to be

ART.

60.

several subtractions

making

DKMONSTRATION.

cents

leaves

;
1

Here,

7 cents

from

cents

; 2 cents

cents

remains

the

of

from

leaves 5

5 cents

leaves
3

from

cents

how

taken

is

hence,

tained in 1 cents
of 1

remainder

cents,

cents

of

2 cents

times

many

t/

cents*

is

once.

cents

cents.

"

cents

cent

\efa

Divisor

must

A-

times.

"

con-

times, with

"

contained

times

1 cent

2 cents

contained

cents
O

cents

method

number.

same

cent.

short

this,find

prove

(outof ) 7 cents,and

from

is

in 7 cents.

is contained

Two

To

"

3)12.
divided by 3.

Division

"

thus,

or

Each

THEOREM.

QUOTIENT.

divided

of

12-j- 3,

DIVISOR.

1 5
1 5

...

dividend

the

contained

times.

cent.

COROLLARIES.

COR.
the

The

1.

Dividend

and

always be of

denomination.

same

2.

COR.

The

merelyshowing

quotientis always
how

abstract

an

number;

times the divisor is contained

many

in

the dividend.
COR.

The

3.

is

remainder

always of

(he

same

name

ai

the, dividend.
is a
Multiplication
tions of the

Division

is the

REVIEW.

"

\s the Divisor?
What

mean?
what
the

are

the

product?

number

same

jaaking several

67.

short method

reverse

Explain

the

Dividend?
does

are

the

If

example.

the

mean?

the

making
is

several iddi-

short

method

number

same

of

hentv?,

Multiplication.

Quotient?

quotient

factors?
What

; Division

subtractions of
of

of

What

Remainder?

59. If the

divisor

signsof

58.

and

What

dividend

quotient

Division?

is Division

are

Joes
is the

What

dividend

product,

factors,what

ii

DIVISION

The

OP

SIMPLE

NUMBERS.

37

stop is

to learn tho Division Table,which

i
n
quotient all cases where the divisor and quotient
both 12 or less,and there is no remainder.
It
are
is made from the Multiplication
Table.
Thus, 4 in 12 is
contained 8 times,because 3 times 4 are 12.
next

givesthe

61. When
the divisor does
is called Short, Division.
operation
ART.

RULE

FOR

SHORT

12,

exceed

not

the

DIVISION.

of the dividend with, a curved

left
each
divide successively
line between them.
Begin at the left,
beneath
and set the quotient
figureof the dividend by the divisor,
1. Write the dioisor

the

on

the figure divided.

2.

remainder

to the figurein the

prefixit
before.

occurs,

order,and divide

lower

next

Whenever

as

3. If the figurein any order does not contain the

cipherbeneath it,prefixit to the figurein the next

and

divide

4.

before.

as

If there

is

afterdividingthe lastfigure,
plact
it to the quotient.

remainder

the divisor under

it and

annex

often ia 2 cents contained in 652

How

divisor,
place
lower order,

cents?

in 6

is contained 3
(hundreds)
2)652
2
2
in
5
is
contained
times;
(tens)
(tens)
(hundreds)
Q~o7?
1 (ten)
times,with a remainder of 1 (ten);lastly,
12, and 2 in 12 (units)is contained 6 times,
prefixedto 2 makes
SOLUTION

making

Two

"

the entire

quotient32G.

DEMONSTRATION.
there is

the

Commence

"

it may

remainder

operationof the

By
correspondingto

rule,the dividend

the different orders.

the divisor is contained

must

give the

RE

VIE

the left to

be carried to the next

times

dividend.

at

lower order.

found

the number

of

in each of these parts,the sum of these

the divisor is contained in the wholt

of times

number

652

2
2
2

in

is contained

in

600
4 0
12

Hence, 2

in

652

"

that if

is separatedinto parts

Having

Analyze the precedingdividend

w.

divide,so

in

600

60. Division is

Ezplainthe example.

thus

+ 40 + 12
times.

is contained

300
20
6

is contained

326

times.

is contained

short method

What

of

is division tho

146022

performingwhat
reverse

of?

why

tion
opera?

HIGHER

RAY'S

38

ARITHMETIC.

METHODS

OF

PROOF.

and add in the

Multiply the quotientby the divisor,
if
remainder, any; the result should equalthe dividend;or,
2. Subtract the remainder,if any, from the dividend ;
the result divided by the quotient,should
give the first
1.

divisor.
62.

ART.

All

always an
how, accordingto
Division

questionsin

I. To divide
number
II.

divide

parts,and

to

find the

number

$3 each, how
Since

"

in $15

certain
a
containing
of parts.

number

certain

of equal

units in each.

FIRST

$3.

to

now

solution

classes:

two

number

hats

many

It is

explained.

THE

1 hat costs

$15; $3

in

is contained

of

OF

KXAMPLES

SOLUTION.

into

that

and

the
principles,

in'-)parts each

to

number.

belong to

ul (he number
fit

1. At

be

can

number

these

Division

of units,and
To

denomination,

same

abstract

questionsin

buy

shown, (Art.60),that the divisor

be of the

must

quotientis

be shown
of

It has been

dividend

nd
thf

CLASS.

can
can

is contained

buy
5

bat

$15?

for

buy

often

as

as

$3

I can
times; therefore,

6 hats.

2. At

$5

3. In

yard,how

much

of 60

school

cloth

pupils,how

can

buy

$35?

for

classes of 10

many

pupilseach?
4. I

54

I walk

can

6 miles

walk

can

how

has 20

man

he

must

many

hour:

in how

hours

many

miles?
OF

EXAMPLES

5. A

in 1

SECOND

THE

CLASS.

applesto divide equallyamong

give to each?

boys:

boy 1 apple will require 4 apples;

fined
hence,each boy will receive one apple as often as 4 apples are conin 20 apples 5 times;
contained
in 20 apples; 4 apples are
herefore,each boy will receive 5 apples.
SOLUTION.

REVIEW.

"

What

method

Give
?

questionsarc

give

each

denomination

60. Of what
kind

Division?
2d

To

"

How

of

number

the rule.
is the

performed by

must

der?
the divisor bo ? the remain-

is the

quotient?why?
Explain the example.

remainder
division

written ?
?

62.

61.

What
What

Wh;it

is Short

is the
two

proof?

classes

ol

DIVISION

REMAKE.

SIMPLE

OF

NUMBERS.

39

solution of this

The

question evidentlyrequires that

the 20 apples should
into 4 equal parts, and since the
be divided
is obtained by dividingthe 20 apples by 4, it follows that to
answer
divide any number
into 4 equal parts, that is,to get,one fourth (J)
divide
it by 4.
of a number,
In like manner,
into 3 equal parts, that is,
to divide any number
third of a number,divide it by 3; to divide any number
into
to get one
equal parts,that is,to get one halfof a number, divide it by 2,-"c.
6. If

7 yards of cloth
school of 60

7. A
how

"

cost

$35, what

pupilsis to

did I

into 6 classes:

be divided

will there be in each class?

many
8. I walked 54 miles in 9 hours : how

hour

yard worth?

is 1

miles

many

per

go?
EXAMPLES

9.

Divide

10.

Divide

11.

Divide

12.

Divide

13.

Divide

14.

Divide

FOR

75191

by
171654 by
512653
by
534959
by
986028
by
986974 by

4
5
7

PRACTICE.

Am.

..."

....

....

Am.

102530*

Am.

"76422f
1232531
89724J?

Am.

....

11

250631
4291 3|

Am.

....

Am.

followingexamples, find the continued

quotient of the
given number, divided by 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12; that is,divide the
by 2, then the resultingquotient by 4, and so on.
given number
In

the

AN8.

EXAMPLES.

15.

138240

16.

230400

17.

322560

18.

506880

23. At

$6

3.

...

20.

.7.
.

19.

5.

...

EXAMPLES.

21.

11.

22.

AN8.

783360
1336320

head, how

many

8 pints make
there in 2520
pints?
25. If

example
number

2488320
be

sheep can

"

62.

Give

of the second

obtained?

an

many

barrels

many

example of the first class.

Explain it. How is

class.

of flour
Am.

gallon,how

29.
36.
54.

bought foi
Am.

how
$5 a barrel,
bought for $895?

uf any

24. At

REVIEW.

1658880

$222?

an

17.

...

3*7.
be

can

179.

gallons are
Am.
Explain

315.
it.

Give

the half,third,"fcc-

HIGHER

RAY'S

40

26.

Lake

ARITHMETIC.

the rate of 9 gallons an

hour, how long will it
filla cistern of 2115
gallons? Ans. 235 hours.

At
to

27. What

multipliedby 11 gives 638?

number

58.

Ans.
28. If three

of land

acres

$741, what

cost

of 1 acre?
be divided

dollars will there be in each

30.

How

670

in

7 equal parts,how

part?

days?

times

many

days?

9 be subtracted

can

Short

63.

the result

only

is

it is called

is

Long

12.
To show
5 is contained
SHOET

is

the difference between

164

the

subtraction

ART.

the

1. Draw

second,it

3 2
3 Q

often

DIVISION.

Quotient.

on

units.

is written.

lines

divisor

tens.

^ ^

men-

FOR

RULE

curved

placingthe

divisor exceeds

Quotient.

is performed

64.

the divisor does

5)820(164

f\

tally;in

is written,

them, find how

LONG

operationsare performed on
principle. In the first,

same

2 left.

in 820.

DIVISION.

the

155?

Division.

5)820

Both

all the work

generallyused when
12; Long Division,when the

exceed

many

days.

performed mentally,and

written; but when

Short Division
not

Division

from

17 and

Ans.
ART.

How

in 670

95

many

$245.

Ans.

full weeks
in 13
Ans. 1 in 13, and

many

31. How

into

cost

$247.

Ans.

$1715

29. .If

is the

on

the

LONG

DIVISION.

the

right and
left.

leftof

the dividend,

oftenthe divisor is contained in the left-hand

figure,or figures,of the dividend, and write the number in the
quotientat the rightof the dividend.
3. Multiply the divisor by this quotientfigure,and write the
product under that part of the dividend from which it was
2. Find

how

obtained.
Re

Long

VIEW.

"

Division.

63.

Explain

When

the

difference

ia the latter used

between

Short

Division

and

HIGHER

RAY'S

In

65.

ART.

at the

subtraction

of

are

It is illustrated thus

time.

same

Long Division,th"
both performed in the

method

the Italian

and
multiplication
mind

AIUT.rtlETIC.

2087*7514 by 3256.

Divide

The

SOLUTION."

ITERATION.

first figure

quotient,being 0, muldivisor
by it, and
the
lubtract the product from
dividend,saying 6 times 6 are
36,and as 36 can not be taken
tiply the

7, add

3 tens

the

figureof

product when

next

and

33 from

12, and

6 times
carry,

3
and

dividend

are

added

to

formed,saying
4, there being 3
15

18, and
from

18

from

0.

leaves

So

19

36 from

Rem

5
:

20

being
leaves

until the

proceed

1 ; to

3 to the
3

33,

are

then,6 times

there

from

30 and

are

to carry

3,

37 leaves

figure,carry

upper

G times

leaves

19, and

are

then

the

it is

15, and

are

/j.
2

to the

3 tens

37 leaves

are

13415
3911
6554

dividend,making 37, and

for the

compensate

30

or

Quot.

3256j20877514(6412

it the

from

are

1 to carry;

1, with 2 to
figuresof the

all used.

FOR

EXAMPLES

1. Divide

139180

PRACTICE.

by 453.
PROOF.

307

Quotient.

453

Divisor.

921
1535
1228

3280

3171
109

139071
109

Rem.

139180
33

2.

1004835

3.

5484888"67

4.

4326422"961

"

5.

1457924651

6.

65358547823

7.

33333333333"5299.

1204.

"

"

1210900

Hro1}

23434402

629049552%%

555555555555"123456
"

2789.

9.

"

30449i!

=4502.

245379683477
555555555555

=
.

=81864.

8.

10.

\.

1263.

654321

1942831611111

849056111111

DIVISION

OF

SIMPLE

NUMBERS.

43

also B by
following,multiply A by itself,
iifference of the productsby the sum
of A and B.
In the

itself: divide

B.

A.

1902

Ans.

984.

12.

8473

9437

Ans.

964.

13.

2856

3765

Ans.

909.

14.

33698

42856

Ans.

15.

47932

152604

Ans.

9158

104672.

also B by itself:
following,multiply A by itself,
difference of the products by the difference of A and B.
B.

A.

10.

4986

5369

Ans.

10355.

17.

3973

4308

Ans.

8281.

18.

23798

59635

Ans.

83433.

19.

47329

65931

Am.

25

20. If
much

many

How

many

in

sacks,each

pounds

in
pages
containing37 lines?
will

time

1048576?

wheat, hov\

37 gallonsan

37.

Ans.

book

7359

of

lines,each

1983!
gallonsbe filled,
-4ns.

vat

26. The productof two

1035; what is the other?

Ans. 1024.

containing55 pounds, can

of 10878

hour

-4ns. 294

25. In what time will a vat of 3354

the rate of 43 gallonsan hour?

27. What

of

of flour?

many

page
24. In what
at the rate of

113260.

./Ins. 73 bushels.

1024

times

by 2035

23. How

bushels

perWre?

21. How

be filled

produce 1825

acres

is that

22.

th"

divide

In the

at

th"

numbers

hours.

gallonsbe emptied,
Ans.

is

78 hours.

212492745;

205307.

Ans.

by 109,
multiplied
?
106700
give

number

and

is

one

98

added

t"

"

the

product,will

CONTRACTIONS
"3ASE

I.

WHEN

ART.

66. RULK.

"

DIVISOR

THE

"

1. Divide

IN
IS

Ans.

978.

DIVISION.
A

COMPOSITE

the dividend

the divisor,and this quotientby another

The last
all the factorshave been used.

of

by

NUMBER.
one

of

factor,and

the
so

t
factor

on, until

quotientwill be the

out

required.
REVIEW.
is the
each

"

64. Give

the rule ; the proof.

too
large? When

quotientfiguretoo

quotientfigureknown

Explain the example.

small ?

How

When

is the order of

HIGHER

KAY'S

14

To

2.

remainder

the true

Jind

ARITHMETIC.

Multiply each

remainder

by

all

preceding divisors,except that which produced it,and to (ht

of (he products,add the remainder from the firstdivision

he
mm

21*7 by 15.

Divide

then

3 and

by

ifl2 X

15

Since

SOLUTION."

3 4- 1
'

5.

by
7.

The

true

Hence,

the

3)217

divide

3X5,

5)72

remainder

quotient is

14 A

and

rem

and

tern.

"

14, remainder

7.

DEMONSTRATION.

for,in the

dividing by 15;

then

5 and

Dividing by

"

former

3 and
the

case,

by 3, and, in

the

then

by 6, is

the

latter

same

as

plied
be multi-

quotientmust

by 15, to produce
then
the given dividend
by 3, is
; and, since multiplying by 5 and
the same
as
multiplyingby 15, (Art.53),the quotientson which these
be alike,or they could not both prooperationsare performed must
duce
by

the
To

dividend.

same

the

prove

case,

finding the remainder; dividing 217 by 3,

and
1 unit remainder.
threes,
Dividing by 5, the
and
remainder
of 2 threes.
a
Hence, the
(fifteens),
is 2 threes -|- 1, or 7.
rule

for

the quotient is 72
is 14

quotient

remainder

whole

EXAMPLES

1.

1036-=-28

2.

3640-^35

FOR
=

37.

=104.
.

34855^-168
6. 620314^231
5.

CASE

II.

WHEN

"

THE

ANNEXED,

67. RULE.

ART.

the dividend

offwill

"

there

as

Cut
are

it contains.

ight of
100:

the

while

hundreds

REVIEW.

in

"

the example.

4.

3800^-56

AS

=
.

=6

207T7g9s
=26853Vi
=

DIVISOR

IS

ONE

WITH

CIPHERS

10, 100, 1000, "C.

offas

many

figuresfrom

ciphersin the divisor; the

235
"

2332-=-54

figureswill

be the

rightof
figurescut

the

quotient.

by 100.
1|00)235|43

23543

ANALYSIS.

3.

be the remainder, the other

Divide

PRACTICE.

divide

To

23543

Quotient,43
by 100, is

Remainder.

to find

how

many

dreds
hun-

the part on the

inspection,
by mere
line,43 (units),
being the remainder, since it is less than
that on the left,235, is the quotient,being the number
of
the given number.
65.
66.

This

What
What

is done

is the
is the

Italian method
rule for

of

long

dividingby

division ?

composite

Explain

number?

CONTRACTIONS

1.

4567"100

2.

8325

3.

95043

IN

DIVISION.

45

45-flfr
8-$fo
=950TVo

1000

"

100

"

730015"10000

4.

CASE

III.

WHEN

"

73Ti)VW

CIPHERS

ARE

ON

THE

RIGHT

OP

THE

DIVISOR.

ART.

68.

divisor,and
2. Divide

ROLE."

1. Out

off the ciphersat the rightof tht

as
figuresfrom the rightof the dividend.
many
the remaining part of the dividend by the remaining

part of the divisor.

3. Annex
the

the

figurescut offto

the remainder, and

it will

give

remainder.

true

3846

Divide

400.

by

4|00)38|46
9 Quotient,20 0 +
DEMONSTRATION.

46

246

Eem.

to divide
as
by 400 is the same
by 100 and then by 4, (Art.66). Dividing by 100 gives 38, and 46
remainder, (Art.67) ; then dividingby 4 gives9, and 2 remainderthe true remainder
is 2 X 100 + 46 =246, (Art.66.)

To

"

divide

EXAMPLES

1.

34500

2.

82500

3.

60000

4.

1896000

CASE

IV.

"

"

"

=75.

1700

24000

=79.

THE

69. RULE.

2651%

1100

WANTS

DIVISOR

BUT

35TV"

LITTLE

OP

100, 1000, 10000, "C.

BEINO

ART.

PRACTICE.

130

"

WHEN

"

FOR

offfrom the rightof the divi^snd,by a

vertical line,as many figuresas the divisor contains ; multiplyth"
part on (he leftof the line by what the divisor wants of being 100,

REVIEW.
67. What
the

Cut

product under the dividend, commencing

place. Multiplythe part of this producton the leftof the

1000, "c., and

at units'

"

"

66.

is the
68.

set

the

Explain the rule. How

rule for dividingby 1
What

is the

for

with

true

remainder

ciphers annexed?
dividingby a number
example.

rule

example.
otpberson its right? Explain the

is the

found?

Explain
that bM

RAY

4t"

HIGHER

ARITHMETIC.

line

and set down as before. Continue so

by the same
multiplier,
until no figurefallsto the leftof the line; then add the several
the line,add
every 1 carried across
the right of the line,the number
on

for

results,and

already obtained
multiplier. This will be the
the quotient.
left,
NOTE.

If the remainder

"

be quotient,and

ANALYSIS.
in

seen

The

the

explanation

the

multiplied by
6 less than

be

less

the

than

the true
of

apart

to be

This

this

of

rule

62

quotient

divisor

the

dividend;

1 to

carry

and

1 must

5
added

out
to

of

the

3289G

or

this

the 92
contain

Qaot.

only

9 5

Rem.

164480.

is 192 ; from

first column
to the

should

already
it

3462S'~

62

mainder
dividend,the quotient and reis
obtained.
There
a
already
surplus

100

the

92
5%

like the first

be carried

enough
quotient,making
to

the

34627

ing
surplus remain-

the

is 5 times

for

80
20
10
"JO

product,
in, would

remainder

of the remainders

02, we
as

1644
82

is

going to increase those

also in this operation,which
is treated like
the quotientis nothing,when
the successive
sum

95)32896162

example.

95, which

added

was

and

surplus is divided

The

to

one

OPERATION.

by 5 times
Therefore, 32896 and

divided

the

can

the dividend

the

on

divisor,carry

be

assumed,

one

quotient 32896.
are

to

true

remainder

as

remainder.

100, and the

is 32896, with
that supposition,
If
this quotient were
62.

remainder

after the

of the

reason

is assumed

divisor

quotient,on
a

the

sum

by 95.

The

"

larger than

will be the true

excess

3289662

Divide

be

the

is

used

the part

remainder, and

true

the

to

set

divisor

34628, and

EXAMPLES

of

and
the first,

divisions

quotientfor
in

down, making

95, must
the

FOR

excess

must

on, until
cease.

which, after settingdown

quotients. This 1 is 100,

the

continue

so

every

95

in the

der,
remain-

the

remainder, and be
97; but 97, being large

furnish

another

2 is the true

unit

to

remainder.

PRACTICE.
=

758351!$
2447 O^'i
866751

523880-^:M
421890SSIB8

the

FUNDAMENTAL

GENERAL

RULES

PRINCIPLES

ART.

MULTIPLICATION

OF

AND

DIVISION.

70. THEOREM

I.

either factorof a
Multiplying

"

the product by
productmultiplies
DEMONSTRATION.

47

the

number.

same

multiplied by 5 gives a product 45, and 9

multipliedby 10 (2 times 5) gives a product 90, which is 2 times 45,
and so in all cases;
for,when a multiplieris made 2,3,4, "c. times
ut first,
the multiplicand must
be taken
as large as
2, 3,4, "c. times
often
the
will
therefore
be 2, 3,4, "c. times
as
as
before,and,
product
the
first
And
this
is
since
as
as
plier,
true of the multilarge
product.
it is also true of the multiplicand,because
it can
be used as
the multiplier. (Art. 47.)
71.

ART.

"

THEOREM

II.

Dividing either factorof

"

productdivides the productby the

DEMONSTRATION.

number.

same

multiplied by 10 gives a product 90, and

is A of 90,and
9 multipliedby 5 ( ^ of 10) gives a product 45, which
is
made
for when
a multiplier
A, -3, j,"c.,as large
so in all cases;
be
taken
the multiplicand must
at first,
as
^,-3,i" "c-"as often as
before,and, therefore,the product will be 5, 3" |" "c.,as large as
since this is true of the multiplier,
it is also
the first product. And
be used as the multiplier.
it can
true of the multiplicand,because
"

(Art.47.)
ART.

product,and
does

not

III.

THEOREM

72.
alter

Multiplyingone factor of a
dividingthe other factorby the same
number,
the product.
"

Multiplying either factor by 2, 3, 4, "c.,

multipliesthe product by 2,3, 4, "c.,while dividing the other factor
these opera
by 2, 3, 4, "c.,divides the product by 2,3,4, "c. When
tions are
vided
performed together,the product is both multipliedand dinumber, and must, therefore,remain unchanged.
by the same
DEMONSTRATION.

IV.

THEOREM

73.

ART.

"

dividingthe divisor,by
by that number.
DEMONSTRATION.
a

certain

number

dividend,twice
REVIEW.
but little of
divisor, what

"

as

of

divisor is contained

times,it

often ; in 3 times

69. What

is the

rulo

being 100, 1000, Ac.?

tnuit

the quotient
number, multiplies

any

If any

"

Multiplyingthe dividend,or

"

be

done?

must

that

for

be contained

dividend,3

dividing by

If the

in

remainder

Explain example.

in twice

times

number
is

dend
given divi-

as

that

often ;

that want*

larger than

the

HIGHER

RAY'S

48

and

so

Thus, 3 is
twice 4,

on.

is contained

8 times.

the divisor

will be contained

third of the

divisor,3
times, and

twice

6 times.

3,

times

Again,

twice

as

in any

often

V.

by

on

in

twice

12 it

given dividend,half

the

as

often,and so
half of 4, which

one

tiplyingthe divisor

four times,and

as

THEOREM

74.

ART.

in 12

contained

in 12 three

ARITHMETIC.

whole

divisor

one

thus,4 is contained
in 12,
2, is contained

is

Dividing the dividend,or mul

number, divides the quotientby

"

any

thai number.
DEMONSTRATION.
certain

dividend, half
and
4

as

in

half

one

any

of

divisor

so

of

is contained

times, it must

times; in

many

times,and

many

as

If

"

number

one

be

third

in

of that

given

contained

dend
divi-

half that

in

dividend,one

third

Thus, 3 is contained in 12 four times,

12,which is six, it is contained one half of
on.

2 times.

in

Again,

often

half as

often,and

so

is

3, which

the divisor

on

thus,3

in 24

THEOREM

VI.

divisor

be contained
third

one
divisor,
eighttimes, and

in 24
half of

one

will

times the

itself;three

is contained

contained

6, is

and

dividend
the

as

75.

ART.

the divisor

given dividend, twice

any

as

times

4 times.

dividing both
number, does not change

Multiplyingor

"

by the

same

quotient.

DEMONSTRATION.

This

follows from

the two

preceding theorems;
dividend
for the effects produced by multiplying or dividing both
each
other
6
is
contained
in 24
divisor
and
exactlybalance
; thus,
in twice 24,just 4 times : also,one
4 times; and twice 6 is contained
half of 24,just 4 times ; and
in one
half of 6 is contained
so of any
other dividend

""

and

divisor.

IN

CONTRACTIONS

MULTIPLICATION

AND

DIVISION.
76.

ART.

To

multiply by

any

simple part

of

100,

1000, "c.,
Multiplyby 100, 1000, "c., and take such
the result as the multiplier
is of 100, 1000, "c.
RULE.

NOTE.

"

"

To

get

two

of
(-3)

thirds

(f)of

number,

divide

part

by 3,which
quotient by 'J;
it

it,(Art.62),and multiply the

convenient,multiply the number
by 2 first,and
or, if it is more
In like manner,
to get three fourths
divide the product by 3.
(|)
of a number, multiplyit by 3, and divide the product by 4, and so ni.
gives

one

third

RAY'S

M)

HIGHER

1.

451402x3333

2.

281257X555555

3.

030224x4444000

ART.

part

To

78.

ARITHMETIC.

=1504522806.

.....

156:"537:h!035.

divide

by

=2800715450000.

number

ending in

simple

any

100, 1000, "c.,

of

Multiplyboth dividend and divisor by such a number

3, 4, o, or 8,)a* will convert (he finalfiguresof the divisor into
iphers,and then divide the former product by the latter.
NOTE.

1. If there

"

be

remainder, it

should

be

divided

by

the

remainder.
to get the true
multiplier,
2. The
multiplieris 3, 4, 6, or 8, according as the final portionof
the divisor is thirds,
or
fourths,sixths,
eighth*of 100, 1000.
3. Several successive
sometimes
be made
fore
bemultiplications
may
dividing.

by 21875.

6903141128

Divide

3155722Vs!75

Am.

Multiply both by 8 and 4 successively. The divisor

becomes
700000, and the dividend 22090051G006, while the quotient
remains
the same,
(Art.75). Performing the division as in Art. 68,
The remainder
116096.
the quotientis 315572,and remainder
being
of
has
been
the
made
too large by
the dividend,
a part
multiplication
its
and
reduced
dimensions
and
8
to
true
by
4,
is,therefore,
by
8
for
3628
the
remainder.
true
and
4.
This
gives
dividingby
SOLUTION.

"

FOR

EXAMPLES

300521761

1.

"

225

PRACTICE.

1510337204"43750

2.

22500712361

3.

"

1400250

208S3I
742851692"29101

5.

rYoVsVo-

10000

620712480"

4.

1335052-Vs
34521^.^

29794,

Rcm.

4140

25i

=254092
..

79.

ART.
all

divide

by

number

any

uhosc

digitsarc

alike,

RULE.
end

To

"

Treat the dividend

division,if necessary,

then divide

by Rule

a:id divisor alike

the

until

dir/its
of

by muUiplicaticn,

the divisor

D's;

are

in Art. 69.
_

REVIEW.

"

76.

100, 1000, Ac.?

alike?

78.

For

180. 1000. Ac?

What

77. For

is the

rule

for

multiplyingby

multiplyingby
dividingby any nombor

any

number

ending

any

whose
in

any

simple part
dibits

nre

simple part

of

all
of

OF

SUMMARY

NOTE.
2. If

1. If tho divisor ends

"

remainder

SOLUTION.
3 ; this

first as

in Art. 68.

it the operations performed

upon

the trut remainder.

by 666.

Divide

"

both

the

makes

ciphers,divide

divisor,to get

420565342

Divide

in

reverse

occurs,

and

the dividend

on

PRINCIPLES.

numbers

by 2, and

divisor

multiply the

results

and

does not alter the quotient,

999,
to
der
found, (by
69), be G31479, with a remain492 ; the latter being a part of tha dividend,differs from th"
of the division by 2, and the multiplication
true remainder,by reason
.by3, and is brought to its true dimensions
by multiplying
by 2 and
dividing
by 3.

by

(Art.75),which

is

Art.

EXAMPLES

13641096"2222

1.

376802902

2.

7770

"

5606258492

3. 8811857528"3333
4.

PRACTICE.

FOR

88888.

"

.=

6139M*
484944rfo

.=

"26488211 H4

630715VA

.=

Numeration, Addition, Sul

and Division,are
called th"* fuiitraction,
Multiplication,
damental
rules of Arithmetic,because
all the vsrioun
Notation

80.

ART.

of
operations

Arithmetic

81. NOTATION

ART.
in

82.

is the

method

of

bers
expressingnummethod
of expressing

is the

ART.

83.

84.

two

is producedby

there

are

units in

"

all alike?

fundamental

is the

79. What
How

of

process

is the

process

taking one number

another,(Art.46).
is the rule for

is the true

rules of Arithmetic?
Numeration?

of

gate
aggre-

findingthe

numbers, (Art.43).

MULTIPLICATION

what

REVIEW.

more

SUBTRACTION

between
difference
ART.

or

findingthe
numbers, (Art.40).

is the process

ADDITION
of two

sum

Notation?

them.

performedby

are

in wordt.

ART.
or

"

figures.NUMERATION

numbers

are

and

dividingby

remainder

Why

82. Addition?

obtained?
are

they so
83.

as

of

many

number
80.

called?

Subtraction?

finding
timet

whose
Which

as

digits
are

81. What

th"
ii

HIGHER

RAY'S

52

83.

ART.
times

DIVISION

number

one

is the process of findinghow many

in another,(Art.53).

is contained

GENEJIAL

1. When
how

the

the

3. When
them

between

them

5. When

given,how

are

of

of them

one

and

the

are

difference

is the greater found?

two

numbers

and

the difference

is the less found?

article is

one

number

of any
the divisor and

6. When

given,how do
same
price?
quotientare given,how

you

at the

do

find the dividend?

7. How
a

you divide a number

certain number
of units?

into

divide

into

do

8. How
of

greaterof

the cost

find the cost

numbers

given, how

arc

the

and

sum

the less of *.wo

4. When

you

found?

of two numbers
is the other 'found?

given,how
between

PROBLEMS.

separate cost of several thingsis given,

is the entire cost

2. When

ARITHMETIC.

do you

number

parts each

taining
con-

given number

equal parts?
9. If the

*ivcn,how
10.

product of

numbers

two

and

of them

one

is

find the other?

do you

If the dividend

and

quotientarc

given,how

do you

find the divisor?

If you
of them
arc

have

11.

the

productof

given,how

do

three

two

find the third ?

tlie divisor,
and
quotient,

12. If

numbers, and

do you find the dividend?

13. If the dividend,quotient,and

remainder

arc

given,

remainder

arc

given,

how

how

do you

find the divisor?

86.

ART.

PARTICULAR

EXAMPLES.

for $87;
bought 3 horses for $165; two cows
Ant. $231.
sheep for $29: what did all cost?
numbers
is 664, and one
of two
of them
The sura

1. I

and

7
2.

IB 369:

what

is the other?

difference between two

lees number
is 289: what is the
3. The

REVIEW."

84.

What

Ans.
numbers

is

greater?

295.

168, and the

Ans. 457.

is Multiplication
?
85. Division?

SUMMARY

OF

PRINCIPLES.

4. The

greater of two numbers

457: what is the less?

$7

5. At
SOLUTION.

yards

"

will cost

G. The

will 5

yard,what

yards are 6
$7, which

753,and

their ference
difAnt. 296.

yards of

times 1

5 times

are

the

school

as

classes of 9

containing54
Since

"

classes

many

times.

AM.

as

in

class,there

will be

boy

in 28

pupilsto

pupils are

will

form

one

in 54

contained

pupils;

4 in

what

28, 7

times.

two

numbers

is the divisor?

and

622:

remainder

87.

is

and

Ans.

3017.

the

quotient

Ant.

Ans.

153

35, quotient217, and

41 will divide 4879

is 103

nearest

without

$6

cost

$17.
der
remain-

A'm. 7620.
without

Ant.

by 375

947.

barrels of flous,worth
of sugar: what did the sugar

besides

number

the

EXERCISES.

both divisor and

number
remainder?

to

53815,

119.

quotient?

Ans.
divided

905.

7781174, the quotient8216,

is the dividend?

is the

; two

by 473, will give the quo381321$.

Am.
365?

the divisor is

number

5. What

98735.

Ans.

what

of

one

is 195318005

remainder?
4. Of

612451,
and

numbers

MISCELLANEOUS

what

3. What

is

is tho divisor?

what

grocer gave
barrel,for 54 barrels
per barrel?
2. When

boys,what

divided

25,

54, 6

apples.

is the third?

remainder

dividend

13. The

Ans.

three

703: what

number,

ticlit8061

ART.

is

product of

12. What

395631145

dividend

and

Ans.

is the other?

what

11. The

The

307

9 in

boy 1 apple,will require 4 apples;

tained
apple as often as 4 apples are con-

each

receive

product of

is 203:

1.

give

apples;

9. The

are

To

"

hence, each

4007:

6.

SOLUTIO.V.

10.

ii

be formed

8. If you divide 28 applesequallyamong

will be the share of each?

them

what

pupils?

it takes
9

pupilscan

$7, 5

cost

184485.

Ans.

many

SOLCTIO.V.

yard

quotient245:

llie dividend?
7. How

cloth cost?

If 1

yard.
$35, Ana.

753, and

divisor is

is

53

10609.

that

can

-4ns. 54000.

be

RAY'S

54

6. A

"

did 19
7.
head

HIGHER

ARITHMETIC.

bought 25

farmer

$2675: what
Am.
$2033.

of land for

acres

of it cost?

acres

15 horses at $75 a head:

I sell them to gain $210?

at how

Bought
must

8. A

locomotive

391

has

miles

to

much

$81).

11

hours:

in

run

per

Ans.

running 139 miles in 4 hours, at what rate per hour

the remaining distance be run?
must
Ans. 36 miles.
9. A merchant
bought 235 yards of cloth at $5 per
yard: after reserving12 yards, what will he gain by
the remainder
-4ns. $386.
at $7 per yard?
selling
10. A grocer
bought 135 barrels of pork for $2295;
after

he

83

sold

barrels

and

the

barrel: how

$68 each;

did he

bought

he

sold

rate

same

remainder

much

drover

11. A

the

at

at

which

at

advance

an

5 horses

at

each:

At

$104.

what

gain?

did

priceper head
gained $118?
12. A
merchant
bought

he

must

have

sold

have

at

he

$50.

Ans.

what

per

$75 each, and 12

$73

all at

chased,
pur-

$2

of
Ans.

gain?

them

he

them

to

$77.
of equal

Ans.

cloth

piecesof

lengths at $4 a yard; he gained $24 on the whole, by

there in
selling2 piecesfor $240: how many yards were
each piece?
Ans. 18.
do a pieceof work
13. If 18 men
in 15 days,in
can
how

days will

many

SOLUTION.

require 1 man
days are 270 days.

15

13

14. If

do it?

man

It will

"

Eighteen times

one

men

can

days can it be
many
15. If 14 men
can

build

times

long

as

as

18

rften.

Ans.

wall

if 8

done

18

men

in 15

days,in

leave?

Ans.

how

39.

job of work in 24 days,

in how many
ance
days can they perform it with the assist16
men?
of 7 more
Ans.
days.
have provisions
for 30 days:
16. A company
of 45 men
how many
must
last
men
depart,that the provisions
may

each

18. A

hogs
hog: what

for
the

were

for

days?
worth $85, and 3
14 sheep and $41

horse

exchanged

50

the remainder
17. A

perform

number
1

of each

sheep and

men.

$18 each, were

in money:

at how

much

"7.
sheep an"J

Ans.

bought an equal
$1482; he gave $7 for
"

at

cows

sheep valued?

drover

SUGGESTION.

18

Ans.

did he

hog

cost

number
a

of

sheep,and

lor

An*. 114.

buy?
$7 +

$6

$G

$13.

PROPERTIES

19.

$1200;
there

trader

bought

the horses
twice

were

OF

as

oxen

many

the

as

for

oxen

$17

oxen

many

horses

and

30

1050

head;

how

worth

change

and

horses:

15

Ans.

55

torses

$50, and

cost

lot of silver

lot of

there of each?
20. In

NUMBERS.

were

oxen.

cents, one-

Beventh of the value is in 25 cent pieces;the rest is made

of each an equal
up of 10 cent, 5 cent, and 3 cent pieces,
of each coin are there?
how many
number:
Ans. of 25 cent pieces,
6; of the others,50 each.
A

21.

had 140
speculator

of

acres

land, which

he

might

have sold at $210 an acre, and gained $6300, but after

holding,he sold at a loss of $5000: how much an acre
did he sell it for?
did it cost him, and how much
acre
an

$165, cost;

Ans.

PROPERTIES

VII.

is
integer

1. An

2. Whole
numbers

number;

divided

are

divided

number

by

REMARK.

is

other whole

some

other

numbers

REMARK.

Two

"

6. An

numbers
each

t E w.

remainder
83. What

"

What

prime

other

be

can

besides

is the

is
to

What

to

each

exactly

itself and

product

of

is

; as,
is

two

or

prime

each
kind

may

as, 4 and

to each

other:

9.

be divided

can

by

2, 4, 6, 8, "c.

number?

other?

unity is

both ; as, 4 and 5.

always prime

whicu

one

integerT

an

other,when

exactlydivide

are
prime numbers
numbers:
composite

number

even
a

divi.1,',1?

number

number

prime

are

that will

"onetimes,also,two

E v

that

one

numbers.

only number

rithout

exactlydivided
unity,(1); as,

be

can

"o.

Every composite

"

5. Two

"

itself and

but

unity;as, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10,

the

1, 2, 3, "c.
two classes
prime

as,

into

compositenumbers.
is one
that
prime number

1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, "c.
4. A compositenumber

more

NUMBERS.

DEFINITIONS.

whole

numbers

other whole

no

for.

and

3. A

by

OF

88.

ART.

$125, sold

and

What
be ?

Into

classes

composite

kind

What

what

is

number?

of numbers
an

even

When
be

must

number

integer!

are

are

prime

HATS

5(5

7. An

numbers

All

"

which

one

8. A divisor

or

and

bj

of

measure

will divide it without

number,

2 is

remaindur:

composite: the

nre

odd

partlycomposite.

of

not bo divided

can

except 2

numbers

even

partlyprime

arc

ARITHMETIC.

remainder; as, 1, 3, 5, 7, "c.

RKMARK.

is

number

odd

2 without

HIGHER

is

number

(hat

divisor of

4; 5

10, "c.

number
9. One
that other without
10. A

is divisible by another

remainder; 8

multipleof

takingit

certain

5, beingequalto 5
1st. A

number

number
taken

multipleof

it icithout

is divisible

it contains

by 2.

is the

product obtained by
of times; 15 is a multiple of
3 times ; hence,

number

when

can

be divided

always

by

remainder.

2d.

Every multipleis a compositenumber.

11. Since every composite number
is the product of
factors,
(Def.4), each factor must divide it exactly;hence,
is a divisor of it.
every factorof a number
12. A jyrimefactorof a number
is a prime number
that will exactlydivide it: 5 is a prime factor of 20;
while 4 is a factorof 20, not a prime factor; hence,
all the prime
1st. The prime factors of a number
are
that will exactlydivide it; 1, 2, 3, and 5, are
numbers
the prime factors of 30.
is equal to the product
2d. Every composite number
All the prime factors of 15 are
of all its prime factors.

1, 3, and
13.

5 ; and

1 X 3 X 5

factor of

Any

it; 1, 2, 3, 4,

number

6, arc

and

15.

is called

aliquotpart of

an

12.

aliquotparts of

FACTORING.
ART.

Factoring depends

89.
and

1. A

'2 X

tf the

3 X

factor of

number

is

factor of

any

lluit number.

DEMONSTRATION.
6

CIPLES
followingPRIN-

PROPOSITIONS.

PIUNCIPI.K

multiplenf

the

on

some

multiple.

"

number

Since
;

2X3,
hence, every
G

therefore,any
factor

of 0

multiple of

is also

facto?

HIGHER

RAY'S

S8

PROP.

III.

"

ARITHMETIC.

number

endingin

Ten

is divisible

DEMONSTRATION.

5 is divisible

or

ly 5.

jf
by 6, and every number
is a certain number
of tens, plus the righthand
two or more
figures,
divisible by 6, and,
are
digit;if this is 5, both parts of the number
number
itself is divisible by 5, (Art.89, Prin. 2d).
hence, the
"

no
Conversely,

or

number

is divisible

IV.

endingin 0, 00, "c., is

Every number
visible by 10, 100, "c.
"

DEMONSTRATION.

"

if it ends

multipleof 10;
and so on ; hence, by
V.

PROP.

of any

two

In like

30; hence,30

30

contains

3X5

"

by 3, it must

number

even

DEMONSTRATION.

An

contains

true.

the

product

30, it

follows

2 X

(6)exactly6

that 2X3
times.

(15)exactly2 times,and 2X5

is divisible

number

even

be divisible

by

their

is also

by 3, it

is divisible

by 2; and

product2 X 3, or

Every prime number, except 2

"

1, 3, V, or

if

6.

and

5, end*

9.

DEMONSTRATION.

91.

0, it is either 10 or a
100, or a multipleof 100,

times.

Hence, if any
divisible by G.

ART.

3X5

dl

in

is
1st,Art. 89, the proposition

Since 2 X

"

manner,

(10),exactly 3

with

ends

in 00, it is either

number
is divisible by
composite
more
of its prime factors.

or

VI.

number

"

times,makes

PROP.

If the

Prin.

DEMONSTRATION.

also

it ends in

5.

PROP.

taken

by 5, unless

This

"

find

To

is in consequence

the

prime

of

factors

Prop. I
of

and

III.

composite

number,
the

that
given number by any prime number
and so
tcillexactlydivide it; divide the quotientin like manner,
is a prime number; the last quotient
continue until the quotient
the prime factors.
and the several divisors are
RULE.

REVIEW.

Dimde

"

What

is the first

principleused in factoring? Prove it

90. When
principleused in factoring? Prove it.
not?
is a number
divisible by 2, and when
Why?
When
and
when
4,
by
net?
Why ? When
by 5, and when not ? Why ? When
by 10, 100, Ac.,
is
divisible by?
when
not?
md
What
number
Why?
composite
every
is divisible by 3, what
divide
If an
number
else must
it?
even
Why?
do
How
the
numbers
fc"
end?
?
What
is
the
rule
91.
Why?
prime
Why
the prime factors of a number?
What

"

is the

89.

second

FACTORING.

REMARKS.
2. The

1. Divide

"

least divisor

first

by

59

the smallest

factor.

prime number; for,if it

were
a
composite number, its factors,"which are less than itself,
then
be
it would
not
also be divisors,(Art. 89), and
the
would
least divisor.
be
Therefore,the prime factors of any number
may
that
will exactlydivide
found by dividing it first by the least number
in
and
this
like
then
so on.
quotient
it,
dividing
manner,
1 is

of any

is

prime

number

either

factor of every number

il is not usuallyspecified
as a factor.
3. Since

Find

the

prime

or

composite...

of 42.

prime factors

By trial,2is found to be a factor

of 42. Also,3 is found by trial to be a factor of 21, and
consequentlya factor of 42, which is a multiple of 21,
7 being a factor of 21, must
(Art.89). In like manner,
since 2 X 3 X 7
be a factor of 42 ; and
42, there can
be no other factors of 42 besides 2, 3, and 7.
DEMONSTRATION.

"

V\AO

^
"

3)21
"j

SEPARATE

-1.

45

2.

48

3.

50

4.

54

5.

56

6.

60

7.

63

THE

PCPIL

9.
10.

80

11.

84

2,2,2,7. 12.
^ns. 2,2,3,5. 13.
Ans. 3,3,7. 14.

96

Ana.
.

2,5,5.
2,3,3,3.

Ans.

Ans.

FACTORS,

72
75

3,3,5.
2,2,2,2,3.

Ans.

PRIME

INTO

8.

Ans.

desires

to be

Ans.

98

99

2,2,3,7.
2,2,2,2,2,3.
Am.
2,7,7.
Am.
3,3,11.

Ans.

who

2,2,2,3,3.
Am.
3,5,5.
Ans. 2,2,2,2,5.

Ans.

expert Arithmetician,should

an

of all numbers

under

100

prime factors
give
t
he
inspection, operationbeing performed mentally.
able

the

to

15.

Factor

210

16.

Factor

1155

17.

Factor

10010

18.

Factor

36414.

19.

Factor

58425

The

prime

factors

found
the

prime factors

(he

"

91.

to several

common

into its prime

numbers

may

be

then taking
factors,

alike in all.
number

Which

show

2, 3, 5, 7.

3, 5, 7, 11.
Ans. 2, 5, 7,11, 13.
Ans. 2, 3, 3, 7,17, 17.
Ans. 3, 5, 5, 19, 41.

is it most

is said of the least divisor of

example, and

mere

Ans.

by resolvingeach

REVIEW.
What

Ans.

by

be

the

reason

convenient

number?

of the rule.

Of 1, as

to
a

divide
factor?

by first1
Explain

60

RAY'S

Find

the

HIGHER

prime factors

ARITHMETIC.

to

common

20.

42

and

98

Am.

21.

45

and

105

AM.

22.

90

and

210

and

315

210

23.

AM.

ART.

92.

Since any

only by

each

of its prime

is divisible,
nol
composite number
but
also
factors,
by the product
of them, (Art.90, Prop. V.); hence,
divisors of any composite number,

of any two or more

To find all the
Jlri.E.

the number

Resolve

3, 5.
2, 3, 5.
3, 5, 7.

AM.

2, 7.

into its

prime factors;and then

form from these factorsall the different
products of which they
will admit; the prime factorsand their products will be all tlit
dirisors of the given number.
"

42
2 X

3, 2

Find

7;

3 X

2 X

7, and

all its divisors

and

3 X

7; or, 2, 3, 7, 6, 14, 21.

all the divisors

70

1.

Of

2.

Of

30

3.

Of

196

4.

Of

231

Ans.
Ans.
Am.
Ans.

GREATEST
93.

The

2, 5, 7

10, 14
2, 3, 5 and 6, 10
2, 7, 4, 14, 28, 49
3, 7,11 and 21, 33
and

COMMON

and

35".

and

15.

and

98.

and

77.

DIVISOR.

divisor of two or more

numbers, is
number
that will divide each of them without a remainder;
divisor of 12 and 18.
3 is a common
ART.

common

REMARK.
ut

mon

have

or

number?
common

Qivo

"

divisor

Why

can

divisor

examples.

What

is the

there
of

bo

several

without

several

mainder;
re-

18.

and

divis-.ri,

common

divisor.

is often

termed

the greatettcorv

factor.

greatestcommon

92.

have

may

numbers, is

more

each

only one grratestcommon

greatest common

measure,
REVIKW.

numbers

or

divisor of 12

greatestcommon

1. Two

"

tlu-ycnu

2. The

divisor of two
that will divide

greatestcommon

the greatestnumber
6 is the

2, 3, 7, and

are

no

rule

for

finding all

other divisor

numbers?

tho

tbnn

tho

divisors

these?

greatest

common

93.

of

What

ii

divisor/

COMMON

GREATEST

ART.

94.

To

find tho

DIVISOR.

01

divisor of twc

greatestcommon

numbers,
HULK
the

I.

Resolve

"

product of

the

30
105
E

factorscommon
divisor sought.

2X3X5.)

3x5x7.
ION.

AT

3 X 5

}
The

"

to both

3 X

product

6 is

divisor

it is their

both the

of

greatestcommon

to both.

common

DIVISOR

6.

Of

30 and

42

Ans.

2x3=

2.

Of

42 and

70

Ans.

2 X

14.

3.

Of

63 and

105

Am.

3 X

21.

4.

Of

66 and

165

33.

5.

Of

90 and

150

30.

....

2 X 3 X

divisors of 90 and

150.

6.

Of

60

and

84

7.

Of

90

and

225

8.

Of 112

and

140.

9.

Of

10.

Of

ART.

into

Rule

2 X

2 X

Ans.

3 X

3 X

5 =45.

Ans. 2 X

2 X

than

more

numbers

two

prime factors,and

28.
be

may

taking

the

to all.

1 is

small ; but \vhen

II.

its

75
30, 45, and
84, 126, and 210

95.

12.

Ans.
.

divisor of

greatest common

found, by resolving each

product of the factors common

RULE

Ans.

...

3 X 11

contains,as factors,all the other

contains
is 2X3X5,
2, 3, 5,
divisors; thus, 30, which
15, the only remaining common
6, 2 X 5
10, and 3 X 6

The

Ans.

....

divisor

greatest common

common

are

divisor.

COMMON

GREATEST

105.

1.

The

2 X

THE

be the

will

15, tho greatest

common

cumbers, since each contains it; and

divisor,since it contains all the factors
FIND

prime factort;

numbers

divisor of 30 and

greatestcommon

EMONSTK

into their

given numbert

the

common
greatest

Find

the

Ans.

Ans.

3x5

2 X

3 X

generallyused \vhcn
they are large,apply

the

15.

42.

number*

by the less,and the divisor

by
remainder, and so on; always dividingthe last divisor by
the last remainder, till nothingremains; the last divisor wi'.l 6"
the greatest common
divisor sought.
the

"

Divide the greaternumber

RAY'S

Find

the

HIGHER

ARITHMETIC.

diviaor of 24

greatestcommon

66

and

'

u T i o

quotient is

N.

Next, divide

1,and
18

Divide

"

2, and
24

there

" ia the

is

24)66(2

18.

^Q

quotient is
6. Lastly,divide
remainder; hence,

no

greatest

24 ; the

by

remainder

by 18;

the remainder

by 0;

CG

the

the

'7o'
6 )1 8 f 3
18

of 24

divisor

common

"

1 66.

Rule

the

depends on

following

PRINCIPLES.

1. A

of that

of

divisor
number.

number

shown

As

is

1st.
89, Principle
is a divisor of their
numbers

divisor

SUM.

3.

common

multiple

any

in Art.

of two
2d.
As shown, Art. 89, Principle
A common
divisor of two numbers
is

2. A

of

divisor

divisor

of

contains

the

their

DIFFERENCE.

DEMONSTUATION.

divisor
it

as

"

certain

times

many
2

as

being
difference; for,16
smaller;
8 twos

each

number

of

of the

numbers

times, their

difference

it

larger contains
of 16 and
10, must

the

divisor

is 8 twos, and

5 twos

minus

Since

more

be

10 is 5 twos, and

contain

must

times

mon
com-

than

the

divisor of their

difference

their

is

3 twos.

Tlie greatestcommon
divisor
greatestcommon

of two numbers is also the

and their remainder
smaller,

divisor

4.

of

the

afterdivision.
OBSERVE, that in the followingdemonstration,G. C.
divisor.
D. signifies
greatestcommon
and

24, and

G6 divides

G. C. D. of 24

The

DEMONSTRATION."

24)66(2
4 8

must, therefore,

is 2 times

24, (Principie 1st); as it divides both 66 and 48,

divide their difference
it must
18,(PrinG.
the
C. D. of
ciple3i); therefore,
24
and
divisor of 24
66, is a common
48, which

divide

od
It

remains

now

could

divide

REVIEW.
of two

Q.

,-.

IS
_

6)18(3
18

18.

If there

would

-,

"

numbers

divisor ?

How

be

What
Prove

divisor of 24

greater common

any

24, it would
94.

it is their greatestcommon

that

to show

also

is Rule

it.

is the rule

divide 48

1 for

What

appliedto

more

contained
than

and

18, aa

1st); and
(Principle

finding the greatest

are

divisor.

two

in

common

the greatest

number*

as

ii
it

divi."oi
common

COMMON

GREATEST

and
2"1),
should

48 and

both

then

have

divisor of 24 and

common

divisor,which is
66 is not only a com.
divisor
the propositionis proved.

abeurd.

DEMONSTRATION

OF

greatest common
24 and

D.;

and

The

the

of

reason

C. D. of the smaller
is the

same

and

two

their

and
after division,

G. C. D. of any
the smaller
be

is

RULE

in

last

when

the

(which

NOTES.

find

1. To

"

the

find the G. C. D. of any

remaining numbers,

and

G. C. D. of
then

two;
so

on

of

for

is

have

can

that

all the

this exact

only of the
first given.

more

mainder
re-

get the

we

always
a

number

no

numbers

two

their

but, whenever
previousdivisor,it will

numbers

two, since

also of the

used, but

0. C.

this will also

division),

the

therefore,whenever

itself;and,

and

two

follows,that

used

in

of those

place,the divisor will be the G. C. D. not

takes

D. of

II.

previous divisor

original two

be the G. C. D. of those

divisor

of 24

; it

on

exactly contained

than

their

Hence, the G. C.
and
18, but is their

smaller

the

numbers

two

G. C. D. of the

the

so

and

remainder

of the

greater than

immediately from Principle 4th;

as the Q.
given number's is the same
after division,
remainder
and as this

the G. C. D. of the

as

66

follows

rule

the 0. C. D. of the

for,as

03

18,it would divide their sum

66, (Principle
24
and 66.
divisor of
We
would, consequently,be a common

divide

jvould

DIVISOR.

than

sarily
neces-

greater
division

two

bers
num-

first

numbers,

two

G. C. D. and

of the

one

numbers;

the

their

G.

mainder
re-

last

C. D.

will be the G. C. D. of all the numbers.

2. If

two

quotientswill
FIND

What

of the

rule
"io

When

are

depends ?

rule

divided

by

C. D.

the

is Rule

2?

other.

COMMON

GREATEST

THE

95.

REVIKW."
Ilhiftrato.

be

given numbers
be prime to each

is Rule

the

1st and

2d

The

3d ?

Prove

generallyused?
which
on
principle*
it.

OF

DIVISOR

The

4th ?

What

the demonstration
Prove

it.

strate
Demon-

HIGHER

RAY'S

04

COMMON

LEAST

is

98.

ART.

number

24

remainder;
The

least

the

least

II EM

common

the least number

that is divisible

multipleof

common

ARK

s.

1. Since

"

contains

each

or

be divided

can

is

MULTIPLE.

multipleof two
by each
common
multipleof
multipleof two or

common

tbat

ARITHMETIC.

the

as

3 and

3 and

numbers, is

more

each

without

4.
12 is

of them.

4.

multiple of two
factor,every common

common

of them

by

numbers,

more

of them

or

more

bers
num-

multipleit

compositenumber.
is divisible
numbers
product of two or more
numbers
multiple of two or more
by each of them, a common
and
be
found
since
their
continued product;
always
by taking
may
of the numbers,
any multipleof this product will be divisible by each
number
of common
(Art. 89, Principle 1st),an unlimited
for the same
numbers.
be found
multiples may
2. Since

the continued

TO

THE

FIND

ART.

97.

Find

the least

LEAST

MULTIPLE.

COMMON

Separate the given numbers into theur

such, and only such, ofthote
prime factors;then multiplytogether
as
are
factors,
necessary to form a productthat will contain all
the prime factors
of each number.

SOLETION.
the

bers;

RULE

"

multiple.
in

once

second
once

as

as

product

of

cast

may

it. How

2X5

~t

strike

2X2

least

2x2x3x5

common

in

60. Ant.

occurs

strike

15;

the least

of

out

the first6, and

the

reserve

common

The

"

96.

"

What

found

often must

is

all

Give

factor be taken

Why?

in the least

60,

factors

examples.

for several numbers?

a

the

multipleof

common

multiple?

common

ho

product 2X2X3X5

it contains

multiple,because

REVIEW.

-.

multiple. The factor 3 occurs

the
and once
in 15; strike out the first 3, and reserve
a factor of the least common
multiple. Lastly,take the
the reserved
00, for the
prime factors 2X2X3X5
multiple.

common

is the least

10

occurs

reserve

DEMONSTRATION.
Dion

num-

12;

once

factor

factor

and

in 12

second

the

The

10

the

twice in

factors of

as

multipleof 10, 12, 15.

common

factor

the first 2 and

out

"

Factor

prime

in 10 and

once

I.

serernl
How

of

each

many

the

What
tiples
mul-

common

Rule

corn-

of

numbers?

97. Give
common

is

1.

Prove

multiple?Why?

RAY'S

60

HIGHER

ARITHMETIC.

The rest of the demonstration

multipleof all the numbers.
is similar to the previous one;
for the division by the prime numbers
to strike out the needless
and those divisors with the
serves
factors,
factors remaining in the last line,are
tors
evidently the reserved facfull
to constitute the least common
multiple. Fora
necessary
analysis,see Ray's Arithmetic,Third Book, Art. 120.
common

NOTE.

In

dividing to cancel the needless factors,divide by a

would
frime
Dividing by a composite number
not, in all
all the needless
factors;in the preceding example, if
eases, cancel
divide first by 10,the 5 in the number
25 would
not be canceled.
we
"

number.

99.

ART.

RULE

out

such

any

convenient

as

III.

1. Set the numbers

"

contained

are

in

line,striking

separate
any of the others,and
the
the
others,
from
generally
largest,
by a

one,

in

curved line.
2. Divide each
it

to

common

of the remaining numbers by the greatestdivisor

and
the number
and set the quotientsin a
cut off,

line beneath.
3. Proceed
continue

with

the second

the

and
first,

to be

observed
are
prime to each
quotients
these
product of
quotientsand the numbers

be the least

will
off",

NOTE

with

exactlyas

until all the

so

other; the continued

cut

line

multiplerequired.

common

cut off is found

1. If the number

prime to all the

in the same
rest
line,cut off another,and proceed with it,reserving
the first as a factor of the least common
multiple.
the given numbers
2. When
contain
common
no
factor,it ia
will
the
least
be
evident their product
common
multiple required;
the least common
multipleof
8.

"

4, 9
least

3. The

product
number

greatest

not

10, cut

curve,

which
mon

in

the

is the
to it and

factors

the

of each

2.

Rule

example under

off 30

and

equal to

divisor.

OPERATION.^

striking out
the rest by
divide
20 by 10,

After

SOLUTION."
the

those

divisor,by

common

is

numbers

be divided
multipleof several numbers
by
be
of
of
will
the
all
the
factors
product
quotient

found

the

Resume

several

900.

common

cither of them, the

the others

25

9 X

in the others.

found

4. If the least

4 X

multiple of

common

of their
not

25, is

and

to be

then

greatest

divisor

30 ; also divide

6, the greatest divisor

common

com-

25

by

25(30

20,

% 0,

from

5
~

^ X

to it and

""

D X

30.

3 U

The

quotientsare

set

CASTING

beneath,and

OUT

THE

07

viding
other,further cutting off and diand
the product of 2, 5 and
are
30, gives 300,
unnecessary,
least common
multiplerequired.

the

being prime

DEMONSTRATION.
number
the

30;

cut
011

this

in

found

not

the

line,until

for each

needless

product of

this

the least

and
factors,

FIND

LEAST

180.

6.

6,9,20

3.
4.

15,20,30
7,11,13,5

9.

30,45,48,80,120,135

PROOF

OF

divide the

sum

this,begin

when

the

excess

to

arc

5005.

8.

sum

same

4iw.

4472670.

Am.

AM.

15015.

244291908.

RULES
NINES.

THE

OUT

2160.

AM.

....

ELEMENTARY

any number, is to
To
of its digitsby 9, and find the excess.
and
at the
left,add the digitstogether,
is nine or more, drop the 9, and carry the

9's out

the

cast

the next

"

more

no

and
digit,

so

of

on.

example, to cast the 9's out

13, which is 4 above 9; drop

REVIEW.
in tho

7.

CASTING

To

100.

ART.

For

60.

THE

BY

to be

be

35,45,63,TO .630.
10,14,20,35 .140.
8,15,20,25,30.600.
15,24,40,140 840.

12.

found

OP

MULTIPLE

77,91,105,143,165,195
174,485,4611,14065,15423
498,85988, 235803, 490546.

11.

meant

5.

2.

10.

do

60.

...

at

A.N'S.

4,6,15

are

there will

1.

the rest

those in the last line.

COMMON
ANS.

contain

repeat the process

line

same

of

neediest

multiplewill be the continued

common

cut off and

factors

is the case,

the numbers

THE

by
gettingrid of the
multiple must
such

in the

in

the greatest factor

off; therefore,we

cut

one

all the numbers

th"

found

not

are

as

of them

off,thus

cut

other; when

to each

prime

the ntlmber

the rest

of

each

contain

multiplemust

common

factors

like manner,
the least common
cut off in the second
line,and

the number
are

least

such

account, divide

to it and

factors;in

each

to

The

"

off (30),and

common

NINES.

99. Give

lino, what

by casting the

Rule
must

9's out

3.
be

If

the

number

done ?

of any

of

number

Prove
?

768945, say 7

carry the

9, and

cut off is

and

primo

the rule.

to

100.

4;

the rest
What

it

HIGHER

RAY'S

68

4 and

above

arc

the methods

PRINCIPLE.

of

Any

"

remainder

tame

is 3 above

9; then, 3 (the digit 9

4 are 7 and 5 arc 12, which 13 3
the excess
in this instance,
ia 3
consequently,

12, which
beiri"passed over) and
All

ARITHMETIC.

by 9 will leave
9.
of its dijit^divided l"ij

sum

f 3000=3(1000)=3x(999+l)=3x999+3
400=
4(100)= 4x(99-f-l)= 4x99+4

50=
G=

[
9's, with

0
Observe

"

4 ;

certain

number

certain

50, a

3456

is the

same

The

3, and

each

of

The

NOTE.

stop

each

at

r.QO~i

J? U

being

OAO
i o

the

when

"

remainders, omitting

9's out

of

the

remainders

these
each

this

write

the

Divide

obtained

remainder

by

horizontal

one

DEMONSTRATION.

as

and

number

forming

as

"

of

sum

excesses

Addition

9's,if

each

it is not
but

excess,

number

necessary

regard

by 9, and

the result

any;

most

method,

all

the

up

the

line.

by dividing
are

C.

EXCESS.

^ Q

20729
proving

In

"

numbers

and

the

to be

and

70.

page

these

of

sum

see

8,2, 4

are

in

excess

of 9'a

excess

digits,3, 4, 5

is correct.

work

the

the

8, the two
they ought

as

same,

in

excess

mainder
re-

of the numbers added, also

equalthe sum
of the other*

number,

numbers

is

numbers

the

to

the

is 8.

excesses

the

in the

excesses

of any

5; and C,
remainders,

The

3450; hence, the

of their sum ; the last excess must

afterdropping all 9's (or ll's).
the ll's out

of

9's,with

remainder

remainder.

out

To cast

of

number

ADDITION.

OF

Cast the l)'s (or ll's)*out

certain

number

that in its

as

PROOF

is

9's,with

of

be termed
being less than 9, may
3, 4, 5, 6, are the digitsof the number
in the number

3000

that

3; 400,

remainder

5x9+5

5X(9+1)=

5(10)=

DEMONSTRATION.

and

the

example, take 345G.

For

this

on

divided

number

the

as

founded

proof arc

the

sum

must

of the

easily obtained

the
number, (see Principle),

reason

be

add
the

numbers

by 9;

by cnsiing
of

the

aa

same

the

proof

is

apparent.
REVIEW.

depend ?

"

Prove

100.
it.

On

what
What

principledo the proofs by ousting out the

is the

proof of

addition

9'i

CASTING

OUT

OF

PROOF

Cast the 9's

other two,

Proceeding ns
last proof,we
find

In the subtrahend
the

to be 8:

8, as

and

it should

the

be when

DEMONSTRATION.
and

the

As

"

remainder, the

is also
is

G 4 0 6

Remainder

right.

the minuend

is the

of this

reason

of the

sum

76
Minuend,
Subtrahend, 1

together

work

the

in

excess

in the minuend

excess

equal to

(or ll's).

directed

remainder

subtrahend, the remainder,

will be

9'a

"

to

note

the

excess

afterdropping all

EXAMPLE.
de

the last

69

SUBTRACTION.

(or11'*) out of

the minuend;

and

ELEVENS.

of the

sum

proof is

hend
subtra-

from

seen

that of

Addition.

PROOF

OF

MULTIPLICATION.

Cast the 9's

(or ll's)out of the multiplicandand multiplier;

cast (he 9's (or 1 1 'a)out of the
multiplythe two excesses
together;
result,and also out of the product; when the work is correct,the
last two

will agree.

excesses

Multiply 835 by 70; the

duct is G34GO.

The

excess

the

multiplicand is 7, in
multiplier4, and in the
duct

1; the

8 q ^
"

730

contains

divisible
the

the

of

siniie these
of the

the

as

consist

of

numbers

an

three

the

9's in

to be

excess,

parts,

3d

X~94-28

4-424

of 9's in

excess

the

their
two

multiplied
product, as

of

which

product

are

must

part, (IS),which

be

is the

multiplicand and

multiplier; nnd
most
are
by casting the 9's out
the reason
of the proof
number, (seePrinciple),
in

excesses

the

easilyobtained

excesses

digitsof

of

excess

of the

each

work,
the
9;
therefore,
by

same

product

will

the

81

of 9's and

number

certain

from

seen

Since

"

oCn"

3G8 X 0 -f-2 8
4- 5 G_X_9

^SlTx^l

plied give 28, and the excess

it should be.
\n 28 is also 1,as
DEMONSTRATION.

QOyO-4-7

Ji

the

promulti-

former

two

proin

each

is apparent.
PROOF

Cast the 9's

rimainder.

911

tame

the

add

of

and
(or 1 1's)out of the divisor,dividend, quotient,

REVIEW.

the

"

in the

excess

(he result

as

DIVISION.

the excesses
Multiplytogether
cast the 9's (or ll's)out of

and
excess,

OF

excess

What

when
in
is the

in the dicisor and

remainder, and

the work

cast

is correct,this

the 9'*
excess

(or } 1 '*)

will be tht

the dividend.
proof

of subtraction?

tient,
quo-

the result; then, to this

Of

T
multiplication

RAY'S

70

8015
m.'iLidiT 15.

by 25;

jMv;de

Kyi

of 9's in the

vss

ARITHMETIC.

the

35.

356

quotientis

of 9's in the divisor

ess

Ex

HIGHER

and

the

7.

.......

5.

quotient
of 9's in 35

Excess

re-

"

jRxcesis of 9's in the remainder

6.

5^

-L

14.

of 9's in 14

Excess

I?xcoss of 9's in the dividend

DEJIONSTAATION.
divi'orund

prooi

"s

Since

"

5.

....

is

the

product

added, the

Multiplicationand

those of

from

dividend

the remainder

quotient,with

seen

the

is also

of

the

of this

reason

Addition.

-A

PROOF

BY

THE

OUT

CASTING

ELEVENS.

ll's out

of any number, add its alternate

film's, commencing at the right,and dropping 11 when
with the
exceeds that number; then do the same
ths: sura

'To

the

cast

and
remaining figures,
increased

former,

subtract

11

by

last result

the

from

the

if necessary.

30752486, say 6
11
4 remains,
and
10 and
and
are
are
15; drop
10 and 7 are 17,
th^n 4- and 0 are 4; also,8 and 2 are
droj 1J and 6 remains,and 6 and 3 are 9; 9 from 4 can
9 from 15
bt" taken, but 4 increased by 11 is 15, and
not
For

example, to

the ll's

cast

6, which

leaves
Tha

Proofs

remct'ixder
Ti'8

is the

required.

excess

the

as

and
principle,
in

the

proofs to
for 9

9's,t?nd, by putting
tbe proofsby ll's.

two

be

Sguies may
':/ereplaced by

may

appear
aa

nov

R. v

to

prove

to detract

*"1K

w.

methods

"

when

it is

much

from

What

these

reason

XT

Whei

will these

of

substituted
wrong

is the

proofs.

100.

proofs fail

which

it

leads,can

be

regarding the
proofs by 9's,we
(See Proofs.)

manner

ba\v

These

this

similar to those

11

"

on

by 11 leaves the same

by castingout its 11'*.

obtained

excess

depend

divided

number

Any

"

dexrou^trated

\HK.

the ll's

by castingout

PRINCIPLE.

RESL

of

out

in the

proof

for each

are

liable to

other,or

this

objection;
figurei

the correct

same
having
sum, and
These, however, occur
wrong.

the

ones

the merits

proof of
Explain
to

detect

an

so

rarely

of the methods.

division?
the

the work

Illustrate and

proofs by
error?

castingout

give the
the ll'i.

CANCELLATION.

71

CANCELLATION.
101.

ART.

Its

is

use

24

Exchanged
how

is

short

by omittingequalfactors

results

divisor.

CANCELLATION

SOLUTION.

dividend

and

coats

$24

at

each:

question,multiply 24 by 5, and divide

of performing this work, indicate it

product by 24. Instead

5
24X
thus,
; then, since dividing

the

of obtaining

followingexamples.

$5 each,for
get?

To solve this

"

from

hats at

coats did I

many

in the

seen

method

"

either

factor

of

product

it
divides
would

product,(Art.71),the result is
got by canceling the 24 from both

the
be

Multiply105 by 18, and

SOLUTION.

Indicate

"

1 X 6

5 ; the same
aa
and divisor.

dividend

divide the

30.

productby

operationsas

the

3
2 1
margin. Divide both dividend and
j
*
AVP
f-P
divisor by 6; this gives 105 X 3 (Art 71,)
above, and 5 below, and docs not alter the
$PK
The
is
quotient,
(Art.75).
quotient
found,
o
Q-. X
pq
in last example, to be 21 X 3 (Art.71) or
as
63.
As each factor is used in canceling,it is crossed to indicate
that there is no further use of it; and each quotientis placed beside
the number
from which
21 and 3 being the factors
The
it is obtained.
left of the dividend
after cancellation,are
multipliedtogether;
their product is 03, and as no factor of the divisor is left,
the 63 is
not to be divided,
and is,therefore,
the quotientrequired.
in the

,,

~.

and
Multiply75, 153 and 28 together,
productof 63 and 36.
SOLUTION.

operations as
Cancel

4 out

in

the

of 28 and

ing 7 above, and

eel this

7 out

and

of

out

Indicate

"

of the

the

63

in

9 out of

the

of 153 in the

leaving 25
the factors

425

divided

and

remaining

3 fi

dividend
the

2 5 X

di-

Cancel

4 2 5
..

3 below.

above.
No

in the dividend

by the 3 in the

divisor,and out
dividend,leaving17

above

the

3 X

Can-

visor,leaving9 below.

by

JT$X^"$X$!$^

margin.
36,leav-

9 below.

17

25

the

divide

Cancel

further
are

25

divisor,gives

3 out

of 9 and

75,

canceling is possible;
and
17, whose product.

RAVS

72

If

102.

Anr.

the

HIGHER

ARITHMETIC.

dividend

or

RULE

1. Indicate
and

FOR

both, is the

divisor,or

several factors,
the
product
easilyobtained by this
of

quotient can

often

be

CANCELLATION.

the mid Iiplicationswhich

produce the dividend,

produce the divisor.

2. Cancel equalfactorsfrom dividend and
dicisor; multiply
togetherthe factorsremaining in the dividend, and divide the
product by the product of the factorsleftin the divisor.
those,

NOTES.

1. If

"

the factors

and

the

of

the

of

will

divisor,the product of
be the quotient;if only
answer.

place between

divisor;

factor

between

not

of the dividend

factors

two

of

the

the divisor.
is

dividing both

does not

number, which

same

take

factors

Canceling equal

3.

the

dividend,it will be the

factors

two

the dividend

only

can

factor

dividend, or
by

in

remaining

2. Cancellation

in

factor remains

no

is left in the

factor

one

which

if any,

dividend

atl'ect the value

of

and
the

divisor

quotient,

(Art.75.)
EXAMPLES

1. How

worth.

cows,

many

horses worth

FOR

""0

PRACTICE.

$24 each, can

I get for 9

each?

Ans.

30.

exchanged 8 barrels of molasses, each containing

gallons,at 40 cents a gallon,for 10 chests of tea,
sach containing24 pounds: how much
a
pound did the
2. I

33

tea

me?

cost

3. How

44

Ans.

cents.

bales of cotton, of 400

pounds each, at
12 cents
a
pound, arc
equivalent to G hogsheads of
Ans. 9.
a pound?
mgar, 000 pounds each, at 8 cents
4.

many

24 X

15 X

Divide

112

10

40 X

by

25

90.

30

VIII.

COMMON

5G

32

Ans.

FRACTIONS.
-

103.

ART.

when
into

it is

NOTE.

REVIEW.
oase

may

fraction is

divided

into

Fraction

"

is derived

101. What

cancellation

bo

part is
from

the

is Cancellation?

employed?

Give

unit

If

rqnalparts.

equal parts, each

"

part of

an

or

whole

thine,

apple is divided

fraction of the

apple.

Lniin/ractus,broken.
Illustrate
tho

rule.

it.

102.

In

what

Hence,

unexecuted

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

KAY'S

74

'raction may be considered

division,in which

as

expressionof

an

The

DIVIDEND

is called the

NUMERATOR;

The

DIVISOR

is called the

DENOMINATOR;

The

QUOTIENT

is called the

FRACTION

itself.

| is the

quotientof 1 (num'tor)divided by 4 (denom.)

| is the

quotientof

(num'tor)divided by

(denom.)

I is the

quotientof 7 (num'tor)divided by

(denom.)

NUMERATION

the

Since

107.

ART.

NOTATION.

AND
Fractions

arise from

of

Division, one

signs of Division,(Art. 59), is used in expressing

is written above, and the
numerator
; that is, the

them

denominator

below
TO

RULE.

Read

"

READ

then

line ;

COMMON

the number

and

numerator,

horizontal

the

hence,

FRACTIONS,

of parts taken
size of the parts

as
as

the

expressedby

expressed by the

denominator.
TJ

is read

REMARK.

or

of

ninths.

seven

ninths, (|),signifieseither
divided by 9, (Art.100).

Seven

"

7, or

7 ninths

Fractions

to be

", 8, X,

1,

I?, J,

14, _9_, 13, J_,

11

IT

41

10

Of

these

size?

read; that is,expressedin

27

fractions,which

Which, the smallest

parts? Which, the

of

Which, the

90

100

words:
8

11,
230

1345

expresses parts of the largest

size?
ber
Which, the least num-

of parts?
greatest number
of parts?
Which, parts of the

number

same

65

of one,

size ?

same

TO

108.

ART.

COMMON

WRITE

RULE.

"

Write

the number

it,under which
of the parts.

line below

tontal

the size
REVIKW.

"

them.
dividend?

the

FRACTIONS,

write

of parts; place
the number

which

consideringa fraction?
What
operation is expressed by a fraction ? What
divisor? the quotient?
106.

How

nanny

methods

of

lioncates
indi-

trate
Illusi* tar

COMMON

Fractions

to be

FRACTIONS.

75

expressedin figures:

Seven

Five thirteenth*. Una

eighths. Four eleventh.
tcvcnfccHth.
Three
twenty-ninths.Eight Iwenty-oncth*.
Nine forty-tooths.Nineteen
ninety-thirds.Thirteen OM
hundred-fits.

Twenty-fourone

To

express a whole
write 1 below it for a

hundred

number

and

in the

fifteenths.

form

denominator;thus,2

of

f,7

fraction,
f,"c.

PROPOSITIONS.

ART.

109.

is less than
PROP.
the

PROP.

the

2.

1.

the

numerator

denominator, the fractionis

PROP.
than

3.

When

"

the

the

number
a

of

fraction

1.

less than

of a fractionis equil to
equal to 1.
of

numerator

fractionis greater

denominator,the fractionis greater than 1.

DEMONSTRATION.

in

the numerator

denominator,the fractionis

When

"

When

"

of

Prop.

"

parts

in

the

is true,

fraction

because,in

is less than

the

that

case,

number

of

the

parts

unit.

Prop. 2

of parts in the
true,because,in that case, the number
the number
of parts in a unit.
fraction is the same
as
of parts in the
Prop. 3 is true, because,in that case, the number
fraction

is

is greater than

110.

ART.

whose

of parts in

the number

DEFINITIONS.

1. A

"

the

is lessthan

numerator

unit.

fractionis

proper

denominator; as, 4j ""

2. An

to, or

improperfractionis one whose numerator

greater than, the denominator; as, | and g.

REMARK.

The

word

one

is

equal

fraction

primarily signifiesa part. A

properlya fraction expressing a value less (ban
proper
the whole.
the value
is not properlya fraction,
An improperfraction
expressedbeing equalto,or greater than,the whole.
"

fraction

3. A

is

simplefractionis
as, \,f. or f.

REVIKW.

107. What

"

108. What

them?

9 whole

Ilnw

may
fraction less than
110. What

What

is

is

number
1?

proper

singlefraction,
proper

is tho rulo
other

two

bo

reading fractions?
methods
of reading a fraction
109.
expressed as a fraction?

to

1 ?

fraction?

an

equal

simple fraction

for

greater than

1?

improper fraction?

Give

or

for

Why

writing
there

aro

When

tho

proper;
im-

is

reasons,
so

T
a

HIGHER

RAY'S

"JO

ARITHMETIC.

or
pound fractionis a fraction of a fraction,
of
of
i.
connected
fractious
several
by of; as, |
J
niimlier is a fraction joined with a whole
f". A mired
1 .',and
i
n u in be r ; as,
is one
0. A complexfraction
having a fraction cither in

4.

m,

'2

one

both

or

of its

terms; as,

"9 '

r-p
4

-",

and

-j,

ot

111.

ART.
that

of

To

arid
T'.j,

DEMONSTRATION.

line

that

show

so

04

"

j;

that

of A

J;

on.

Divide

"

of

"

1 !

'.-J.

B into two

equal parts;
half (i):divide a half into 3
of the parts, as A C, is termed one
one
equal parts, us iu the figure;one of the parts is called one third of
dently
is expressed by figuresthus, g of .j. This ia evione
half,which
sixth of the whole
one
line,that is, f of """.$.In like
and so on.
A of 3
|; 3 of | y'j,
j ; 5 of 3
manner,
as

What

What

is
is

of

of

What

Why?

i?

is

"

of

\1 {

of

^?

|?
PROPOSITIONS.

ART.

PROP.

I.

PROP.

II.

Multiplyingthe numerator
of a
the
merator
fractionlikewise multiplies fraction. Multiplythe nuthe
is
of the fraction
three
times
3;
result,
|,
5 by
as
great as |.
112.

"

Dividing (he numerator

of a
divides
(he
Divide
the
likewise
tor
numerafraction.
fraction
is
of the fraction f by 2; the result,
one
half
|, only
113.

ART.

great

as

".

as

the denominator
ih

third

one

"

the
Multiplying

denominator

of
fraction. Multiply
by 3; the result,'g*,

the contrary, divides the

frartism,on

III.

114. PROP.

ART.

"

of the

great

as

as

IV.

1'raction

!2-.

Dividing the denominator of a

the fraction. Divide
the contrary, multiplies
on
fraction,
of the fraction,
the denominator
by 2; the result,*!,
'g2,
id da ice as great as
'ga.
ART.

REVIEW.
fraction?
a

fraction?

denominator?

PROP.

115.

"

What

i?

112.

What

113.

Of

115.

"

compound
is the

effect of

dividing the
Of

fraction?

dividingthe

mixed

number?

plex
com-

of
multiplying the Dtuuenitor
114. Of multiplyingth"

numerator?

donrminatorT

COMMON

AllT.

116.

PROP.

In//litfame,

V.

number, chaime*

lias the
result,5",

I* ROP.

117.

of

term*

iV.sform but Joes

of the fraction |

forms

value

same

7-7

loth
Multiplying

"

Multiplyboth

its value,.

ART.

FRACTIONS.

"i

not

tion
fracutter

by 3;

the

|.

as

VI."

tion
Dividingloth terms of a fractltt
it*
Joes
same
not
alter
l"y
niinther,
changes form, out
T'JS{-"il
Divide
both
the
of
i'raction
terms
itc.
jjby 4; the
value as |.
result,|, has the tame
DEMONSTRATION.
is

dividend

of

which
the

of the fraction

Observe

"

tlmt

Ihe

(lie denominator

of

numerator

fr-iciion

is tlie divisor,
and

the value

quotient. (Art. 100).

Prop. 1 is true, because, (Art. 73),multiplying the dividend by

number.
number, multipliesthe quotientby the same
any
'2
is
Prop.
true, because, (Art.71),dividing the dividend
by any
the
the
divides
same.
quotientby
number,
is
3
Prop.
multiplyingthe divisor by any
true, because, (Art.7-1),
nuinlier,divides the quotientby the same.
Prop. 4 is true, because, (Art. 73),dividing the divisor by any
number, multipliesthe quotientby the same.
Prop. 6 and 6 are true, because, (Art. 75),multiplyingor dividing
both dividend
and divisor by the same
number, the quotientremains
the

same.

REMARK.

ITence,there

of

multiplying a fraction,
of changing it.- form
two
two
dividing a
ways
ways
without
merator
altering its value; that is, multiplyingor dividingthe nutioei the tame
to the /ruction;but multiplying
or
dividmg the
denominator
duet the oppoiileto the fraction; tohdt multiplying
viding
dior
both term* alike ma In no change in in value.
"

two

are

fraction,and

of

REDUCTION

OF

and

numerator

UK

117. Of

"

TO

is in

denominator

Del'. 5); as,

VIEW.

FRACTION

fraction

119.

ART.

88,

REDUCE

116.

dividingboth

in

changing

I.

CASE
TO

consists

alteringtheir values.

without

their forms

FRACTIONS.

of Fractions

118. Reduction

ART.

ways

but
j|f
What
terms

arc

LOWEST

its lowest

prime to

TERMS.

terras

each

when

th"

other,(Art.

\.

not

is the

ITS

of multiplyingboth
effect.

alike T

Illustrate and

prove

those

terms

alike?

propositions.

RAY'S

78
Rri.B.

ARITHMETIC.

both terms

Divide

"

HIGHER

by any

and
fraction,
resulting

to ihe.

factor,do

common

on, till both terms

so

the

are

*ami

to

prime

eack otlier.

Or, divide both

the

of

terms

their greatestcommon

fractionby

divisor.

1 8 to

licduce

its lowest terms.

Dividing both terms

bv the common
factor 2, the result is
If; dividing this by 5, the result ia
SOLUTION.

|,which

"

not be reduced

can

Or, dividing
UtViVAIU"
V

"

greatest

at

VUVV

is

result

terms, the

divisor

common

DEMONSTRATION.

because both

M*

TO

REDUCE

"

1
1.

by

THEIR

number

same

LOWEST

2X2
"I*
34

"

T60

"

5.

6.

"

"

-IS!
MI
iSf

4.

"

EXPRESS

IN

10.

923-5-1491

11.

890-4-1691

BXDUCX

AN

THEIR

120.

; the

nalor

NOTE.

IMPROPER

lowest

To

RCLK.

If there

be

of

ANS.

FORMS

2261-^4123
C160-7-40480

12.
13.

II.
FRACTION

TO

WHOLE

OB

NUMBER.

IHeide

"

quotientwill

"

(Art.117).

TERMS,

SIMPLEST

=M
=i8

MIXED

ART.

changed,

T7J 7. ffl
8. HI
n
{* 9. \W

CASE
TO

ia not

ASS.

45

f.
2

"

of the fraction
tho

ANS.

3ft

J-"^S3==3

both

value

divided

are

f^lfi

the

of

The

"

terms

ft

before.

as

1/"l

lower.

10,
by
MJ
j

once

*"t"

~\ 3

the

numerator

be the whole

or

fraction in the

mixed
answer,

by

the, denomt-

number.
reduce

it t

tta

terms.

reduce

dollar to

divide
dollars,

13

"

by

eiaking 2$ dollars.
DEMONSTRATION.
many
thai

dollar?

is,'2

REVIEW.

dollars; and
"

fraction in iu

Since

"

in 13 fifths

118.

What

lowest

as

so

terms

fifthtmake

5 fifths

are

in all such

is Reduction
f

dollar,there wi'tl be

contained

times

na

in 13 fifth?

cases.

of

Fractions?

119.

When

COMMON

V of
'I7 of
V"f of

1. In
2.

In

3.

In

II
*!$*

6.
6.

many

WHOLE

OR

MIXED

1. 7.

-4ns.

35. 8.

Ans.

88

Ans.

WHOLE

9.

3 1 to

there

are

MIXED

over

tion shows

in 3

(unit),
(units),

An*.

NUMBER

TO

AN

number
add

and

the

merator,
nu-

fourths.

to

05

12
3

fourths

in

fourths

in

fraction.

in

3|

15=fourths

dcmonstra-

the whole

105T7T
327/3

^w.

12

fourths,

1. This

that

the denominator.

15 fourths.
"

FRACTION.

12 fourths -f-3 fourths

REMARK.

'j?2
4f!"
1S37T80.

III.

OR

sum

In 1

"

times

fourths: and

NUMBERS,

improperfraction ;

an

fourths;

are

An*.

"

write the

DEMONSTRATION.
there

Ant.

Multiplytogetherthe whole
of the fraction; to the product

the denominator

Reduce

13-nz

hour, how

121. RULE.
and

hours?

many

IMPROPER

ART.

bushel,how

an

REDUCE

34

CASE
TO

bushels ? Am.

dollars?

many

dollar,how

TO

79

REDUCE

4.

FRACTIONS.

number

V5

Ant.

really the multiplier,and the

the multiplicand; but, multiplyingby the denominator
denominator
is more
result,(Art.47).
convenient,and gives the same
2. This,and the preceding cn-c, are the reverse
of,and mutually
is

prove

other.

each

In

$71, how many 8ths of

19| gallons,
how many

fourths?

In

13| o hours, how

sixtieths?

1.

In

2.
3.

REDUCE

TO

many

dollar?

terms?

Prtve

frastion to

119. What
the

whole

is the rale for

rale.
or

mixed

120.

Give

number.

Ans.
Ans.
Ans.

V
^o7

FRACTIONS,

IMPROPER

109T95
5l?i

."

the

reducing a
rule

Prove

it

for

"

Ans.
Ans.

fraction

reducing

to
an

2?f"
'sYr2

its lowtft

impropM

RAY'S

BO

AHT.

122.

To

HIGHER

reduce

ARITHMETIC.

whole

number

to

fraction

having a given denominator, is merely an example of the

of the fractional part being
preceding case, the numerator
It
is done by multiplying
togetherthe whol*
zero, (0).
number
and the denominator,and writin0*he product ove)
the dc nominator.
To
be

reduce

eame

1.

Reduce

2.

Reduce

3.

Reduce

4.

Reduce

fraction

4^

reduce

to

as

to

to

whose

denominator

to

4ths

to

sevenths

23

to

twenty-thirds

19

to

........

......

.....

Ans.

Ans.

Ant.

V/

is 29.

denominator

fraction whose

Ans.

123.

ART.
a

RCLE.

SIMPLE

Multiplyall

"

numerator, and

new

TO

COMPOUND

REDUCE

FRACTIONS.

the numerators

together
foi
together
for a new

ike denominators

all

IV.

CASE
TO

5, v

improper fraction.

an

7
N

is

denominator.

Reduce

of

simplefraction.
i^
iof *
A Ans.
to

DEMONSTRATION'.

(since 5
(since |

of

of

"

(sinceT'sof
the

NOTE.

1.

is

Reduce

2.

of

3.

of

4.

of

NOTE.

"

before

the

REVIEW.
"n

improper

by

",

the

of 3

S|

Art.

times

rule,reduce

mixed

or

to

factors
of

121. Give

fraction.

4,
4,

whole

bers
num-

simplefraction.
=

.....

out

of

f\ to a simple fraction
| of 2f to a simple fraction.
fraction.
2 of 85 to a simple

us

of J of

Ans.
and \ of " of 273 T404?
2^2,

be canceled

may

Ik

of

out

and

Ans.

\i

Ans.

{!"

Ans.

l^o

the numerator

aril

divisor,(Art.1U1)

performed.

tho rule for

Provo

dividend

other

any

multiplicationsare
"

limes

"

Equal

demmiiKitor,

=2

form.

of

SOLUTION.

^ of

Art.

applying

fractional

as

same

the

is the

Before

2 times

"

1O",)=2
y'j
times
2
same
as
7*5,by
Ill,)
y4j,
plying
multiArt.
same
as
T45,
10G,) 785(since
by
multipliesthe fraction,by Art. 112.)

the

numerator

"

to

is

f of

"

reducing a

Which

number

whole
is

or

raised

number

t"

reallyihe multiplier?

IlAi

to find

is unnecessary

la

this

generallyperformed
Reduce

2,

in the

to

1st

num.

42

2d

num.

6 X

2 X

60

3d

2X

OX

70

com.

REDUCE

3.

COMMON

6.

125.

ART.
and

one

the

fractions

both

to

4u.

the

same

"o

fil

HI, /A, W
fig,HI Ml, IIS
Am.U, W.SJ

of the

multipleof

fractions
the

small,

are

others,reduce

denominator, by multiplying

common

by

"'

Am.

terms

is

of each

denominator

by

the

denominator

terms

number

When

42

""

DENOMINATOR,

.....

5.

1"

denom.

........

4.

operation

num.

if, I
i,i, i
I,4, I
i, *, f,I
f,iof8i,|of f
!|i

2.

A"'

TO

The

once.

denominator.

common

35

2X

than

more

followingexample.

3X

1.

ARITHMETIC.

product

as

and

1X5XI7

HIGHER

such
as

the

number

will render

as

largestdenominator.

will be

the

found by dividingthe largestdenominator

denominator
of the fractionto be reduced.
and

Reduce

SOLUTION

largest denominator,6, is a
3; therefore,if we multiply both
by 6 divided by 3, which is 2, it is

to

common

denominator.

1x2
multiple
of

terms

reduced

What

"

of
g

lj

IE

|.

w.

may

The

"

123. If there

bo done

numbers

inust
?

be

done

are

any

mixed

numbers,

2
"

what

="

3x2

5
=~77

7T

denominators
What

its
Thit

must

be doneT

ferent
are..fractions of difmultiplying? 124. How
the
rule.
Prore
to
denominator?
a
common
brought
mixed
whole
with compound fractions ? With
or
before

FRACTIONS.

COMMON

VI.

CASE

ART.

126.

reduce fractions

equivalentfractions

to

RULE.

To

Find

of

nators;
multipleof the given denomifractionby the quotient
multiplyboth terms of
obtained by dividingthis least common
nator
multipleby the denomiof the fraction.
"

the hast

of different denominators,
the least common
nominator
de-

common

each

Reduce

3,

2)2

| to

and

the least

2)12

4)12

6)12

236
0v9v3
JX-XO

Jt*"

19
1^

"

mul.

least com.

fractions

2,

does not

8 x

2,

"",-" and j"

alter its value,

terms

of

fraction

(Art.110),each

the

of

equivalent fraction, whose

ia any
all be redenominator
and
duced
they may
multipleof its own;
of the least common
to equivalent fractions
denominator, by
the leatt common
taking for that denominator
multipleof the given
given

be

may

reduced

"X2_JO=

9,

4X3=1

Since multiplying both

"

number

same

AM.

DEMONSTRATION.

by the

fi, ^X3

2 x "

denominator.

common

to

an

denominators.
After

denominator, both terms of each

gettingthe least common
are
denominator
multipliedby the quotientof the least common
divided by its own
in
125.
Art.
denominator, as

fraction

NOTES.
Lowest

2.

1. Before

"

commencing,

each

fraction

must

be

in

its

terms.

Reduce

numbers

compound

to improper

3. When

to

and
simple fractions,

whole

or

mixed

fractions.

pupil is acquainted with the principlesof the operation,

the multiplicationof the denominators
be
omitted,as the
may
denominator
of each fraction will be equal to the least common
new
multiple.
4. The objectof reducing fractions to a common
denominator, is
to prepare

the

them

REVIEW.
bow
are

can

"

for Addition

125.

of

different

What

What

one

are

compound

will the least

to

fractions

common

denominators
be done

must

Subtraction.

denominator

the fractions be reduced

fractions

If there

When

or

if
?

reduced

be?

multipleof

denominator?

fraction

If there

denominator

is

common

are

to

is not

whole

least

the

mixed

How
nominator?
de-

common

in its lowest
or

others,

126.

terms?

numbers

REDUCE

1.

i, j|,T9o|

3.

?,|, -|{

4.

i, 1'iVis*

5.

?"

T-2"

......

Iff

20'

,2

fi

O.

3,

JO,

7.

143"3j

AllS.

.....

1434

nf

3
4

U1

/"

6"J

75,

See Note

adding togethertwo
RULE.

of

30

I 7

2S

W.

W.

Fractions

is the

fractional

numbers.

more

fractionsto a common
and
place the
together,

their numerators

uo

-' I
30'

FRACTIONS.

the

Reduce

"

tiO)

I "
30'

1,preceding page.

OF

or

GO"

0
30'

^"".

...

ADDITION
Addition

eo"
-

,0
AllS.

...

73oof 3}

and

127.

V,, T

An,.

.........

2.

ART.

DENOMINATOR,

COMMON

LEAST

TO

43,"

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RAY'S

84

of

process

denominator; add
sum

the

ocer

common

denominator.

(12

x"l2

24

least

mul.

com.

DEMONSTRATION.

fore,add

being

sum

That

of the

l?ut,if the

things

of

" as

in
fourths,(f),

would

one

fractions having a
and

write the result

denominators

the

we

fourths)

numerators

same

unit

are

add

"!2
(.3

case, and

i K. \v.

"

127.

is Addition

Why

us.

tions
frac-

more

can,

there-

over

are

cents.

in the other.

cents

can

yum

the denominators.

different,fractions

value,and

of Fractions?

cents.

denominator,
find the

common

do

not

expresi

not, therefore,be added

preceding example we
(Art.40);
nnd
but,
twelfth*,
by reducing them
eighth*
denomination, nnd
things of the same
express
R

or

size;we

same

in the

What

^ cenL

add

is,to

the

of two

four(h

2 fourths

The

of

they express parts

lil

"

the denominators

When

"

the same,

are

24

fractions

reduced

What

is the

to

can

can

add

gether
to-

fourths,

tu-cnty-ftmrth*,
they

to

rule?

not

then

cnniin""n

be added.

dviiuuiiuuuir?

1'ruve it.

SUBTRACTION

NOTES.
shoul'l

1.

"

in

be

reduced

U.-PI, and

i" a :u

8. After

ad

and

terms,

be

may

the

or,

the

4.

5"

5.

i"

l" 9

and

6.

la and

22

7.

21,31

and

849i8jil 81

lot

"

/^ +

3o

....

i4s

and

41
L\
....

of

ll + t+H?

21

4^

Ans.

1011
Ofj

Ans.

3;f5

Ans.

11"U
1 rVo

Ans.

!TVs
4Jl

4/5
5911

Am.

"

^;w.

-i

Ans.

^liw.

Subtraction

128.

FRACTIONS.

OF

SUBTRACTION

Ihe

Ans.

of

two

the

Reduce

diflerenct
of

fractionsto

of

is the

Fractions

tho difference between

"

2\s

....

I
i of 61 + T8sof ^ of 7J?
4 of 961+ f of U of 51?

RruE.

\%
il

An*.

Am.

17.

Indiug

....

ART.

I\

16.

20.

AM.

Ans.

2"

19.

2.

Ans.

'

15.

18.

Ans.
.

r2

iV T85and 2j
T6o,
1|, 21,31 and 41
I of j,and f of I
is i + A + 4?

What

14.

and

improper fractions, and

added, and then the who!"

1!

3.

12.

be

must

the result to its lowest terms.

43, IMS
and $3
T7ff
B' I and

11.

fractions

to

be

ma;

l.^Add iV A. 1*.iUnd

10.

fraction

united.

ling,reduce

9.

operation,each

compound

reduced

fractions

the results

2f

H5

ones.

numbers

H.Mfd;

FRACTIONS.

commencing

its lowest

simple

to

"2. Mi led

then

Before

OF

process
fractional numbers.
denominator

common

tticirnumerators, and

place it

over

the

fnd

commor

denominator.
R

mixed

VIK

w.

"

number*

127. Before

commencing,

What

be

should

done

what
with

(bouM
the

be done?

answer,

when

What

with

obuinodl

RAY'S

SO

Find

HIGHER

ARITHMETIC.

f and 7*5.

the difference between

SOLUTION.

The

"

when
fractions,
nad
-ijg

denominator,become

reduced

Si their

difference

When

the denominators

they express

parts

of the

in the

of

DEMONSTRATION.
ixe

sumo,

an

be fonnd

"

as

Thus

case

of two

6 cents.

sevenths,

(|)in

one

cents.

in

2 cents

and

case,

the
are
Cut, if the denominators
different,
kind ; therefore,
one
press things of the same

the other.
do

fractions
be

not

can

than
3 cents can
be taken
other,any more
not
hs can
(Art.43); in the preceding example, fifteen/
both
their
but by reducing them
to thirtieths,
six/Its;
the

from

are

numbers.

sevenths,
sevenths

fractions

their difference

2
Difference,

commoii

-390 730.

is

size,and

same

whole

the least

to

not

ex

subtracted

from

apples,

be taken

from

difference

can

found.

be

NOTES.

1. Before

"

and

that each

see

2. After

reduce

commencing,

compound

fraction is in its lowest

subtracting,reduce

terms.

to its lowest

the result

WHAT

I" 753?.
A-fVof^?

i.
2.

311

~5i

"

T5r

4.

fractions,and
united.

In

757

numbers

0.

to

55

"

15

75

"77119

7.

?K

1089
33

be

method,

1 (I
.

76
763

"

"

"

-235

brought to improper

or, the

fractions
and

numbers
if

85f

"

may

ANS.
o

S3

"

f"

the whole

latter

71

subtracted;

then

the

5.

then

subtracted, and
live

173

5 f

Mixed

129.

ART.

of 4?

73

"

n
II

5 9

~f

v!5 01

"

terms.

IS

11

tions,
simple frac-

to

the

the

results

fraction

lower

larger,increase

be

may

is

number

the

the upper
fraction by
of parts in 1 unit,and carry 1 to the first figureof whole
numbers
in the lower line.

6|

Thus,

6!-4!

V-y

V=l!;

| -f-1

or,_4}

i
l

II
RE
Prove
dono

vi

128.

EW."

it.
with

Wh.it

the

robtractfld T

"What

should
answer,

is Subtraction
be

when

done

before

obtained?

of Fractions?

What

commencing?
129.

How

is the

What
are

mixed

rule?

should

be

nutnben

MULTIPLICATION

19. A
how

had

much

at of

owned

man

FRACTIONS.

ship,and

sold

his sharo

of

Ans.

f+

of

of

of

of it remains?

741 +

Ans.

14i,

10"

to what?

21 +

+ 3^2 -f 8$

3A

"

equal

r-'1"J

16]

"

what ?

.f|

Ans.

of

"

of

MULTIPLICATION
130.

ART.

2. To
3.

To

Fractions

is the process of
of the factors are fractional

both

or

three

whole

number

RULE

Multiplythe
the denominators

FOR

cases

the form
all be performed

may

DEMONSTRATION.

by

numerator, and
together
for a new
together
for a new denominator.

What

We

"

can

thirds,than

is the

attach
that

no

other

signifiedby

idea

is

to

2 thirds

of Fractions?
Multiplication
generalrule ? Prove it.

130. What

REVIEW."

FRACTIONS.

MULTIPLYING

numerators

MultiplyI by |.

ttnbrace?

expressed in

this

GENERAL

of 4 fifths

operations:

multiplya fraction by a whole number.

multiplya whole number by a fraction.
multiplyone fraction by another.

any

by

FRACTIONS.

may be
fraction,(Art. 108),these 3

Since
of

one

It embraces

numbers.
1. To

OF

of
Multiplication

when
multiplication,

much

how

part
H

is

A"

fg

farm, what

"

3J + 4I" 54 + 161"

21.

he left?

selling4

20. After

OF

T8yAM.
the
of

Wba!

product
4

fifths.

does

it

RAY'S

88

niOIIER

ARITHMETIC.

of 4 fifths is 8 fifteenths,(Art. 123);

But, 2 thirls

luci of 4 fifths

by

thirds,ia

'2

therefore,the pro-

Hence,

also 8 fifteenths.

these

COROLLARIES.
I

Mct.Tirt.r

To

the
the

it

withrmt

be done

can

Mci.Tipi.r

the irh"le number

REMARKS.
ami

WHOLE

DV

of

FRACTION.

the

n~im

ih"

over

Mufti)Jy

"

dicide

fraction,and

indicatingthe operations,if

contain

denominator

result

factors,cancel

common

will be in its lowest

Multiplyingone fraction by another is

(Art.123).
compound to a simple fraction,
FOR

EXAMPLES

1.

12X12.

2.

lj X 18
fix 24

3.

SUGGESTION.

5.

G.

and

fraction

the

products; or, reduce

and
multiply it; as,

|X5

Or, 3?

31,

and

3X5

V,

and

8.

X?
50xii.

9.

25 X

45

7.

What

Review.

"

will
130.

How

number

whole

number

number

15;

=V

and

=18!

13.
14.

Six!!

fraction

20

=181

whole

improper

3]

cloth cost
multipliedby

at

ber,
num-

tion,
frac-

181.

=1021
=23o
=7V
.

...."II
$4j

whole

number
How
the
multipliedby a fraction?
may
case
Multiplying fractions is equivalent to what
(low may
nuuibur be multipliedby a whole number?
a mixed
whulc

=15f

181.

11.

15 -f

12.

reducing a

to an

=39*

i*

tiplying.
mul-

separately, and

3j yardsof

before

as

by

28x32
4iX77"
l^xM

=35.

.=76.

32X2|.

10.
15.

the

same

mixed

the mixed

the

the

T9"X28.
}i X 30
33JX 5

4.

multiplying a

In

"

multiply

them

PRACTICE.

=9T33
8{
14i

the numerator

terms.

2.

wriU

the whole

remainder, and

XCMRER

the numerator

by

1. After

"

The

Is

number, and

product by the denominator.

the

add

Multiply

"

(Art 115).

write the numerator,

qnntir.nl

II. To

the whole

(Art.11'2).
of the fractionby

the denominator

Or, lUcide

XUVBER.

WHOLE

(he denominator,

over
prinltn't

bttr, irhen

nr

J 'ruction by

the

of

lor

n uine.ru

FRACTION

per

yard?

nwnber?
work
of

How
be shortened?

reduction!

90

HIGHER

RAY'S

Since
of

number

bo
may
fraction,(Art. 108), these 3

whole

any

GENERAL

RULE

FOR

Invert the divisor; then

numerator, and

new

expressedin
eases

the fora

all bo

may

formed
per-

this

by

"

ARITHMETIC.

FRACTIONS.

DIVIDING

multiply the

the denominators

together
fot

numerators

for

denominator.

new

I by |.

Divide

| inverted

f,and | X f f
=

1st DEMONSTRATION.

Suppose

"

the

lg Ans.

divisor

2 instead

were

|;

of

quotientwould be |xi==|i (Art.114). But, the real divisor,

fore,
(j),is only one third as large as the supposed divisor (2); therethe real quotient must
be three times as large as the supposed
and
3
times
", (Art.112); which agrees
quotient,(Art. 73),
|
the

the

with

2d

rule.

DEM.

be

must

"

It hag been

"

of

and
-/TV,

in

9;

the

is contained

thirds
=

dend
shown, (Art.GO),that the divisor and divisame
denomination; hence, to find how often
them
to ttcelftht.But,
in 3 fourths,reduce
in 9 twelfthsis the same
8
and
8 twelfths
as

that

is,g

Hence,

fr,

lg

the mlo

To divide

times.

the numerator

expressedthus

fractionby another, reduce

one

denominator, and

mon

been

might have

of

them

divide the numerator

both to

com

the dividend

of

by

the divisor.
COROLLARIES.

I. To

DIVIDE

denominator

FRACTION

of

the

product write the

it

write

the denominator.

nhole

be done

DIVIDE

REVIEW.

the

generalrule

[low

is

without

How

130.

fraction
a

the whole

the

"

Multiplythe

number, and

fractionby

remainder, and

NUMBER

WHOLE

is Division

divided by

NUMBER.

over

the

BV

of

the

the whole

number,

under

quotient

FRACTION.

"

the

Multiplythe

and
fraction,

divide

the

the numerator.

"

What

of

by the denominator

number

product by

131.

WHOLE

numerator.

when

II. To

fractionby

the numerator

Or, Divide
can

BT

Fractions?

Illustrate

divided

fraction ?

mixed

may
of

by

it.
a

What

whole

numbers

be

multipliedtogether?

What

does

is the

1st demonstration?

number

it embrace?

How

is

whole

is

What
"he

2d?

number

DIVISION

Tho
8d

rule may

DEM.

be

OF

FRACTIONS.

simply demonstrated,as

follows:

Inverting the divisor,shows how often it is contained

in a unit,and
(his multiplied by the dividend, shows
how often it
contains the divisor; in the example given, since
is contained
3
in a unit 3 times,f is contained
in a unit ^ times,(Art. 74),and
in |, it is contained
| X f f times,(Art.130).
-

"

NOTES.

1. Before

"

and

tions,
commencing, reduce compound to simple fracnumbers
to improper fractions;also,express
whol*

mixed

numbers

in

the form

of fractions.

2. In all cases, reduce

the result to its lowest

EXAMPLES

FOR

terms.

PRACTICE

7
=

=101

i.
.

of T3aof TS2by 37jof il

T3ff

Divide

10.
NOTE.

"

17.

Ans.
^HS.

24

|
gf

and
indicating the operations,if the numerator
contain common
cancel them
before multiplying.
factors,

After

denominator
The

HO

result will be in its lowest

Divide

of

2^ by I

SOLUTION.

of 1

2s

"

terms.

=1,

and

If

2
2
3

$
SUGGESTION.

"

Tn the division

of

operations by
place the divisors on the left of
multiplierson the right.

REVIEW.
irh.itmust

"

131.

be done?

What
How

is the 3d
may

vertical

convenient

to

line,and

the

demonstration?
be shortened

the work

other

or
fractions,

cancellation,it is often

Before
?

commencing

18.

Divide

19.

Divide

I of
'

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RAV"

92

of

a"q by fs of 31

Ans.

2|

Ant.

gf

Ant.
Ans.

I
1|

Am.

20.

Divide

21.

Divide

?of5A

22.

Divide

23.

Divide

24.

Divide

^ln". If
lg times 4* by ITT times 3"
4
3? by | of 8] times A of 3 rso Ans.

25.

Divide

26.

What

RULE.

by " of A of 3]
Of T4Tby | of J of

of 2

by -$of fV of 5 -A4/w. 34-J3

19^ H-43 X j36of 8? ^HS. 3^

of I of 27*

23

is
To

Divide

"

132.

ART.

of

$ by ! of S
3| by if of

of

reduce

complex to simple fractions.

the numerator

by the denominator

Divt"

in

as

tion

(Art.131).
offractions,
Or, Multiply both terms of the complex fractionsby the least
common
multipleof the denominators of their fractional
parts.
5

Reduce

to

"

simplefraction.

24
iu

OPERATION.
""

The

least

then

9?1

111

U'

=
'

multiple of

common

is to

poerator
no

be

divided

1) Q

and

is

22

every

by

="

the

TT
i

J.

12; hence,

fraction

indicates

denominator, the

that
1st

the

Rule

nu-

needs

demonstration.
Since

terms

12

Since

"

X"

"

4.
rr

lgXl2

DEMONSTRATION.

'

fi
\)

"

"

'

is

the value

of

complex

are

multiplied by

tlic

most

fractious

to

convenient

disappear, the
TO

REDUCE

REVIEW.
fraction?

"

the

132.

AVbat

Tllustr.itp and

arc

prove

fraction

same

is not

number,

multiplier tli.it
reason

of

the

SIMPLE

the rules for

thorn.

2d

changed when
(Art. 1113),and

since

will

small

Rule

cause

the

both

is evident.

FRACTIONS,

reducing a complex

to

simple

DIVISION

fractions

Complex

them

reducing

OF

be

may

simple

to

often bo shortened

FRACTIONS.

10X8

10.

'

FIND

12.

ART.
and

THE

133.

RULE.

their lowest

to

terms

divide

the
^nominators:
the

of

Reduce

"

the enumerators, and

the

COM.

GREATEST

-i-

A*,

401

73

2TJ

2T\

J/u

8i70

21

TO

12i

"

11.

"*xi^?

-H

2|

M.

"v

divided,bj
operationmay

The

cancellation.

by

1x1*

multipliedor

fractions.

DIVISOR

OF

the numbers

FRACTIONS.

simplefraction*,
divisor of
Jind the greatestcommon
it by the least common
multiple of
to

quotientwill be the greatestcommon

divisor

fractions.

NOTES.

1. If the

"

denominators
divisor

prime to each other,and

prime to each other, the greatest common
will be, 1 divided
by the product of

numerators

also

are

numbers

of the

are

the

the

denominators.
2. The
be

greatest

obtained

of

them, then

be

the

of this

greatest

Find

the
"

The

!J*

105

and

the

denominators,

and

divisor

the

of

the

viz:
fractious,

the

quotients must

which, used
REVIEW.
divisor

14

viz:
as

"

of

divisor

the last divisor

the

261

can

two

will

1085f

and

to the form

of

fractions,

divisor of the

numerators,

least

multiple of

common

8, is 8, (Art. 99); hence,

is 'g* lg
given numbers

the

greatest

15 the greatest common

numbers,

reduced

greatest common

If the

"

"re

fractions

two

and

DEMONSTRATION.

by

divisor of

15, (Art. 95), and

8085, is

than

more

of all.

when

numbers

8^85;

are

common

divisor

common

greatest com.

SOLUTION.

of

finding the greatest common

and
a
third,and so on ;

first

by

divisor

common

and

fractions,'"5 and

8^64,are

divisor of their numerators,

*|9.

If the

divisor

15

be

the

divided

quotients
by 8,

divided

whole
multipliedby 8, (Art.73),and become
and 579.
Now, 8 is the smallest possiblenumber,
will convert
the quotients, and "|9,
multiplier,
4

133.

of fractions ?

be

What

is the

Illustrate

rule

and

fur

prove

finding the greatest

it

common

HIGHER

RAY'S

94
numbers

whole

into

multipleof
tients,it

gives

must

Of

2.

Of

3.

Of

Of

5.

Of

6.

Of

7.

Of

8.

Of

9.

Of

10.

Of

TO

and

to

GREATEST

RCLE.

the denominators;
the

"

The

Ans.

5'i
4H
4|
Sk

An*.

the

Ans.
.

.An*.

OF

to

least

simple fraction

multipleof
dirisor of

common

the least

be

1^75

FRACTIONS.

the greatest common

quotientwill

tiple
mul-

common

multipleof 3?, 4e, lg, iV

com.

numbers,

'j5,
*g",f

fractions,become
the numerators

jf

An*.

the numbers

by

An*,

Ans.

fractions.

the least

SOLUTION.

the

An*.

"
2.}"
2|i

Ans.

Find

divide it

and

the numerators,

is

225;

the

reduced

when

and

f\ ;

the

2; the former divided by the

multipleof the given numbers.

DEMONSTRATION.

"

If the

given

to the

least

latter

numbers

form

common

divisor

greatest common

is
common

DIVISOR

MULTIPLE

Reduce

"

quo

An*. 2T*

COMMON

their loivcst terms.

Find

COMMON

LEAST

for

numbers

137^, 4781 and 2093!

1680U
2954T75,
39774, 1022T7"j,
THE

used

divisor of the given numbers

J, and 268.?
14T72and 95|
59J and 735i|
23T7gand 213^f
418! and 17721
237! and 1751-1
261}! and 652-U
44^, 546! and 3160

134.

of

possiblewhole

common

'g%when

as
8; therefore,

83

FIND

ART.

and

greatest common

THE

FIND

1.

smallest

the

be the

it is the least

time, since

same

the denominators

divisor,

as

the

at

ARITHMETIC

simple
multipleof

of their denominators

gives

were

of

112

the

A, the
whole

leas.*

bers
num-

be 225, which
multiple would
15,25, 9, 5, their least common
contain them
Would
respectively15, 9, 25 and 45 times; moreover,
225 contains
6X9,
8x25,
f, fV, respectively4 X l-r",
Vj5,285"
the
the
since
divisor
12X45
quotient,
dividing
times,
multiplies
half
numbers
and
will
contain
the
225
of
same
"
(Art.73);
112.2
4 X 25, 6 X 45
times
as
respectively,viz: 2 X 15, 3X9,
many
will divide all these quotients
times; and since no other number
which will contain the fractions
exactly,112j is the least number
"xactly,and is,therefore,their least common
multiple.
=

DIVISION

HEM
c"*n

ARK.

also

greatest

"

be
common

leaat

THE

f S,It,"

Of
Of

3.

Of

4.

Of

5.

Of

6.

Of

7.

Of

8.

Of

9.

Of

and

MULTIPLE

COMMON

LEAST

......

4A,6|, 58 and 10$

3},4|, ft,5$ and 12"
16j and 25
14?, OI'T,
181, CGI,21| and 15
9!,22 1A,2575sand 12?3ff
84, 10",5[f,6ft and f
US, 3 2*rand 3U
ft,T75,
121,131,143,15i and 17^
.....

60.

Ans.

472$

Jns.

100.

Ans.

600.

Ans.

1G70G[

4/".
^ln*.

11400.

Ans.

1437]
2245}

EXERCISES.

PROMISCUOUS

together3i,4],5|, f

1. Add

Ans.

Ans. 350.

...

135.

ART.

95

common

2.

FRACTIONS.

multiple of fractional numbcri

found
to obtain
tht
by Rule 3, Art. 99, taking care
divisors required,by the rule in the last article.
The

FIND

1.

OF

of

|,

and

of

ylns.
2.

The

of

sura

Ij'aand

is

--j

equalto

What

is

J2J+of

"

1332

how

ti
many
5
Ans.
times.

their difference?
3.

|.

of

^,,s. 5.
1|1-5-laYs?
'

4.

-|^|r ^
5 and

Reduce
their

simplestforms.

is

6.

What

is

|f X T8ftX 3?? X II equalto?

of

16 and

What

"

Ans.

5.

of

5i

(100

3g?

")

to

26iV^
Ans.

35

Ans.

T5g

2~"L
T8

(2-j)X(4-i
REVIEW."

uple

134.

of fraotionn?

\Vhat

is the

rule

Illustrate and

for

prove

finding tho
it.

lout

common

mol

RAY'S

96

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

45x4]

x4S

10.

"

4]
11.

Add

12.

leaves

II,and \

10

diminished

by

the

least

leaves

B, 8|

multiple of

common

20 inclusive.

that B

leaves N

for L.

miles

apart)

travels

7^

miles

What

15.

multiplied by

number

16.

What,

divided

17.

What,

added

and

save

Find

19.

the

160
65.

96, 120,
57

and

The

20.

number

of

a.nd

prime

have with

least

com.

numbers

number

each

The

23.

the least

of

(See Rem.

each,the

with

have

income?

Ans.

1] jj

Ans.

23

D., and

the

25.

Divide

T3tof 51

of

of

840,

latter for

the

their least

105

Ans.

have

280.

and

714.

Ans.

three

is 450.

of

11.

Ans.

and

known
un-

697 and 731, which shall

divisor that they
greatestcommon

same

part of

is the

What

numbers
are

is

15,

and

the numbers?

30, 45

and

3i by \\ of 7;

their

75.

Aim.

and

A
Ant.

of

I of 27' by

II

and

34 U

Multiply T7Tof 2i by T3sof 191 ; and divide I of

14 j by T3rof '|of 13$.
Ans. 7^r and Oft

26.

is what

unknown

an

What

^Ins.
2

and

between

Gr. C. D. of

24.

3705.

8 and

other.

mul.

clothes,

$216.

Ans.

com.

35

15rr|5

in

1, Art. 97).
between

will

divisor),of
mul. of 13, 19,

10, 24, 35

(See Note 3, Art. 99).

Find

22.

board,

three,is 9240.

these

to

two

mul.?

com.

and

miles.

Ans.

(greatestcommon

mul.

com.

their G. C.

for

former

200,

same

311

of

Ans.

least

What

in

income
my
what is my

the

57iV

I4g, gives 29"?

to

Gr. C. D.

number?
21.

"

miles per hour,

hours will they

by If, gives14.??

spend | of
$60 a year:

numbers

at

produce 2i?

18.

'^

232792560.

Ans.

N, (109

for

the

per hour : in how many

meet, and how far will each have traveled ?
Ans. 6ei hours.
K, 51 A 'fmiles; B,
and

~b"T930
/A

to

14.

|"

Ans.

Ans.

Find

time

of

gj?

13.
from

number,

what

of

4i"

Ans.

"

43of |, "

of

of

4a

what?

".

All

the

Common

Fractious

when

thus

Notation
whole

operationsin

and

rules

applj

the

several

Decimal

to

them

for

""?

cases

Fractions

simple and

more

devised

been

well

as

But,

written.
ha?

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RATS

08

convenient

similar

to

that of

numbers.

This

consists

notation

writingthe

in

numerator,

the number

placinga point,(.), so that

ight of it shall be equal

the

to

of

and

figureson the
of ciphers in

number

ho denomiLator.
The

decimal

The

and

84.015

.37 and

are

fractions

and

space, while
this account, since the
time

follows

of the

mistake

no

be

can

decimal

137.

ART.

called

it

a?

fractionis 1 with as
figureson the rightof

fraction,when

written

point,is simply called a decimal.

The
placesand figureson the right of
places and

decimal

the placesand

from

point,(.),is

The

obtained

many
the point.

them

way

denominator,saves
on
likelyto occur

is

denominator

denominator
of any decimal
ciphersannexed as there are

The

this

.000002

pointinstead

of the

use

expressed in

given, when

before

decimal

point arc

figures,to distinguish
numbers.

figuresof whole

point or tcpa.Ta.trix;
the places of whole

called the decimal

separates the decimal

the

with

placesfrom

numbers.
A pure decimal "has only decimal figures;
as, .02319
has figuresof whole
decimal
mixed
A
numbers; a",

281.63
A

complex

hand
A

number

whole

REVIEW.

thus

figureson
Qiv"

is

be

in its

right-

regarded as a decimal,by supposing

154.
place; as, 154

rightof its units'

136.

What

mode

is the

decimal

may

the

What

What

What

on

"

"samples.
When

fraction

common

place;as, .8i and 2.622

point to be

it

has

decimal

is

Decimal

Fraction?

of

expressingthem has
advantage of writing decimal

Give
Why BO called?
adopted? Illustrate
fractions with a point?

boon

the denominator
be known?
written,how can
with a point?
called, when written

fraction
the
pure

examples.

right

of

decimal?
How

may

the

point

called?

What

is

every

whole

mixed

What

be

are

if

the

point called?
complex decimal?
regarded?

decimal?

number

137. What
What

is

the

NUMERATION

OF

NUMERATION

DECIMALS

"|"J

DECIMALS.

OF

-ft; .06
Tgff;and .006
hundredths,or thoitsanths,
r/fo^,
expresses tenths,
any figure
it
is
the
in
as
1st, 2d, or 3d decimal place
according
the tenths',
the
hence, these placesare named
respectively
the thousandths' place; other places are
named
\undretht-')
138.

ART.

the

same

Since

.6

as

seen

way,
TABLE

in the
DECIMAL

OF

ORDERS.

"cfioc^Sa83Ss^Ss^SSWH

H3*s

1st place.2
.08
2d
.005
3d

W"

read 2 tenths.

....

8 Hundreths.
5 Thousanths.
*7Ten -thousandths.
3 Hundred-thousandths.
1 Milionth.
9 Ten-Millionths.
4 Hundred-millionths.
6 Billionths.

..

..

4th

.000*7

..

5th

.00003
.000001.

..

6th

..

7th

.0000009
.00000004.

..

8th

..

..

..

..

.000000006

9th

..

..

The

that

The

numbers.

tenth
from

10

hundredths, and

left to

the

therefore

same

placeequals10

1 in any
law

names

be

tended
ex-

recollecting

hundredth

the decimal

like the
right,

accordingto the

and

This

table may

from

By inspectingthe table,and

thousandths,it is clear that

in value

derived

are

"c.
Quadrillionths,
Trillionths,

139.

ART.

orders

decimal

of whole

of the orders
to

the

of

names

..

10

placesdecrease

placesof

whole

bers,
num-

law, viz:

in the

next

right-handplace.

holds

good in every mixed

decimal, like
in
all
the
last
of
715.2309; for,
bers,
such,
figure whole numis
a
nd
the
first
decimal
figureon the
(5), units,
10 tenths.
and 1 unit
rightis tenths,
=

REVIEW.
Third?

"

Why?

138. What

Repeat

is tho

tho

name

Table

of the 1st decimal

of Decimal

Orders.

place?

The

2dt

Since

140.

ART.

local value

of

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RAY'S

100

decimals

lav*
subjectto the same
numbers, like them, also,they

whole

as

are

be read in either of two

can

RULE

1st. Head

the

DECIMALS.

in succession the value

2d. Read

the decimal

as

(he

of

is much

whole

separatefigureswhich
convenient,

mure

number, and

Hie

annex

name

right-handplace.

.004038, is read,4038

decimal

The
DEM.
viz:

READING

the decimal; or, which

compose

of

FOR

ways.

The

"

of the

reason

rule

depends

on

millionths.
the law

of local

value,

right-handplace."
Commencing with the first significant
figure,4 of the 3d place
equal 40 of the 4th place; 40 of the 4th place equal 400 of the
of the oth
403
6th place,which, with
the 3 already there,make
place; finally,403 of the 6th place equal 4030 of the 6th place,
in all 4038 of the Gth place;
wnich, with the 8 already there,make
since the Gth place expresses millionths.
or, 4038 millionths,
A

"1

place equals10

in any

mixed

decimal
number

or, the whole

Thus,

71.062

may

be read

may
may

be read

in the next

be

71062

as
altogether

read,then

decimal

the decimal.

thousandths; or,

71

units,and

62

thousandths.
EXAMPLES

REVIEW.
bere?

decimals?

139.

"

What

How

ia the law

Why?

la the 1st ?

The

road?

an

flive

do decimal

TO

BE

READ.

placesresemble

those of

whole

num-

that governs both ?

Does this law apply to mixed
140. In how
decimals be read ? What
many
ways
may
2d ?
Prove
the 2d role.
How
mixed
decimals
be
may

example.

NOTATION

101

DECIMALS.

OF

NOTATION

and

thousand
Write, eighty-three

141.

ART.

DECIMALS.

OF

bil"

one

lionths.
DEMONSTRATION.

number

of

written

as

bo

must

parts

1st step 83001

Numerator.
2d step .000083001
Decimal,

The

"

whole

number,
(Art.136) ; the right-hand figure must
size,(Seelast Rule) ; hence, the
a

RULE

Write

the numerator;
figure shall be of the same
REMARKS.

WRITING

FOR

the

fix

name

express

parts

of

the

given

DECIMALS.

point

that

so

the

right-hand

the decimal.

as

1. In

fixing the point,it may be necessarj to prefix

in the example just given; but in the
as
the point will fall between
of an improper decimal fraction,
case
two
of the figures
346
is
also
be
tenths
written 34.6,which
; thus,
may
"

ciphersto the numerator,

read

34

units and

2. The
prove

6 tenths.

operations under

each

this and

2.

Twenty-two

Two

TO

tenths.

3. Ono hundred
4.

units

BE

11. Four
hundredths.

one

hundred
tenths.

and

twenty-

and four thousandths.12. Six thoueand hundredths.

13. Eight units and a half
hundredth:
and one
dredth.
hun-

sandths.
hundred-thouEighty-seven

Twenty-nineand

half ten-

15.

million
8. Nineteen
billionths.

and

one

and

five

three
sandths.
thou-

Thirty-three million

tec

millionth*.
16. Four
17.

millionths.

thousand
Forty-eight
hundred

5. Ono thousand
six hundred
and five ten-thousandths.

7.

to

se^ve

WRITTEN.

14.

6.

rule

preceding

other.
EXAMPLES

1. Five

the

Four

18. One

hundred

thousandths

hundred-thousandths.
unit and

half

lionth.
bil-

thousand and thrw

and forty- 19. Sixty-six
millionths.
units and sixteen hundredths.
two
20. Sixty-six
million and thref
thousandths.
units and
thousand
10. Two
a
fifty-sixand a third inil- 21. Thirty-fourand
Jhird
lionths
tenths.
9.

Seventythousand

REVIEW.

"

141.

What

is the role for

writingdecimals

Explain

it.

102

RAY'S

22.

HIGHER

million
Forty-four

ARITHMETIC.

units and

Three

31.

hundred
and
fiftyeightthousand and six ten
millionths.

four millionths.
23. Two
hundred
and eighteen
thousand and six billionths. 32.
24.

thousands.
Xinety-six
hundreds.
Ninety-six
Ninety-sixtens.
units.
Ninety-six
tenths.
Ninety-six
hundredths.
Ninety-six
thousandths.
Ninety-six

25.

2G.
27.
28.
29.
30.

142.

ART.

Decimal

Two

million millionths.

33.

Four million units and four

millionths.

34.

Four

35.

Fifty-thousandand

million

lionths.
four mil-

and

seven

hundred-thousandths.
36.

Three
million
billionths.

Fractions

nnd

half

from
distinguished

are

fractions,
by not having written denominators ;
whole
from
numbers, by the decimal point.
The denomination,
size of the purls in any
or
decimal,
the
of
the
that
the
set of
depends on
position
point; so
figureswhich expresses but one value as a whole number,
may, as a decimal, express different values,according to
be exercised,
the situation of the point. Great care
must
and distinctly.
then,in placing the point correctly
common

and

143.

ART.
to,

or

PROPOSITION

from,

omitted

I.

Decimal

"

the

right of

be annexed

ciphersmay
number, and

any

not

alter

its value.
DEMONSTRATION.

themselves

The

ciphers
value; the
their places

"

of

are

no

EXAMPLES.

.25
250
16. =16.
16
000
19.08300
19.083
200.00
200
=

figures retain
and, consequently, their values.
is not
Hence, the value of the number
but merely its denomination.
altered,
other

REMARK.
decimal

that the

ciphers annexed

omitted

or

are

Annexing or omitting ciphersis equivalentto multiplying

dividingboth terms of the decimal fractionby 10, 100, 1000, "c.
"

144.

ART.
moved
as

careful

ciphers.

NOTE.
or

Be

"

to

RHVIBW.

known

If,in

"

is

any

decimal, the point

be

continuallyby 10

MULTIPLIED

figureis passed over.

1-12. How

"

How

II.

the number

the RIGHT,

oftenas

decimal

PROPOSITION

from

?
pointcorrectly

whole

Why
143.

arc

decimals

numbers?
should

What

is

distinguishedfrom

How

groat

is the

care

Proposition1

be
?

common

size of the

exercised
Frove

it..

in

parts

tions?
fracin any

placing the

REDUCTION

DEMONSTRATION.

OF

DECIMALS.

1Q3

For each

EXAMPLES.
placepassed over
by
point in moving to the right,
every figure .0567
is advanced
the
0.567
in
of
scale
one
step
notation,and
is worth
10 times as much
5.67
as
before; hundreths
are
5 6.7
changed into tenths,tenths into units,units
into tens, tens into hundreds, and so on; hence,
567.
the propositionis true:
5670.
"

the

ART

145.

be moved

to the LEFT,

oftenas

as

PROPOSITION

III.

the number

figure is passed

DEMONSTRATION.

If, in

"

For

"

each

is

decimal, the point

any

10

by
continually

DIVIDED

over.

EXAMPLES.

place passed
the Ifft,
every

2340.
by the point in moving to
234.
figureis degradedone step in the scale of nota2 3.4
as
tion,and is worth only y1^as much
before;
2.34
hundreds
are
changed "into tens, tens into units,
.234
units into tenths,tenths into hundredths, and so
.0234
on
is true.
; hence,the proposition
over

NOTE.

If the

"

point is

moved

to be

in either direction

over

more

can
placesthan the number
furnish,supply the deficiencyby taking
in ciphers,as in the last examples of these propositions.

REMARK.

These

"

supposinga point

to

propositionsapply
stand on
the right of

REDUCTION
146.

ART.

OF
I.

CASE

To

"

Take

"

the decimal

with

commencing

as

places; then reduce

divisors

"

In

3.

"

Prove

144.

decimal

to

convert

decimal

Stato
How

the

it stands, for

the

fraction
are

number

to

the

its lowest

its

numerator,

numbers?

will divide

146. Wh".t

simplestequivalentcommon

is

mo

fraction?

noi

use

factors of

only prime

that

decimal

terms,

Proposition2. Prove it, 145.

deficient placessupplied?
nro

to whole

its

into

firstsignificant
figure;for
ciphersannexed as there are
many
this fractionto its lowest terms.

only prime

it.

propositionsapply
\of

as

5; since they

the
and, therefore,
REVIBW.

DECIMALS.

the denominator,

reducing
2 and

but

number,
place.

its units'

the

write 1 with

NOTE.

whole

fraction.

simplestequivalentcommon
RULE.

to any

10,

the denomiState

How

tion
Proposican

tbes"

rule for reduo-

is either

which

nator,

ends

divide

in

luccesnion;the
ends in 3, and
be reduced
A

mixed

may

fraction

the

wiJ

terms.

fraction.

common
equivalent

39375

.039375=5)

in

1000000

fraction

can

'40000

200000

(Note.)

like 18.0067

decimal
as

an

63
Ant.

improper

'8000

this

complex

rule, a

fraction,which

common

decimal
be

may

Thus, .084

8s1
~L

The

also

rule

1600

25

to a
common
easily reduced
the
with
aliquot parts of

REDUCE

fraction

146.

"

terms

is in

Why

What

its lowest

100.

TO

fraction,if
Thus,

can

terms?

fraction ?
changed to a common
of
rule?
the
the
application
by
complex ? Give examples.

only
it be

What

complex

IM'J.

Ans.

"

decimal

pure

decimal

the

may

complex,
sometimes

student

into
as,
be

is familiar

FRACTIONS.

be used

need

known,

Why?
How

decimal

12

60

COMMON

divisors
How

way

Art.
1

"

300

this

into

in

to

serves

6.875=G.87j'f)==6.87A
; in

lowest

converted

change a part of
fraction,thereby rendering the

common

REVIEW.

is

simplifiedas

100

nor

thus:

number

By

merator
nu-

then

numerator

written

be

times

further.

no

the

will be in its lowest

obtaining
fraction, divide

by 5, four

terms

its

AVhen

6, neither

except

fraction

10's.

After

"

common

both

to

of

product

number

the

.039375

o L u T i ON.

Ihe

odd

any

ARITHMETIC.

the

10, or

it,(Art.90),and

Reduce
S

HIGHER

RAY'S

104

How
does
can

the

decimal

b"

may
a

reducing to
by inspection,that

in

mixed

th"

complex fraction bocoma

pure

decimal

be

rendered

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RAY'S

100

2. The

point may be fixed in the quotient at any time,by making

decimal placeas tht
the figurelast written in the quotientoccupy the same
figureof the dividend last used; in doing so, prefix ciphers to tht
the requisitenumber
of places.
to make
quotient,if necessary,
this
and
the
rule
The
to proY"
under
3.
serve
preceding
operations
other.

each

Reduce

" to its

equivalentdecimal.
or

DEMONSTRATION.

The

"

with

numerator

o\^
o

ciphers annexed, is of the same

value as before,but of a lower
denomination,
(Art.143), and, when it is divided by the
|
the
that
nomination
demust
be
of
denominator,
quotient
the
and
therefore
must
contain
also,
decimal
places.
The analysisof the operationis as follows : g

ERA

ON,

nr"f\

) / .UU

decimal

the

.875

7000

of

thousandths

875 thousandths

REDUCE

1.

2.

3.

^0

=.125

5.

rule

The

complex

.263^
=

mixed

=.495

.078125

.0009765625
decimal,and

mixed

thus,9|= 9.375,since

=.01525
.015}
101.011=101.0175

12.
15.

75119g35

=75119.0375

16.

2.00320-

=2.00002125

ART.

148.

=16.5
.

.=42.1875

13.

Sometimes

14.

.375; and

I6h
42T3a

11.

=.8

7024

into

number

.=.05078125

^35

.005625|10.

;
pure decimal
.2612, since J? = a2
into

8.

1 9.

=.46875

converts

f
29o9o
C5i

7.

=.051
.

7 units

of

.875

6.

....

....

of

number

same

Ans

DECIMALS,

=.75!

....

If.
T59o"J

4.

TO

.875

_-

annexing ciphersdoes

not

render

exactly divisible by the denominator; in

that case, after the quotienthas been carried out as
far as
the sign (+) phts is annexed
that there
to show
desirable,
is still a remainder.
Such, having no end, are called
the

numerator

REVIEW.

Explain the
On

"

147.

When

example.

complex decimal

may

What
?

the

point be

effect does

quotient? How?

fixed in the

the rule have

on

mixed

number

ADDITION

interminate

decimal

.125,

the

littletoo

remainder

omitted

in

minate
inter-

an

is

"

2.

2\
10|f

3.

.065?

4.

430.18-jV

149.

RULE.

figuresof the

OF
Write

"

agree with that

decimal places.
to

the numbers

Same

may

be in

add

columns;

that

so

in

as

and point offthe result

right,
given numbers having the most

the

in addition

as

be added

to

the

at

of

one

430.1809+

DECIMALS.

denomination

same

numbers, commencing

"

.259259+
10.60417-

=.0652857+

ADDITION

PROOF.

+,

decimal.

terminate

1.

wJwk

.666666

"

of

ART.

107

largeenough to give the next quotient

than 5, the last quotientfigureis written 1
it really
is,and the sign( ) minus is annexed
( + ) plus,to show that the quotientis written
.66+, or .67
largo; as, "

figuremore
largerthan
a

when

Sometimes,

instead

DECIMALS.

infinite
decimals; thus, 2

or

interminate;while

an

OF

of whole

numbers.

Complex decimals, if there are any, must be made pure,

(Art.147),as far, at least,as the decimal places extend in the other
fractions in the rightnumbers.
If,after (his,there are common
hand
as
column, add them; or, neglectthem, using the signs-f- or
NOTE.

"

"

in Art. 148.

23.8

Add

SOLUTION."

After

figuresof the
then add
bers.

carry

the

added, must
figure of the

done
minus

"

set
OPERATION.

in column

in whole

as

of

answer

those

point should

REVIEW.

reducing,

.41|

and

uum-

0 Q
-"

HI

when
right-handfigures,
the
make
right-hand

as

the

.0256

and

order

same

and

As

17^

and

What

arc

in

be fixed

148. When

bo usod 1

the

such

same

the
as

tho

IT'K
ft 9 ^ fi

*4irP'-

A-\~_
nomination
de-

Ans.

column,

41.74223

the rule directs.

quotient can

decimals

called t

not

be

made

Why

When

exact, what
may

tho

is

sign

HIGHER

RAY'S

108

Find

1.

the

2. Of

1.33

3. Of

14.

A UtTHMETIC.

-of 1 +

sum

J added

to

.9475

An*. 1.9475

itself twice.

034, 25, .000062^,

.0034
39.0374625

Am.

83

Of

4.

thousandths,2101

hundredths,25

94s units.

nd

AM.

118.093

Am.

8.980^

.16i,.37*, 5, 3.41, .0001

Of

6.

Of 4

7.

Of

.1H +.66661

8.

Of

9.

Of

920.1754
Am.
.141,.0181, 920, .0139!
16. 008|, .00741, .2", .00019042i

units,4 tenths,4

Ans. 4.44

huudredths.

.2222225

Ami.

16.299768199?

.675,2 millionths,
64g, and

Of

10.

3.49000107

68.29000307

Am.
11.

Of

12.

Of 216.

4.0671

four times

.000}

and

13.

1000.

86301, 48.1057, .029, 1.3,

1266.29771

units,35 tenths,35 hundredths,35

35

Add

16.272

,l"s.

Ans.

Add

14.

thousand

ten

96

sixtythousand

and

and

dred-thousa
millionths;four hunhundredths; forty-sevenmillion

150.

RULE

result

PROOF.
NOTES.

If

"

149.

"

must

either

directed

RRYIEW.

be

in .the

done

of

in columns,

the

at

or

both

in the

What
with

the minuend,

ffubtract

right,and

point

the

decimals.

of

is the

the

rule

complex

given

numbers.

decimals

be

complex,

to last rule.

note

for

adding

decimals

right-hand column, what

150. What

under

in subtraction of whole

As

"

proceed as

ample.

addition

DECIMALS.

denomination

same

1.017101008

Am.

the subtrahend

numbers, commencing

in

as

OF

Write

"

placingfigures of the
in whole

one

eightbillionths.

SUBTKACTION
ART.

sandths.
thou-

38.885

Ans.

What

tenth*

5.

Am.

as

4.

Ana.

should

is the rule for subtraction

decimals?

If there

bo

done

are

of decimals?

The
common

proof?
tions
frac-

the

exExplain
The proof?

SUBTRACTION

2.

If the minuend
annex

until the

Write

"

subtract

in whole

as

numbers

rendei'ed pure

the

common

saying
4,and

Ans. 4.743

on.

-| o9

6.77s

8.00717

19.54

from

2.

3 thousandths

from

3.

72.0001

72.01

4.

Subtract ..93A

5.

How

much

is 19

6.

How

much

less is

7.

How

much

is

8.

What

is

9.

Take

.007601

10.

Take

1.98i

11.

Subtract 1 from

1.684

12.

from

13.

14.

10000

15

24^ tenths from

16.

Is units from

17.

TJ

hundreth

from

yg

18.

64g hundredths

from

100

of

of

"

not

be done?

.041

150. What
contain

Explain

many

be

lO.OOOf
.35f

.15007
Ans.

Ans.

.000443JS

Ans.

Ans. 4.9225

tenths.
units.

Ans.

done
decimal

examples.

Ans.

tenth.
Ans.

units.

with

complex

places as

1.251
-4ns. 0

thousandths.
a

Ans.

thousandths.

of

.05
.684

Ans.

10

.95

.004798

Ans.

.000$

3701

must

tho

.238^

Ans.

6.

from

from

1875

as

Ans.

Am.

.02

49!

from

thousandths

.0099

in decimals?

three times

millionth

Ans.

Ana.

2?

"

2999.997

.4?.

than

twice from

hundrcdths

VIEW.

do

483^1

Ans.

8.999i?

less

If

"

ft 6

11.53283

1.1691

.65007

6.773s

Ans.

3000.

from

f)
.

PRACTICE.

Subtract

must

so

1.

minuend

o'ft^^7

8,

7 from

decimals

FOR

from

/"

fractions subtracted.

2|

annexed

to be

rule

to the

extent, and

same

EXAMPLES

UK

them

6.77i

subtract

to the

the

as

10 leaves

example, the complex

are

the subtrahend,

placesas

suppose

be annexed

numbers;

1 ; 6 from

13.2563

In this

the

ciphers to

3,carry

From

decimal

many

2.05*7

subtract

directs;suppose
10 leaves

as

ciphers to it,or
deficiencyis supplied.

SOLUTION.

and

not

DECIMALS.

decimal

68

From

has

OF

the

99.35"

decimals?

If the

subtrahend, what

RAY'S

110

HIGHER

ARITHMETIC.

MULTIPLICATION
151. RULE.

ART.

OF

Multiplyas

"

DECIMALS.

in whole

product,so that it shall liave as many

and multiplier
together.
multiplicand

decimal

tne

PROOF.
HEM

As

"

ARK.

of whole
multiplication

in

DEMONSTRATION.
decimals

product

as

256

Express

"

2.56X
the

form;

both

the

ciphers as
these ciphersmake
a decimal
decimal
as
places as
many

other

2.

16

3.

.01 X

4.

.080X

80

5.

37. 5 X

821

6.

64.01

7.

48000.

8.

64. 66; X

9.
10.

.56',X .OSi'g
738 x 120.4

11.

.0001X1.006

12.

34 units X.

13.

27 tenths X.4i

14.

43.

15.

21.0375

the rule.

How

of the

47104
product has

and

denominators:

are

of

hav"

PRACTICE.

=.1

.031
.U

=.0015
=6.4

=3093.75
=20.4832

73

=3504000.

18

What

=1164.
=

.0172J-!
88S"5.2

=.0001006
=6.562

193

=1.134

008

X.
X

.531

.32

7004

151.

each

as

.1

1 X

proof?

denominator

factors.

both

FOR

1.

"

.184

place,(Art.136),the product will

EXAMPLES

REVIEW.

ft()7) 1 00000

Hence,

by the product of their

denominators, (Art.130). Writn
many

di-

numerators

vidcd

as

ftft

be the

product will

in decimal

47104

184
==

frac-

common

of their

the fractions

places u

.184

Multiply2.56 by

tions ; their

numbers.

decimal
product,has not as many
deficiencyby prefixingciphers.

the

the

places as

If the

"

supply
c-iuired,

tne

numbers, and point

4.441

=.3496032
=93.5

of Decimals?
Multiplication
the product to bo supplied?

is the rule for

deficient

places in

Thi
Prort

MULTIPLICATION

16.V
5.V 9300. 701 X

251

17.

430.0126X4000

18.

.059

42 units X

20.

21

21.

7100

22.

26 millions X

23.

2700

figurein

28.

1 in thousands'

CONTRACTED

The

=67C.

60 tenths
will

.01

figurein

units'

by

the

hundredths'

the

.001

place,by

162
tenths

place,

thousandths.

or

1 in tenths'?

methods

dred-thousan
in the hun-

one

TO

I.

"

Remove

"

over
right,

as

the result will be

are

point as are required in

taking in ciphers,unless
the

case,

proper

Hundreds.

DECIMALS.

contractingmultiplication
of decimals.
multiplication

DECIMAL

to

two

cases.

10, 100, 1000, "C.

BY

point of the multiplicandto thv

in
placesas there are cipJiers
the product required.

1. If there

"

the decimal

many

to

to call attention

MULTIPLY

Ans.

OF

of

numbers, apply also

only necessary

that

MULTIPLICATION

152.

in whole

in

.0008876

=
.

place? Ans. Hundred-thousandths.

thousandth
Ans. Millionths.
by 1 thousandth?
hundred
Ans. Tens.
by 1 tenth?

NOTES.

176.4
=13.5

figurein

the

27.

RULE.

.1 X

CASE

.0002u5379

600

26.

It is

26 millionths

Ans.

ART.

denomination

eive?
A

millionth.

place,multipliedby
25.

.059

hundredths

What

=2334475.951

....

of

11

42 tenths

hundredths
X

DECIMALS.

=1720050.4

.059 X

19.

24.

OF

the

multiplier;

placesto the right of the

the operation,supply the deficiencyby
the multiplicand be a complex decimal;
and
set
figures should be ascertained
not

as

many

down, (Art.147).
2. The rule given in Art. 64, for multiplying a whole number
by
is
whole
of
since
a
case
a
ber
numparticular
this,
10,100, 1000, "c.,
the
be
as
a
point
regarded
decimal,
being on the right
may
of the units' place, (Art.137).
REVIEW.
for decimals?

"

152. What
What

placessupplied?

How

methods

is the

1st

euro
Multiplication

of Contracted

Case?

Give

the

rule.

does this rule apply to whole

How

cumbers

are

used

deficient

RAY'S

112

HIGHER

ARITHMETIC.

To

multiply by 10, 100, 1000, "c., is th"

same
to multiply continuallyby 10; this is done by moving the
as
as
point to the right,over
places as there are ciphers in
many
the multiplier,(Art.144).
"

EXAMPLES

FOR

100

1.

56.x

2.

.075 X 100

3.

.01!

4.

16. 083

5.

10.341x100000
98.0471 X 1000000

6.
ART.

PRACTICE.

=5600.
.

1000

=17.5

10

=160.83

Whenever

153.

contain

requiredto

=7.5

"
.

the

=1034400.
.

.=980473331

productof

below
figures

decimals

is not
certain order,the work

two

be shortened.

may

CASE

n.

TO

"

OP

RULE.

RESERVING

MULTIPLY,
DECIMAL

IN

CERTAIN

NUMBER

PRODUCT.

THE

the number
of decimal
multiplicand,
placesto be reserved,draw a, vertical line through the lowest,and
write the multiplier
that its units' figureshall fallon this line.
so
Begin at tlieleftof the multiplierto form the partialproducts,
always startingat that figureof the multiplicand which is as
then
far on one side of the line,as the figureof the multiplier
in

Count

PLACES

"

is

use

offin

the other side, carrying the tens, however, obtained

on

by multiplyingthe
Set

lower

figure.
right-handfiguresof these partial products in a
and pointoffthe number
of decimal placesrequired.

the

column, add
NOTES.

the

1. The

"

next

multiplicand

the

right of the line than

accomplish this,it may be

to

To

to

or

convert

common

the

should

extend

multiplierdoes

to annex
necessary
fraction into a decimal.

figure further

one

to

the

left of it.

decimal

ciphers,

and it becomes
multipliercontain a common
fraction,
tiplicand
at the same
to multiply by it,start
figure of the mulin the previous multiplication.
as

2. If the

necessary

REMARK.

In

carrying tens from

the multiplicand,carry 1 ten also for
thus,for 65, carry 6; for 18, carry 2.
REVIEW.
How

far

"

"

should

152. Demonstrate
the

it

the nearest
any

153.

multiplicandextend

number

What
to the

rejectedfigureof
of

is Cafe

units

2?

right 'if tho

over

The
line?

6;

114

RAY'S

154.

ART.

HIGHER

ARITHMETIC.

DIVISION

OF

RULE.

the decimal

places of the dividend

they are less. Divide as in

whole numbers, annexing other decimal figuresto the dividend as
that it shall have as many
so
theyare needed; point the quotient
than tlie divisor.
decimal placesas the dividend has MORE
as

those

as

many

PROOF.

"

of

Make

"

DECIMALS.

Same

the divisor,if

as

of whole

numbers.

dividend, decimal ciphers i\ro used;

but,if the dividend is a complex decimal,make it pure.
of figuresrequired for
the number
2. If the quotient has not
decimal
places,prefixciphers.
has the same
number
of decimal
3. If the dividend
placesas the
divisor,the quotientis units.
NOTES.

vi

1.

"

w.

"

the figureof tho

To

153.

extend

in Division
the

What, by multiplying each figureof tho multiplier

by

multiplicandas far on the

What
omitted?
are
earne.
multiplications
The
of decimals?
How
are
proof?
supplied? How in the quotientT

other side of the lino ?

154.

What

deficient

Ana.

The

vision
is tho rulo for di-

placesin

the dividend

DIVISION

4.

Make

OF

DECIMALS.

115

decimals

like common
pure;
or, divide them
mixed
numbers
multiple
; or, multiply both by the least common
of the denominators
of the common
and then divide.
fractions,

complex

6. If the division
other

decimal

is not

the divisor

.50312

Divide

the

figuresto

written with

exact, it may

dividend;
it, as

under

may

be

fraction.

common

Since

.19).50

the di-

12(2.648

1 Z O

is the

Ans.

152

of the divisor
as

as

aa
many
has more

the dividend

the divisor.

than

24

Divide
Annex

to make

the

the' remainder

or

product of tho divisor

and
quotient,it must have as many
decimal
places as both of them, (Art
161); hence, the quotient must have
decimal
placesenough to make with those
in
the dividend,which
is just as many
are
Tidend

by annexing

.19

by

DEMONSTRATION."

be continued

by

decimal

it have

as

3.2
cipher to
many

decimal

divisor;afterward, annex

continue

the

dividend,
places as
another,to

3.2)24.00(7.5
1.60
0

the division.

.07 by 21.6

Divide

-OTOOf.

0032407+
21.6)
the
annex
long division,
as
ciphera to tho remainders
QQA
they occur, reckoning them
i /" A A
still as decimal
places of the
dividend; here the dividend
has eight decimal
to the
places,counting the ciphersannexed
In

1. Divide
SUGGESTION.

.002475 and
of the
the divisor

.002J8 by .061
"

Convert

3-J-.18I

3.

4. 2-=-. 311

rnlo.

"

154.

places,what

divided ?

into

the

pure

decimals

tiple
mulmultiply both by 40, the least common
5 and 40, making the dividend .099,
and
denominators
the
latter
method
2.64: use
generally.

2.

decimal

numbers

the

.0375

.066 ; or,

FOR

EXAMPLES

REVIEW.

Ans.

mainders,
re-

PRACTICE.

=16.

If the

=13.44
dividend

is the

and

quotient?

If the division is not exact, what

Explainthe examples.

number

of

complex decimals
may
be done ? Demonstrate

th"

divisor have
How
may

the

earn*

be

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RAY'S

116

=.01575

4.

63-MOOO

5.

3.15-f-375

6.

1.008-^-18

7.

4096-f-.032

8.

9.7-T-97000

9.

.9^-. 00075

.0084

=.056
=128000.
=.0001
=1200.

10.

13-^-78.12^

=.1664

11.

12.9-j-8.256

=1.5625

12.

81.2096-r-l.28

=63.445

13.

=.15625

14.

12755^-81632
2401H-21.4375

15.

21.13212-r-.916

16.
17.

72672-j-. 5025
2483.25-^-5.1562$

18.

142. 0281-T-9. 2376

19.

l-r-100

20.

lO.lH-17

21.

VOOl-r-100

=112.

=23.07

36.

=73.088

.....

V*
.

.=481.6

=15.375

V.0001

=.66f

95.3-r-.264

25.

1000

26.

Ten
.

=1000000.
=100.

-^-1 tenth

=.0001

-f-. 01

000001

29.

.OOOOl-f-1000
16. 275 -=-.41664

30.

1 ten-millionth

28.

=360.984848+

001

-:-.

=.01

-5-. 01

24.

27.

.59412=.00001

22.\ 08|-r-.12i
23.

.01

=.00000001
=39.0625

-j-1 hundreth

=.00001

If
155.
ART.
the quotientmay

dividend

the
be

is less than

expressed as

common

the

divisor,
fraction,
by

taking the dividend for the numerator, the divisor for the
number
denominator,making both terms have the same
of decimal places,and then omittingthe points,which is
number,
equivalent to multiplyingthem by the same
divided
3.737
by 99.9, equals ^3?7
(Art.144); thus,
_

"

3-737

REVIEW.

101

3737

? 0-000"

-D9900

"

155.

quotient be written?

"

270

0-

If the dividend

be

less than

the

divisor,how

may

th"

DIVISION

AET.

To

158.

find

OF

the

DECIMALS.

H7

denomination

of

1st quotient

the

obtained,count

figurewhen

offin the dividend,

at
in
the
decimal
as
are
dot
a
divisor,
placet
placing
many
the
this
dot
last
decimal point,
numerate
a
as
from
after
;
either way, up to that figureof the dividend,under which
the right-hand
figureof the ~ist productfalls. This will
of the 1st quotient
givethe denomination
figure.
in

Thus,

dividing

.07

the dividend,
by 21.6, (page 115),mark
the
from
dot
decimal
as
a
point to the right as
.0*700; numerate
the right-hand figure of the first product
which
far as the 0, under
falls: this gives thousandths,
which
is the denomination
of the 1st
quotient figure,3.

DIVISION

CONTRACTED

methods

DECIMALS.

of

apply also

numbers

whole

to

contractingdivision in
decimals.
Only three cases

be noticed.

need

I.

CASE

RULE.

TO

"

Remove

"

as

over

The

157.

ART.

OF

DIVIDE

DECIMAL

BY

point of the dividend

the decimal

there

ciphersin

are
places as
requiredquotient.

many

10, 100, 1000, "c.

the

to the

left,

divisor; the

result will be the

NOTE.

"

If there

not

are

as

places

many

to the

left

as

are

quired,
re-

prefixciphers.
REHAB

K.

"

The

67, for dividinga whole number

by
since
whole
of
case
a
ber
numparticular
this,
with a pointon its right.(Art.137.)
a decimal

rule in Art

10, 100, 1000, "c.,is

be considered

may

68.075 by 10000.

Divide

To

Ant.

.0068075

divide

by 10,100, 1000, "c.,is the same

to divide
continuallyby 10. This is done by moving the point
the left,
over
as
places as there are ciphersin the divisor,
many

DEMONSTRATION.
as

to

"

(Art.145.)
R

p. v

done?
ai

i K

w.

"

Why?
aa

soon

of

Before

156. How

it is set

in division
deficient

155.

down?

decimals?

reducing
is the order

the rule.

of

157. What
What

places supplied? Why

Prove

the

is the
can

the

fraction,what

common

quotientfiguredetermined

any

methods
1st

be

must

case?

rule

be

of contraction
The

rule?

applied to

are

How

whole

used
ar"
bers
num-

HIGHER

RAY'S

118

It

158.

ART.

often

happens that the quotientis

decimal
figuresbelow a certain

contain

requiredto

ARITHMETIC.

if so, the work

i

4.SE

II.

TO

"

RESERVING

DIVIDE,
DECIMALS

RULE.
would

the

THE

CERTAIN

as

the dividend, whose

denomination

the

tion
highestdenominadenomination
required

usual, until tJiisfigureis reached ; then,stop bringing

from the dividend, and at each subsequentdivision,

figurefrom the divisor, carryingfor its

then

point

offthe

If the marked

"

the divisor is reduced

thus, until

Continue

NOTE.

OP

NUMBER

QUOTIENT.

from multiplyinga unit of

divisor,by a unit of the lowest

down

and

figureof

quotient,

Divide

drop

IN

nomination
de-

be shortened.

result

in the
in

that

Mark

"

may

not

quotient

as

to

tens.

singlefigure,

required.

figureof the dividend

is reached

at the

first

the figureof the divisor,

mark
whose product by the
multiplication,
the marked
first quotient figure falls under
figureof the dividend;
and at the next
step, rejectthis figurewith those on its right.
REMARKS.

an

2.

n. If the

dividend

has

figure of

no

the

tion
denomina-

ciphers
it,or
further,if it
interminate
decimal, until it does.
the rejectedfigures,
the direcobserve
In carrying tens from
tions
in Case 2 of contracted
multiplicationof decimals.
(Art.

to

is

"

be

marked,

continue

to

annex

it

153, Rem.)
Divide

1.078543
SHORT

319

METHOD.

by

319.562

true

to 5 decimal

ORDINARY

figures.

METHOD.

073 542(.00337319.562)1.078j543(.00337
958!686
958 6'86
120
96

11918570

24

2398840
22 36934

_22
2

95^8686

1161906

DIVISION

DECIMALS.

in the divisor is hundreds,

highestdenomination
lowest required in the quotient is\hundred-thousandths
; and
the thousandths' figure (8) of
therefore,mark
X -00001 =.001;
tiplication
As
this marked
dividend.
figureis reached at the first mul9 in the multiplier,
since it gives the figure that
mark

SOLUTION.
the
100
the

divisor
with

directed:

DEMONSTRATION.

The

"

necessary

required in

than those

the

the rule consists

of

reason

involve

would

operations,which

all

on*
divisor; cross
tent
multiplication,
carrying
and
point prefixed,
ciphers

new

every

the

837,
quotient required.

is the

that

at

and

dividend

rejectedfiguresof
the

from

more

dividend.

8 in the

the

Cross

The

"

falls under

as

OF

lH-2.6j[8^

2.

10. 00371

3.

.187564 -=-.00043129

4.

V.

007516362

reserved.

056248

.373

177.85

1000.86-7-3.1415926

6.

7.

61.0598314-^4278
421. 33i-=- 9.104f

8.

100

9.

7912.5043-^-181.34

.9l3-f-216.52

11.

555

12.

1-v- 111111

CASE

III.

1, RESERVING
ART.

159.

RULE.

of being

26.79492
43.6

.0042233717

.10
10

.0000044955

.000009

DIVItflTBY

TO

"

.014273
46.2778

123456789

-T-

318.5836381

7320508

10.

DECIMAL

DECIMALS

IN

Multiplythe

"

435.

.00001152

5.

-f- 3.

ANSWERS.

to units.

true

652. 18

-r-

lower

denominations

Decimals

1.

fact,

omitted.

quotient,are

EXAMPLES.

in the

LITTLE

LESS

THAN

QUOTIENT.

THE

dividend

by what

the divisor

unit; multiply this product in like manner,

ihs
and continue so until the product becomes too small to affect
result as required;then add to obtain the quotient.
wants

Divide

3815.64

by .994, reserving2

decimals

in the

quotient.
REVIEW.
Dominations
when
are

"

158. What

IB

of tho dividend

divided

by

the

required in tho quotient

Case
be used

2?

Tho

below

rule?
the

divisor,they give

ono

lotfer

Why
marked?

should

no

Ans.

d"cause,
Be-

denominations than

HAY'S

SOLUTION"

HIGHER

3815.64

Multiply

difference

.994

between

ARITHMETIC.

and

unit;

product, 22.894, neglecting all

thousandths.

below

duct, and
ducts

the

to

DEMONSTRATION.
to

except

in
that

decimals

obtain

The

"

Art.

22.894
.137

to

this

of

the

answer

proproas

a~n ro

o
o

"

re-

quotient,

the

G9, for

operation and demonstration

no

as

the

corresponding case
the product being
occur,

is necessary

to obtain

Decimals

EXAMPLES.

1.

1000-:-

2.

6215. 75-j-.

3.

28012

4.

52546.

5.

4840

X.

35

the correct

similar

numbers,

extended

reserved.

ANSWERS.

1020.41

6246.985

993

^-.99!

28209.47
52678.045

4901.27

99"

-=-.9875

in

answer.

.98

-f-.

are

of whole

remainders

far

as

the

to 2 decimals.

(57,true

those

rest

to affect the
and

write

denominations

same

The

add
quired; therefore,
8838.

the

next.

small

too

are

Do

3815.64

by .000, the

DECIMALS.

CIRCULATING

when
fractions,
transformed,
decimals.
become
interminate
(Art. 148.) These have
worth considering.
curious and useful properties
some

160.

ART.

Many

common

PROPOSITION

I.

be changed into
fractionswhich can
only common
reduced
those which,
to their lowest
terminate decimals,are
terms, have no factorsbut 2 and 5 in their denominators.
The

DEMONSTRATION.
contain
nator

all the
be

to

annexed

10,
as

prime

divisible

EX

_3._

factors of the denomi-

has

Every cipher
multipliesit by
5, the factors of 10,

factors but

no

ciphersmay be annexed
2's and
give it as many
denominator, and then
have

any

into the
factors

division

.QQ9375

_A.

If the denomi-

2's and

=-3125
=

.666664-

6's,enough

to the numerator

5's for factors

as

=.72727-f-

to

the

if the denominator
But
quotient is exact.
duced
introbe
factor besides 2 and 6, this factor never
can
numerator
by annexing ciphers,for 2 aud 5 are the

that

is not.

"

AMPLES.

it.

by

of the numerator.

factors

only

must

to the numerator

introducing 2 and

nator

The numerator

"

can

the

be

possible.

so

introduced.

In

such

cases,

the

exact

circulate has

pure

.5 and
A
ts,

HIGHER

HAY'S

122

no

ARITHMETIC.

figuresbut

rcpctcnd; as,

.124

mfced

circulate has other

.208^

before
figures

the

rcpctcnd

.31247

and

has
simplercpetend

compc'.ndrcpctcndhas

.4

figure;as,

one

two

or

more

Similar

figures;as, .51)
place; as, 35023 J

rcpetends
beginat the same
.0178, which both begin at thousandths.

and

Dissimilar

begin at
rrpctends

places;as, .205

different

.312408

and

Similar
the

the

same

ART.

and

repetcnds begin and

conterminous

places;as, .5039t
164.

Any

be considered

may

its rcpetendbeing ciphers; as, .35

circulate,

.350000.

al

.42018

and

decimal

terminate

end

.350

a
=

be made

compound,
and
more
compound, by
any
of the succeedingrcpctcnds;as, .fy
takingin one or more
.0502G2, and .257=. 257257257
.33333,and .0502
When
a
rcpctcndis thus enlarged,be careful to take in
no
taking the whole of it;
part of a rcpetend without
thus, if we take in 2 figuresin the last example, the
be incorrect,
for the next
result,.25725, would
figure
understood
is not repeated.
being 7, shows that 25/25
A rcpetend may
be made
lower place by
to begin at any
distance; thus,
carrying its dots forward, each the same
.5
29414,and 5.1830=5.183083
555, and .2941

.Any simplerepctcndmay
compound repctcnd still

Dissimilar

repctendscan

made

bo

similar, by

the dots forward till they all begin at the same

the one
furthest from the decimal
point.

carrying
place,as

Similar

repctendsmay be made conterminous

ing
by enlarguntil
all
contain the same
number
rcpcicnds
they
tiple
mulof figures. This number
will be the least common
of figuresin the givn
of tbs numbers
ropofcnds.
For, suppose one of the rcpctcndato have 2, smother. 3,
another, 4, and the last,0 figures;in enlarging the first,
the

must
figures

be taken

3, 4, and

0 at

be taken

in

The
4, and 6

time.

2, 3,

in, 2

at

time; ami

number
at

of

in

tho

others.

figureswhich

time, is

common

wny

inul-

REDUCTION

tiplcof these numbers, and

for convenience.
preferred

REDUCTION
CASE

I.

TO

"

CIRCULATES.

OF

the least

multiple in

common

CIRCULATES.

OF

REDUCE

123

CIRCULATE

PURE

TO

COMMOH

FRACTION.

ART.
and

165.

the

Write

"

the denominator

for

in

RULE.

the

take

as

repelendfor
Q's

many

the numerator

there

as

figure*

are

repetend.

DEMONSTRATION.

"c.,and

456.456456, "c.

hence,the part 456

with

agrees
NOTE.

place of
begins

whole

456

999 times

the

to

4*56is

.456 ; and

.450

right

.456456456,

repetend ;

one

over

times

1000

.456, (Art.144);

.4*56 li "
=

the decimal

repetend begins before

numbers,

the tenths'

at

point

circulate

pure

i 3 *,which

the rule.
If the

"

the

the decimal

remove

the result

Take

"

the

carry

then

place,and

forward

dots

apply

point

until the

at

some

repetend

rule; thus, 25.6

the

25""f.

25.025

CASE

II.

TO

"

REDUCE

MIXED

CIRCULATE

TO

COMMON

FRACTION.

ART.

166.

RULE.

as

figureswhich

many

precede the

nominator
for tftedefiguresin the repelend,
decimal figuresbefore

(J's as there are

many
ciphersannexed as there are

take

the

the

circulate for tlie numerator;

the whole

repetend
from
with

Subtract

"

as

repetend.

Change .821437

to its

fraction.

equivalentcommon
OPERATION.

DEM."

The

by the rule
1, resnlts in

work,

QOIAQ'T
'8'
L4d/

in Case

821^11

this
be

is what

999 + 437

821437-821

answer,

821
_

for the

eoi"37

'O*1**!

999000

IQQQ

821(1000" 1) + 437

and

"

999000

would

got,at once, if the

'

"

821000

"

821 + 437

821437"821

"

SiltatdTo^Uh999000
all other
culate9'

mixed

cir-

820616

999000

102577

999000~124875

RAY'S

HIGHER

REDUCE

1.

.3

2.

.05

3.

.123

4.

2.6S

6.

.31

7.

=i

....

....

8.

1.001

2083

11.

85.7142

=if

12.

.063492

13.

.4476190

bo

may

=36"
="
=85?

09027

"

=TW

multi
added, subtracted,

RULE

FOR

CIRCULATES.
and
fractions,

common

perform

sensible

in

error

be

may

carried

forward

the result, and

then

far

enough

treated

and
They can be added, subtracted,multiplied,
be explained.
this preparation;as will now

OF

ADDITION
168.

ART.

g4,T4o75

this

Circulates

"

any

without

on

operationrequired.

REMARK.

decimals.

10.

the circulates to

the

.138

Circulates

GENERAL
Reduce

9.

14.

167.

"-

=TV
=3Ys
=2T7T
=181,

plied,or divided,by

avoid

FRACTIONS,

N.

ART.

them

COMMON

....

.0216
48.1

6.

TO

ARITHMETIC.

RULE.

other

divided,

CIRCULATES.

minous,
repetendssimilar and conterif they be not so; add, and point off as in ordinary
decimals, increasing the right-hand column
by the amount
if

any, which

would

then make

Malta

as

to

"

the

be carried to it

repetendin the

if the

sum,

circulates

similar

and

continued ;
conterminous
with
were

those above.

Add

.256, 5.3472,24.815, and

DEMONSTRATION.
culates

directed
of

similar

"

and

the cir-

conterminous, as

in Art. 164.

figureswhich

Make

would

The

.9098

.2566666666
^Q4."79'79I7O7O

first column

appear,

if the

24.8158158158

.9098000000
continued,are the same
the first figuresof the repetends,
as
S
6, 7, 1, 0, whose sum, 14,gives 1 to be
carried to the right hand
column.
Since the last six figuresin
each
number
is a repetend,the last six figuresof the sum
is also "
uirculates

repetend

were

SUBTRACTION

REMARK.

hand

In

"

column,

OP

the

finding

it may

figuresin

be

each

amount

to

135

carried

be

sometimes, to

necessary,

the

to

the

use

right

two

ceeding
suc-

repetend.

Ant. 1.796
.455,.06$,.32t,.945
33.1334
AM.
3.04,6.456,23.3$,.248
1.536
AM.
."5,.104,.61,and .5635
1.03,.25?,5.64,28.0445'245 AM. 34.3?
Ans. 1.
.6,.13",.05, .0972,.0416
9.2liOt,.65, 5.004,3.5622 AM. 18.43
Ans. .54
.69,and .25
.2045*,
12.4
AM.
.24,and 7.124943
5.0*776,
3.4884,1.63?,130.81,.066 AM. 136. 06

1. Add
2. Add
3. Add
4. Add
5. Add
6. Add

7. Add
8. Add
9. Add

SUBTRACTION
ART.

CIRCULATES.

169.

CIRCULATES.

OF

minous,
repetendssimilar and conterif theybe not so ; subtract and point off as in ordinary
decimals,carryingone, however, to the right-hand
figure of the
subtrahend,if on continuingthe circulates it be found necessary ;
then make a repetendin the remainder, similar and conterminous

RULE.

Make

"

the

with those above.

9.3l56

Subtract

DEMONSTRATION.

Prepare

"

bers for subtraction.

12.9021

from

the

num-

If the circulates were

12.90212121
9. 31561561

figurein the subtrahend

3.
(5) would be larger than the one above it
1 to tho right-handfigureof the
(2); therefore,
carry

continued,the
,

REMARK.

next

It may

"

be

ruccecding figuresin tho

carried to the

to observe

necessary

than

more

to ascertain
circulates,

right-hcnd figureof

.0674 from

2. Subtract

9. Ofrfrom

15.

3. Subtract

4.51

18.23673

4. Subtract

37.0l2"

or

of th"

one

1 i? to b"

whether

the subtrahend

1. Subtract

subtrahend.

not

.26

.25$

6.2o

.....

from

35465"

.'
.

.=13.72
.

from

100.73

=
,

63.

tl

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RAY'S

126

5. Subtract

8. 2f from

6. Subtract.

190.476

10.0563

199.6428571

from

MULTIPLICATION
170.

ART.

.=1.7836290
.

OF

9.l6

CIRCULATES.

If onlyone of tJienumbers be a circulate,

it the multiplicand,
in ordinary
and perform the work
make
as
decimals, carryingto the right hand figureof each product,the
that would be necessary if the multiplicand
amount
continued
were
further;make the repetendsin the partial productssimilar and
RULE.

and
"ionlerininous,
the

If

"

add

according to the

have
multiplier

reduce
repetend,

in the result obtained

add

and

rule

by

already given.

it to

tion
frac-

common

using this

fraction.

Multiply.3754 by 17. 43
SOLUTION.

In

"

the pa

forming

.3754

r-

the

right- -JK 4
products, carry
-j "\
figuresof each respectively,
.1501777
the numbers
1,3, 0,arisingfrom the
of the figuresthat do
multiplication
2.6281111
tial

to

band

not

rcpetend of

The

appear.

multiplierbeing equal
multiplicandis
aro

set down

tirlicand
'ned.
rr

Point

petends are

I |
,

whose
12oi48,

which

they

the several

similar and

*
'

were

K.AAA

A\

" * *

figures

5 14 8

6.5452481

Am.

is
ob-

products,carry them forward, until

conterminous,and add for answer.

1.

4.735x7.349

2.

.Ot06fx.9l32

3.

7^4.32X3.456

4.

16.204

6.

19.0t$X.2083

6.

10.0ol2x4.263

7.

3.t543x 4.7157

6.

1.256784x6.42081

those of the mul-

under

from

to

the

of the

thi"il

=34.800113
=.06(5065
=2469.

17381 4

=530.810446

32. *75

=3.973l"
=42.85-188033
....

17.7045083

=8.069o83206
.

OF

DIVISION
171.

ART.

CIRCULATES.

OP

DIVISION

127

CIRCULATES.

minous.
repetendssimilar and conterSubtract from each circulate the figuresprecedingits
and
the remainders
use
repetend,
for the dividend and divittr
respectively,
omittingthe dots.

NOTE.
divide

"

If the

as

in

figuresof

the

the

Make

"

is not

divisor

circulate,it

will

shorter

be

to

the
ordinary decimals, bringing from the dividend
the
division.
to continue
rcpetend instead of ciphers,

2.6o3 by 1.8

Divide
FIRST

RULE.

1.8)2.65"(1.4t4d

2.653

1.800
18

OPERATION.

SECOND

OPERATION.

85

2C5

__

1620)2388(1.4f4(5
708
1200
GGO

1200
DEMONSTRATION.

operation,are

remainders

The

"

of ihe

the numerators

1620

and

2388,

fractions

common

in

1st

the

the

to which

equivalent,(Art. 1G6); and as they have the same

denominators
(each being as many 9's as there are figuresin the
there
decimal
are
as
repeteml, with as many
ciphers annexe.l
before
the repetend, Art. 166), dividing these numerators
figures
will give the same
used,
quotientas if the fractions themselves were

circulates

and

are

therefore

the dots may

be

EXAMPLES

omitted.

1.

.?""*-.!

2.

Sl^Dl-f-lY

3.

S81.559887"-5-94

4.

90.

11.6G8735402-s-.24o

6.

7.

=6.S1

..........

........

=13.4ol
.....

.....

5330GG3997-f-6."l7

of

45.1$
=1.53

.....

3.500""91358024-f-T.684
division

3.02"

=7.2506371

.....

5^03749-^6.7o4

and
Multiplication
for

PRACTICE.

FOR

circulates

performed with advantage by

circulates,
(Art. 167).

the

can

.4o
be

quently
fre-

generalrula

RAY'S

128

172.

ART.

There

fraction into
is

By
1st
either

other
the

division,
?

Property.

The

less than

one

of

than

of

convertinga

is worth

mon
com-

the denominator

considering.

.142857, which

has

this property,

of any
If the

5.

the

the

to

one

less; thus, 77T 63, the

=

repetend(2) being "

of 10.

-whose denominator
is a prime number
fraction,
number
of figuresin the repetend is one less than
other properties
observed.
are

Property. Each
added

figuresin the repctendia

denominator,or a half,a third,or
of

part of this

denominator,two

makes

which

number

in
figures

is true

2d

short method

cumber
This

ARITHMETIC.

decimal,when
circulating

other exact

ifjme

is

prime number,

actual
viz

HIGHER

the

the first half of the tend

repein
the
last
half,
correspondingfigure

figurein

1 + 8,
.14285t,

9; thus, in

4 +

5,

2 +

7,

each

equals 9.
3d

Property.The

for all fractions

repetendserves

same

prime denominator,whatever be their

numerators, by startingat different places
; thus, ^
.142857,f .285714, 4 .428571.

having

the

same

Convert

of

decimal.
circulating
.0434782fi5
First,by actual division,^
; instead
times the value of ^g justgiven,viz: .0434782G0869^f
;
33

SOLUTION.

into

"

363,
put G

having 12 figureswithout repeating,the repetend must be of 22

figuresby property first: obtain the other figuresaccording to the
2d property, by subtracting each of the first 11 from
9; thus,

to get Af
.6434782008695652173913;

this

repetend,
and
the startingplace,multiply the first 3 or 4 figures
to ascertain
by 10; thus, .0434 multipliedby 1C, gives .G944,showing that,w"
of ^"
must
at the eleventh figure;doing BO, the value
commence
=

use

same

6950521739130434782608.

INTO

CONVERT
S

iV

11

T7"

T"J

3U"

XI.
ART.

Ho

173.

3T"

CIRCULATING
14

24

49

Sl"

"4T"

g?"

COMPOUND
A

dollars ; 2000

DECIMALS,

simplenumber
bushels ; 4

10

fi?

65

7oT"

*S)

71"

89'

NUMBERS.
is of

one

apples.

denominatiop

: MS

HIGHER

RAY'S

130

176.

ART.

Is

roads,and

out

100

kind

of

long

laying

1 chain, (ch.)

make

(Ik.)
chains (ch.)

in

of land.

the boundaries

running

used

measure,

links

80

MEASURE

ENGINEERS'

AND

SURVEYORS'

ARITHMETIC.

(mi.)

1 mile,

surveyors' or Gunter's chain,

is 4 rods, or CO feet in length. As it consists
from its inventor, and
be 7.92 in. long; hence, to change these
of 100 links,each link must
that
denominations
to the ordinary linear measure,
recollect,
NOTES.

1. The

"

is called

chain

1 chain
1 link
2. Since
written

each

decimal

as

2 chains

link

rd.

GO

or

feet.

7.9'2 in.

j^

of

chain,the

hundredths

the whole

with

of links

number
chains,

be

can

2.56 chains

as

links.

56

REMARK.

is

and

Inches

"

yards

kinds

in the last two

used

not

are

of measurement.

MEASURE

CLOTH
177.

ART.
2

ell

ij yd.;
the

into tenths
is the

9 in

or

1 ell French

in

mercantile

The

standard

of all

What

was

measure?

17i".

"

is tho

Why?
An

i E

chain

How

nro

Whiit

called?

chains

Repeat

oil French

ell

English

l| yd.
used, being divided
transactions, the yard
quarters, eighths,

are

the

our

linear

follows

as

tho

and

is

at

86400
surveyors'

Why?

How

links written

table-.

times

What

is

an

is

measure

imperialyard

London,
ascertained,which, in a
experiment

accurate

level of the sea, vibrated

K

is

parts employed

yard, being identical with

Britain,which was determined

(na.),

half-sixteenths.

178.

pendulum

or

qr.

yard only

the

By

| yd.;

or

qr.
6

the fractional

sixteenths,and
ART.

Flemish

hundredths;

unit, and

dry goods.

1 quarter, (qr.)
1 yd.

custom-houses, the
and

for

1 nail

make

1.

"

or

2. At

used

long measure

qr

NOTES.
6 qr.

kind of

in
na.

Is

of Great

the

length
at

vacuum,

in

men.-ure?

long is it?
together?
ell Flemish

mean

of

the
solar

Repent the Inlilo.

lluw
long is H link?
17T.
?

An

What
oil

is cloth

English?

NUMBERS.

COMPOUND

day, or

once

This

second.

every

13]

pendulum

divided

was

of these
391393
equal parts, and 3COOOO
itself
then
taken
to be
a
yard, the pendulum
39.1393
inches long.
into

were

being

being especiallynecessary,
was
used,and to a certain degree fixed,at an earlier period than the
have therefore been
made
and weight, which
of volume
to
measures
depend upon and be verified by the former.
at first very
of long measure
The standards
were
imperfect,being
such
derived from
different parts of the human
a
as
fingerbody,
and
whole
cubit
or
or
yard
fore-arm,
arm;
joint,finger,hand, span,
demanded
and
convenience
a
but as commerce
change,
increased,
rendered
were
preciseand uniform.
they
The ancient yard of Great Britain is said to have been determined
of King Henry I.
by the length of the arm
REMARK.

Linear

"

measurement,

OR

SQUARE
179.

AHT.

and
painters'

Is used

square is
lines or sides.
size

foot,

of any

square

square,

whose

is

times

is

side

which

by

side is
square, whose
mile; and the size of any
is

depends

long,and

foot

unit

The

180.

AHT.

side

whose

one

of

contents

land,

surfaces.

surface,bounded by four straight

side is perpendicularto two others.

Each

is

inch

square

MEASURE

in

even

an

name

or

SURFACE

estimatingthe
work, and other
plasterers'

The

as

an

so

inch

that

of

long;

its
a

side;

square

on.

all surfaces

linear

upon

are

measured

inch,foot,yard,rod

surface will be the

number

or

of

it contains this unit.

is

surface,
rectangle,which is an even
having four straightlines for sides,each oppositepair being equal,
and
perpendicular to the other pair. The ceiling and sides of a
and
sheets of paper, arc examples of rectangles.
room,
the same, the sides
breadth
of a rectangleare
If the length and
The

all

are

simplest surface

it is

equal,and

The

size,or

of

area

square.

square measuring units

follows:
178. What

REVIEW."
States?
at

How

first?

inch?

179.

it

is tho

contains,can

standard

is it determined?

What

A B(\.ft.?

surfaces ?

being the
rectangle,

is square
sq.

yd.?

What

unit

of

measures

measure?

What

What

is tho

ISO.

number

of

be ascertained

length in the
of length were
is a square?
unit

of

measure

aa

United
used
A

"q,

for till

RAY'S

132
Take

rectangle 4

wide.

HIGHER

If upon

each

ARITHMETIC.

inches

long by

of the inches

inches

in the

length,
stand,there will
be a row
of 4 square
inches,extending the whole
of
the
length
rectangle,and reaching 1 inch of
its width.
As
the rectangle contains as many
such
there
rows
as
inches in its width, its area
be equal to the number
are
must
of
inches in a row
of rows
square
(4)multipliedby the number
(3),
inches ; hence,to find the area
12 square
of a rectangle,
a

inch

square

conceived

be

to

RULE.

the number

Multiply the number

of linear units in

the

denomination.

in

"

same

units

square

of

tJiesame

of

linear units in the

lengthby

the breadth, afterexpressingthem

The

product will be the

in

area

denomination.

It is easy to determine
the number
of sq. inches in a
Bq. foot,of sq. feet in a sq. yd.,and so on; for,since 1
sq. foot is 12 inches long by 12 inches wide, it must

12 X

contain

12
144 sq.
3 feet wide, it

long by
feet;and since
feet

1 sq. rod

63

contain

it must

144 square

5A

must

30j

9 sq. ft

30]

LAND
Is

181.

ART.

40

Since

chains

and

and

then,of

Why

chains,and

iquare

the

expressed

using

the denominations

"

180.

How

yards

many
in

What
Prove

is
it.

square

square

as

ox-

1 rood, (R.)

many
a

Why?

lumdreths

or

of

square

square

square

is

link

inches

chains

side is

decimal,ai
necessity
practice.

no

in

in

Why

the table.

sq

chain,

is the rule for the

yard ?

Repeat

whose

a
square
chains and

What

lG

only; thus,7

chains; there

rectangle?

How

4X4

of

area

in square

link

chain

chains

as

square

feet in
rod?

sq.

decimal

considered

7.09 =60.2681

rectangle?
T

rods, 1

7.09 X

REVIEW.
a

be

can

7.09

to

1 acre, (A.)
1 eq. mile, (sq.mi.)

written

are

chains,will be

follows:

of

links

9 links

7.09

links

used

measure,

A,

1 chain

Since

surface

of

perches(P.)make

G40

rods.

yard,(sq.yd.)
rod, (sq.rd.)

4 11

10 sq. chains, or

"

1 square

of land.

press the contents

NOTE.

foot, (sq.ft.)

MEASURE

kind

9 sq.

1 square
1 square

yd

sq.

yd.

sq.

(sq.in.)make

inches

yd. is

5Ayd. long by 5Ayd.wide,

is

since 1 sq.
contain 3 X 3

in.;and

square

How

area

foot?
many

NUMBERS.

COMPOUND

OE

CUBIC
182.

ART.

Is used

cube

is

SOLID

MEASURE

measure

the- bulk

solid

work;

verifymeasures
solid,bounded

of

other

and
masonry,
and to
of cellars,
A

to

The

size
its

upon

side,
183.

is

The

unit

size

perpendicularto
hight,then, are

all solids

which

by

linear

cube, whose side is a

will be the
or
solidity

is
and

of any cube, like that of a square,

cubic inch, cubic foot,cubic yard.

as

ART.

to

or

tho
all

is called the side of the cube.

name

or

of stone, timber,
find tlic contents

capacity.
by six equal squares

each opposite
faces,
pairof which
Its length,breath
other four.

equal,and each

133

depends

measured

are

inch, foot,"c.,and

number

of times

their

they contain

this unit.

solid,which is bounded
simplest solid is the rectangular
by
rectangles,called its faces,each opposite pair being equal,
perpendicular to the other four; a bar of soap, a candle-box,
rectangular solids. If the length,breadth, and hight are the

The

six
and
are

The
as

faces

the

same,

obtain
the

Suppose

the

If upon

will be

inch

as

there

must
inches

inches

are

be

equal

in

cubic

inches

REVIEW.
chains

182. What
foot?

"

in

in

cubic

60

sections

of

cubic
the

measure?
183.

inches.

cubic

is the

i? land

arro?

yard?

rectangularsolid

hight; as

such

number

(5) or

Whnt

nn

is cubic

of its

the

hight, its solidity

section

181.

of

bottom

(12)multipliedby

sections

of

in

in

conceived

be

many

the

to

section

number

square

as

inches

section of 12 cubic

covering the whole

solid,and reaching 1 inch
solid contains

is found

long by 3 inches \vide,in Art. 180,

its upper
face
a rectangularsolid,
its hight 5 inches.

inches

inches

the

of the 12 square

base, a cubic

stand, there

solid
rectangular
square (Art.180.)

dimensions,and

same

cube.

any

base of

lower

or

each

the IOWCA*

of

area

rectangle4

bottom

tno

being01

to

the

the solid is

and

squares,

of
solidify

size,or

we

to be

are

same

measure?

Why?
Whut
What

the

as

Repeat

Wliy
is

But

is the

do

we

number

the

of

number

the table.

not

u?e

square

How

many
linkf?

square

cube?

A cubic

inch?

unit

fur all solids?

cf

What

cubic
is

RAT'S

134

inches

in

(he

linear

inches

HIGHER

this

b.ase,(12,)and
in

ARITHMETIC.

again is equal to
length (4),multipliedby the

the

the number
number

of

in

tha

width, (3); hence,

TO

FIND

RULE.

SOLIDITY

TUB

RECTANGULAR

breadth, and
Multiply the length,

"

expressing them
ike

OF

in
solidity

in the

cubic units

hiyht together,
aftei

denomination;

same

the

of

It is easy to determine
cubic foot,and of cubic

the

product

will

be

denomination.

same

the

SOLID,

number

feet in

of cubic

cubic

inches in

yard.

For, since 1 cubic foot is 12 inches long,12 inches

\vill be 12 X 12 X
wide, and 12 inches high, its solidity
12

1728

inches; and, since 1 cubic yard is 3

feet long,3 feet wide, and 3 feet high, its solidity
will be
27 cubic feet; hence,
3 X 3 X 3
=

cubic

1728

cubic inches

27

timber

ft

CH.

NOTES.

50

4 X

3. 1 reduced

foot,plank

than

inch

inch

an

thick,

40

foot

cu.
cu.

1 X

(cu.ft.)
yard (cu.yd.)

are

allowance

tun

of hewn

ft.
4 ft. high, contains

-wood,1

1G

ft.;1

ft. long, 4 ft.

ft.

cu.

1 ft. long, 1 ft.wide, and

in.; all

cu.

made

must

be

1 rod

long,

1 in.

nnd

planks
scantling
if
than
more
thick; but,
bj multiplying by that

inch

reckoned

4 X

144

and

foot of

or

measure,
1

12 X

12 X

thick, contains
less

ft. ; 1 cord

cu.

ft. high, contains

and

wide,

128

timber

2. 1 cord of
8 X

of round

42
ft.;1 tun of shipping
wood, 8 ft. long, 4 ft. wid3,

cu.

foot

1 cubic

1. 1 tun

"

1 cubic

(cu.in.)make

dimension.
1

4.

perch

of masonry,

IGi

contains

25

usually taken

1 X

cubic

TROY
184.

feet

ft.

high

24f

and
cu.

li

ft.

thick,

ft*which

is

practice.
WEIGHT

MINT

OR

Is used

in

weighing gold,silver,jewels,in
in philosophical
testingthe strengthof spirituousliquors,
"xpcriments,and in comparing different weights.
ART.

24

R
many
oubic

p\vt

1*2

oz

make

grains (gr.)

20

"

for

i K

w."

cubic

yard

of masonry

inches

Why?
?

Bow

i;"the

What

133.
in

cubic

Repeat
many

the

cubic

pennyweight,( pwt.)
1 ounce,
(oz.)
1 pound, (lb.)
?
solidify

rule for its

foot?

table.

Why?
What

feot in each T

How
is

many

Prove

it

How

cubic

feet

in

cord of wood?

perch

COMPOUND

REMARKS.

1. The

it

Britain,which
in weight to a
30 inches,and

133

is the standard

Troy pound

weight in the
is identical with
the imperial Troy pound of Great
contains
6760
are
grains, 252.458 of which
equal

"

D. S. Mints;

NUMBERS.

inch

cubic

of distilled water

of

the

when

barometer

is

the thermometer

02".
( Fahrenheit's)
be
to
derived from Troyes,
name
Troy
supposed by some
this weight was
first introduced
from
the
a
city of France, where
East, during the Crusades; and by others from
Troy Novant, the
of London.
ancient
The ounce
name
Troy is the only denomination
used ut the mint, all amounts
of gold and
silver being expressed in

2. The

is

its decimal

it and

3. The

inches

divisions.
is

Troy pound

of distilled

equal

the

to

of 22.794422

weight

water, at the temperature of 39".83

the barometer

cubic

Fahrenheit,

30

inches.
being
was
grain
originallyfixed by taking a grain of wheat
from the middle of the ear, and thoroughly drying it; at first,
32 of
these grains made
afterward
24.
a pennyweight, but
6. The pennyweight was
the weight of the silver penny
in use
at
that time,and is marked
(pwt.) from (p.)for penny, and ( wt.) for
weight.
DIAMOND
WEIGHT
4. The

ART.

Is used

185.

for

weighing

diamonds

and

other

preciousstones.
16
4

be

grains

carat

REMARK.

1 carat

make

parts

The

"

carat

carefullydistinguishedfrom
gold,for then it

carat.

in this table is

the fineness of
in

gniin

the

an

same

indicates

.8

3.2

Troy grain.
do.

do.

absolute

weight,and must
word
used in speaking ot
the proportionof pure gold

mass.

APOTHECARIES'
ART.

186.

20

Is

WEIGHT

chieflyused

12

"

RKVIEW.
of the

Mod

at

"

184.

What

Troy pound

the mint?

What

is
?

The

mixing
make

pound, ounce, and grain,of

Troy weight; the pound in each

said

in

grains(gr.)

The
of

this

contains

name

Tn.y

of the

scruple,
O.)
1 dram,
(3.)
1 ounce,
(3.)
1 pound, (lb.)
12

the

o"..

Repeat
What

grain?

tions.
prescrip-

weight,are

Troy Weight?

ia said

medical

the

same

5700

those

as

gr.

tnMe.

denoiuinuli*"n

What

ii

onljr it

RAY'S

136

HIGHER

AVOIRDUPOIS

OR

187.

ART.

ARITHMETIC.

Is

COMMERCIAL

in

used

WEIGHT

commercial

transactions

when

goods arc bought or sold by the quantity. Heavy and

the coarser
as
bulky articles,
metals,drugs, to,,
groceries,
are
weighed by it.
16

drams

16

oz

make

(dr.)

1 ounce, (oz.)
1 pound, (Ib.)

.25 Ib
4
20
NOTES.
meat

24

cwt

1 tun,

1. A

"

stone

stone

Ib.; but a
of glass

These

values

=240

28

used

are

(T.)

Ib.; a

butcher's

fish,or
of

seam

==112

cwt.

U.

the

Ib.,the

English goods ; but generallyin this country

100 Ib.,and the tun
25 Ib.,the cwt,
2000 Ib.
3. The Ib. avoirdupois is equal to the weight of 27.7274
barometer

30

at

62

be taken

can

4. The

is the

terms

weight

of

them.

contains
REMARK.

the qr.

in
=

at 62"

distilled water

tun

S. custom-houses

of

glass

Ib.

Ib.,the
at

of

stone

of wool

pack
Britain,the qr.

Ib.

invoices

14

120 Ib.; 1

Great

2240

stone

Ib.,and

2. In
=

qr

1 quarter, (qr.)
1 hundred-weight,
(cwt.)

(Fall.)
; or

in.

27.7015

cu.

in. at

39".83

cu.

in. of

(Fah.),the

For

ordinary purposes, 1 cubic foot of water

oz.
avoirdupois.
and
used in this weight. Gross weight
net
are
gross
the poods,togetherwith the box, cask, or whatever
Net weight is the weight of the goods alone.

i Ib.,or

The

1000

word

avoirdupoisis from the French

avoirs,rf",
pois,signifyinggoods of weight. The Ib. avoirdupoisdiffers from the
the former
Ib. Troy or apothecaries,'
each
being 7000 gr., the latter,
The
also
57GO gr.
differs
from
oz.
the oz. Troy or
avoirdupois
"

apothecaries.'
COMPARISON
ART.

188.

7"gof

Troy;
Troy
=

and

Since

Ib. av.,
1 dr. av.

OF

7000 gr. Troy, 1 oz. av.

of 7000
437A gr.
T'ff
gr. Troy

1 Ib.
=

WEIGHTS.

av.

7'sof

an

oz.

in

27-"Agr.Troy;

and

av.,

similar

of 437 A gr.
T'ff
way 1 oz. Troy

is said of
weight. What
apothecaries' woiirht?
Rjjn'Mt t!:^ ?:il.!"\ U'ii.it
denominations
iiloiilicul in Truy ami iipulht'iMrii.'.-'
;in\vc.'i,ht? 1^7 \Vlia!
iflavoirdupois weight?
What
is s;iiilof the qr., o\vt.,
Repeat the table.
HKVIEW.

aoarat?

and
What

"

185.

the
llepc.it

ISIi. What

tun, in Great

Britain

is said of the

table of diamond

is

Ib.

and

the U. S. custom-houses?

avoirdupois? What

is gross

What

weight?

Net

clseweref

weight?

RAY'S

135
NOTES.

by

(he

3G

but

measures,

ARITHMETIC.

6-1 gal. Tbcso arc mentioned

gal.; 1 hhd.
and
are
only vessels,
gauged and sold
uniform
capacity.
2 firkins; 1
9 gal.; 1 kilderkin
=

are

gallon,not being of
England, 1 firkin

2. In

bbl.

1. 1 bbl. =

"

as

HIGHER

2 kilderkins.

REMARK."

The

beer

f distilled water

at

galloncontains 282 cu. in.,or

39".83 Fahrenheit,the barometer
DRY

ART.

192.

Is used

10.179933
at 30

Ib. ay

icoues.

MEASURE
for

measuring grain,fruit,vegcta-

Dleo,coal,salt,"c.
2

1 quart,

pints(pt) make

(qt.)
1 peck, (pk.)
1 bushel, (bu.)

8 qt
4 pk
NOTES.

2150.42

1. 4 qt.or

in.

cu.

1 dry gal.
2G8.8 cu. in. nearly.
peck
480 Ib.,used in England in measurins
2. 1 qr.
8 bu.
wheat.
3G bu., and
in some
make
1
in
some
places 32 bu.
chaldron,used
and
in
Great
in
of the United
States,
formerly
Britain, measuring
coal is bought and
coal ; but now
sold by weight in England, and
"

parts

3. Grain
in

56 Ib. of rye
i bushel.

of this

country.

bought and sold by weight.

United
States,GO Ib. of wheat,

the
or

corn,

32 Ib. of

and

The

193.

ART.

is often
of

many

in many

unit of

dry

our

bushel,formerly used
from

the

where

town

deep, and 18A

in.

77. 627413

or

New

of distilled water
at 30 inches.

av.

bushel

therefore

Britain,and

is

equal

contains

194.

beer

The

gallon 282

REVIEW."
standard

ISO.

of

measure?

is

grain measured?
What

the

at

It is 8 in.

39"

cu.

in.,

.83 Fahrenheit,

of Grea"

imperial bushel
cu.

called

so

in.

MEASURES.

galloncontains 231 cu. in.; the

in.;and the dry gallon268.8 cu. in.

wine
cu.

What

Repent the

ilrymeasure?

it contain T

OF

is said of tho

liquidmeasure?

is

to

2218.192

COMPARISON
ART.

in

diameter,and contains 2150.42

Ib.

York

to make

chester
is the Win-

measure

England, and
standard
was
kept.

the

the barometer
The

48

England, and
Ib. of barley,

declared

each

oats,are

In

What

table.

Repeat
193.

What

tho

What

is tho New

bbl. and

does

hhd.

190.

What

docs the beer gallon contain ?

table.

How

is tho

York

unit

bushel ?

much

is

of

dry

192. What

qr. of wheat?
What
mousuro?

is our
is beer

191. What

it contain?

How

doei

COMPOUND

These

superseded in
imperial gallon,both
wcro

the
which

contains

water

at

At

NUMBERS.

the

277. 274

G2"

192

cu.

Britain,in 1826, bj

barometer
of 8

to those

in

inches.
was

placed
re-

imperialgallons,

taining
con-

States

231

282

do.

208.8

do.

277.274

do.

cubic inches.

2150.42

do.

=2218.192

do.
of

one

mcasun

of another.

ART.

195.

into the
GO

Is used

FLUID

measuring all liquidsthat

medical prescriptions.
1 fluid drachm,

make

(it\)

1 fluid ounce,

f3
f5

1G

8 0
NOTES.

"

1
1.

Cong,

is

an

abbreviation

initial of octam, the

gallon; 0. is the
being one-eighthof a gallon.
2. For ordinary purposes, 1 tea-cup
32 tea-spoons =

ART.

MEASURE

for

compositionof

minims

4 f

196.

GO

seconds

GO

min

24

hr

4
12
3G5

the Latin for

conffiarium,
Latin for one-eighth,
the pint

8 tablespoons

wine-glasses

5.
TIME.

(sec.)

make

1 minute,

(min.)
( hr.)
1 duy, (da.)
1 week, ( wk.)
1 month, (mon.)
1 year, (yr.)
1 hour,

mon

da

300

da

100

yr
1 Solar

(f3)(f3).

for

wk

calendar

enter

pint,(0).
gallon,(Cong.)

7 da,

oearly.

30

bushel

converting denominations

APOTHECARIES'

NOTE"

distilled

in.

gallon of United

is useful

of

at

Winchester

gallon
1 dry gallon
1 imperialgallon of G. Britain
for dry and liquidmeasure
1 dry bushel of U. S
1 imperialbushel of G. Britain
table

liquidmeasure,

10 Ib. av.

1 beer

This

and

dry

in.,or

dry or
imperialbushel

the

1 wine

of

the

time

2218.

Great

Fahrenheit, the

same

by

cu.

139

common

year.

leapyear.
1 century, (cen.)
year-=3G5

da. 5 hr. 48

min.

48

sec.

365

d"

The

denomination

tween

one

The

mean

meridian

and
is

noon

of any

which

the

place,and

between
The

apparent

any

and

year,

this

axis

is
bo

taken

its

to

earth

the

to

comes

rising

around

orbit,the

the

interval

is not uniform.

the next

of all these

interval

average

is divided

which

and

sun

of the

motion

noon

of time

exactlyhalf-way between

appears

however, is

average,

the

when

moment

setting. Owing
unequal
and
the oblique positionof its

eun,

precedingtable

the next.

to the

and

the

is the interval

day, which

noon

apparent

ARITHMETIC.

from

the

is
constructed,

HIGHER

RAY'S

140

intervals
the

is called

that

in

occur

solar

mean

day,

above.

as

A year is the time duringwhich the earth makes

a complete
circuit about the sun, and reaches again a given point

orbit; it contains

in its

365

rnin. 48 sec.,

da. 5 hr. 48

or

nearly3651 days.
The

in

ancients

had

They

year.

of Julius

the

Ccesar

to find

of the

of days
accuratelythe number
months, corresponding

12 calendar

10,afterward

revolutions

the

to

unable

were

around

moon

In

earth.

365| clays;instead

contained

year

the

the
of

time

taking

day every year,

|
days, and every 4th year a day was
the intercalary
day,) making the year then have 36G days. The extra
introduced
day was
by repeating the 24th of February, which with
the Romans
called the sixth day beforethe kalends of Jfarch.
The
was
this account
tile,
called bissexon
years containing this day twice,were
which
means
havingtwo sixths. By us they are generallycalled
leapyears.
365 days and 6 hours, is a little longer than the
But 365]days,
48 seconds.
The
is 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes
true year, which
12 seconds,though small,produced, in a long
difference,11 minutes
corrected
sensible
of years,
was
a
course
by Gregory
error, which
that
been
10
had
the
in
gained, by
days
1582,suppressed
XIII.,who,
of
be
the
15th.
that
the
5th
October
should
decreeing
of the

account

reckoned

of

the

civil year was

inserted,(called

or

common

365

-"

in future,it has been

prevent difficulty

To

decided

to

adopt the followingrule.

REVIEW.
is

fluid
apothecaries'

of time.
A

Repeat

194.

"

What

year?

How

did
many

length of tho solar

?

When

and

the

of

mouths

days
year?

by

195.
comparison of measures.
Repeat tho table. 196. Repeat the

measure?

is tho unit

What

\rbom

AVhai

the table for

were

What
was

this

table?

What

correspond to?
taken

for

error

was

it corrected

is

year

in

What

mean

was

it?

the Julian
Whnt

is

n,

endar?
cal-

i? tiie true

in tho Julian

committed
?

Wbnt

table

solar clay?

leap year

dar
calen-

COMPOUND

FOR

RULE

Every
ends with
400

to be

HI

YEARS.

by 4

which

cipher;in

double

LEAP

is divisible

that

year

NUMBERS.

is

it

case

leap year, unless

it

be divisible

by

must

leapyear.

Thus, 1832, 1648, 1600

2000

and

1857, 1700, 1800, 1918,

leapyears;

are

but

not.

are

The
Gregoriancalendar was
adopted in England in 1752.
11
Parliament
the
3d
of
then being
declared
September
rrror
days,
the
and
the
made
the
time
be
at
w"
same
14th,
year begin January
instead
of
March
and
all
other
25th.
countries of the
1st,
Russia,
Greek
Church, still use the Julian calendar; consequently their
12 days later than
dates
(New Style).
(Old Style)are now
ours,
is small,amounting to a day
The
in the Gregorian calendar
error
fhe

in

3GOO

years.

The

197.

ART.

of

names

the

months

in

their

order,

January, February,March, April,May, June, July,

August, September,October,November, December.
ary;
instead of JanuThe year formerlybegan with March
November
and
consequently,September, October,

are

7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th months, as

merals
indicate; being derived from the Latin nu-

December
their

the

were

names

Septem (7),Octo (8),Novem

MISCELLANEOUS

198.

ART.

12 things
12 dozen or
12 gross

(9),Decem
TABLE.

1 dozen.

make
144
144

or

(10).

1 gross.

things

1 great gross.
1 score.

dozen

20

things

56

Ib

100

Ib

19G

Ib

1 bbL

200

Ib

1 bbl. of

14

Ib

2lA
8

1 firkin of butter.
1

pig cf

iron

pork.

1 father.

199.

calendar?
in the
is the

"

lead.

or

pigs

REVIEW.

What

of flour.

1 stone.

stone

ART.

error

quintaloffish.

The
What

196.

AVhero

docs

is the rule
the Julian

Gregorian calendar
originof

the

folio,quarto, octavo, "c., used

words

names,

for

calendar

197.

Name

leap

years

in

the

still

prevail?

the

months

September, October,

"tc.?

Gregorian

What

is tha

in their order I

in

of

speaking

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RAY'S

142

books,

show

how

leaves

many

make

Bbcet of paper.
sheet folded into 2 leaves forms

"

size.

folio

Do

4. ..do

quarto

"Do

8. ..do

octavo

or
or

4to

do.

8vo

do.
12nu".

do.

Do

12. ..do

duodecimo

Do

18.. .do

18mo

do.

Do

30. ..do

3Gmo

do.

or

Also,
24

quire.

quire?

ream.

reams

1 bundle.

sheets of paper

20
2

make

1 bale.

5 bundles

expressingthe
00

globe,or
seconds

make

(")

1*0"

1
12s

'jO"=

for
the

1 minute,
1

or

any

and
longitude,
two pointson

in the heavens.

GO'

300"
NOTE.

between

distances

of the

surface

for latitude and

Is used

200.

ART.

MEASURE

ANGULAR

OR

CIRCULAR

(')
degree,(")
sign,(*.)

1 circumference, (c.)

quadrant or quarter of a circumference,180"

1 semi-circumference.
is
The
of a circumference
degree being 3 ,'
^
of different
in
different circumferences; thus, the equator
lengths
than
is larger
the
a degree of the former
polar circles,
being larger
than a degree of the latter.
"

=""

COMPARISON
201.

ART.

the distance

of longitudeof two placesis

difference
degrees,minutes, and seconds, that one of

The
in

them

is further

than

the other.

The
from

sun

cast

meridians
REVIEW.

table.
rate
rato

per
per

201.

hour

cast

or

west, in 24

to

of all
200.

AVhat

does

minute- ?

the
What

difference

sun

per

meridian

its surface.

is circular

is the

established

round the earth, (3GO"),

entirely
hours, crossingin succession tbe

placeson
What

of the

west

to go

appears

"

LONGITUDE.

AND

TIME

OF

appear
second

of

or

angular measure?

longitude of

to travel
7

around

two

the

Repeat

the

places?

At

what

earth ?

At

what

COMPOUND

placefarther

its meridian

east

than

143

another

will have

its time
and, therefore,

sooner,

at the rate

NUMBERS.

sun

on

will be

later

for every 15" of longitude;or, (by

of these quantities),
at the rate
of 1

of 1 hour

taking c'0of

each

every 15' of longitude;or

these),at the rate of 1 second for every
minute

the

for

(by taking s'0of

15" of longitude

JJence.
of time

1 hour

15" of

longitude.

1 minute

do

15'

do.

1 second

do

15"

do.

NOTE.

has

Recollect that

gitude
place hat greatereast or less west lonthan another,its time must
be later ; and conversely,
if one place
later time titan another,it must have greater east or less west longitude.
"

if one

TABLES.

MONEY
FEDERAL

UNITED

STATES

Is the currency

202.

ART.

OR

MONEY

of the United

10

mills

10

ct

(ct.)
dime, (d.)

10

dollar,($).

eaglo.

(m.)

1 cent,

make

$10
NOTE.
derive

States.

The

"

their

and
French

word

ART.

and

cent

from

names

mill,which
Latin

the

are

centum

thousand; the dime which

disme,meaning ten.
The

203.

Federal

yjg

is

currency

and

and

7*5of

was

"f a
jo'jjTJ

dollar,

mille,meaning
a

dollar,is

dred,
hun-

the

from

authorized

by

act

It has great simplicity,

Congress,August 8th, 1780.
being on the decimal basis,and subject to the law that
one
of any denomination is equal to 10 of the next lower;
Notation, Numeration, and general
therefore,the same.
be used for Federal
for
order of operation,
can
as
money
of

simplenumbers.
Any

as

in

of

sum

units'

Federal

of several

money

denominations
those of that

denomination,by writing
place, those of higher denominations
one

numbers, and

those of lower

Why

in

"

201.

be

pressed
ex-

in

places of whole
decimal
places; thus,

pines that is east of another

time?
is tho table for comparing time and longitude?
What
from
know
tho longitudesof two places,which hag later time?
Federal or U. S. money?
u
Repeat the table.
REVIEW.

will

denominations

can

denomination

have
How
202.

later
do

w"

\Vhal

RAY'S

144

eagles $7

"

972.45

or
.s'lT.'Jlo,

in

consider

to

4 ct. and

Duties

S. money

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

dimes,

the

m.

9724.5

or

dollar

the

as

denomination

in that

be

can

ct.

written

97245

or

unit,and

eagki",

It is

m.

all

express

its decimal

and

9.7245

tomary
cus-

of

sums

divisions.

the dollars and all higher

reading U. S. money, name
denominations
togetheras dollars,the dimes and cents at
if there is one, as mills;
cents, and the next figure,

In

Or,

the whole

name

decimal

of

Thus, $9.124
of
and

9 dollars

is read

12 ct. 4

the

rest

or,

175

dollars,6238

175

124

9 dollars

mills,or

is read

dollar; $175.06238

dollars,and

as

as

dollar.

remainder,

numbers

dollars

Get.

sandths
thou-

mills,

hundred-thousandths

of

dollar.

204.

ART.

The

national

coins of the United

States

are

and copper.
The gold coins are the doublegold,silver,
and one
dollar piece.
eagle,eagle,half-eagle,
quarter-eagle,
A 3 dollar piecehas also been authorized.
The silver coins are the dollar,
half-dollar,
quarter-dollar,
3
and
cent
dime, half-dime,
piece.
the cent and half-cent;the latter
The copper
coins are
of

is

obsolete.

now

The

mill

the tenth

has

never

of

been

coin;

cent, or thousandth

it is

of

only

convenient

for

name

dollar.

being too soft for coins, are mixed

with baser metal, called aUoy. By act of Congress,in
1837, our standard gold and silver is 7% pure and -fa alloy,
Pure

gold and

silver

(by weight).
the silver coins is pure copper; in the
the latter not to exceed
it is copper and silver,

alloyin

The
coins

in

former
The
It

cent

REVIEW."

202.

How

numbers

standard
cent

is the

Why

How

"fec.?In writing any

is

generallyused ?

denominations

employed?

only
204.

What

copper?
is the alloy

for

nro

Which
is the

gold?

cent

of Federal

sum

In

coins

What

money

money

reading

mentioned?

mill?

called?

so

of Federal

sums

can

are

What

one-fourth

silver,being
weighs 168 gr.

of Federal

do the denominations
?

the

weight.

piece is not
weighs 12| grains. The

203.

gold

any

What
of

gold?

are

be

sum

mill?

resemble

The

those of

dime?

simple

tracted,
read, written,added, sub-

money,

what

of Federal

nation
single denomimoney,

Which

of silver?

gold

and

which
may

be

Which

of

single denomination

standard

for silvsr?

The

copper.

silver?

What

HIGHER

RAY'S

146

ARITHMETIC.

(".}is not a coin, but stands for 20s.; it is repreThe

Bented oy i-be sovereign,or the bank
of "1.
note
pound is BO
its equivalent,240d. or 20s.,formerly contained
a
called,because
pound weight of silver,the pound then being smaller than at
silver is now
coined into 66s.
present. A pound of standard
3. The

wind

REMARKS.

Latin

"

words

1. The

symbols, "., s., d.,q., are the initials of the

libra,solidarius,
denarius,quadrans; signifying,respect-

and quarter.
vely,pound, shilling,
pcnnv,
2. The
sovereign, the standard
gold coin, weighs 123.274 gr.,
and
is 22 carats
fine.
The
the standard
silver coin, is |g
shilling,
pence
silver,and fa copper, and weighs 87.27 gr. Pence and halfpure
made
are
only of copper now, and each penny
weighs 240
gr.
2 oz. Troy.
=

OF
ART.

STATE

Before

207.

CURRENCIES.

present currency

our

was

established,

and pence.
kept in pounds,shillings,
and pence
In many
States,the denominations
shillings
with
still
b
ut
the
values.
not
same
are
retained,
accounts

our

were

Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode

Virginia,
Kentucky, and Tennessee,

Island,Connecticut,

In New

12d.=
6s.
In New

=$1

=$1

100

cents.

cents.

Delaware,
Jersey,Pennsylvania,

In New

12 d.

Carolina

Ic South

12d.

la Canada

Gd.

8 d.

and

Nova

shilling
=

or

"

England State

$1
is tho

pound

currency

56d.

206. What

shillings\"

cents.

$1

Maryland,

100 cents.

21 2 cents.

$1

100

cents.

Scotia,

12d.=
5s.

or

9Cd.

and

Georgia,

and

4s.

=13"
shilling

7s.

many

cents.

=12^
shilling

12d.=

REVIEW.

100

cents.

Carolina, and Ohio,

York, North
8s.

shilling^IGf

shilling
=

100

NawYork?

now

cents.

cents.

origin

of silver

20

of

tho

coined?

pound?

name

207.

Pennsylvania?

Whnt

Into

how

is tho

Now

Georgia? Canada*

COMPOUND

ART.

208.

AND

WEIGHTS

FRENCH

in

NUMBERS.

present system of weightsand

The

France,adoptedin 1795, is
After

the decimal

on

has been

the unit

of any measure
higher denominations

the

named,

the Greek

the

to

formed

are

the
by prefixing

ART.

209.

mitre, which

The

unit

numtrali

of

long

tending
part of the quadrant,exthe equator to the pole.

from

=39.371

1 metre
NOTE.

1 decametre

"

kilometre

decimetre

1000

10

1 my riametre

1 centimetre

U. S. in.

1 hectometre

metres;

metres;

y'gmetre;

is the

in France

measure

is the ten-millionth

through Paris

10000

Jo

100

"

metres;
1

metres;
1 millimetre

metre;

TO'OOmetre.
SURFACE

FRENCH

^XART.

210.

which

is

The

unit

1 decare

"

10

ares

is the are,

119.6046

1 hectare

U. S. sq.
100

ares

yd.

1 ccntiare

are.

FRENCH

which

France

in

decam6tre.

square

TOO

ART.

MEASURE.

surface

of

are

NOTE.
=

Latin

nominatio
de-

MEASURE.

LONG

FRENCH

(1000),

unit; the lower

(jo),centl (TOO),milli (TO'OO).

deci

and

by prefixing

(100),kilo

of the

name

measures

basis.

determined

made

are

(10),heclo

numerals,deca

myrin (10000)

MEASURES.

211. The
is a cubic

MEASURE.

SOLID

unit

in
solidity

of

=35.31741
1 decastere

"

10 stores.

FRENCH

212.

ART.

The

cubic

centim6tre

at the

temperature of meltingice.

1 gramme

Rrnuiniea;

decagramme
1 kilogramme

10

U. S.
=

cu.

ft.

y'gstere.

grammes;

1000

is the gramme,
of distilled water

France

weightin

is the

"

sttre,

WEIGHTS.

unit of

weightof

1 decistere

which

NOTI.

is the

metre.

1 store
NOTE.

France

grammes

15.434
1

Troy

hectogramme
-

2^

Ih.

av.

gr.
=

100

nearly;

14

HAY'S

niyri:igra;,ime

centigramme

quiutal

10000

Ib. av.;

FRENCH

213.

AR?

*hioh

is

1 litre
NOTE.

kilolitre =

litre;
,-'0
ART.

used;
1

once

pros:

decalitre

10

litres ;

centilitre

bushel

12

When

215.

ART.

these

pt. wine
1

litres;

litre,

10000

U. S.

measure,

hectolitre

myrialitre
litrci 1
700

100

litres.

millilitre

aunc

litres;

1 decilitre

70*00litre.

NOTE.

other

7*0franc;

217.

iupcis,when

The

or
'inillot

7^5

is

79u

franc.

money,

18\

cents.

MEASURE

that of

the

United

States

kisloz

1
=

pik

rottoli.

here

mentioned

bu.:

in.; 1 rhebebe

1.G7 Ib.

av.

;
;

1 rottolo
1

4.3G4 bu.

1 rcltolo for foro

1.335 Ib. av.

Ib. avoir-

are

specified.
20.8

4.729

1 rottolo mina

MEASURES.

AND

otherwise

not

1 rottolo zaidino

100

as

same

pounds
"

nexed
an-

18.f cents.

or

ANGULAR

WEIGHTS

dlcjcnnrlria,
Egypt.

av.

is

countries.

FOREIGN

ar.;

OR

CIRCULAR

Is the

1 centime

unit of French

lournois,the former

216.

mud

MONEY.

=$.1875

FRENCH

ART.

word

are

unit of money
is the franc,which
7*0alloy,like our silver coins.

1 decime

"

livre

ART.

11 metres;
1 bois1.074
Paris
litron =

litres; 1

1 franc

="

is the

The

and
silver,

Ib.

France

capacityin

FRENCH

av.

MEASURE.

LIQUID

employed, the
them, signifying
customary.

to

and

Ib.

decimetre.

pied or foot
y'r,

pints.

The

2205.5

Soms
of the old weights and measures
arc
i
1
1
livrc =
a
=
A a kilogramme;
marc
livre;
as,
1
=
1
A mare;
grain =
once;
^
gros =
g
1 toise =
2 metres;
1 pied or foot =
^ metre;

or

pure

bar

or

214.

1 inch
BCau

of

j'0grnmroc;
75*00gramme;

=2.1135

1000
1

AND

unit

....

"

The

decigramme
milligramme

1 millier

DRY

cubic

grammes.

j,1^gramme;

""

220.55

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

zaro

quintalor

.9347 11).
=

2.07

cuntaro

FOREIGN

Holland.

Amsterdam,
measures

aarn

as

follows:
wine

follows:
310

quintals
=

Barcelona, North

Bombtty,East
1 guz

Indies.

Bremen."

I lb. =

sinkers

Batacia, East

1.^8288 bu.

179
1 hath

I0j

Old

181G.

sures
mea-

"

"

av.

1 foot

pecul

av.

for

-"="

5GO lb.

av.

w.

gal
560

72 gr.

"

1^ in.
1

1 ell

av.

="

candy

pearls
=

lb.

cana

32.7

80.7 bu.

"

11.38 in. ;
136

av.

1 carga

1 tursoo

1 last

lb.

1 tank

18 in.;

1.098 lb.

Indies.

bu. ;

suhippound
gal.; 1 vicrtel

w.

lb.

28

Troy gr.

37| w. gal.;

1 anker

.88215

1 lb. =

1 maund

"

27 in. ;

av.

3GA

01(1

85.25

5.84 pt.

"

,-*

adopted in

aam

of Spain.

1 tola

1820.

in.

1.03$ lb.

1 quartern

yd.;

lb. av.

av.

1 stoop

2.125bu.;
.58514

1 lb.

lb.

5^ pints;

system

in

1 last

lb.;

French

"

14",

adopted

system

1 stoop
1 ell
27

11} in.;

MEASURES.

1 lb. =1.08923

gal.;

Antwerp,Belyium.
as

French

"

41

gal.; 1 foot

AND

WEIGHTS

aam

.032

1 catty

or

yd.
1.36

lb. av.

Bcncookn, East Indies.

1 bahar

"

Baltia and
U. S. ;

liio de Janeiro, Brazil.

1 frasco

Cadiz, South
1

gal.;

mo

jo

Calcutta and
av.

4.5 pt.

of wine

68

maund

9.08 lb. av. ;

14440 sq. ft.; 1 guz
1 tael
Canton, China.
"

"

lb.

av.

1 chittack
1

yd.;
1| oz. ;

1 covid

or

vara

.9275

45

coss

sq. ft.;

T. gr.,

biggah

I.** miles.

catty

lj lb. av.

pecul

in. ;

1 li

124.457

lb. av.

14.025

74j lb.

"

224.588

w.

gal.

w.

1 maund

"

1 tolan

cobre

127 A

Indies.

82fj lb. ;

133]

1 botta

av.

1 arroba of oil =

gal.;

w.

Bengal Factory,East

1 bazaar

1.015 lb.

gal.;

w.

pallic

4{

1 bu.,

alquicrcof grain

"

"

lb.

of Spain." I

1 arroba

yd. ;

"

1"97.1,ft.

Con.ttnntinople,
Turkey. 1 quintalor
1 quintalof cotton
127.2 lb. av. ;
1 pik of cotton
27 in. ; 1 kisloz
U gal.
"

cantaro

pik of silk

.741 bu.

27.9 in. j

1 alma

of oil

Denmark.
Copenhagen,

"

1 lb.

gal.; lpot=1.02qt;
12

"

in.;

1 Danish

1.1025 lb.

1 last

av.

380 bu. ;
2.06 ft.

ell =

1 anker

10

1 Rhineland

fool

020.4 w.
1 last
East Prussia." 1 lb.
1.033 lb. av.;
Datitzic,
gal.; 1 alim of wine
39^ w. gal.; 1 sclicflfel 1.552 bu. ;
=

-=

D:mtxic

foot

12.356 in.;
bu.

11.3

1 Prussian

in.; 1 Uhinoland
ell =

1 last of wheat, rye

26.250 in.;
87 bu.;

or

1'russian foot

1 last of

1 Pru. mile

"

corn

91

4.8 milea

ILGIIER

RATS

|f"("

G'cnna, Sardinia.

.70875

grosso,

39.}w. gal ;
in.; 1

Ib. av.

Ib.

funega
av.

10

or

1.008

17

vara

2$

it is

1 ahm

of oil

mezzarola

"

9.72v
palmo
used by manufacturers,
=

of wine

38y

53

ell

1 Brabant

1 last

gal.;

27.585

gal.;

w.

89.6

in.

spirits 4.1 w.
weightor 25 Ib.

or

gal.;

3 bu., nearly; 1 arroba of

gal.;

w.

1 Ib.,

officers.

av.

1 steckan

1 arroba

"

S.jbu.

palmi,as

Ib.

11.289 in. ;

Cuba.

Havana,
Ib.

1 foot

bu.:

mina

custom-house

or

229j Sal-;

12

9,

merchants,
fuder

1 barilla of oil =

canna

Hamburgh."

sottile, .0989 Ib. av.

1 Ib. peso

"

ARITHMETIC.

25.4375

ft.

Konigsberg. Same as Dantzic.

La
Guayra, Venezuela. Same as Spain.
.74804 Ib. av., generally
reckoned,
Lei/horn, Tuscany. 1 Ib.
"

"

"

.77 Ib.

av.

gal.;

1 braocio

Lima, Peru.

corn

22.98

Same

"

of

sacco

2.0739

23 in. ;

or

gal.;
gal.;

almude

1 garce
=

Indies.

52?

gursay

9045

"

gal.;
w.

100

Ib. ;

canna

Odessa, Russia.

Palermo, Sicily.
"

of oil

Same

132

3.05

1 oncie

reckoned

.1owL

108

w.
w.

1 Almude

500

Ib. ;

1 varahun

Ib.;
482.}

Ib.

{5

oz.

1 salma

1 barile

av.

3.',
yd.;

1 cantaro

carro

salma

264
=

w.

423

10.375 in.

9.48 bu. ;
gal.; 1 caffiso

grossa

9^

av.

w.

1 i ft.
palma
France
weightssame

as

"

Havana.

as

Ib. av. ;

8?

Kant Indies.
\an;/fif"n,
=

baruay

w.

"

vis

24| Ib.;

gal.;
6 ft.11 in. ; 1 palmo
St. Petersburg.
as
ludy

or

Port-au-Prince,Ifayti. Measures same

as
England, but 8 per cent, heavier.
Same

candy

"

1 moyo
227 \

Spain.

as

24 cuchas

or

generale 7.02 bu.

4 if
w.
gal.; 1 canna

Purld- Itico.

Same

"

43.2 in. ;

190 \ Ib.
grosso
1.45 bu. ;
1
1 tomclo

pipe wine

gal.;

1 salma

"

1 cantaro

Naples,Naples.
=

Ayres.
1 maund

"

av.

Ib.

Montevideo, liuenos

Muscat, Arabia.

3 Ib. 3 dr. ;

.j

25 Ib. ;
=
maud

Company

visay

gr. ;
=

piccolo

137 bu. ;

1 vara^=

in. ;

1 maund

"

w.

gal.

w.

Ib.

pipe of port

gal.;

w.

12.944

East

12

92 in.

1 tonelada

gal.;

w.

140

1 pe or foot
of Oporto
Gg

Madras,

437

Lisbon

pipeof

canna

1.10119

"

bu.

1 barile

Spain.

as

Lisbon, Portugal. 1 Ib. or arratel

23.03

bu.

"

"

kyat or tical =.584

ten

or

basket

Ib. av.

1 Paiktha

58.4 Ib. av.,

or

generally

REDUCTION

Ri'ja,Russia."
anker

I Ib.

Rotterdam, Holland.
1

nearly;
The

.9217

10^ w. gal.;

1 last

"

stoop

av.

1 loof

151

1.9375 bu.

10.79 in.,U. S.

foot

gal ;

w.

1 ahm

40

1.02

gal.,

w.

ft,

U. S.

rest like Amsterdam.

"

1 maund

of rice

832 gr.

The

Ib. av.

av.

wool

1 oke

2 Ib. 13

chequee

of

5 1 Ib. ;

1 kellow

Stockholm, Sweden.
iron

| Ib.

pipe

av.

"

.692

1 Ib.

gal.
Russia."
Petersburg,
Ib. generally
reckoned

chetwert

av.

Canton.

as

rottolo

1.2748

1 tepper of silk
Ib. av. ; 1 chequee of
=

4j Ib.,
goats'

1.456 bu. ; 1 pic

27 in.,U. S.
.9375 Ib., av. ; 1 Ib. of
pund
=

or

4^

1 foot

bu.

1 ahm

4iy.jw. gal.;

11.684 in.,U. S.

nietzen

eitner

oil

15

17

36 Ib.

Same

"

or

.9026 Ib. av.

av.

1 kannor

3.14

ft.;

verst

or

pood
1

w.

arsheen

mile

gal.;

28

5.3 fur.

Constantinople.

as

1.236 Ib. av.

1 staro

2.34 bu. ; 1
1 orna
bu. :

(forwoolen

1 ell

36.1041

w.

1.723 bu. ; 1 polonick=.861

173 T w. gal.;
gal.; 1 barile

gal.;

w.

1 wedro

1 sashen
bu. ;
1.145 ft, U. S. ; 1

Trebisond, Turkey.
Austria." I Ib.
Triente,
Vienna

1 Ib.

5.952

1 foot

of silk

same

w.

St.

in. ;

lg

124J-w. gal.;

rest

Ib.

5 dr. ;

oz.

opium

1 tun

82. 125

Constantinople.1

as

"

NUMBERS.

10.542 bu.

.6775

Ib.

1 foot

Singapore,East Indies.
bungkal of gold-dust
Smyrna, Turkey. Same

COMPOUND

OF

goods)

of

orna

2.27 in. ;

1 ell

25.2 in.

Chili. Same as Spain.

Valparaiso,
Venice,Lombardy. I Ib.,peso sottile .66428 Ib. av.
1.05186 Ib. av. ;
1 etaja 2.27 bu. ;
peso grosso
4.028 w. gal.; 1 braecio
1 miro
137 w. gal.
;
"

"

an

Ib.,
fora

of wool

26.6 in.

Vera

G-uz, Mexico.

218.

without
CASE

I.
"

Same

Spain.

as

COMPOUND

OF

REDUCTION
ART.

"

is

Reduction

changing the

alteringits value.
To

to another

reduce

NUMBERS.
form

It has three

simple number

of

of

ber
num-

cases.

any

nation
denomi-

denomination.
GENERAL

Multiplythe given number

Sion required'

RULE.

by its unit value in the Jenomin*

RAY'S

152

Or, Diciile it by the unit

in the

of ihera

in

the

18

SOLUTION.

pk.

Since

bu.

72

between

570

since

1152

pt.

in

bu.

qt.,and

bushels

of

pk., 18
1 pk.

since

times

576

qt.=

to

the
eac*

reached.

pints.

pk., and

8 qt. =

unit-value

the

to

times

2 pt.,576

denominations

more

or

one

bushels

"

pk.

72

one

are

required,redace the given number

is
succession,until the required denomination

and

Reduce

imes

there

When

"

given

one

of the required denomination

value

(jiren.

one

XOTK.

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

qt., 72

1 bu.

bu.

1 qt.=

find

pt_ Or,

pints,thus:

18

18

576
"!""
04 pt.; then
multiply 18 by 64 pt.
pk. =32qt.
2
This
is called Rewhich
gives 1152pt. as before.
that is, going from
duction Descending,
a
hit/herde115"
r"t
and
is
nomination
lower
a
to
performed
(bu.)
(pt.)
by the 1st part of the rule,that is,by multiplication.
=

236

Reduce

inches

inches

will

tained

times

since

be

as

yd., 10Jft. will

find

This

before.

by

(in.)to

2d

the

219.

ART.

be

of the

part

as

~oT

of

yards

by

-i

in.

Q.J

ll

65 yd.

yd.

many
ft. which

19j
in.

12)23G

con-

30

is
in

inches, thus; 1

in.,which

Reduction

is called

denomination

lower

230

divide

ft,,236

10^ ft.,and

is

unit-value

the

in.; then

3ft. =36

in

times

12 in. is

as

in.,which

is contained

1 yd. Or,

inches

feet

many
236

in

3 ft.=

3ft.

as

12

Since

SOLUTION."

yards.

to

yd.

="

gives tijj
yd., aa
is, going frorp
is
generally performed

Ascending,that
higher (yd.),and
rule,that is,by division.

"

Reduction

Ascending is similar in principle

Descending,and can be performed by the 1st

to Reduction

part of the rule.

dividing 236 in. by 36 in. the
unit value
of
be multiplied by r?'g
236
mny
yd., the
unit-value
of inches; for,236 X
G|) 1. The
3'$yd. V^ yd.
division
is
convenient.
tperationby
generallymore
Thus,

in

last

instead

example,
yards, the

of

I* EM

AH

K.

Reduction

"

increases

REVIEW.
Cn*e
the

"

1st?
one

number

213.

What

The

rule?

given

nn.l

1 and

2.

performed?
fcrmod?

the

AVhat

219.

How

the
What
is
may

Descending diminishes
of units given; while
is reduction?

When
"ne

there

nro

whnt
roc|iiire"l,

is Reduction

deduction

How
ccvcml
should

many

and,

Reduction

be

dune?
Ilovr
is it

fore,
there-

Ascend-

AVhat

cases?

"lcnriniin:itions

Descending?
How
Aseending?

it bo performed?

the size

lu-rwi-cn

Exphiin
is it

if

amples
ex-

generally

generallyper-

HIGHER

RAY'S

154

63

cubic

yd. to
$117.14 to

8.
9.

cu.

SUGGESTION.

formed

In

"

311040

Ans.

inches.

mills.

of U. S. money,

mills.

or

basis,the

in.

cu.

117140

Ans.

all reductions

decimal

the

ARITHMETIC.

system

any

divisions

are
multiplicationsor
the
since
th"
to
point
right or left,
readilyperformed by moving
multipliersand divisors are 10, 100, 1000,"c.,(Arts.144 and 145).
on

the

10.

Reduce

11.

1600

12.

$51

6.19

12 lb.

Reduce

to

are

first reduced

gr.

by

the

Tr~y

194, and
lb.

by

to

decimal,then

to lb.

33 beer

15.

36

1C.

17.

.216gr. to

18.

".0732

to

19.

fib. to

tuns.

20.

47.3084sq. mi.

21.

4-23

22.

23.

50

24.

1200

25.

99yd.

26.

6. 3419

wine

gal.to

gal.Ans.

40

to

dr.

Ans.
Ans.

Troy.

oz.

How

Ans.

inches
to

imp. bu.

to

Ans.

cu.

many
wide?

How
and
"

219.

How

can

P.

Ans.

3^ lb.

HI ch.
2"ofur.

in.

1402726. 8096

in

Ans.
a

rectangle24

yd.

reductions

in

box

cu.

in.

Tjomi.

1 rd.

Ans. 2.4530625

cubic
many
3 ft. high ?

WooT.
a1*tt".

Ana.

to miles.
acres

d.

Ans.

Ans.

to chains.

to

Tr.

48.47236 nearly.

furlongs.

C.

oz.

4844380.16

to lb.

fathoms

16.02rd.

00045

Ans.
to P.

gal.

JS"{T.

Ans. 17.568

pence.

U. S. bu.

28.

lb.

av.

? w.

48 E. Fl.

Ans.

in. to qr.

18

REVIEW

12

ells Flemish.

yd, to

Ans.

ft. wide

"/76P
^8 12

/" 7

I^TT

"

table.

Reduce

27.

"

17V

14.

20.

iyc
-LlO

1
1

the gr. to

same

point.

14T7zlb.

Ans.

rT

in

table

the

move

Troy.

7flflfl v
tn
v
i.ZPN;lv'lJy/\

av.

Art.

av.

12

The

$1.60

Ans.

Ans. '5375 mills.

Change

"

$.0619

Ans.

to mills.

SOLUTION."
tl_
Ib.

dollars.

to

mills to dollars.

SUGGESTION

13.

cents

long by
acres.

6' ft. long by 2j

Ann.

in U. S. money

be

1*% cu. yd.

performedT

OF

REDUCTION

30.

How

"chains

COMPOUND

perches in

many

long by 4.76ch.
250 3

Reduce

32.

1 nautical

33.

1C. 02

34.

4.29

35.

of

link to rods.

36.

of

nail to ell

37.

1.644

38.

35.781sq.
yd.tosq. in.

39.

256

chains

40.

roods

13]

feet.

to

to

many

solid

wall

40ft.

thickness?

Ans. .20025

timber

to

sq. in.

to sq. chains.

Ans.

to cords.

timber

reduced

Reduce

44.

8pwt. to

-7

feet,plank

in

rectangular

*lb. Troy

oz.
Troy in the Brazilian
many
Ans.
diamond, which weighs 1680 carats?

Reduce

*75pwt.

47.

4gr.to

5.

48.

19cwt.

to

49.

221

50.

184-5

to dr.

51.

96

av.

52.

How

wide

and

8| ft. wide
M.

to

Ans.

oz.

to

30 3.

glo 5-

30400

oz.

oz.

Ans.

Troy.
gal.in

U. S. bushels
many
and 2! ft. deep?

21 bbl. of

beer

87

oz.

Tr.

by 2j ft.
Ans. 75?? w. gal
in a bin 9.3ft. long by
61 bu., nearly.
Ans.
(36 gal.)to bid. of wine,
tank

3ft. long

Ana.

gal.

T.

41} dr.

Ans.

av.

wino

1 bu. to wine

" oz.

Ana. .000044140625

Coll gal.)
55.

11

Ans.

dr. to T.

Reduce

Emperor's

Ans.

3.

lift,deep?

5'{, How

a'olb.

Ana.

46.

average

32 J"
I P.

1040gr.

Ana.

to gr.

Ib.

many

3600.

2| ft.

and

4."). How

oz.

4$ C.

Ans.

perches cf masonry
long by 7aft. high

E. E.

640 sq. ch.

Ans.

to acres, then

rd.

E. Fl.

46372.176

sq. chains.

ft.

35

Vo

Ans.

43.

mile.

.0608

Ans.

Ans.

av.

283.14

Ana.

English.

bring

P.

18256.7088ft.

Ans.

-4ns.

6.15 tuns of hewn

1 inch thick.
measure,
How

561 [75 dr.

Ana.

41.

42.

Ana.

miles.

of round

tuns

1387.6352

to ell Flemish.

First

"

An*.

to feet.

inches

SUGGESTION.

to dr. av.

leagueto

155

rectangularfieM 18.22

wide?

31.

chains

NUMBERS.

Ans.

9.31

'20

-i

gal.,nearly.

RAY'S

150

1 bu.

56.
Su

beer

to

QUESTION.

57.

45 f 3 to 0.

58.

2a f 3

59.

If

7.G25

Ans.

gal.

Reduce

"

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

in.,and

to cu.

then

gallons.

to

pieceof gold is

1200

Ans.

to m.

of

pure, how

181

pure, and

gold what part is

carat

alloy?
CASE

To

220.

number

reduce

Commence

"

what

par!

II.

number

compound

to

simple

denomination.

of any

RULE.

207

j'land 3*3

Ans.

ART.

carata

Ans.

In

m.

many

fine is it?
60.

TVs0.

Ans.

with

the

denomination, if
hiyJtest

it bf

duction
Re-

Descending; wil/t Ike lowest,if it be Reduction A.icendlnrj.

Ileduce those of that denomination
to the denomination
required,
and during this reduction
add in at the proper
times those of
the other denominations.
NOTES.
and

of

Reduction
the

the highest
required lie between
by
part of the compound number
Reduction
and
rest
Ascending,
by

results.

two

2. The

those

given, reduce
Descending, and the

lowest

add

denomination

1. If the

"

added

numbers

those to which

5 Ib. 2

Reduce

each

of

must

be

of

the

added; mistakes

they are

the denomination

in

oz.

number

as

denomination

same

be

can

avoided

aa

by marking

it is obtained.

13 pwt. 10 gr.

grains.

to

OPERATION.

SOLUTION.
Reduction
at

mence

"

Since

lb-

is

'2oz.

G'Joz.; tliis

added

is reduced

Pvvt-

oz-

Descending, comthe 51b., and

reduce

it to GOoz. ; the
made

this

13

10

)b

in

6 2 oz
OQ

to

Pr-

OI

"

pwt., nn"l 1:5 pwt, added

ing 1 '253 pwt.; this finally is

brought to gr., and the 10 gr.
added, producing 30082 gr. for
the

answer.

"'

l-OOpwt.=
-

220.

What

noijjination lies between

VVb.it

care

must

bo

if Cnsc
the

exercised

"*

5022
2500

30082gr.
._

'""
5

in. rnak-

2d ?

highest and

rule?

Tho
lowest

in the additions

lb.

01.

pwt.

CT.

13

10

If

the

given, what

required deis

necessary

REDUCTION

Jlcducc

3 qr. 18 Ib.

c\vt.

SOLUTION."

COMPOUiND

OF

This

NUMBERS.

tuna.

to

OPERATION.

Re-

being

157

ID.

duction

Ascending,

18

Kiih

ey

18.00

it to

reduce

and

Ib.

commence

making 3.72 qr. altoto .93

geilier;this is reduced
in
jf a cwt., making 2.93 cwt.
20
ll.; and this finallyis reduced
the result requiredto .l40oT.
The successive
quotients might
.72 qr.,

qr.
.

3.72
twt.

2.930

be

in

put

the

form

if it
fractions,

of

convenience,the
compound number, are
beside

placed

be

cnu

it in

under

denominations

qr

cwt.

18
Ib.

qr.

.1465=2

18

common

desirable.

were

different

For

the others

Ib

cwt.
=

T.

"

181b,

=3qr.

those

that

each

its own

cipher

be

must

correspond.
of
Placing each quotientbeside the number
Is the adding in required by the rule; just as
in in the first example.
10 gr., are added

the

at

it is

top, nnd

obtained,

If any

placed

the

compose

quotient,as

denomination.

of
a

lowest

column, the

order, so

vacant,

are

in

set

that

numbers

simple

in

the

of

the column

to

REMARK.

The

"

timplenumbers
the

add

the

the results

"

yd. 5

cu.

SOLUTION.

cu.

4cu.

"

13pwt.

Reduce

thus:

practiceit

in

FOR

ft. 256

yd.

cu.
.2"7

ft.=

8 cu.

T72

each

the

is not

and

so

of the
nomination,
requireddeconvenient

5cu.

PRACTICE.

cu.

in. to

ft. =

113cu.

ft.

cu.

113

Ans.

ft.

256

ft.,and

in.=

cu.

ft.

cu.

2.

1 7 mi. 3 fur. 38 rd. to rd.

Ans.

5598

rd.

3.

8 rd. 1A ft. to iu.

Ans. 1602

in.

4.

43ft. Sin. to :d.

5.

9 mi. 22 rd. 10.6175ft. to fur.

toodKSTiON.

dividend
"ud

the 2oz.

compound number, to

but

EXAMPLES

25G X

denomination

own

given.

one

1.

stated

maybe

that compose

and
as

rule

its

divisor

tltfi,divide.

6.

"

464yd.

RKVIKW.

adopted

When

"

and

"

for

is necessary

220.

The

How

the divisor

Ans.

*72.566-f-

of

the

fraction

botfc

(2,4, "c.),

be altered.

to miles.

Explain Example
AscemJing? If
might tho rule have

2J5g

A, 30},fcc.,multiply

is 5

by the denominator
quotientwill not

2ft. Si in.

Reduction
T

Ans.

1st.
any

been

^ns.
What

convenient

denomination
stated

.26415+

more

form

is vacant,

simply?

it

what

RAY'S

HIGHER

7.

Irai. 3 fur.

7.2 in.

8.

20 fathoms

4$ ft. to miles.

9.

17 yd. 3 qr. 2

158

ARITHMETIC.

to

na.

4 in. to ells

yd.

to

Ans.

2420.2yd.

Ans.

.03378
286

AM.

na.

4.08 E.

Ans.

mi.
na.

10

5yd.

11

44 E. Flcm.

12

1 qr. 2na.

13.

29E.Flem.lqr.2lna.to yd. Ans.

22.1 5625

1 4.

75 yd. 3 qr. 2g

na.

Ans.

15.

4 sq. rd. 13 sq.

yd. 5

16.

7sq.ft. 120.54sq. in.

17.
18.

63 sq. rd. 10$ sq. in. to sq. ft.

Ans. l7loli||
1650 A. 3 R. 24. 64 P. to sq. miles.
Ans. 2. 5795375 sq. mi.

19.

301A.

20.

22.

1 sq. mi. 424 A. to perches.

Ans. 170240
P.
21 A. 35 P. to sq. chains. Ans. 212.1875
sq. ch
leu. yd. 24 cu. ft. 876cu. in. to cu.yd. Ans. 1U'*6

23.

What

"'

21.

by

83

1|

sq. ch.

is

in. to tuns

cu.

"

tuns

First to

of

cu.

hewn

ft.;then

to tuns

timber

32

cu.

14.23! pwt, to

26.

31b. 7oz.

27.

19p\vt.6gr. to

28.

4 lb.

29.
30.

77oz. 12pwt. 10.464gr.to

68 lb. 81 oz. to gr.

31.

49

carats

32.

diamond

carats

of round

22]

gr. to

ft. 480

Ans.

gr.

in. to
C.
2-j3?i4
cu.

48Tg5o

Ans.

oz.

oz.

weighing 3

Ans. 395808

73

34.

95

Ii9

35.

23 23

36.

1 lb 1 H gr.

12.24

gr. to

16 pwt. is how

57

to

3-

Ans.

to

3-

Ans.
A

Tr.
mat?

") carats.

36.90053.

Ans.

to gr.

14.1gr.

5.

gr.

3sl oz.

.4ns.

Ans.

3ft

oz.

6.468483

!b. Ans.

Troy.
oz.

6 gr.

sYo lb.

Ans

33.

of round

20981.

Ib.

to
2T7egr.

foVf

timber.

Ans.

cords.

long

268g|gT.

Ans.

SUGGESTION.

T3s

ft.

ADS.

timber.

25.

pile71

"

301 3.67

Ans.

of wood

.8708

Ans.

yd.

to sq.

ft. 1600

cu.

yd.

227.7 ft.

ft. high?

115

cords

na.

sq. ft. 98 sq. in. to sq. in.

Ans. 174482
sq. in.

cord

Ans.

to feet.

1843P. to

part of
and

to

Eng.

132.72 qr.
Ans. 6.793 na.

2 in. to qr.

na.

1.785 in.

IR.

5ft. wide

24.

English.

ns.

4350

gr.

.3G34'83
90

, "

.y

REDUCTION

OF

COMPOUND

NUMBERS.

.051302-Mb.

37.

43 23

38

2 qr. 23 Ib. to Ib.

AM.
3qr. 18 Ib. 15 oz. 10. 08 dr. to cwt.

15.5gr. to

10 T. 9

39

ft.

159

Ans.

20973

cwt.

.9397}$

Ans.

IT.

40.

cwt.

Iqr. 24

Ib. 2oz.

4|dr.

Ib.

to Ib.

14^
4*1. Iqr. 124 oz. to tuns.
AM.
.Ol28f| T.
42. 762 Ib. 8 oz. 3 dr. to cwt.
AM.
7.625T28 cwt.
43. 121b.av. 9oz.lOdr. toTroygr. Ans. 88210] sgr
2649.

Ans.

SDQ.

First reduce

"

to

dr.; then

to gr.

45.

633313
15.232gr. to
5323
7gr. to pwt.

46.

15 Ib.

44.

Troy, 11

Ib.

4 pwt.

oz.

by

27^.
av.

(Art.188.)

AM.

.442176.

AM.

14"j pwt.

9.085gr.

71168 dr.

-4ns. 3356.

10. 48 pwt. to 3.

todr.av.

47.

48.

37 gal.2 qt. 1 pt. 3 gills

to qt.

49.

50.

3 qt. 1 pt. 2. 3 gillsto gal.

AM.
52 gal.Iqt. 1.052 gills
to pt. Ans. 418.263

51.

oz.

4ns.. 52.

53.
54.

55.

3bu.

56.

pk. 6 qt. 1
2

59.

286

to U. S.

First

Sua."

3pk.

1 qt.to

bu.; then

li? gal.

.76 7

4ns.

pt.

71 ft bu.
12

Ans.

58.

bu.

4ns.

pt.

3060

4ns.

pt. to pk.

pk. 1.091 pt. to bu.

2 pk. 7 2 qt. to pt.
8bu. 3f pk. to qt.

57.

gills.
.9461 gal.

Ans.

8 pt. to bu.

130

Ans.

to gal.
gal.3 qt. Is gills
47 bu. 3 pk. 2 qt. to pt.

52.

1923.

ISOjqt.

Ans.

gal.2 pt. to gills.

av.

33
12

pk.
bu.

4/ts. 47
4ns.
4ns.

imp. bu.
to cu.

in.; then

to

pt.

286 qt.

278.02"

imp. hu.

gal.1 qt. 1 pt. to imp.gal. 4ns. 82.7904.

60.

99

w.

61.

67

beer

gal.3 qt. 1 94 pt. to dry qt.

.

4ns. 285. 32567"

62.

56

63.

13bu.

64.
BE
"

to beer qt. 4ns. 184. 603"

gal.Iqt. 2g gills

w.

4ns. 125. 58"

Ipk. 7qt.l.35pt.tow.gal.
27 gal.3 qt. 1 pt. of beer to gills.4ns. 108831

VIEW."

220.

301, Ac., what

Is it as
should

convenient

he done?

in thi* form?

Who"

th" divisor U

RAY'S

50

IIIGIIER

G3.

1 4 f 5 5 f 3 48

GG.

1 0

G7.
G8.

3f3 35m to fj.

20
7f5 4f3 58m

GO.

2 yr. 108

6K3

3f3

to

Aiia. 9510m.

m.

Ur%.
39.62^3.
Ans.

Ans.

f5.

to

da. 18 hr. 40 min.

to

sec.

72470400

AM.
70.

G yr. 44 da. 8 hr. 35 min.

71.

21 hr. 4 min. 54. 6

72.

3 wk.

to wk.

1U

5 da. 12 hr. 26 min.

74 da. IGhr.

23. 028

45 min.

75.

9" 1 3. G"

to minutes.

7G.

42' 57V'

to

77.

163"

78.

79 12"

79.
80.

32.756" to
$76 5ct. 21 m.

81.

82.

$391

83.
84.

$84 82} ct. to

20 eagles$6 1

83.

86.

5 dimes

87.

"304

88.

12s.

10]d. tos.

89.

"58

7s. lid. to d.

90.

"25

4|d.

91.

Reduce

92.

How

sec.

many

to hr.

sec.

636r7c"/olir.

ct.

28' 7"

to

6' 20"

9.1054

III.

"

may

Ans.

to mills.

$.

ct.

.00021046, nearly.
Ans. 760521
Ans. $.0991054

1 cwt

2i

ct to

$.

to

TO

221.

be reduced

$206|

Ans. 400.03142

.0596

Ans.

eagles.

"304j"i
Ans. 12.^s.

Ans.

Ans. 14015
Ans. 500

to

Ans.

pwt.
of

gold weigh

much

as

If the
a

SIMPLE
A

COMPOUND

NUMBER.

OP

ANY

d.

!"s.

29166J

Ans.

REDUCE

to

Ans.

s.

ounces

many
lead?

84325'} in.

Ans.

19s. 2Ad. to ".

to

39 100. 7 ct.

Ans.

mills.

6 mills

222.10o"

Ans.

mills to dimes.

TO

ART.

Ans. 588487".

circum.

mills to

.715972"

Ans.

7 mills to cents.

540.226'

Ans.

degrees.

dime

3155G928.

Ans.

year?

seconds.

to

eagles3. 142

of

to yr.

sec.

degrees.

4'

pound
CASE

in

solar

How

vVr'a

.204G525567, nearly.

Ans.
74.

sec.

.87840072da.

to da. Ans.

sec.

319

Ans.

Ans.

73.

j'g
Cong.

.115030

Ans.

Cong.

to

ARITHMETIC.

as

14/2
NATION
DENOMI-

NUMBER.

is a whole
number,
given number
this
number
by
compound

it

RAY'S

U)--"

Reduce

5 of

SOLUTION."
result

HIGHER

wine

ARITHMETIC.

gallonto

Multiply

f gal.by

is

2$ qt.; cut off whole

as
part of the compound number
Multiply 5 qt. by 2; the result
off the 1 pt. and

tut

reduce

fills. This

the

"

required.

Ib.

pt. 1 |

to

av.

nations, is

2 T. 9 cwt.

15.833(5 dr, for the

SOLUTION.
1657

yd. by 5^,to

rd.

To

do this

multiply

both

to lower

Ib. reduced

4905

denominations,

to

higher denomi.

give 2

results united

T. 9 cwt.

5 Ib

reduce

number.

compound

the

5 3")165

7 vd
2

it to

conveniently,
dividend

11, and

visor

yd. to

by 2, making

divisor

These

5 Ib.

Divide

"

1 5 8 3 3 6 dr. Am.

answer.

1657

Reduce

number.

compound

.OG185,reduced

number

dr. ; the whole

is 15.8336

-TT

^989 6"o*.

cwt. 5 Ib.

fraction

The

"

4
-11

1J3

0)49 cwt.
~~2~T.9

SOLUTION.

1J

1;'
pt.: qt.2 I
2
pt. to 1^

25)49^5 Ib.
4)l_9_6_qr."lb.
2

?.

of

4905.06185

gill

is

the table,
being
Hie operationmust
stop, and the compound
number
required is 2 qt. 1 pt. 1^ gills.

Reduce

number.

w-|^qj-P*-

4; the

number

the

limit

compound

the

and
the

di-

JO

1 *

yd.

rd. 3 half

40)301

dividend

nail

yd.
-i

rt1
fur' 21
rd"
^d'
half-yards,without alBut ^ yd.
1 ft. 6 in.
teiingthe quotient The re"mir,,lcr 3 is also half-yards
^ fur" 21 rd. 1 yd. 1 ft
Am
(Art.221. Note),and is therefore written
^ yd. 1 .Jyd.;
Ihe i yd. is then reduced
to a compound number
by the last rule,and
j)"oedto the result already obtained.
,

,,

l\

8314

"

f"

"

REDUCE

TO

COMPOUND

NUMBERS,
ANSWERS.

EXAMPLES.

1.

44753Aft.

2.

99.75yd

3.

tfur

8 mi. 3 fur. 32 rd. 5 ft. 6 in.

=18rd.
=

33rd.

lyd.

2ft. 3 in.
2ft. 6 in.

OF

REDUCTION

COMPOUND

NUMBERS.

103

ANSWERS.

EXAMPLES.

4.

8760531

5.

904.178fath

8871

7.
8.

69.1525yd
GOliaqr

9.

52. 003 E. Fl

in.

138

mi. 2 fur. 5 rd. 1 ft. 9 in

904 fath. 1.068ft

na

yd. Iqr. 3]

55

na.

yd. 2.44 na.

150 yd. 1 qr. I na.
69

52 E. Fl. .036

na

181 1.0625

11.

sq.ft.=201sq. yd. 2sq.ft. 9sq.in.

300027sq. in.
231sq.yd. 4sq. ft. 75sq.in.

12.

64. 10826

13.

832,'Jsq. yd.

14.

1.10475

10.

15.

P.

832 sq.

sq. mi.
322. 7372 A.

sq. ft. 15? sq. in

1 sq. mi. 67 A. 6.4 P.

322 A. 211. 37.952

17.

18.

87g sq.ft.

19.

93111 A.

20.

mi
535sq.

21.
22.

| sq. rd
T7Tcu. yd

23.

1013854cu.in.

24.

.0038yr.

25.

65.387cu.

26.

4.2045cu.yd.

30.

131IC
8. 56^ T.

31.

4000

32.

78?

min.

19cu.ft. 1246cu.in.

ft. 668.736cu.

yd.lieu.

ft. 901.1

34
35

45.54oz.Tr.

36

692

cu.

13C.

=
.

78 Ib. 8
=llb.

oz.

31b. 9

oz.

120Scu

in.

ft

10^

gr.

7pwt.7.2gr

15 pwt.

10 pwt.
10 07.
=21b.
oz.

in.

6 pwt. 16 gr

11 pwt.

loz.
=

in.

8T. 28$cu. ft,

sec.

52Asec.

da. 14 hr. 38 min.

timber.

hewn

52

7 fur. 12rd. 2yd. 2ft. 11.712

(365| da. to a yr.)

7yr.231

gr. Troy
Ib. Troy.

pwt

sq. in.
ft. 314i*Tcu. in.

*267.3pwt.
ISoz. Troy

33

36
yd. 7sq.ft.

yd. 5cu.

4cu.

18.9142mi.
18mi.

40152381

2cu.

P.

76sq.in.
sq.ft.
90 sq.in.
sq.ft.

1 da. 9 hr. l7uiin. 16.8

ft.=

An".
29.

sq.

=21cu.yd.

P.

sq. mi. 291 A. 211. 5 P.

22 A. 2 R. 14 A P.
=

=17cu.

28.

=9sq.yd.

=16

27.

2 Pv. 20. 5024

=1

P.

yd. 2

=70 A.
706.2814sq.ch.
1567804
sq. in. =1209sq.yd.

16.

24.10826

1R.

9^

gr.

19.2gr.
12 pwt

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

KAY'S

HJ4

ANSWERS.

EXAMPLES.

13 Ib.

9315

19

2.944

37.

13. 7G441b.

38.

43 53 19 9Jgr.
19 lojgr.
=55
314ft. 53 33 19905G29
8g 13 19 7T3Tgr.
ytb
lY0053.62gr.Apoth. 29tb. 63 23 13.62gr.
=llb
Y3 33 29 12 gr.
467^9

39.
40.

41.
42.

43.

805H3
fas

gr.

8ib.

192.206gr.

45.

.37013
T85T.

46.

.4815

47.

809[Acwt.=40T.9c\vt.

3qr.l61b.lOoz.

48.

4220311b

49.

7331

1 qr. 61b.
3cwt. Iqr. 18 Ib. 12 oz.

50.

ilcwt

51.

8A

52.

10072

53.

95ijr|t.

54.

301.46pt.

55.

808g qt. dry

56.

2191009.

44.

10cwt.

Ib.

qr.

2qr.

16lb.

av

7oz. 11.264

=9T.

2qr. 201b.

dr.

lOjdr.

211T.

lOjdr.

lOoz.

=8

gal

5;!,dr
gal. 3 Ji gills.
13oz.

=314gal. 3qt.

gills

gal.3qt.l?gills.
gal.2 qt. 1 pt. 1.84 gills.
23

.....

=37

measure

25 bu. 1

=
.

pk. f pt.

57.

1.3 dr.
4T.5cwt.2qr.81b.lOoz.
560052l43oz.av.=ll7T.10cwt.31b.4oz.l3ridr.

58.

365. 242241

3dr.=

Ans.
59.

"jg

60.
61.

$33|
|\vk

62.

.7 1'3

63.
64.

br
T9"5
^ bu

65.

.555"

CO.

f'igal

67.

67.7")8

(58.

27.35"

Hi).

32.4

70.

gCong

days.

365 da. 5 br. 48 min. 49. 65696

sec.

78Td.

=6s.

=$33.625.
=4
=5
=

da. 16 br.

f3 36m.

33 min.
=1

sec.

pk. n pt.
=lls.

lid.

=2qt. Hpt.
="3.

7s. 0.12.1.
=27"

45

=4Cong.
"=8()

21'.

3f3

12m

8fS IfS

36m

6f3

OF

REDUCTION

COMPOUND

NUMBERS.

ANSWERS.

EXAMPLES.

=.6

73.

.075qt
3.07pk
46-18f 3

74.

260234"

75.

1246.05'

76.

18563d

77.

281923ss

78.

.8054bu

79.

100000m

80.

.1934

71
72.

gill.
3pk. 1.12pt.

"5f30f357m.
=72"

"140

I7.052pk

83.

2[?circum.

84.

19019.2m.

85.

84312

86.

cs

87.

TVof an eagle

88.

2093.

89.

795of

pt.

48' 7. 2".

=5"

$7.57ct. 5m.

=4bu.

Ipk. .832pt.
2c. 327b 16' 21TV'.
20.
7f3 4f3 59.2m.

=
.

=$84.312.

mills.
dollar

57

19s. lid.

pk. 1 qt. 1.5456

=1302f340m.

'.

82.

83d.

14s.

46' 3".

"7

=
.

81.

17' 14".

=20"

sign
7543dimes

of

165

44

/^in.

=$4.730fi
=$20.9357.

cents.

90.

degree
6407] pt. dry meas.

91.

10808107.

87

ct.

100

=
.

ft".
qt. l\ pt.

28' 25

bu. 3

sec.
=

125da

2hr.

lomin.

7.87

sec.

92.

6. 045964

93.

6yr. 16 da. 18
17000.12 da. (365J da.

94.

46 yr. 198 da. 14 hr. 52 min. 48 sec.

AM.
"92 18s. 7Ad.
22303. 5d.
Am.

yr.

REMARK.
decimal
rules

Common

and

"

If

our

basis, like

hr. 38 min.
to

40.704

sec.

yr.)

tables of
U.

S.

methods

would

fractions

would

tin
were
on
Weights and Measures
and
the
French
the
same
tables,
Money
do for compound as for simple numbers.
less frequently,the comparaalso occur
tively

that arise from

their use
would
be
complicated processes
actions
avoided, and the computations required in ordinary business transwould
be much
shortened and simplified.
it
As
be treated somewhat
ently
differmust
is,Compound numbers
from
the
rules
and
Simple numbers; though
operations are
but
rather
of
modifications
those
not
plained.
entirely new,
already ex-

223.

the

RULE.

in

denomination

same

lower

denominations,

hand

ct'luitin. Add

the

to the next

and
before,

as

found

are

in

the column

added,

the next

continue

of

the

write

xet

re*

quotient

tne

carry

right-

the result,

reduce

column, reduce,

down,

and

have

been

all the column*

until

so

the

but

any

and

units

to
fraction*

any

higherdenomination;

next

Add

column.

reducing

column,

none

be added,

to

right-handcolumn, and

the

under

if any,

mainder,

the numbers

until

if In rye enough, to

carry

Write

"

NUMBERS.

COMPOUND

OF

ADDITION
AKT

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RAY'S

100

added.

PROOF.
NOTE.

Same

"

If the

"

fractions, add

higher

them

right-hand column
according to the

denominations

in

the

and

lower denominations,

SOLUTION.

Reduce

"

each

in

fraction

contain
usual

the

number

bu.

pk. qt.

column,

added, gives

pt,
8,7?

12 j pt.;
the

the

write

1 qt. with

IVj
the

carry

qt

1 pk. 1 qt.; w-ite

qt.=
column, making 4 pk =

9ft. 7! in.;13 ft. 5. 78

Ird. 103ft.; 6rd. 14ft. 6| in.
SOLUTION.

"

The

pared, written, and

last example; the
ft, O.Goo

duced

to

the

in.

The

added,

as

1 ft. 3.055
carry

10 ft. 3.055

in.,making

in.
the 1

in

Write
which
ft.,

in. for the final

1 bu.

rd. lift. 6 ir

3.055

gives 1C
answer.

ft

|^

added

~_

t'rra

^ ^

re-

in.

^*

16 rd.

15.C55
the

carry

the

foot is then

"5 inches, (Note),and

fl.C55

in.;4

and

pre-

are

is

answer

cipher

'

numbers

Am.

column, making

2rd.

Add

.125 pt.

"

13V=

pt.

5 qt. 1 pt.
2 bu. 1" gt.

pk. lA

and

next

the

51=

201

2] pk.

bu.

lj

pk. to the next

there are
1 bu.; as
no
pk. left,set down
to the next
column, making 6 bu.
1 qt. and

pt.

when

right-hand

and

the

it to

fraction,rtdace

0=3
1

The

in columns.

kind

same

to

of

any

qt. 1 pt.; 2 bu. 1] qt

322

to

denominations, (Art.
222,) and place units of the

9A

rules ; if
a

decimal

or

common

it in.

lower

the

simplenumbers.

.125 pt.

and

add

of

has

answer

add

2] pk.; 1 pk. lA pt.;

3 bu.

Add

in addition

as

b-b=

in.,

9\

16
but

rd.
-.

4 ft.=

"-Tft

9.655
6.

ADDITION

1.

5. 24

Add

OF

COMPOUND

NUMBERS.

18*7

mi.; 3 fur. 261 rd.; 10 mi. 14 rd. 7ft. Gin.;

rd. 16ft.

fur.;37

Jin.; 1

12 ft. 8.720 in.

12 mi. 4 fur. 20rd. 9ft. 4. 033! in.

AM.

mi.

6.19yd.; 2yd. 2 ft. 9| in.; 1 ft. 4.54 in.; 10 yd.

2.376ft.; I yd.;1| ft.;gin. Ans. 21 yd. 2 ft. 3.517 in.
3. 3yd. 2qr. 3 na.
liin.; Iqr. 2|na.; 6yd. 1 aa
2.175 in.;1.63yd.; 5 qr. ; 3 na.
2.

Ans.

4 E. Fr. 4 qr. 2

4.

in.;|E.Fr.; l.bna.
2E.

5.

na.

Iqr. Una.;

Fl.

in.

7 E. Fr. 5 qr. 1 A na.; 3 qr. 3

^ in.

12yd. Ina. 0.755

Ans.

14E.Fr.

| in.
2qr. 23 na.;
na.

5 E. Fl. 3" na.;

Ans.ll E.F1. Iqr.1

2qr. 3.8na.; gE.Fl.

6. losq.yd. 5 sq. ft. 87
yd. 7. 22 sq.ft.;4 sq. ft. 121.
1E.F1.

na.

ft'ona.

in.; lOjsq.yd.; 10 sq.

6 sq. in.; Msq. yd.

sq.

43 sq. yd. 7 sq. ft. 37r78 sq. in.

7. 101 A. 2 K. 18. 35 P.; 66 A. 1 R. 34A P.; 20 A.;
12 A. 2.84R.; 5 A. 13.33JP.
-A"*. 205 A. 3R. 19. 781 P.
Ans.

23
642.132cu.
8.

cu.

yd.14

ft. 121 6

in.; 41 cu. yd. 6 cu. ft.

in.; 9 cu.yd.25.065cu.
ft.;7^ cu.yd.
Ans. 75 cu. yd.4 cu. ft. 1279.252
in.
cu.
cu.

eC.; |cu. ft.;1000

9.

cu.

cu.

in;

107

Ans.

ft. 1072

cu.

21b.Tr.6fd.;Iftb.; 12.68pwt.;

10.

in.

cu.

lloz.

13pwt.

gib., i"oz.;6 pwt.

Ans.

5 Ib. Tr. 9

9 pwt. 2. 85

oz.

gr.

13
85l4.6gr.; 4.183; 7.523;232318gr.;
lib.
AM.
13.
|3.
2$ 43
"12.
AT.; 9 cwt. 1 qr. 22 Ib. ; 3.06qr.; 4 T. 8.764
Ib.
Ans, 5 T. 6 cwt, 2 qr. 14:J7o
cwt.
cwt.; 3qr. 6lb.; T72
Ans. 5 oz. GJ T's
dr.
.3lb. av.; Boz.;^jdr.
13.
14.
Cgal. 31 qt.; 2gal.Iqt.3.32gills;1 gal.2nt. Apt.;
I pt.
yl"s. 11 gal.2 qt. .403 gill.
| gal.;fiqt.;
4 gal.Skills;10 gal.3qt.Upt.; 8 gal.3 pt.; 5.6J
15.
Aus. 29gal.2qt. .22jgill.
fgill.
gal.;2.3qt.;l'.27pt.;
11.

12 gr.;

RKVIEW.
measure:)

"

wore

compound
common

bibber

What

222.
on

number."
or

denominations

the
V

would

decimal
Wlmt

decimal

be

basis?
is the

the

advantages
Whiit

223.

proof?

fractions,what

of the

answer

has

If the
must

if

fur addition

ri^ht-hand
be

done?

fraction, what

and

weights

our

is the rulo

column

If any
must

bo

of

tains
con-

of

thl

donnl

RAY'S

i("S

HIGHER

ARITHMETIC.

Apk.;Tfli
bu.;3Pk. 5qt.1 ! pt.:!"!..,;}.28
Ana. 12bu.
pk.; 7"jt.l.lGpt.; ,-do
pk.
8pk. .4G.'"|"t.
17. Add
|bu.; fpk.;gqt.; apt. AUK. iipk. ^ pt.
10.

Ibu.

Add

2f3

7f'3 ^^m;

2U3;

25m;

1 f3
-4/m. 14 f 3 7 i'3 38m.
2lf3; 3f3 6 1-3 ol m.
A sec.
ID.
AddAwk.; ida.; -I.hr.;
2 min.;
-4".s. 4 da. 30 min. 301 sec.
18.

Add

20.

Add

6f3

3.2Gyr. (365da. each);

i sec.; 63.4da.; 7s hr.; 1 yr.

Aits. 4 yr. 340 da.
da.
T7^.,
37

21.

27"

Add

14'

55.24";

22.

23

in.;

23.
24.

18V;

55

-j sec.

loj';

1"

154"

42 min.

24s min.;

lUhr.

1 hr. 14 min.

Ann.

116"

14' 57.29"

$84 let. 5.27m.; 67 ct. 8m.; $25

25^ ct. .Am. $110 60 ct. 5. 045
79fiofadol.;

Add

Ans.
$J;|ct.;gm.
Add
$3 7m.; $520ct.; $100 2

let.
25.

G2da.

9"

44' 23. 8"

118 da. 5hr.

50 ct.
ct.

$127 23
Gs. 3 id.;"517.?s.; "9.085;

"21

SUBTRACTION
224.

ART.

OF

COMPOUND

2g

m.

$19

ct.

4.!m.

74!d.;

16s.

10s. 8.15d.

^l/i*. "37

"fsz.

in.

Cm.;

AHS.

Add

Oct.

NUMBI^RS.

Prepare and write the numbers as in adbelow.

lUion of compound numbers, placing the subtrahend
mence
Comand proceed to the left,
at the riyht,
subtractingeach lower
number
from the one above, and settingthe remainder below. If
number
is
a lower
largerthan the one above it,add to the upper
as

RULE.

of

units

many

higher;subtract
PROOF.
NOTE.

"

reduce

Subtract
SOLUTION.

the
1

the

yd.

To

1ft. 6.5
the

subtract

3 ft. ( =
the

of

subtrahend

the

yd.
9
1

the
1

add

it in.

1 ft. Gl in.

in.; reduce

yd.) to

them

subtract

higher denominations

decimal,

2 ft. from

next

simplenumbers.

of the

9yd.

in. to

the

ji(jure.

denominations,and

ft. from

inches, making

2 ft. 5.4 in.

above, add
making 4ft.; set
number

it to lower

of

one

column,
riglit-liand

is in any

fraction

Change

to the next

in the

.are

make

as

in subtraction

yd. 2.45

the minuend

A't ft. to

yd.

"

carry
as

rules; if

of the answer,

making

and

If fractions

the usual

by

its denomination

Same

"

"

T=

ft.

ia.

G.5

5.4

T~

ft.,

remainder, 2ft., below,

and

to

compensate

for

HIGHER

RAY'S

170

2 p.k..84 pt. from

21.

ARITHMETIC.

2bu.

Am.

15 wine

22.

gal.from 15
3}t

An*.
SUGGESTION.

Reduce

"

w.

beer

gal.

gal.to

10

Reduce

"

the

If34f338m

24.

gal.(Art.191.)

vr.

Ipk. 2qt. 0.17+pt,

to U.

imp. bu.

26.

3 da. 16 br. 47 min.

day

from

33.3

275 da. 9 br. 12 min. 59 sec.

(allowing3G5j days to tbe year.)

lyr.

28.

1832

yr. 8

29.

What

is tbe

2G.7BCC.

12 min.

27.

.4ns.

1 wk.

from

sec.

3 da. 7br.

AM.

201ir. 24min.

AM.

{wk.

5f3 22m.

2f5

Am.

.9 of

(Art.194).

S. bu.

4f32f3.

from

25.

of G. Britain,

imperialbu.
AM.

SCUOESTION.

2pk. 3qt.l.GGpt.

gal.a=3w. gal.1 qt. 1 7?gills.

the beer

10 U. S. bu. from

23.

41 qt.

3bu.

2.4816

from

21. 16

265 da. 18 br. 29 min.

yr

sec.

2C
18 da. from 1840 yr. 5 mon.
to be 30 days, as is customary in
da.,considering1 mon.
8 da.
business involvingtime.
Ans. 7 yr. 9 mon.

1848,

and

the

difference

of time
Ans.

14th, 1851?

Mar.

SUGGESTION.

mon.

Proceed

"

as

in last

5 da., and

between

2 yr. 7

9 da.

mon.

example, writing Aug.

March

in the

14th

5th,

Aug.

6th

mon.
subtrahend, as
14
since
these
dates
are
mon.
respectivelythat long
da.,
beginning of the year; allow 80 days for a month.

as

the

30.

1855,
31.

Find

difference

tbe

of

time

July 1st,1856.
Des. 31st,1814,
Between

aftei

Sept. 22d,

between
-4ns. 9

and

in

minuend,

mon.

9 da.

April 1st, 1822.

and

7 yr. 3 mon.
20th, 1855, and Oct. 15th, 1857.
25 da.
,4ns. 2 yr. 4 mon.
Ans.

32.

Between

May

33.

Subtract

43"

18' 57.18"

from

Ans.
34.

17" 29' from

35.

161"

36.

$12.857

37.

4 mills from

"

i " w.

"

24"

34' 11.8"

224.

from

How

52".

from

Ans.

180".

$19.

$40.
is the difference

quadrant.
46

An*.

41' 2.82"

"

6" 31' 52".

18" 25' 48.2"

Ans.
Ans.

of time between

$6.143
$39.996

two

dates found

^p

MULTIPLICATION

38.

1 ct. from

39.

86 ct. and

40.

.08 dime

41.

fo ct.
$5 43

42.

$1

COMPOUND

and

$2.62i

Ant.

$32-

from

2j

Ant.

$12

from

m.

6 ct. 85

18s. 6R

43.

"9

44.

|s.from }25".

from

OF

Since

225.

8 ct. 4$

63

ct.

Ans. "10

5"

Is.
Ans.

MULTIPLICATION
ART.

"20.

let.

COMPOUND

m.

5R
3gd.

NUMBERS.
number

compound

every
number

m.

m.

$6

Ans.

m.

$1.7644

Ant.

let..8 mills.

from

99 ct. 1

Ant.

m.

.6 mill from

ct.

NUMBERS

can

be

re

of citber of its denomination*

simple
of a compound number
will
(Art.220), tbc multiplication
tbo
of
multiplication a simple number by
only differ from
duccd

to

before

the reduction

and

after

multiplying.

GENERAL
TO

MULTIPLY

OR

BY

ANY

SIMPLE

FRACTIONAL,

the

Reduce

nominatio
compound to a simple number of either of its deThe product
and multiplyas in simple numbers.
denomination
the multiplicand,
as
simple number of the same
and

NOTE.

NUMBER

COMPOUND
WHOLE

NUMBER

will be

RULE.

"

may

It is

be reduced

to

best

to

generally

compound number.
reduce

the

multiplicandto

lowest denomination.

Multiply2
Bu.

pk. qt

2371*

J.
llpk.
8
95 qt
2

T 9l] pt.

bu.

3pk. 7qt.Upt. by 10.8724.

pt.

1 0.8 7 2 4

=191|

pt.

27181
108724

978516
108724

2)2079.3465

pt.

8)1 039 gt. 1.3465

pt.
4)129
pk. 7qt.
3 2 bu. 1 pk.
An*. 32 bu. 1 pk. 7qt. 1.3465

pt.

its

RAY'S

172

226

ART.

If

reductions

may
of beforeand

TO

HIGHER

ARITHMETIC.

the

take

multiplieris a whole number, tho

instead
placeduringthe multiplication,

afterit.

MULTIPLY

COMPOUND

BY

NUMBER

SIMPLE

WHOLE

NUMBER,
ROI.E.

Legin

"

if,e

multiplyeach of

the lowest denomination;

at

simple numbers

that compose

the

in succession:
compound number
reduce each product to the next
higher denomination,
and carrying
lettingthe remainder below the number multiplied,

the quotient to the next

PROOF.
NOTES.

Same

"

1. If

PRODUCT.

in

as

of simple numbers
multiplication

the

multiplieris a composite number, we may

multiplyby its factors in succession,as in Art. 53.
2. AVhen
the multiplicationsand
reductions
be readily
not
can
performed in the mind, do the work on one side,and transfer the
"

results.

3. If there be

fraction in the

multiply it first;if
of the

one

lowest

of

plicand,
multi-

the

nations
higher denomiadd
and
denominations,

in any

occurs

product,reduce

denomination

it to lower

of the

it in.

Multiply9hr.
SOLUTION.
81.7

21.7

sec.

and

sec.

140 min.

1 min.

tiplication.This
21 min.

3 da.

20 hr.

21.7

carry

obtained

2hr.

times

Ten

"

by

A.

Write

sec.

the

to

the next

"

84

14

sec.

8.1*7
10

~OA

2hr.

carry

91

P.

by

This

91

h~~

gives

92 hr.

84.

7 X

12,multiply
these
and
this
of
one
factors,
product
by
by the other; the last product is the one
result can
be obtained
required. The same
by multiplying by 84 at once; performing
lio work
side and transferringthe
one
on
SOLUTION.

min.

and

28|

3R.

hr.

mul-

141 min.

21 min.

Since

10.

by

sec.

8.17sec.

1 min.

gives

Write

Multiply12

8.17

14 min.

'

'

-*--1

"

'

~j~s
'__

90

38g
12

-.

q~

r\or

results.

REVIEW.

by

"

225.

What

simple number, whole

should

tho

is the rule for

or

multiplyinga compound

fractional ?

To

multiplicandgenerallybe reduced?

multiplying a compound number

by

which
226.

simple whole

number

of its denomination!
is tho rule for

What

number

The

proof?

OF

MULTIPLICATION

COMPOUND

NUMBERS.

1.

Multiply7rd.

2 mi. 3 fur. 27 rd.

3.

Ans. 33*7yd. 1
yd. 2| in. by 21.
1 uii. 14 rd. 8| ft. by 97.

10ft. 5 in.

by

8.

by

6. Ans. 45 rd. 13ft.

19mi.

Am.

5fur. IGrd

16

4.

by 47A.
Ans. 231yd.

2ft. 9. 14 in.

4yd.

6.

12E.F1.

7.

6 E.E.

3ina. by 18.

4qr. 3.44na.

8.

5 sq. yd. 8 sq. ft. 106

9.

41 A. 3R.

26.

10

yd. 3

cu

12.

231913

13.

16cwt.

28.
Ans. 195 E.E.

by

Iqr.

.32na

sq.in.by 13.
Ans. 77 sq. yd. 5 sq.ft.
82 sq.in.
1087 P. by 9.046.
379

cu.ft. 428.15

23.

4593+
by 67.

A.

cu.in.

gr. by 174.
^n". 113 Ib. 3oz.

gr.

P.

cu.in.

16Agr.

5 pwt.

by 20.

Ans.

6 g 3 3.

Iqr. 7.88lb. by 11.

Ans.

ST.

12? dr. by

7 Ib. 6oz.

14.

221E.F1.

pwt. 5|

16

oz.

in.

9.73T6Tin.

678 cu.yd. 1 cu.ft. 1038.05

Ans.
11.

2ft.
Ans.

Ans.
10.

3]

101 mi. 3 fur. 6rd. 8ft. Sin.

^HS.
5.

ft.

2qr. 11.68lb.

19cwt.

283.44.
3 Ib. 15

Ans. 1 T. 1 cwt.

qt. 3j gillsby 7.

Ans.

oz.

8.98? dr.

gal.2 qt. 3 gill.

15.

16.

gal.3 qt. 1 pt.2 gillsby 35.108.

Ans. 208 gal.1 qt. 1 pt.2.52 gills.
26 bu. 2pk. 7qt..37pt.
by 10.
5

17.

Ans.
18.

3f348mbyl2.

19.

18 da. 9hr.

267 bu.
Ans.

7qt.1.7pt.

5f g 5f 3 36

42min.
29. 3 sec. by
Ans. 306 da. 4hr. 25 min.

m.

16T7i.
2 sec.,

21.

nearly.
Ans. $454567 8m.
$1072 9ct. 2m. by 424.
16s. 2jd. by 75. Ans. "16185
"215
14s. |d.

22.

10"

20.

REVIEW.
done ?
In the

When

"

28'
226.
tho

mind, what

42"" by 2.754.

Ans. 28"

51' 27.765"

multiplieris a composite number, what may bt

multiplyingand reducing can not readilybe performed
If the

should

be done

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RAY'S

174

two
227. The difference of time between
places
gitude?
lonof
difference
what
is
their
20
18min.
is 4 hr.
sec. :
ART.

SOLUTION.

hour

Every

"

15"

of time

cor-

to

of time

the minutes

min.

sec.

18

20

of

longitude; every
time
15'
of longitude;
of
to
minute
of time to 15"
of longievery second
tude, (Art. 201). Hence, multiplying
in the difference of time by
the hours
15 -will give the degrees in the difference
icsponds

hr.

1 5
rTT^

^
of

Lonff

ing
longitude,multiply(x)of longitude,and

15 will

give minutes
by 15 will give seconds

by

oTy/

rj/

multiplying the seconds of time

since reducing seconds to min. and min.
the divisor
as
reducing (") to (')and (')to ("),

the

to hr. are

iu

both

gitude;
lon-

(") of

same

being

cases

always CO, hence,

TO

CHANGE

RULE.

OF

DIFF.

INTO

TIME

DIFF.

LONGITUDE.

OF

Multiplythe difference
of time by 15, accordingto the.
'
"
rule for Compound Multiplication,
the product "
and mark
instead of hr. min. and sec.
"

REMARK.

The

"

work

X*

26

times

divided

the 30"

Write

CO

by

and

6'

^"

15 times

30/;

36'.

30',making
60",making 64"; the answer
this

it is 4

When

hr. 18 rnin. 28. 4

of New

Carry

is 64" 36'

o'clock
r.

sec.

is 74"

York

SUGGESTION.

Of

"

P.

at

M.

0" W.

the 4" to the next

P.

M.

of the latter

30",

as

car-

one

York, it is 3
Cincinnati:
the longitude
is the longitude of
: what

places,the one having

having earlier time is west of

at the

p.

M.

at

Cape

placeis 18"

i E w.

"

difference of
under

227.

What

longitude?

thin rule

can

St.

84?

of Good

28' 45"

is tho rule for

Illustrate and

shortened

24' W.

later time

is

cait

the other.

Louis, it is 8 hr. 14miD

Hope:
E.: what

Ans.

be

product,

New

at

M.

of St. Louis?
v

60

by

before.

two

it is 1

When

j sec.

tudo

30".

18 divided

Ans.

of the other; the

2.

"'

since

in the 6' to be

add

Cincinnati?

55

30",

ried with

1.

6^'

-=

30',since

00

op.

the 6'. Then

cairy

a=ffiX18 4i"==4"

=ir_""
90

15

for
by cancellation,

shortened

be

can

90"

the

is the

prove

by

Show

cancellation.

longi-

15' 10" W.

convertingdifference
it.

longitudi

how

of time
tho

into

tions
opera-

DIVISION

3.

travels from

man

shows 9
24 J sec.
40" W.:

A.
A.

COMPOUND

OF

what

Halifax

Chicago; his

watch

at

min.

longitudeof Halifax
be the

must

to

175

Chicago is 7 hr. 24
being 63"
of
longitude Chicago?

tho time

M., while
Tho
M.

NUMBERS.

36'

87" 30' 30" W.

Am.

When
it is 10 A. M. at Stockholm, it is 3 hr. 24
miu. 58 sec. A. M. at Wheeling: the longitudeof Whec-1ing is 80" 42' W.: what is the longitudeof Stockholm?
Ans. 18" 3' 30" E.
4.

Noon

5.

47 min. 17

comes

is the

Time

G.

than

former
latter?

is 30"

at

19' 46"

E.:

is the

what

it is 1

r.

at

M.

longitudeof
89" V

Utica, whose

75" 13' W., it is 11 hr. 52 min.

what

Hock:

longitudeof

is the

A.

sec.

it is 3

When

9 hr. 46 min. 31.2

P.

sec.

longitudeis 78"

whose

M.
A.

at
M.

hr. 23 min.
tho former

longitudeis
M.

at

Little

92"

12' W

31' 29" W.:

what

is the

Ans. 9'

longitude
17" W.

midnight at Madras,in India,it is 1

at Buffalo;tho longitudeof
M.
r.
sec.

it is

When

9.

50" W.

Regent'sPark, London, it is
of Virginia,
at the University

the former?

of

the

the latter?
Ans.

8.

than

47' 15" W.: what

Ans. 82" 58' W.

Ans.
When

Detroit

7 hr. 57 min. 2G|scc. later at St. PetersNew

Orleans, and the longitudeof the

is

burgh

7.

Detroit?

longitudeof

at

sooner

longitudeis 94"

Calvcston,whose

at

sec.

16. 2

placeis 80" 15' 57"

E.:

what

is the

longitude

Ans. 78" 55' W.

of tho latter?

it is 11 hr.
When
it is 1 A. M. at Constantinople,
of the previousday at Paris,and
loinin. 25 j7s
P. M.
sec.
is that of
the longitudoof Paris is 2" 20' 22" E.: what
Ans. 28" 59' E.
Constantinople?
10.

11.

4 hr.
what

ship'schronometer,set at Greenwich,points to
the meridian
43 min. 12 sec. P. M.j the sun
on
Ans. 70" 48' W.
is the ship's
longitude?
A

DIVISION
ART.

of

228.

OF

Division

bimplonumbers,

COMPOUND
of

compound

has two

cases:

NUMBEHS.
numbers

like division

RAY'S

17(5

HIGHER

ARITHMETIC.

CASE

229.

ART.

divide

To

I.

number

compound

by

simple

number.
Since

number

compound

every
simple number

reduced

be

can

to

of cither of its

denominations,(Art.220),
the division of a compound number
by a simple number
will only differ from
the division of simple numbers
by
the reduction before and after dividing.

FOR

DIVIDING

GENERAL

RULE

COMPOUND

NUMBER

WHOLE

NUMBER,
the

Reduce
its

divide

denominations;

will be

simple

and
NOTE.

It is

the

of

be reduced

may

"

number

simple number
simple numbers:

to

in

as

to

the

either of

the

denomination

same

to reduce

generallybest

of

quotient
dend,
the divi-

as

number.

compound

SIMPLE

FRACTIONAL.

OR

number

compound

ANY

BY

to its lowest

dividend

denomination.

17 da. 5 hr. 24 min. 19.208

Divide
SOLUTION."

which

17 da.

divided

reduces

2dn.

to

ART.

by

gives
13 min.

3hr.

If

230.

ductions

8.07

quotient
38.737-}-sec.,
is

1488259.208

the

the

sec.

thir

-|-sec., and

quotientrequired.

number,

whole

place during

take

may

sec.

1 84418.737

divisor

the

19.208

24 min.

5hr.

8. Of

by

sec.

the

division,instead

re

of

beforeand afterit.
TO

DIVIDE

NUMBER

COMPOUND

BY

SIMPLE

WHOLE

NUMBER.

RULE.

that part of (he dividend which is oflhe highest

below: reduce ilieremainder,
and set the quotient
first,

Divide

"

denomination

if there is

denomination, add in those

in the dividend, and divide again.
tinue
Conof that denomination
until the lowest denomination
has been used; when, if
so
there is
decimal
R

229.

F. v

to the next

fractionof
i K

What

w.

"

228.

is tho

denomination*

simple whote

by

How

he

many

cases

What

in
is the

simple number, wholo

is the dividend
nuuioer,

expressedas

or

common

that denomination.

1st case?
a

lower

it should

remainder,

number

one,

what

division

compound numbers?
pound
generalrule for dividinga comor

fractional?

generally reduced?
is the rule?

of

230.

To

which

If the

of its

divisor

i;

by 7.

1C mi. 2 fur. 29 rd.

Divide

1.

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RAY'S

2 ini. 2 fur. 27 rd.

Am.

37

2.

rd. 14ft. 11. 28 in.

18.

by

3rd. 1ft. 8. 9 Gin.

Ans.
3.

43 E. 1-1.Iqr.S^na. by 33. ^H". 1 E.F1.

4.

675 C. 114. GO

18.3453

+ cu.ft.
10 sq. rd. 29 sq. yd. 5 sq. ft. 94 sq. in. by 17.

5.

19 sq.

Ans.

1000A.

by

7.

Gsq. mi.

35 P.

8.

1245

yd. 24

cu.

88 Ib.

by 22i

110

Am.
9.

yd. 4

160.

6.

III..

GA.

170 A. 2H. 285 P.

Am.

ft. lG27cu.

in.

cu.

yd. G

338.4-f-cu. in.

ft.

cu.

IGpwt. I7.62r. by

by

11.303

54.

7oz. llpwt. 10.1+gr.

'Am. 23 19 16A gr.

lib.

35 75 18gr. by 12.
COOT.
7cwt. 86 Ib. by 29. OG

10.
11.

12.

62 Ib. av.

13.

312

9G.

by

oz.

bu.

6.215
3105
Am.

by

Apt.by

63.

bu.

Am.

2pk. 6 qt. 1.54-pt.

3 pk. 2qt. 1.85"
pt.

53bu.

16.

76 yr. 108 da. 2 hr. 38 min.

2G.18scc.
by 45.
254 da. 27niin. 31.25"
sec.

Am.

lyr.
53? sec. by 71

19 hr.
152"
231.

46' 2"
Since

of

difference

by 15, givestheir
multiplied
places,
"

product being marked

16"

Am.

by 9.
the

'

16. 06-}-sec.

26 min.

2hr.

Am.

AHT.

G J dr.

gal.Iqt. 1.794- gills.

15.

18.

oz.

gal.2qt. Ipt. 3. 36 gillsby 72^

19302

17.

124- dr.

oz.

10

Am.

Am.
14.

20 Ib. 14

20 T. 13cwt.

Am.

TO

ll$H"q.in.

sq. ft.
Ans.

cu.

Am.

eoc.:

na.

ft. by 83.

cu.

^LHS. 80.

the

3H

"

time

58' 265"
between

difference of
instead

two

longitudo,

of hr. min.

and

conversely,
DIFF.

CHANGE

OP

TO

LONGITUDE

DIFP.

OP

TIME,

of longitudeby 15, accordingtc

difference
the quotient,
hours,
the rule for Compound Division, and mark
RIT.E.

"

Divide

minutes, and

the

seconds, instead

of

"

'

'

DIVISION

NOTE.

canceling,in
The

division

The

"

required by

explained

be

shortened

in

Art.

by

227.

81"

gives 5 (marked hr.),and 6" to be

multiplying 6 by CO, adding the 39' and

then

two

is their difference of time?

5hr.

_39^_

22"

26min.

31^

sec.

15 into 81"

"

Instead

of

dividing,proceed thus:

15 into G" is the

same

into G X

15

as

ried.
car-

GO/

60-1

G X

and

"

J-=24/,
d

15

as

into 39'

gives 2'

quotient is

whole

2G'

quotient and

and
(marked min.),
9

9 X

for

9'

remainder, the
9'

can

longitudebetween

of

15)81"
SOLUTION.

rule

170

placesis

difference

89' 22"; what

the

to that

similar

manner

NUMBERS.

COMPOUND

OP

which

GO",

divided

by

X604

gives -^^-

15

remainder

36",

which

with

-ip

y75obtained

by dividing 22" by 15 gives

The
ordinary mode of dividing will give the
be used if preferred.
1

1. What
is 4

P.

result,and

same

Columbus

at

Ans. 3 hr. 34 min.

2. What

time

it is 10

when

P.

is 3

A.

M.

at

n.

88"
Mobile,flong.
3s

at Louisville

noon

it is 6

5. When

6. What

number,
ho-s a

time

"

day before.
(long.85" 30' W.),

1 hr. 6 min.

M.

P.

230.
may

52

35

j5

sec.

A.

M.

the

day

What

is tho

bo done?
decimal

How

fraction?

50^
proof?
can

sec.

A.

M.

If tho

the

divisor

this rulo bo used

day after.
is

when

is tho rulo for

Illustrate and

How

operationsunder

tho

after.

Cambridge, Eng., (long.5' 21" E.)

at Cambridge, Ma'ss.,
(long.71" 7' 21

What

can

M.

22' 21"
35" E.)?

longitude into difference of time?

or

P.

sec.

difference of

common

it

at

Ans. 1 hr. 44 min.

what

W.), when

Havana

at

9hr. 33 min.

it is 9

RETIEW.

the

(long.82"
Paramatta,(long.151" 1'
M.

P.

time is it at

Ans.

W.)?

M.

Bangor, (long.G8" 47' W.)?

Ans.

when

A.

M.

57" E.),
W.)?
day after.

11'

Pittsburg(long.79"

at

it is

time at

W.), what

sec.

P.

sec.

it

34'

58'
20'
30"
at Dublin,(long.6"
W.)?
10
hr.
5
30
Ans.
min.
the
p. M.
sec.
time

4. When

what

16

Copenhagen (long.12"

at

Ans. 4 hr. 43 min.

3. What

may

83" 3' W.), when

(long.
Baltimore,(long.7G" 37' W.)?

time
at

M.

37T73",
(marked sec.)

X31.

tho rule bo shortened?

composite
tho divisor

converting
prove

it.

180

RAY'S

HIGHER

it is 7

7. When

W.), what

A.

AKITHMETIC.

Washington (long.77"

at

M.

Mexico, (long.99" 5' W.)?

Ant. 5 hr. 31 min. 46

time at

CASE

232.

To

divide

1' 30

A.

sec.

M.

II.

compound number by anothef

compound number,
quotientbeing an abstract

ART.

similar

one

the

cumber.
RULE.
the

of

Reduce

"

dividend

denomination, and

same

PROOF.
NOTE.

both

Same

"

and

divisor to

then divide.

in division of

as

simple number*

simplenumbers.

It is

to their lowest
generallybest to reduce the numbers
both
contain
a
or
denomination; if,after reduction,one
fraction,
fractions.
proceed as directed in division of decimal or common
"

often

How

can

barrel of molasses

37A gal.

SOLUTION."

300 pt. and

300pt.^234 pt.

then

keg of 2 gal.3 qt. li pt. be

containing8*7$gal.?

filled from

1^pt.

gal. 3qt.

300-f-^-=300X --=125

J pt.;

times. Ans.

"

23

/0

lunar months
of 29 da. 12 hr. 44 min.
many
2. 84 sec., in a solar year, (Art.196, Note)?
Ans. 12.368-f1.

How

2.

How

steps, 2 ft. 9 in. each, will

many

in going 3.' miles?

3.

^/
'

The

wheels

100

run

The

4.

locomotive

make

?umfcrence,and
will it

of

miles?

10ft. 5 in. in cir-

the

U.

S. contains

dollars in 11
silver;how many
into 66s.
and
if it be coined
silver,
pure
worth in U. S. currency?
shilling

4s

"nd
each

21

How
car.

half

many

each
eagles,

2|gr.fine,can

be

made

what

Is.

car.

by
to

another
reduce

232.

similar

What
?

one

tho numbers

ia tho

The

rule for

proof?

To

one

dividing ono
which

sovereigns,

fine?

Ans.

"

is

of 1000

weighing 5 pwt. 3,274 gr.,and 22

REVIEW.

7 pwt.

23777"V
:t.
weighing 5 pwt. 9gr,

$15.411,and

Ans.

soon
sec.

2 pwt. of

oz.

gr. pure

5.

6240.

8 revolutions a second ; how

Ans. 1 hr. 45 min. 36

half-dollar of

new

are

take

man

Ans.

973IJIS

compound

denomination

number
is it best

PARTS.

ALIQUOT

6.

comet

tiuic will it

many
fund of

circuit of the heavens,

43 da. 10 hr. 1C ruin. 19 sec.,

How

8.

receive each

can

persons

$59 6| ct?
each
half-crowns,

many

in -what

day;

ono

complete the

7. How
of

8" 17' 22j" in

moves

Ans.

out

1"]

300" ?

or

ncai'ly.

18ct. 7 2m.,

$2

Ans.
worth

1043d.?

2s.

27.

6d., are

in

147T29ff
9. The Julian calendar assumed
the year 365 da. 6hr.,
instead of 365 da. 5 hr. 48 min. 48 sec., its true length;
in how many
Ans. 128? yr.
a
day gained?
years was
10. In how many
rian
years is a day gained by the Gregothe
which
allows
for
fraction
of
a
calendar,
day by
97
400
3600
in
in
Ans.
adding
years?
days
yr.
"18

7s.

Ans.

ALIQUOT
233.

ART.
number.

is

Aliquotparts

product,when

PARTS.

one

or

both

useful

method

of the factors is

The

followingis an example of
which it is generally
applied.

problems to
What

28 A. 3R.

cost

25

price of 1
P. is equal
is

former

$4

$2

"

of

to 20 P. and

this
5

the

$2

$A

$4.

P.;

R., and worth

latter being " of

of

-}of

is worth

R. is

the

20

of

P.,

of

per acre?

"

16
28
1 9 Q

o^

$448

the

sort

Multiply$16, the price

of 1A., by 28; the product $448 is
3 R. is made
(lie price of 28 A.
up
and
1 R.; the former
of 2R.
is 3 of
an
A., and the latter 4 the former;
obtain the price of 2 R. by taking i
the price of 1 A., or
4 of $16
$8 ;
SOLUTION.

the

$16

25 P. of hnuUt

finding
compound
of

2
1
2 0
5

R.

R.

P.

P.

|
|

8
4
2
.50

50 ct. These

"46'? 50
added, give the value of 28 A.
result could be obtained
8 11. 25 P.,
by re
$462.50. The same
and
28.90625
A.,
multiplying
"lucing28 A. 3 R. 25 P. to acres, vii:
it l"y16.
results

This

234.

ART.

is
:

method

can

be

compound number,

appliedwhen
as

in the

the multiplicand

ample
followingex-

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RAY'S

182

3 mi. 5 fur. 1C rd. in 1 hr.j how

48 sec., (12 hr. to a
go in G da. 9 hr. 18 min.

far will he

travels

m'

day)?
rd

fur"

ex.-.in-

ple

like the

is solved

except

tiplicationsand
performed

"re

^_

divisions
on

of

instead

pound

ceding,
pre-

that the mul-

da.

0
4

6
8x9;264
1 5 min.
%
1
3
3 0 sec.
g
^
^ 5
4
g

com-

simple

33

hr.1

"

""

number.

..

One

valuable

of the most

paid for

When

the

30 days, and

is reckoned

the

$47.52
4

aliquot

190.08

The

mills
accordingly.
in the result are
usuallyneglected
5 ; but,if they are
if they are under
1 cent.
counted
6 or over, they are
above

result

much

1 month

parts taken

The

1 yr., how
19 da. ?

is

money

of money,

use

"

$47.52 is paidfor the use of money

ought to be paid for using it 4yr. 7 mon.
"

14

18!
9*

""

If

SOLUTION.

applicationsof aliquotparts
the product is to be
is when
U. S. money
; for instance,

24
32

would

be

23.76
3.96

j.mon.=
-i

An

_";

2.376

-J

.132

called

$220.308

$220.31.
REMARK.

When

"

the number
is to take

of

which

parts

are

taken,

ends

in

instead
simplestway
tenths,
halves,
fourths,"c.
30
1
since
mon.
example above,
da., separate 19 da. into
is yfi(j
18 da. and 1 da.; the former
the value
of 30 da.,and
ponding
corresis found
by multiplying the value for 1 mon.
(3.9G)by
y\5 .0,which is the same as to multiply by 6, and set U^ figures
of the product 2.376 one
place farther to the right.

0, the
In

the

the

of

In

235.

ART.

questionsin aliquotparts, one of

the other is a compound
a rate, and

all

indicates
'be numbers
whose value at this rate
number

FOR

RULE

REVIKW."
kind of

for
233.

number

whose

What
may

ALIQUOT

indicatingthe

Multiply the number

denomination

is to be found.

unit

is

tho

the rate

Aliquot parta?
multiplicandbe?

PARTS.

by the number of thai

is given,and separate the

rate

Explain

its

use.

*"i

What

PARTS.

ALIQUOT

into parts whose values

division or multiplication
of

the oilier denominations

of

numbers

183

directlyby a simple
values
of the preceding values. Add these different
be obtained

will be the entire value

NOTE.

Sometimes

"

one

the result

required.
obtained

of the values

one

be
may
of
instead

precedingvalues

two
subtracting

or

can

by adding
by multiplying OT

dividing.

If

1.

Ihr.,how
2.
per

What

86yd. 3qr. 2

cost

Find

$17.28
4.
per

person travel 4 mi. 5 fur. 10 rd. 12 ft. 4 in. in

far will lie travel in 7 hr. 37min. 28 sec.?
Ans. 35 mi. 4 fur. 6rd. 2ft. 22? in.

yard? (Turn |
3.

the

into

231 A.

34 P.

IK

127yd. of

of

Ans.
Here

"

the

only

is the rate excompound number

Take
pressed in Federal money.
it as the multiplier.
The cost of 127yd. at $1 per
yd. is $127 ; by taking suitable
parts of this,the cost of 127yd.
is found

The sum
yd. respectively.'
these is the cost of 127yd.
be

value of

taking such

the cost at the

5.

5 0 ct.
2 5 ct.

REVIEW.

$238.122

at

$1.872a yd. Therefore,aliquot parts

of any

number

by

aliquotparts of this

the

of

cost

42

of

example.
the

value

two

when
articles,

findingtheir cost
as

are

yd. 24

cu.

necessary

at

the

$1

to make

234.

What

235.

In

is

wticlos be found

be
when

one

gr. of

of its most

questionsin

quantities?

sometimes

cu.

ft. of earth at

$53.61
gold at $15.46
Ans. $1435.04
Ans.

7lb. 8oz. 16pwt. 11

"

15.87J;

12^ct.= 2

oz.

an

31.75

=2

given price.

Find

Of

63.50

$1.25acu.yd.
6.

'

$127

in U. S. money,

is known

one

piece,and

1 8 7

of all

to find the value

used

at

127

ct.,25 ct.,12^ct.,a

at 60

at

$1.87-J
$238. 122

carpet

yd.?

land

of

$3999.672

AM.

is the cost

What

$2.43!

at

$211.76

-4ns.

decimal.)

of

cost

cloth

of

na.

per A.

SOLUTION.

can

PRACTICE.

FOR

EXAMPLES

What

obtained?
th"

priceof

valuable

aliquotparts

what

applications? Give
relation

is the rule for

aliquotparts?

How

value

one

the

an

exists between
How

of any number
can
ii given in U. 8. money?

can

of

184

RAY'S

Find

7.

2 qr. 21 Ib. of

su-sir,

"626.77
5 1 -,",.
Am.
ct.

Am.

cwt.

Of 3 Ib. 7

8.

ARITHMETIC.

the cost of 6 T. 13cwt.

|4.68| a

at

HIGHER

oz.

of

cheese,at

15 ct.

Ib.

0. lyd. of cloth is worth

3 qt. 1 pt. 2 gillsof wino:
what is 47yd. 2 qr. 1 na. worth?
Ans. 44gal.2qt. 2|gill.
10.
In 1 wine gallonare 231 cu. in.: how many
in
en.
in 24 gal.3qt. 1 pt. 2i gills?
Ans. 57tf4|j

In

11.

in 38

1 bushel

in 15 bu. 1

$2.25
80 ct.
15.

weigh
17.

much

10

yd.
22

cu.

19.

gal.1 qt. If pt. of

is the value of 10 bu. 3

6s. silver weigh lib.

17 Ib. 11 oz. 16 pwt. 9 gr.?
8rd.

I build
1 wk.

If

long

ft.?

it go in 6hr.

much

will

7s.4-

"59

38

in

sec.

digging a

digging44
108 hr. 46 min. 3lM

will he
Ans.

comet

"

14ft, 10 in. of fence in 1 da.; how

in 3 wk. 5 da. 9 hr. 46min., if Ida.
6 da.? Ans. 213rd. 6ft. 1 in.,
nearly.

is 2 hr. 25min.

man

Ans.

at

corn,

$6.82

Tr., how

4-

earth,how
A

qt. of

Ans.

If "3

Built

pk.

beer,at

$13.94

Ans.

at

$66.65f

Ans.

bu.?

hr.,and
of

of 46

is the value

What

in

cu.

many

Ans. 33230. 7 42
gal. qt. 1 pt.of wine,

gal.?

10821?

of 29

gal.?

can

18.

in.: how

cu.

in

cu.

many

Am.

2150. 42

is the value

What

62ict. a
16.

are

in.: how

cu.

beer?

pk. 6 qt. 1 pt?

What

13.

282

gallon are

gal.1 qt. 1 pt. of

\'l. In

14.

beer

be

in

cu.

cu.

yd.

sec.

24" 6' 49" in 1 hr. ; how far will

14 min. 52 sec.? Ans. 150" 39' 23. 3" 4moves

pendulum beating 54000

times

day, beats how

often in 4 da. 3 hr. 20 min. 5 sec.? Ann. 223503s times.
20.

ART.

236.

Aliquotparts can

when
S. money,
in State currencies.

bills in U.

given
What

cost

the

be

appliedto making

prices of

the

33 " gal.of wine, at 14s. 7-;d.a

items

tables

The

show

of

$332

State

that

$33.50
2

in

currencies,(Art.207),
the
New
"1.
England States,6s.
^o8
Tho cost at 6s. or $1 a gal.is $33.60,
from which,by multiplying and taking
suitable parts,the cost at 12s.,
i j'
2s.,6cl.,
=

f"

$67
11.167

2.792

-i

is found
1 ;,"!.
"nut.
oost

nt
at

14a
14s.

; the

lli\
7^dM usas

sum

of these is the

romiiroii.
required.

are

gal.,New

England currency?
SOLUTION."

out

.698

''*~~Q~I
7*~c
"81.66
"

186

RAY'S

240.

ART.

HIGHER

What

ARITHMETIC.

cost, in Canada

currency,

1.

7 gal.1 qt.of honey,at 6s. lOd.

2.

5bu.

Ipk. 7qt.of

dried

gal.?Ant. $9.91

16s. 8d.

at
apples,

ART.

241.

MISCELLANEOUS

bu.?

$18.23

Ans.
EXAMPLES.

1. How
long is a rope winding 276 times round a tre"J,
whose circum. is 4yd. 2ft. 6tin.? Ans. 1339yd. 4 in.

2.

What

is the

of

area

field,
length 67 rd. 8 ft. 5 in.,
Ans. 16 A. 2 R. 38+ 1'.

39 rd. 11 ft. 2 in.?

breadth

bbl. (3l"w. gal.)in a

many
long,16ft. 6 in. wide, lift. 4 in. high?
How

3.

How

4.

many
ft.
3
2
in.
wide,
How

5.

bu. in

high?

much

long,56.27ch.

land

in

Ans. 469

wide?

9884V

Ans.

long, 4ft. 6 in.

Ans. 101 bu. 5 qt.,nearly.
88. 44 eh.
rectangularfield,

bin, 8ft. 10

22ft. 3 in.

room

in.

2. 7008

2R.

A.

P.

bought a pipe of wine (137gal.),lost 9 gal.2 qt.

lipt.by leakage,and sold the rest at $2.372 per gal.:
A

G.

how

did he receive?

much
How

7.

quart, pint,and

many

equal number,

an

44

of

cask

man

can

time

10 hr.

to

9.

What

will

If

"Weightof

mow

cu.

27 da. 2 hr. 57^J min.

Ans.

of 161b.

is the value

gold,at $15.85
10.

he

day?

ft. of
in

the water

Ans.

water
room

Am.

9 ft. 10 in.

12 pwt. 3 gr. of

oz.

oz.?

an

102.

day, 2 A. 3 R. 20 P of grass:
78 A. 1 R. 36 P., allowing

in 1

mow

containing
Ans.

gal.2qt. Ipt.?

8. A
in what

"

of each
half-pintbottles,

filled out

be

can

$302.37

Ans.

$3163.76.

weigh 62j lb.,what is the

20 ft. long,15 ft. 5 in. wide,
94 T. 14 cwt. 3 qr. 21-11lb.

high?
If a ship sail 10 mi. 6 fur. 18|rd. per hour,
11.
long will it be in going 3236 mi. 2 fur. 36.508rd.?
Ans. 12 da. 11 hr. 28 min.
In

12.

are
rectangularfield,

side is 74.1 8 ch.: what

ft

thin is

How

13.

cu.

is the other ?
in. of

space 46ft. 10 in. by 41ft.

I arrived at
When
14.

kept

time
had

was
correctly,

NOTE.

"

come,

and

6+

Ans.

Cincinnati,my

so

to

as

watch, which

fast : from which

far in that direction

degree of longitudeat

From

the east;

Cincinnati

covci

in.
SST'OTJO

42 min.
how

s*c.

2 R. 36 P.; one
Ans. 21.67"
ch.

A.

gold,beaten

8 in.?

Ans.

traveled?

160

how

is about

564J
53

tion
direchad
mi

" mi

RATIO.

XII.
242.

ART.

is

Ratio

187

RATIO.
Latin

word

relation
signifying

connection ; in Arithmetic,it means

number
to another,expressed
by their
ratio of 2bu.

The

that 5 bu.

Ratio
since

are

to 5bu.

is

of 2 bu.,and

only such

can

how

(Art.60), showing
the whole

ratio of 4

The
2

(:) between

colon

1 4.65; of

number

Each

to

contains

them.

of
4:9;
is written
yd.-1 ft.,

is called

The

simpleratio is a singleratio

compound

ratio is the
5

ratios 4:3
value

of

3 X

of

ratio is

term

is

terms; as, 3

of two

is the

two

4=3.

simple

more

or

productof

the simple

5:7=?.

ratio

both

ratio,and

first term

productof

7=

and

2 ft. 8

4.65,is written
in. : 1 yd. 1 ft.

following.

means

ratios;as, 4

to

going before;the 2d

means

the consequent,which

2]
the

of

term

ratio.

together a coupletor
which
the antecedent,

The

number

one

is written

2 ft. 8 in. to 1

y30;showing

ratio of two
numbers
is indicated
by
in the order in which
are
mentioned,
they

writingthem
with

is

The

243.

ART.

3yd.
yd.
to

10

times

many
of another.

part

or

one

of the same
kind,
quantities
be divided,one
the
other.
by
is
abstract number,
it
an
a
quotient,

ratio is

of

or

quotient.

10yd.

yd. T30of

relation

only between

exists

Since

f; of

the

depends

not

on

the

but
absolute,

the relative size of its terms.

on

TO

RULE.

Express Hie

"

of a
form, will
E v

i E

common

be the

Giro

Arithmetic?
What
eated?

kind

of

Give

in the

terms

and

OP

ANY

RATIO,

denomination; take tht

same

the antecedent

is the

examples.

number

examples.

is every

meaning
When

ratio?

of Ratio?

can

Why?

two

the denominator

as

fraction; this fractionreduced

ratio required.

2-12. What

w."

VALUE

the numerator,

consequentas

THE

FIND

to

its simplett

What

is ratio

quantitieshave
243.

How

is

in

ratio?

ratio indi.

188
NOTE.

The

"

and

method

antecedent

The
value

the

of

ratio is

is

the

f; by

the

merator,
nu-

fraction;the
English, |.

the

the

equal to

been

consequent

consequentdivided ly th*

that
the antecedent

equalto

if the value of

terms, the other

the

equal to

ratio; and

The. consequent is
value of the ratio.

Hence,

antecedent
of

is

has

antecedent,it follows that

the

by

of

method,

ratio

the

the

makes

denominator

the

the French

in.,by

obtaining

method

English

value

ARITHMETIC.

of

consequent

to

the

divided

French

the

ratio of Sin.

Since

HIGHER

The

here.

adopted

RAY'S

ratio is

by
multiplied

known,

and

the

of its

one

be found.

can

is the ratio of 9 to 15?

What
SOLUTION

"

15

'-g5 f
=

if Ans.

is the ratio of 2 A.

What

SOIBTION."2A.

3R.

25 P. to 1 A. ?

3 R.

25P.

1 A.

or

465 P.

^""

160P.,

|f Ans.
4f

is the ratio of

What

2i?

to

$.

Ans.
oj

SUGGESTION.
is reduced

the rule

Here

"

is the ratio of
0

SOL.-7.108

of 112 to
tol|; of
Aiis.

-f" which
4ff

16;

to

%?

27 8
=

of

9.26f?

7.108

9.26|

7to5;

Of

1.

fraction

Art. 132.

by

What

gives a complex

FIND

THE

9tol;

of

RATIO

2to4; oflatoS;

36to50;

of2|to4i; of 7itol3|; of91to6";

8-"to4$.
*; i; 2; 4; ITS; 4; lg; Iff; TO?;
2"

of

4|, of

of 20

iV; iftW.

9f : 17.28, of 116J :
18.75, of4i : 9.8, of I : H, of i : i, of 10. 08 : 31,
of 2.176 : 14.3, of 6.37A : 34, of 91 : 44.4.
Of

2.

6.5

.013,

of

6IH, 51,4|.
li,27254,
ll,,h, 11,/r,2A, 1258,
R

TI

w."

213.

togethercalled?
10

called?

rain* of

What
a

ratio

"Which
is

is each

What

is the

of

antecedent?

simple ratio?

depend

on

the numbers

called ?

What

arc

Which, the consequent

compound

ratio?

What

does

both

Why
th"

RATIO.

2 ft. 6 in. to 3

yd. 1

189
ft. 10 in.

3.

Of

4.

Of 4 mi. 6 fur. 20 rd. to Imi.

5.

Of 13 A.

6.

Of

20.

7.

Of

3 Ib. 10

3 R. 25 P.

12

ft.

cu.

6 pwt.

oz.

2 fur. 16 rd. Am.

6 A. 2 R. 10 P.

8.

Of

9.

Of

10.

Of

11.

Of

12.

Of

13.

Of

14.

Of

15.

Of

16.

Of

17.

If

10^

gr.

2 Ib.

TYB""

7 3 14.32

2^2"
13 Ib. : 9 Ib. 15.2 dr.
Ans. |"8
14 T. 12 cwt. 1 qr. 18.44 Ib. : 7 cwt. 4i Ib.
Ans. 75 55 sis
3 qt. If gills
4n". 1012%
: 8 gal.1 pt.
10 gal.1.54pt. : 7 gal.2qt..98pt.Ans. 3841
56 bu. 2 pk. 1 qt.: 35 bu. 3 pk. 6.055 qt.
Ans. f|83
5hr. 26min.
443 sec. : 3|da. Ans. 14|fT?
2 yr. 22 da. : 7 yr. 216 da.
Ans. 3ffff
"
42" 15' 27^ : 90".
Ans. 28708S5T
the ratio lj, what
the antecedent
is 7 and
is
2 g 3 3 1 3

5 g

consequent?
18. If the consequent is $13.42!

gr. Ans.

and

2|

and

the

If the

3s, what

ratio

Ans.

15.7248

consequent is 6 yd. 2 ft. 83 in. and

is the antecedent?

what

$35.80;i
6.048, what

Ans.

consequent?

20.
is

is

the ratio
Ans.

If the antecedent

10

Ans.

is the antecedent?
is the

7U

1443pwt.

the

19.

ft

AM.

AM.
"

]$|

Am.

150.

4]

Ant.

the ratio

2yd.

2i in.

is 5bu.

1.68pt. and the ratio

is 5g, what is the consequent?Ans. 29 bu. Ipk. 2qt.j75"t.
22. If the antecedent
is 24.075 and the ratio is .1664,
what is the consequent?
Ans. 4.00608
21.

If the

23.

If the

antecedent

consequent is 4 and

antecedent?
24.
ii

If the

|, what

Ans.

many

"

methods

antecedent
numbers

243.

of

equal

found?

lj|

12ifdr.

45 Ib. 9oz.

consequent is $7.43| and the ratio 2a, what

ii the antecedent?
REVIEW.

is the

consequent is 27 Ib. 5oz. 14 dr. and the ratio

is the antecedent?

If the

25.

the ratio f what

,
Ans.

What

Ans.
is the rule for

valuing

ratio?

findingtho value of a
Explain the difference.

to?

Tho

How

is the ratio of two

consequent?

Hotr

is tho ratio

decimals

found?

$3.18.f
ratio?
What
of

two

IIow
is the
mixed

Find

2G.

tie value of

$13.00;

of

$44,

numbers, by

two

standard

or

$2. 56}

$22

37ict. : 33' ct.,

of

343T)
S,si,TOO

be formed
with the
ratios may
takingeach of them in succession

same
as

the

and

two

num^

7
the latter,

ratio between

7,and

to 5.

ratios which

of the

bcrs will be

the

is the ratio of 5 to

; thn former

the ratio of

$10,

22 ct. Ann.

comparison; thus,

of
7

One

of

ARITHMETIC.

Two

244.

ART.

is

HIGHER

RAY'S

190

be

can

formed

and
improper fraction,

an

with

the other

proper
fraction ; for the sake of distinction,
call the former
the
and the latter the decreasing
ratio. If the
ratio,
increasing
are
equal,the ratio,which ever way it is
quantities
ing
formed, will be equal to 1, and therefore neither increasnor
decreasing,but a ratio of equality.

two

TO

MAKE

RULE.

to
fraction,

to express
fraction,

proper

Make

1.

4f,

and

the

in

increasingratio;

an

express

DECREASING

OR

tioo numbers

the

Write

"

INCREASING

AN

with

An",

A.ns.

form of

18

22

132

1276

7g,

T55,

T373

decreasingratio with 2s and 2i, with 12.45

3 gal.1 pt. and 2 gal.2 qt., with 13^ and
Since

245.

in the

but

improper

an

decreasingratio.

6Qsi
.00.

ART.

form of

increasingratio with 7 and 18, with 5i

3 yd. 2 ft. and 3 yd.1ft. 5 in., with 6| and

an

Make
2.
a
and 9f, with
1 K,5

RATIO,

ratio is

every

fraction whose

is the consequent, and denominator

is true of a fraction is true of
whatever

ator
numer-

the

antecedent,
ratio; hence,

Multiplyingthe consequent or dividingthe antecedent,

the ratio.
(Arts.112 and 115.)
multiplies
1st.

ratio 10

The

the ratio 10
if the

2;

y*g |; if
j-g=f, which

4 is

12 is

antecedent
ratio

Ihc former

be

divided

multipliedby

the

consequent

is the

former

by 2, the ratio

be

multipliedby 3,
by

ratio multiplied
5

is 5, which

is

2.

the antecedent or dividingthe consequent

Multiplying
divides the ratio. (Arts.113 and 114.)
2d.

REVIEW.
Give

244.

"

example.
equality? What is
245.

an

How

is

ratio

How

many

ratios

can

be

formed

with

two

numbers?

is a ratio of
they distinguished? What
or
making an increasing decreasing ratio!
is a ratio divided 7
How
Why?
multiplied? Why?
How

arc

the rule for

PROPORTION.

The
7

ratio 7

2 is

be

if the consequent be divided

by 3, the ratio
ratio divided
is the former
by 3 ; if the antecedent

which

7,

^;

is

191

ratio 14

multipliedby 2, the
by 2.

ia

-f$ |,which

is the former

ratio divided

3d.

or
Multiplying
dividingboth terms of a ratio by a
number, does not alter its value. (Arts.116 and 117.)
The ratio 9:6
is $
f ; if both terms are multipliedby 2, the
18
ratio
is jg
: 12
f 8till"if botl1 terms be divided by 3, the
ratio 6 : 4 is
the
at first.
same
as
|,
g
==

"

XIII.

ratios 3

The
value

expressionof equal ratios.

10 are equal,each being of the
colon (: :) between
them, forms

Proportionis

246.

ART.

PROPORTION.

5 and

an

Placinga double
the proportion
3 : 5 : : 6 : 10, read 3 is to 5
the ratio of 3 to 6 is equalto the ratio of 6
or
3.

REMARK.
is the
the

same

as

ratio may
: :

first;thus,6

written

be

each

10, since

to

6 is
10.
:

the

expresses

10

to

: :

10,
3

equalityof

ratios.

same

Instead

used; as,
A

Either

"

as

the

of

colon, the sign

double
6

10, is

proportionwith

the

same

as

of

equality is

: :

sometimes

.10.

equal ratios is called

continued proportion,
but
a
as3:5::6:10::-9:15;
a
proportion in Arithmetic
generallycontains only two
and has 4 terms, since each ratio has 2 terms.
equalratios,
Since

more

each ratio has

proportionhas

two

than

an

two

antecedent
and

antecedents

1st and 3d terms

being the
4th the consequents.

and

consequent, every

two

consequents, the

antecedents,and

2d

the

and

The

first and

called the
last terms of a proportionarc
All the terms are
extremes; the middle terms, the means.
called 2)roportionalst
and the last term
is said to be a fourth
the other

to
proportional
Ratio

is the relation between

proportionis
The

former

REVIEW.

Why
What

3 in their order.

246.

other

the relation between

has

"

245.

What

way?

terms,

two

IIow
is

is

is

two

the latter

by
by

their
their

quotient:
equality.

four.

Give

continued

shown

ratios shown

ratio altered

Proportion?

What

numbers

two

in

form

example.
proportionT
an

and
How

not

in value?

is it written

HIGHER

HAY'S

92

Three

numbers

in

are

ratio to the 2d

same

16 are
being 2. The

and

in

the 2d

as

second
the

247.

Variation

has
4

is

Thus,
the time

ship

the

to

of

tional
proporthird

expressing

of

inverse.

or

when
quantities

two

they

together.
at

goes

uniform

as
rate,varies directly

the ratio of any

that

the

mean

last term

is either direct

means

ratio

the

generalmethod

decrease

it sails ; which

equal

Is

distance

the

second.

Direct variation exists between

together,or

called

and

two;

proportionoften used,and
increase

3d; thus, 4, 8
8 : It),each ratio

the

to

is then

term

other

the first and

proportionalto

the 1st has the

when
proportion,

for
proportion,

between

ART.

ARITHMETIC.

corresponding

distances

two

times

in

taken

the

order.

same

variation

Inverse

increases

one

ratio of any

248.

ratios

of

men

is

Since

to determine

Find

which

times

two

will
piece of work
employed; which

equal

ratio of the

to the

of

ratio

in

equal,the proportionis

are

that

means

ARE

TRUE

1.

2.

2 ft. 1 in.

3.

16"

4.

3hr.l8min.

REVIEW.

"

10

form

21

246.

What

true

?
Proportiondistinguished

247.
Give

is the

What
an

second

term

is variation?

example.

What

then

62^

: :

min.

in

Jg"and '^

When

called ?

is inverse

two

ct.

24

18.

"1.

What

What

numbers

Give

the
How
in

is direct
an

How

extremes?
are

Ratio

Proportion?

third term

is the
What

kinds?

are

last term

three

variation

NOT?

yd. 2 qr.
: 2 gal.
Iqt.: 4gal.2qt.

The

are

the ratios

proportiongenerally?

called ?

What

men

proportion,

WHICH

: :

consequents?

tho terms

and

Pk. :

ratios

many

moans

are

in.

fhr.SO

many

How

AND

and

2 bu. 3
:

How

12,
yd. 4

The

What

:
:

antecedents?

nany

the

proportion;if these
if not, it is false.

the

PROPORTIONS,

of

numbers

Thus, 8 : 10 : : 12 : 15 is a true proportion,the ratios

being each equal to | ; but 9 : 5 : : 8 : 2 is not, because
f and f are not equal,the former being |,the latter $.
WHICH

varies

proportion,

each

done,

be

order.

in reverse

only equal ratios

the truth of

the value

when
quantities

two

decreases.

for those times, taken

employed
ART.

in
number

the

between

the other

as

time

Thus, the
as
inversely

exists

called ?

variation?

example.

RAY'S

194

FIND

12

1.

16

HIGHER

THE

UNKNOWN

( )

: :

ARITHMETIC.

3|

5 and

OP

TERM

( )

Ibu.

2pk. 6qt. :

3.

( )

4hr.

4.

2.16 A..:

5.

12

6.

$162.56^

6bu.

pk. :

$3.871

Ans.
:

yd. 3

30 min.

()

2"mi.

"13

46

qr.

6s. 8d.

yd. 3

qr.

$270.931

46"

31' 9"

8.

$16

9.

5 mi. 3 fur. 30 rd.

45

()

ct.

: :

Ans. 2. 43 A.

"15.

6 T. 1 cwt.
Ans. 1 T. 13 cwt.

( )

234

men.

3 hr. 36 min.

( ).

390

men.

2 hr. 42 min.
Ans. 34" 53' 21!"

1 Ib. 9
:

( ).
$15.50
:

: 3. 375 mi.
Ans. 3 hr. 20 min.

Ans.

7.

5.

84 and

Ans.
2.

2.

oz.

av.

( ).

11}

Ana.

dr.

7 mi. 10 rd. ::("): 54 horses

42 horses.

Ans.

33 bu. 1 pk. of potatoes : ( ) : : 4 bu. U pk. of

apples : 2bu. 2 pk. of apples. Ans. 19 bu. of potatoes.
10.

SIMPLE
250.

ART.

PROPORTION.

Simple Proportionis

questions by
practical
called
obtained

at the

15

same,
9
=

ANALYSIS.
9

cost

of their costs, we

position?

75 ct.,what

other

9 qt. worth

are

have

what

What
uso

Since

"

135 ct.

ct. =

qt. :

Cor.

the

qt. :

cost

75 ct.

Is*,Art. 249, to

is Cor. 1st?
are

"

75 ct.,Iqt. costs

6qt. cost

Cor. 2d?

the Corollaries ?

Give

of

76 ct

$1.35.

of each

the number
as
directly
worth
" as much, or " of
of the quantitiesbeing the

found,by

249.
Of

proportionwhose

varies

qt. being " of 5 qt. are

$1.35. Or, the ratio
is

If

"

FnaroRTiou.

the whole

REVIEW."

cost

qt. cost 9 times 15

sr

term

is

answer

rate?
BY

SOLUTION

times
some-

known.

are

same

ct.,and

or

of

term

solving

it is

proportion;
of Three, because the

qt. of strawberries

SOLUTION
=

Rule

the

ratio

by findingone

three terms
If 5

of

method

of

be

Of
an

is the

qt.; that is,

75 ct. =

same

the ratio

( ), in
9

quart

V*

what

as

which
=

use

example.

136

^7 6
the

ct

quired
re-

ct-

is the pro

PROPORTION.

SIMPLE

REMARK.

which

do

resort

to

Sample Proportion is

"

of solution

admit

not

close and

careful

be

195

sometimes

applied to questions

that

in

In

w"y.
to the

analysis,or

of doubt,

cases

followingtest

solved

by Simple Proportion,must
and
contain two
kinds of quantities,
of each kind
two
three of the quantities
and one
must
be known
required.
The
which are
of different kinds
two given quantities
questionto

be

must

related,that

so

doubled
necessarily
which

rate

obtain

halved; in fact,they furnish

or

QUESTIONS

With

"

kind, form

the two

BY

ia

the

be greater

the

Express

PROPORTION,

or

are

of

the

same

decreasingratio, according as the

less than the third given quantity;

multiplythe third quantityby

the answer
required.
"

SIMPLE

given quantitieswhich

or
increasing

an

should

NOTE.

the other

applied to the remaininggiven quantityto

answer.
Hence,
SOLVE

TO

answer

is doubled

one

is

the

RULE.

when

this ratio,and

ratio in its

the result will be

simplestform, and

cancel

when

possible.
of

in the form

RULE.

give the

we

"

Write

that

largeror

who

quantityfor the 3d

which

term

is

of

the

next
the answer;
to it,in the %d term, put
smaller of the other two quantities,
accordingas the

denomination

tame

the

preferto state the question

proportionbefore commencing the operation,
following

the benefit of those

For

as

The
larger or smaller than the third term.
remaininggiven quantityis then put in triefirstterm, and the
fourth or requiredterm, is found by multiplyingthe second and
and dividing
their product by the first.
third terms together,
should

answer

1.
much

be

7^

worth
2 1 Ib. of sugar are
sugar is 19.81b. of rice worth?
If

19.8

19.8
.

SOLUTION."

"

of
r

11

2f lb.

7"

"

"

"

7.26 lb. Ant.

30

7j

rice,how

217.8
=

"

lb. of

19.8X2-1
Or, 7-| 19.8
:

REVIEW.

Give

What

2| : ( ); 4th

249.

Of

what

term-=

ri

"

7*
denomination

will

i=

7.26 lb.
f

the

required

term

be?

applying the. propositionor corollaries,what should he done?

called?
is it sometimes
What
is Simple Proportion? What
Why?
What
is
the
solution
an
by analysis? By proportion!
example.
under
kind of questionsproperlycome
simpleproportion?

Before
250.

"

: :

RAY'S

196
If 15

2.

will 36

SOLUTION.

do

"

ARITHMETIC.

be in

pieceof work
doing the same?

Since

36

men

men

HIGHER

in

will

men

require lett

9|da.,how
time

than

15

long
to

men

should
be less than
9|da.; make
work, the answer
decreasing ratio,| g, and multiply the remaining quantity by

do the

same

if xaf-if
If

3.

"=*"**" Ans-

xV

lOAmi.

I walk

10 hr.,at the

same

and

in

far will I go in
Ans. 35 mi.
cumference,
carriageis 8ft. 2 in. in cir-

rate?

If the fore-wheel

4.

it:

of

670

round

turns

hr.,how

often

times, how

will

turn
hind-wheel,which is 11 ft. 8'in. in circumference,
Ans. 469 times.
distance?
round in going the same

the

If

5.

horse

he trot in

at the

hour

an

3 mi. in 8 min. 15 sec., how

trot

rate?

same

What

is

servant's wages

per week?
7. What

is

bbl. of

6.

if 15 Ib.

body

8.

in

file: if

24

If

9.

times

10.

from

were

pulse beats

is that?
minute
On 15 successive

1 is No. 277?

No.

for 3 wk.

are

36

Ans.

42

in rank

in

rank, how

28 times
squares
Ans.

in

worth,
$47.85

they are

in file
many
Ans. 28.

16 sec., how

many
Ans. 105.

614

are

Ib.

when

be ?

there

would

they

21i9Tmi5 da.,at $1.75

Ans. $6.50

powder containing132

of soldiers

can

Ans.

$5.43f ?

sold for

are

far

houses:

6^14,or nearly 7

how

far

squares.

3ft. 4 in. long, held upright, casts a

If a cane
2 ft. 1 in. long, how high is a tree whose
shadow
shadow
in.?
41
ft.
25
9
time
ft.
is
Ans.
2| in.
at the same
25
of
draw
bu.
each
80
horse
12.
If a
coal,
Ib., how
11.

many

bu. of

13.

If

coke,each 96 Ib.,can
of

farm

160 A.

rents

he

draw?

for

Ans.

20i

$450, how much

Ans. $2362.50

charged for one of 840 A.?

14. If 18d. sterling,
equals25 ct. U. S. money, what
Ans. 4l3ct.
(2s.6d.) worth?
s a half-crown
15. A grocer has a false gallon,containing3 qt. lA pt.:
of the liquor that he sells for $240,
what is the worth
'Ans. $225, and $15 gain.
*nd his gain by the cheat?
14| oz. for a pound, how much docs he
16. If he uses
cheat by sellingsugar for $27.52?
AM. $2.15
should

REVIEW.

be

"

How
for

250.

What

should

simple proportion T

portion?
solvingquestions by Simple Prothe
is
rul"
What
ordinary
expressed?

is the rulo

the ratio be

for

PROPORTION.

SIMPLE

17.

equatorialdegree is 365000

An

in 80"

24'

18.

If

37" of the same?

20 min. 5 sec.?

does it beat in 2hr.

If I do

19.
how

days

many

20.

how

piece of

should

long

he

lend

garrison has

1 Ib. 2

man

oz.

to make

22.

during

the

the

what

was

24.

last 9 mon.,
should be a man's

to

14

oz.

be received?
a

If I go a
long would I be
25.

of

cloud

moves

av.

of the

If

A,

What

-4ns.

silver be

The

two

similar

ship,and

9 ninths of

worth

$5840, is
$256.01?

are

4 Ib. 6

oz.

quantitiesin
the ship.
taxed

of butter

this

worth

2R
a
day,how
17-r da.
the whole

$10800.
question,are

$78.14, what is
Ans. $19133.59
worth, at 2 Set.
-4ns.

If I

30.

If I

much
31.

must

If

Ib.?

$1.224

gain $160.29 in 2 yr. 3 mon., what would

Ans. $391.82
gain in 5 yr. 6 mon., at that rate?
29.

"4

Ans.

journey in 12| days,at 40 mi.

at 29 1 mi. a day?
Ans.
ship are worth $6000, what is

is taxed

worth,who
28.

"

18.fsec.
14/1 nii-

in

Ans.

SUGGESTION.

27.

400ft.

worth?

of it worth?

5 ninths

giving each

how large
per man,
Ans. 240 men.

velocity
per hour?
Troy of English standard

is 1 Ib.

-4ns. 136.

keeps it 1

and

the wind's

If 1 Ib.

If

of

days, of 83 hr.,

ance,
dailyallowfood last lyr.8mon.? Ans. SAoz.
560
have
men
provisionsto last
if
rate of lib. 4 oz. a day per man;

could

shadow

6s.,what

26.

what

486] I\ times.

to

is reduced

dailyallowance

23.

"3

same

garrisonof
siegeat the

reinforcement

food

day:

75

often

yr. 8mon.:
$1200 to compensate for the
5 da.
Ans. 2 yr. 5 mon.

favor?
21.

-4ns.

I be?

$1750,

borrows

man

day, how

in 108

work

6-4hr. would

of

times

ft

many

29340751

Am.

beats 5000

pendulum

ft.:how

gain $92.54 on $1156.75 worth of sugar, how

I sell to gain $67.32? -4"s. $841.50 worth.
coffee costing$255 is now
worth $318.75, what

Ans. $1028.16
$1285.20 worth cost?
32. If I gain $7.75 by tradingwith $100, how much
-4ns. $65.6859
ought I gain on $847.56?
33. A has cloth at $3.25 a yd.,and
B has flour at
A
$5.50 a bbl. If,in trading, puts his cloth at $3.022,
what should B charge for his flour?
-4ns. $6.13/3
What
34.
is a pile of wood, 15ft. long,10A ft. high,
and 12ft. wide, worth, at $4.25 a cord?
Ans. $62.75
did

RAY'S

198

HIGHER

ARITHMETIC.

7 mon.
rent, at $4*75a yr. Ans. $277-08
36. If a boat is rowed at the rate of 6 miles an hour,
and is driven 44 feet in 9 strokes of the oar, how many
strokes are made
Ans. 108 strokes.
in a minute?
of

35.

Find

37.

If

of

an

$3", what

of a yd. of cloth cost

E. E.?

is the worth

$13^

Ans.

In Fahrenheit's

thermometer,the freezing
pointof water
is marked
grade,
32", and the boilingpoint212" : in the Centithe freezing
pointis 0", and the boiling
point 100":
in Reaumer's, the freezingpoint is 0", and the boiling

point80".
38.

these data, find the value of a degree of each

of the other two.
Ans. 1" F.
in the derees

From

thermometer

2|"F.
39.

108"

Convert

25" R.

Convert

degreesof

to

In the

mometers.
ther-

two

42'^"C.

and

the other

mometers.
ther-

two

46" C. to

Convert

other

31i-"C. and 881" F.

Ans.
41.

the

33?" R.

32".) Ans.

(Firstsubtract
40.

degreesof

F. to

working

of

mometers.
degreesof the other two therAns. 36f"R. and 114*" F.
machinery,it is ascertained that the

is to the weight overcome,

available power
time.
distances theypass over in the same

as
inversely

the

appliedis 180 Ib. and moves

power
Ans. 6 in.
Tiow far will it lift a weightof 960 Ib.?
4ft.,
42.

NOTE.

allowed

43.

6 ft. 8

If the whole

"

The

available power

512

If

Ib. bo

Find

"

lifts a

the whole

power,

^ being

impediments.

lifted 1 ft. 3 in.

is the power

in.,what

SUGGESTION.

44.

other

for friction and

-fof

is taken

by

the available power;

weight of 1440

Ib.

then

by

moving
power
Ans. 144 Ib.

add

| of

wheel

itself.

and

axle;

for every 3 ft. of rope that passes through his hands,the

weightrises 42in: what power does he exert? Ans. 270 Ib.
54 ft,
45. A man
weighing 198 Ib. let himself down
with

uniform

at the hook

motion,by

rises 12

ft.,how

wheel

and

axle

much

is it?

if the

Ans.

weight

594 Ib.

bodies free to move,

46. Two
attract each other with
forces that vary inversely
their weights. If the weights
as
9 Ib. and 4 Ib. and the smaller is attracted 10 ft.,
how
are
far will the largerbe attracted?
Ans. 4 ft. 5? in.
47. Suppose the earth and moon
to approach each other

in obedience

to

this

law, their weights being 49147

and

PROPORTION.

COMPOUND

123

the

If 3

48.

will

A.

doing the
gain 15

doz.,what

in

build

men

If I

50.

5 A. of grass

mow

13^

mow

be in

men

solved

inoon

move

99892+

mi.

?
by proportion

250.)

men

If 6

49.

Art.

the

250

be
questions
following

(See Rem.
men

miles would
many
miles?
Am.

How
respectively.

while the earth moved

Can

199

is my

7 da.,how

wall in

many

long would

10

same

each,by sellingbooks

cents

gain

day, how

day?

in

each

on

COMPOUND

$5.40

at

$4.80

at

doz.?

PROPORTION.

is a method
of solving
Compound Proportion
than
or by more
by the use of a compound ratio,
questions
one
proportion.
The questions
to which
Compound Proportionis applied
resemble those under simple proportion
; but the value of
the quantity
requireddepends not on one pair,but on two
or
more
: for instance,
pairsof similar quantities
251.

ART.

If 3

10

8 A. of grass
be in mowing 36 A.?

men

men

SOLUTION.

36

A.,
of

the

answer

would

operation;

but

be

_r2j

-^jof

they

"8"

"~

will

long would

**"*"

shown

da.,as
being the

this result

in which

time

time

AllS.

in

36 A. will be

mow

the

in which

1st step of the

10

men

3g6

of it=

mow

A,

3g6 ^
of

2d^ step, which

reduces,by cancellation,
da.,
cession
6f da. Hence, a questionin Compound Proportion,is only a sucof questions in Simple Proportion,
each of which gives a result
in
the
be used
required.
next, and the last result is the answer

of 4

to

of

i"

T"

da.,how

1st step. T30of 4 da.

2d step. W of A of 4 d".

men

instead

be
question would
Simple Proportion,and
rt-

one

to

8 A.

the

/"

the

If the 10

"

to mow

were

in 4

mow

in

shown

as

sufficient

After

the

the
practice,

dispensedwith, and
fraction at

answer

written

steps may
as

be

compound

once.

SOLVE

TO

the

successive

QUESTIONS

BY

COMPOUND

PROPORTION,

ratio of each pair

increasingor decreasing
as
depended only on (host
if the answer
of similar quantities,

RULE.

"

Form

an

HIGHER

RAY'S

200
the odd

and

two

NOTE.

will

To
and

odd term

The

"

TEACHEBS.
the

otherwise

be the

is the

for

reasons

the mental

obscure

analyze each

difficult

such

term

example thoroughly,
will

course

is the

and

powers,

and

the odd

all the rest

is unlike

which

step

every

and

ratios

answer,

one

Pupils should

"

give
training to

an

multiplythese

term;

the product
together;

ARITHMETIC.

only

way

be

able
valu-

to clear

up

subject.

If the

succession
a
use
proportionalform is preferred,
of simple proportions,
as
already explained,or the rule
in
A
Ray's Arithmetic,"3d Book, Art. 205.
simple
mode
of statingquestions
in proportionis this
"

RULE

their

and

EFFECT.

AND

the quantitiescontained

Separateall
causes

CAUSE

OF

the

in

question into

two

effects.

the

firstterm of a proportion,all the quantities

that constitute the firstcause
stitute
term, all that con; for the second
the second cause
; for the third,all that constitute the effect
of the firstcause; and for the fourth,all that constitute the
cated
The
requiredquantitymay be indieffectof the second cause.
by a bracket, and found by one of the rules in Art. 249.
Write, for

NOTE.

The

"

two

; and

kind of their terms

in 10

If 6 men,
fence,how many
1.

48 rd. in 12
SOLUTION.

whose

hours

10 da.

men

is 25 rd. ; 8

9hr.
the

2.

makes
while

rule?
What

rd. of
build

9 hr.

constitute

men

) hr.

the

1st

constitute

catise,

the 2d

Hence,
men.

12

da.

25 rd.

48 rd.

( )hr.
is

required term

6osx8X**8 10|hr.
=

(Art 249,

Cor. 2.)

8 steps,each 1ft. 10 in.,\rhile a man

5 steps, each
2ft. 8 in.: how far will the boy go

boy

the

REVIEW.

of the

and

12 da. and

men.

10 da.

And

effects.

days of 9 hr. each, build 25

8 men
work
to
a
day must

effect is 48 rd.

cause, whose

two

and

days?
"

effect

the

must

so

in the number

exactly alike

be

must

causes

makes

going 3|

is

man

251.

What

What

is

the

is said of the

odd

two

term?

causes

What
The

4g mi.

does the
Proportion? What
Solve
the example. What

is

Compound
quantity required depend on ?
"

Ans.

miles?

two

is the

rule of

effects ?

cause

and

valne
is tba

effect?

202

HIGHER

RAY'S

will 5 times

to each

per day
16. What

$44
$540

Am.

hundred,

for 1 yr.

8 mon.,

the

at

252.

phraseper
made

to

unit of

Latin

It is understood

meaning on the hundred.

in which
all those operations

as

of

the

from

is derived

centum,

100

as

PERCENTAGE.

PERCENTAGE

to embrace

at

$7 for
$466.66"

rate

Ans.

XIV.
ART.

oz

7? moil.

for 3 yr.,
much
as

use

is worth

hundred?

every

1 yr.

is that whose

of money
for every

of 12

at the rate

men,

man

sum

the rate of
the use
of

last 3500

much

as

ARITHMETIC.

reference

is

comparison.

terest,
and Loss, Commission, Inapplications
are, Gain
and
Taxes.
Banking, Stocks,Insurance,Duties
If I have $750 in business,
and gain $180, what is my
gain on every $100?
Its

SOL

DT

solved

"

This

follows

as

Cor.

by

JON.

is

$760

1st,Art. 249, to

a
:

question in Simple Proportion, and is

$100 : : $180 : ( ); the 4th term is found

be
100 X

180
=

$24. Am.

750

Hence,
means

gain $24

on

every

$100, or

24

since
cent.,

per

per

cent.

the hundred.

on

$24, in the solution above,is called the rate per

cent, of the $180 to the $750.
the number
on
means
a
Though rate per cent, strictly
idea as
100, yet as "$24 on a $100" conveys the same
"24
hundredths," and the latter is simpler and more
it is the prevailing
to consider the rate
practice
general,
number
is of another,as the number
of
per cent, that one
The

hundredths
is

so

Thus,

other,and

hundredths

many

7 per

cent, of any

any per

cent,

thing is

7 hundredths

of it.

do

is

2^

do.

do.

100

do

is 100

do.

do.

"

What

What

252.
are

does rate percent,

mean

its

of

ber
num-

of it.

2^

REVIEW.
embrace

it is of that

or

the whole.

meaning of Percentage? What does it

? Solve the example. What
principalapplications
strictly?
is the

PERCENTAGE.

how

SOLUTION.

is,160 sheep : ( ) sheep

is

required term
In

3,

SOLUTION.

6i"0^3 ^

whole

force

per cent.; hence, ( ) men

is
cent. ; the required term

183

100

78 X

the

there

first of

three

are

the

numbers
representof the same
of

one

are

253.

the

other,as

NOTES.

$182.50

saves

they

of

comparison

subject,it is too
therefore
a
specialrule

I.
A

OP

CENT.

work

GIVEN

NUMBER,

to indicate and

$182.60

$182.50,divided

by the given

cancel.

done
in

by pointingoff in
the multiplicand
ana

$182.50

9 per cent, of

times

the rule directs.

the rates per cent,

"

9 percent, of
"

can

whole

dividing by 100 may generally be

decimal places than are
the product two more
multiplier.

SOLUTION.

cases

both referred to
per cent.; if they are
and
their
100 per cent.,
rates per cent,
of their relations to it.

2. The

Find

second, or

these

Multiply the given number

divide *he product by 100.

RULE.

1. It often

"

the

is the standard

numbers

PER

GIVEN

rate per cent.,and

13^ per

PERCENTAGE.

CASE

ART.

All

found.

the
Although this rule covers
generalfor practicalpurposes;
will bo givenfor each case.

ANY

compared,

FOR

to each

other,it will be 100

a third
quantity,it will be
will depend upon the nature

FIND

cent.

per

quantity.

for the

TO

100

percentage, accordingas

of

be

RULE

two

If

: :

,R,l5men'

numbers

two

GENERAL

"

per

cent.; the slain (78) are

per

men

cases

per cent., is to
be solved by the

NOTE.

100

13i

~40~

their rate

Any

is

engaged?

were

many

3X78X100

18T"
Hence,

which
killed,

78

portion
pro-

85 per cent.; the

Ans.

are

rs
:

cent.

per

sheep.

The

"

100

: :

battle,78 men
whole force; how

of the

cent,

'

100 per cent.,the

(160)being

flock

whole

The

"

per cent, of them

I sell?

sheep do

many

sell 35

sheep,and

160

'2. If I have

203

Si 82
=

y"-gof

by 100, as

50
Q

$16.4250

REMARK.
the

We

"

rate

divide

then
and
by 100 first,
multiply by
multiply by the rate per cent, written ai

may

cent.; or,

per

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RAY'S

204

hundredths.

decimal

2.

Ans. $4.94J
6 per cent, of $82.372
14s pr. ct. of 6yd. 2ft. Sin. Ans. 2 ft. 11.96 in.

3.

42 per

Find

1.

REMARK.

Business

"

the character

42

62^ %

Find

5.

35

6.

ISO% of4|

7.

98

42

"per

cent

fe.
1040

AM.

men.

men.

f X rife 77o"o T"O^"AM. 718

of

words

of the

is written

cent,

of 1664

4.

per

$525.

Ans.

instead

use

men

thus

$1250.

of

cent,

of 14 cwt. 2 qr. 20 Ib.

14 cwt. Iqr.15! Ib.

4 mi. 4 fur. 24 rd.
of 48 mi. 6 fur. 16 rd.
=

8.

9| %

9.

33i % of 127 gal.3 qt. 1 pt.

42

gal.2 qt. 1 pt.

QQ-i

SOLUTION.

Since

"

1U

10.

Find

11.

40^

of

|,take \

-"

of 6hr.

of the

given

$3283.47.
15

28min.

number.

$364.83

Ans.

sec.

Ans. 2 hr. 35 min.

12.

675^

of 31b. 10

13.

104

of

75

14.

15

of

15.

23i%of45ct.

16.

How

%
f%

much

A.

of

18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.

90 pages.

Ans.

18| %

of

^/i8.

337^ % of 11
561 % of 144 cattle.
16| % of 1932 hogs.
871 % of 1634 C. 72 cu.
1000^ of $5.431
61 % of i?
2j #ofj

cargo

78 T. 2

that

weighs

cwt.

"

considered?

example
they?

2.

41 6 T.

3 qr. 10 Ib.

4"

AM.

Find

REVIEW.

are

576 pages.

^Hs.lOlct.

15 cwt. 20 Ib.?
17.

sec.

oz.
16pwt. 22 gr.
Ans. 26 Ib. 4 oz. 4pwt. 4jgr.
=78 A. IE. 38 P.
1 R. 35 P.

book

is

18

81 cattle.

Ans.

Ans. 322

ft. AM.

hogs.

1430 C. 31 cu.ft.

$54.37i
AM.
fr

AM.

AM.!,

ia of anotbrt
is the rate per cent that one number
?
Give examples. Sol7fl
is any per cent, of a number

252. What
What

Also, example
What

is the

How

general rule

quantitiesis the standard

"rillit represent?

3.

many

cases

of

for percentage?

percentage?
If

one

of comparison for the other,what

of the
rate

Whut

given

per cent

PERCENTAGE.

24

part is 25 %

What

of

205

farm ?

Ans.

T2055 \
also 8| %;
=

quantityis 6] % of it?
10#; 12"#; 16i#; 20%; 33* "; 50%; 661%;
and 75 % ?
4",. T'g,T'2,
T'5,$, J, ", J, ", f | of it.
26. What
part of a quantityis 18| % of it; 31J %]
37*%; 432%; 56j%; 621%; 68} % ; 81-j% ; 83i %;
What

25.

part of

87i%;

931%?

and

T3s"T6s"
i" T7e"T9g"i lii ii" l" I" is

Ans.
27.

How

250^;

675^;
A

what

quantity;125 %

of the

of

ship did

he

sell,and

; and

o31. Out

is

of

6| %'. how
32.

much

of it for

T\ %

f"r

much

does

paid

does

he

78" %
cask
was

at
money;
he paid him

him

20

time

one

25

he

paid
he

of what

of what

still owe?

he

then

-"5of

Ans.

it.

of 12 T. 6cwt.

81b.?
Ans. 9 T. 12 cwt. 1 qr.
containing47 gal.2 qt. 1 pt.,leaked
that?
Ans. 3 gal.l"pt.

an

income

of

he pay for each item, and

at the end of the year?

save

"" sold; ?9oleft.

$1200 a year; he pays 13 %

board; lOf % for clothing;6| % for books;
how
12g % for other expenses:
newspapers;

has

it; afterward

much

What

of

sun:

he
finally

how

30.

part did he

what

Ans.

29.
A owed
him 40 % of
owed:

it;

6|, 10, 94| times it.

ship,sold 40 % of his share:

stillown?

owed

of

9437i%?

1000%;

owning |

man

part

of

time, IT times, 2i,

Ans.
28.

is 100

much

of it.

how

much

does

he

$156, board; $124.80, clothing;

$81, books; $7,
other
saved.
$154.50,
$676.70,
newspapers;
expenses;
Find
33.
Ans. $10.
| % of $1200.
34.
Ans. 231 ct.
" % of $47.75.
10 % of 20 % of $13.50.
35.
Aiu. 27 ct.
36. 40 % of 15 % of 75 % of $133.331. Ans. $6.
37.
8^ of 62i% of 150^ of $462.50.^ns.$34.681
Ans.

38.

court-house
R

by

100

I B

contracts

man

w."

for
253.

performed

to

supply

$119449,

if the

What

1 ?

How

is Case
may

the

The

dressed

rough
rule ?

stone

stone

How

operationbe performed T

for

costs him

is the

division

16

ct.

ft.; but

cu.

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RAY'S

206

if he

he will deduct 3 % from his

be needed, and what does he

48

man

swallow

times

in 40

CASE

254.

ART.

per cent,
RULE.

divide the

by 100, and

the

PROOF.

18 is how

and

as

fft
276,

as

IfX

this,
276; but
so

6 is

"

| of

or

many

..

SUGGESTION.

2.
KB

18-=-

1800

mall

what

"

rule

12

/276

g, |

9, and

to find how

To

will make

that

Reduce

to the

254.
can

same

both

cent"

is Case

be used?

hundredtLs

this,say

6G" %\

or,

to

of

f of

1 unit

^
"

66" %

$54?

Ans.

as

before.

26| %.

to ct. ; and

generally reduce
before applying tue

of 6?
2d ?

Ans.
The

rule?

Explain example

of

multiplyboth
denominator
100 ; here,

the

denomination

many
What

many

many

do

66|hundredths

is how
"

9 is how

VIEW.

o\144
~

33^,which changes |

$14.40
numbers

other

fg",

into hundredths.

number

multiplieris
1.

the

as

76^)1 8 0 0 f6A?

f\(*

the

same

of 9?

cent,

per

many

f by

the other.

directs.

100 hundredths
of

terms

cent,

is

of 276

of

it be

is,convert

| of

of

obtained,and
comparison,proceed

is the

per

many

18 contains

the rule

part of 100

hundredths

tfg, (Art.131),

SOLUTION.

is how

will

6 is how

0 it

many

1 hundredth
as

cent,

percent, of 276?

is how

18

Now

hundredths
=

18

means

often

the rate

thus

per cent,
is the standard of

many
"

such

small, Take

are

by the last rule; if the result

number, the work is right.

of 276.

find

is to be

the rate

which

the number

of 276,

pt. 2. 4 gills.

is to be the rate per cent, is

With

"

SOLUTION.

ft.

cu.

the rate per

the other number.

which

product by

numbers

which

the number

os

ft.?

cu.

alcohol does

being given,to

Multiply the number

Or, when

cu.

is of the other.

one

"

ft. would

II.

numbers

Two

cu.

gillof brandy

years if he drinks a
Ans. 657gal.1 qt. 1

day?

ct.

cu.

ft.,

ct.

many
for
dressinga
charge

and I7i
ft.,
brandy is alcohol;how much

cfoof

bill;how

358347

Ans.

39.

get it for 15

can

1.

When

150

pound
com-

rule.

%.

the numbara

Example

2.

ar"

PERCENTAGE.

3.

15 ct. is how

4.

many
2yd. 2ft. Sin. is how

5.

gal.3qt.is

6.

is how

%
%

what

many

207

$2?

of

many

of 4rd.?

31.2gal.?

of

$?

of

"

{"

and

11.

12.

$5.12

13.

14|

15.
16.
17.

many

of

^?

is what

%
%

of

$640?

of
of

2|?
$2000?

of

$12?

is how

is how

$3.20
$45 is

many

'

is what

what

750 men
8| is how

is what

many
is what

20.

$7.29
$ is how many
3qt.I2pt. is what

21.

16bu.

22.

A's

18.
19.

32pk

SOLUTION.

"

their difference

23.

If

^; 62^ ^;

375

many
Ans.

is

!-"01 |

"

of tht

Ans. 250.

.Ans.

I?

of

$216?

of
of
of

8633

Am.

222|

less than

Am.

5172

Ans.

Ans.

Ws

^TW. 375

63

Ans.

1050.

^TW.

3|

Ans.

-4"". 192"
"?
5 gal.23qt.?Am. 16|
7.125bu.? Ans. 236JI
than

more

B's;

A's?

then

Ans.

33

"

B's
3

160^:
150

%\ 125 %\ 25 %; 31| ^;
%; 100 ^; 150 %; 200 ^; 225
is 10

75

1000

663

^"s-

of 12000?
of

lOiYs

4n*.

Call B's money

100 %\ A's money
is then
is 60 "",which, compared with A's money,

A's money

%\

%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%

less than

many

431
;

is what
is 50

money

is how

money

An*.lltf

14.

12^

Am.

.4ns. 83

| }f ; the first
but "
| of 100 %
83| %.
last,
7. | is how many
% of |?
8. 2 of | of 4 is what
% of 1TV
9. 2" is how many
% of 3|?
10. | is how many
% of H?
SOLUTION.

72

Ant.

more

than

B's;

then

B's

is how

A's?

QT'T;1U; 20; 23H; 302"; 387r^; 42f; 50

60; 663; 69T33;78j|
24. If Ahas5$; 1
33^; 45^; 50$; 683 %\ 75%; 84$; 98$; and
than B; then B's money
is how many
99s $ fes money
%

more

Ans.

than A's ?

5T\; 1714; 21i73;293V; 331; 42$; 50; 81T9T:

100; 220; 300; 525; 4900; 79900

%.

RAY'8

"208

25.

What

HIGHER

of

ARITHMETIC.

is 8

number

of 35

of it?

2j

Ant.

780XT'0so 2ia

SOLUTION.-

What

26.

What

27.

of

of

250

"floo#

2j #

of 2

number

is

number

is 40

of

=2$#.
of it?

ylns. T'S
of it?

621 #

-4/i5.25.
28.

12

29.

If

$
A

$75

of

is what

of

$108?

ship be sold,what % of it is
SUGGESTION.
T52of 100^=4lf $.
of

8i

Ans.
sold ?

"

gold and silver is 9 parts pure to

1 part alloy:what % of alloyis that?
Ans. 10.
31. English standard gold is 22 carats fine: how many
% of pure metal in a sovereign? (Art.205.) Ans. 91|
32. One pound English standard silver contains 18 pwt.
30.

of

U.

S. standard

how

alloy:
How

33.
man

own,

of

many
who has

9000

township 6

acres?

% of his time does

many
sleeps7 hr. out of every 24?
35. How
"f0of a quantityis 40
many
also,16 %
also,2 %

75$

of it?

30

36.

lose,who
Ans. 29g

man

of 25

of it?

of the

whole

of

article is how

an

25

"

of

of

article is how

an

RULE.

To

255.

find

number

of

many

"

cent., or

PROOF.

Divide

the

given number

be 1 per cent.,and
the number
required.
"

be the
man

money:

of it?

133

when

certain

per

cent

given.

quotientwill

must

III.

CASE

of it is

of

many

Ans.

ART.

it?

A"s. 45.

of i of it?
37.

of it?

%
%

of
also,4^ % of 120
80 % of 661 % of it? also,I % of 36 %
also,"1% of 221 % of 96% of it?
Ans. 10, 6, 5, ITS, uVo,

371 %

of
of

square does a
Ans. 891*5

miles

How

34.

71

Ans.

% alloyis it?

many

Find

the

same

as

gave a
how much

100

by the
times

given per cent,

the given number.

beggar 25 ct.,which
had

he?'

rate

per

cent. ;

this will be 100

21 %

per

this

of the answer;

was

the

of

his

6| $

of your

what

did each

money:

before:

how
B

27.

had

48

how

29.

which

his

gave

for
pays $13 a month
his salary:what is his salary?

Bought

whole

stock

in

llf %

81

34.

45

35.

If 32

men

of 75

of

which

who

son,

20

got 2 apples: how

800

of his share

cent,

256.

RULE.

"

the

number

rate

cent,

given

this, 100

per

per

per

cent, will
cent,

year.

57? %

of

bu.

.Ans. 14

Ans.

2700

number

was

ct.

men.

1200.

Ans.

of

of

is

1539,

8 01

7 2 % of his share

$55555. 55f
apples,took out 88i%
Ans.

to

37^ %

gave

his

to his

sister,who
Ans.

thus

80.

IV.

is

given

per

another, to find that other.

Representthe

tultingrate

is 20

Ans. 6000

beinggiven,which

number

less than

or

more

A. 3 R.

in the basket?

were

many

CASE

ART.

$162.50

Ans.

gave

note

pay

was

bu.?

of what?

father,having a basket of
for his children ; of these,he

of them

had

bu. of coal,which

ship,sells

to

$780

is it?

37.

he

$12.60

2188

I before?

A, owning 60 % of a
for $2500 : what is the ship worth?

of

increase

100

or

number

per

cent ; allow

decrease; the

represent the number

the

or

requiredby

re-

from
found by

given; and

required,

can

be

III.

Case

PROOF.
add

bank,

of what?

36.

for

of what

Ans.

did it cost

18! %

of

had

of 60

llc had

$42.50

board, which

puttingin 25

what
5

are

is 20

much

for

of its cost:

33.

what

ct.

whflt

An?.

wheat,

bu. of

how

40

Paid

32.

J-%

Am.

8000

$60.

daughter at her marriage 65 A.

3 % of his farm: how much
was

31.

$40,

Ans.

did he own?

30.

my

31

of my
funds
had 1 left?

much

of B's.

Ans.

was

$160.

41* %
of

he at first?

farmer

13:1%

was

says, thera

Ans.

he then ?

2 R. 26 P. of land, which
land

and

Aw.

had

much

$150:

money,

$3 bill,which

I drew

28.

and
$10 bill,
debt?

of A's

$5,

much

lost

loft: how

was-thc

have?

found

26.

him

what

82.")'
i" G2A %

25.

of

ARITHMETIC.

A, owing B, hands

21.
is

HIGHER

RAY'S

210

"

it to, or
:

thn

Find

subtract

rest)

and
of the answer,
be necesit from, the answer, as may
bo the same
the given number.
as

the

It must

given

per

cent,

PERCENTAGE.

I pay $377 rent for my

than I paid last year : what
SOLUTION.
last

year

rent

this year

is 116

get

Call the

"

100

per

being

16

the rent

was

100
1 6

rent
the

cent. ;

H*

or

last year,

28 yr.

am

brother's

SOLUTION.

less,is 85

32|,

1.

136

2.

5.

$4.80 is 33| %
i is 50
%
j\ is 28
%
96 da. is 100
%

6.

2576

7.
8.

872ct. is 87s
1| is 500

9.

3 bu.

14?

brother's

x"6

4.

JJ

is 20

f0\ my

my

more

than

what?

less than

what?

more

than

oz.

13.

773is 99s % less than

$920.931 is 337s %

$7.
Ans. 7*5

what?

pk. 637 qt.

less 'than what?

93 mi. 6 fur.

less than

what?

5 Ib. 2

what?
than

more

oz.

9s dr.

^"s.

155|

what?
Ans.

$4358.061

1"

J%

is 233

bu.

Ans.

3 bu. 1

Am.
12.

6440

Ans.

than

4gdr. is 50 %

$
3"

.4ns. 48 da.

what?

more

42 mi. Ifur. 20 rd. is 55

Am.

what?

less than

Ans.

what?

than

170.

$8.60

Ans.

what?

14| %

100 tir'Ci

Ans.

than what?

2,pk.7 qt. is

21b. 9

riy

age.'

more

more

; and

what?

less than

being

age

is 1
jj|j,

brother's

less than

bu. is 60

85|

by

ft,or

age 100

Ans.
11.

inn
-^^^

less than

cent,

per

Ans.
10.

5"^$325.00
is

28 yr. divided

this,or

3.

"

old is he ?

is 100

con

old,which
Call my

"

',

$325.

how

age

'

tient,
$3.25,by 100,to get 100$,
the rent

more

7"

more,

then ?

"

"

#; divide "337 by 116,to

fc,and multiply the quo-

is 16

house, which

than

more

$210.50

what?

$1307.41^
is 7s % of the
water
60 gal.
w.
sp., 4j gal.
Ans.

15.

64i gal.of alcohol,the

In

spirit
; how
16.

many

gal.of

$32;

cost

coat

each ?
the

Ans.

trimmings

cost

70%

50 % less, than the cloth : what

the making
Ans. Cloth $17.77|,trim. $5. 33s, mak.
cost?
and

SUGGESTION.
their

sum

180

Cloth

"

$32.

100
Find

%\ trimming
1

and

then

30

did each

$8.88"

%\ making

the rest.

less,

50

RAY'S

"M2

If

17.
of

cost

farmer

bu.

of wheat
is 4

grinding

ARITHMETIC.

39.Ub.of flour,and

makes

"/0;how

bbl. of

many

get for 80 bu. of wheat?

How

18.

HIGHER

flour

15

Ant.

the

can

bbl.

eagles,each containing9 pwt. 16.2

many

gr.

of pure

gold,can I get for 455. 6538 oz. pure gold at the

mint,allowing1A "/0for expense of coinage? Ans. 928.
2047

19.

is 10

4246^

20.

of 110 %
*==!,

is 6

of 50

less than

what

of

466! %

drew

out

of his money,
he at first?

22.
what

of

"f ^e
his

to

; what

AM.

40^

had

left

of my

remainder

the whole

of

60%

how

wife

$1700.

his

property to his
75 % of the remainder

balance,$500,

had

much

had left $2 ;
Atu. $3.50

to

property, and each share

Property, $7500;

of

and

his son,

the

what

3725.

of

$1557.20;

money,

to

daughter,and

was

50%

of

Am.

dying,left 33g %

man

wife,60 %

bank

and

I gave away 42f

had I at first?

23.

than

more

Ans.
A

70 %
had

2300.

AM.

number?
21.

number?

$2500;

son

vant
ser-

$3000;

daughter$1500.
24.
women,

In

who

company

of

87, the

443 %

are

"f the

In

school,5 %

and

the attendance

how

many

XV.

of the

is 570

absent?

OF

APPLICATIONS
The

AIIT. 257.

Percentage, can

9 children.

always absent,

pupilsare
many
Ans.

of the

of each?

many

24 women,

how

37s %

are

; how

men

54 men,

Ans.
25.

children

the

on

600;

roll,and
and

30.

PERCENTAGE.

importanceof thoroughlyunderstanding

not

be

estimated.

over

"

gain or loss,the value

marking goods,in calculating
commission,"c., its applications
investments, interest,
no
various,important,and of dailyoccurrence
; and
until he ia
be a ready and complete accountant
can

In
of
are
one

familiar with its

Although

the

and
principles

specialrules

in
satisfactory,
especially
RE

TIB

example.

w."

256.

What

the

are

first two

the

is Case

methods.

4?

The

simplestand most
cases, the general

role?

The

proof?

SO!M

GAIN

AND

rule

(Art.252), is easy to
for the firstthree cases, and

LOSS.

213

and
recollect,

serves

very

for the fourth

even

well

case, after

Blightpreparation.
Particular

should

care

exercised

is the standard

quantitywhich
the rate

be

takes

per cent,

effect;and

quantityalways represents100
REMARKS.
All

they

1. The

"

is,on,

mean

of hundredths

phrase is
but

used

it is

words

or

of the
in

more

BO

per

comparison
bear

cent, have

no

hundred,and

say,

in mind

that this

reference

"Ten

to money.

rate

it may
than
per

cent, is a

per

It is

be.
of any

cent,

of

ber
num-

true, the

other

article,

the

cloth;" "Seven
per cent, of
hundredths
of the labor, cloth,and

many

which

on

cent.

by
quantity,whatever
speaking of money
to

the
ascertaining

of the

cent,

per

per

the

perfectlyproper

"Twenty
meaning

of

in

labor;"

the

time;"
spectively.
time, re-

advantage of using rates per cent.,or ratios in hundredths,

instead of ordinary ratios,is that rates
per cent., like all other
fractions having a common
denominator, are
more
easilycompared
than ordinary ratios.
Thus, it is not easy to see which of the two
ratios
^nd ^ is the greater,but as soon
as
they are expressed in
7
vanishes.
hundredths, viz: 42f % and 44g %, the difficulty
2. The

XVI.
The

258.

ART.

AND

GAIN
increase

or

LOSS

decrease

which

variable

any

quantityundergoes,is called its gain or loss.

The rate of gain or loss is the rate per cent, the gain
which the gain or loss accrues.
on
or loss is of the quantity
dard
The
quantityon which gain or loss accrues, is the stanloss,and is
of comparison in questionsof gain or
100

therefore

per cent.
GENERAL

RULE.

Representthe quantityon icliich gain or loss accntes

such rule of Percentageas
per cent.,and proceedby
requires.
tf the question
NOTE.

east,is

"

should

itandard

gain

the standard

REVIEW.
care

In

"

of

of money
the sum
loss of money,
of comparison,and is therefore 100

or

single rule comprehends all the

bo exercised in all questionsof percentage?
comparison always represent?
257.

What

by 100
the nature

invested,or
per
cases

What

cent.

?
must

What
th"

RAY'S

214

HIGHER

ARITHMETIC.

4 cases
of Gain or Loss, solved
259. There are
like the 4 correspondingcases
of Percentage.
ART.

which gain or
on
Given,the quantity
of gain or loss,to find the gain or

I.

CASE

"

the rate

and

what

$4800,

invested

Having

$4800 being
the gain
which
the quantity on
accrues, is 100$; the gain being
hundreths
of it, is
13| ^=13g
I
of
in
found
Case
as
Percentage,
it
bj multiplying
by 13|,and diTiding the product by 100.

is

13s %'

14400
4800
4200
"

jj"

66 6.0 0

$5
REMA.RKS.

1.

gain

$4800
13j

The

ANALYSIS."

gain

loss.

gain?

is my

or

of

rate

my

loss accrv^i,

When

"

the

loss,is obtained

gain

by

an

loss

or

addition

4 6 6
is

or

of gain is 25
If my rate
for sale that cost me
$8;

Sum

Gam.

after

known,

the

gain.

amount

after

subtraction.

should

how

%,

mark

$7.50; $6.25; $4.75;

$3.87A; $2,62A; $1.93|; 62^ct.;15ct.ayard?
yi"s.$10;$9.1m; $7.81i; $5.93?; $4.84"; $3.28|;
$2.42T'a;784 ct.; 18.fct.a yard.
lose 20 % on
2.
If I must
damaged goods, how

goods

should

those

I mark

that

cost

122ct.: 25 ct.; 43|ct.;

me

75 ct; $1.10; $2. 40; $3.50; $4.37i; $5.81|; $6.56J;

$7.68|; $8.10

yard?

10 ct.; 20 ct.; 35

Ans.

60 ct.;

ct. ;

88 ct.;

$1.92;

$2.80; $3.50; $4.65; $5.25; $6.15; $6.48, a yard.

has

populationof

The

3.

26? %

increased

of them

Ans.

left?

Ib. Tr. contains

5.
more:

what

how

REVIEW.

1760

was

is it now?

last year, and

Ans. 2222.

lost 11| %
inhabitants,
died,and how many are
4963 died; and 37577 left.
5760 gr., and a Ib. av. 21 3 e %

citycontaining42540
by cholera: how many

4.

town

many
"

In using rates

268. What

is

example.

How

gr. does

257. What
per

cent

it contain?

is said of the words

instead

of

Ans.
per

cent.?

ordinary ratios?

7000 gr.

What
Give

an

advantage
example.

is the rate of gain or loss ?

In all
gain or loss ? What
of
which
What
is
100
is
the
or
questions
loss,
%1
gain
quantity
general
In
which
rule?
gain or loss of money
quantity is 100 J"? Why?
of gain or loss ?
1 ?
259. How
What
is Ca*e
cases
Analyze the
many
can

tho

quantity nftrr gain

or

lof"sbe found

(JAIN

how

far does

per

go

TJ. S. standard

7.

LOSS.

g:"cs 42 mi. 3 fur. 18rd.

6.

AND

day; B, 15 %

faster:

6fur. 14.7rd.

48mi.

Am.

day?
gold is

215

ard
pure, and Englishstandpure is it? Ans. \* pure.
n)

gold is l|f %

purer: how
8.
U. S. standard silver is T9opure, and English standard
silver is 2 3 "/0
Ans. 40 pure.
purer: how pure is it?
9.
The
of publishinga book is 50 ct. a copy;
cost
of sale be 10 % of this,and the profit
if the expense
Ans. 67^ ct.
25 c/0'.
what does it sell for by the copy?
A

10.

business

began

with

$5000 : the 1st

the
to his capital;

gained 14| %, which he added

he gained 8 %, which he added to
he lost 12 %, and quit:how much
when

his

capital;the 3d

better off
Ans.

started?

he

year he
2d year
he

was

year
than

$452.92
at $1.25

an
government land
160
break
him
160
fence
it
to
it
cost
to
it,
%
c/0
acre;
% to plant it,100 % to harvest
up. 80 % for seed, 100
each
it,112 % for threshing,100 % for transportation:
acre
produced 35 bu. of wheat, which he sold at 70 ct. a

bushel

12.

gain

farm

much

how

did

of

he

gain

14.

how

What

35

I sell

must

horse

Bought

rest,so
16.

"

added, to get

$2.50

at

I sell them

Set.,and

15.

hams

Since

that

Ib. at

the

to

above

acre

house,and

all

$13.10

$150,
$202.50

cost

Ans.

must

for,that

%1.

SUGGESTION.
for

every

Ans.

gave $4850 for his

less: what is his price?
13.

on

the firstyear?

expenses
to

bought

\\f

me

offers it for 20

$3880.

Ans.

Ib. ; the wastage is 10 %:

gain 30 %1 Am* llf ct. a Ib.
ct.

Ib. wastes
costs

rate

10

%,

or

8" ct.; to

I get
J'Q,

which

30

only -faIb
% must be

sellingprice.

bought

.a

cask

of

brandy containing 46 gal.at

I sell the
gal.; if 6 gal.leak out, how must
Ans. $3.59! per gal.
to gain 25 %?
as
I started in business with $10000, and gained 20
per

the first year, and added it to what

I had; the 2d year
I gained 20 %, and added it to my capital;
the 3d year I

gained 20 %.
ART.

260.

loss accrues,
gain or loss.
or

What
CASE
mid

had
II.

"

the

I then?

Ans.

Given,the quantityon
gain or toss,to find

$17280.
which
thf

gain

rate

of

RAY'S

"1"

ARITHMETIC.

IHGIIIOK

quantity on which gaiu or loss accrues, and

the quantity aftergain or loss,are given, their difference
is the gain
and
the
under this case.
or loss,
question would come
REMARK.

The

165000

was

creased

; how

Here

the

45000, the quantity on

100$ =266| %.

gain

which

the

how

many

do

cent,

per

goods, how

per cent, do I
Ans. 50.

many

lose?
If I

3.

buy

at

$1

and

sell

buy

at

$1

and

sell at

at

"9, how

many
per cent
Ans. 800.

$4, how

per cent.
many
Ans. 300.

gain ?
If I

4.

gain?

5.' If I

buy

at

$4

and

$1, how

sell at

many

do I lose?
If I sell

6.

how

"

money,

my

If I lose half my

how
7.

wit

120000, which, compared

gain accrues, id V/oVu0

Ans. 100.

2.

me,

it in

is

gain?

de I

and

Ans.

If I double

1.

do I

had

cent,

per

many

45000,

was

in the interval?

ANALYSIS."

of

in 1840

populationof Cincinnati

1850

in

If the

"

of

article for what

an

many
per cent, do I gain?
If I sell g of an
article for what

cent.

75.

the whole
Ans.

cost

80.

of it cost

me.

Ans. 31

do I lose?

per cent,

many
8. If

per
Ans.

person sell 14 oz. of candles for a pound, how

Aits. 14?
many
per cent, does he gain?
eter
9. How
% largeris the earth's equatorialdiammany
a

(15850mi.) than
If I sell

10.

its

polar diameter (15798mi.)?

Ans. 3 % nearly.

article for

an

of its cost, how

do I lose?

3ent.

U. S. half dollars coined

The

11.

since

8pwt. of standard silver;those coined

8pwt. 14:}gr. of standard silver;how many
valuable
12.

1.1in.

the latter than

are

log 1ft.

thick

6 in.

what

1853, contain
before,contain
per cent,

the former?

thick,is

sawn

per
many
Ans. 66 j

Ans.

into 13

is wasted?

boards
Ans.

more

7,~ii
each

9|t

U. S. wine gallon contains 231 cu. in.,and the

beer gallon 282 cu. in.: how many
% largeris the lattei
13. The

i E

w."

260.

loss accrues,

gain
wo
proceed?
or

What
and

i? Case

the

2 ?

The

quantityafter

Analyze tho example.

If tho

rule ?

gain

or

quantityon which
loss,
given,how do
arc

RAT'S

$423.50

what

$12.32

; and

in Case

as

How

1.

to

what

lost

how

5.

it

to

in

at

22-J%

B each

and

3s % of B's money:

$222. 22'!
lOct

make

the

most

75

"2400,

ct.

of all

$35.

"f A's

an^

and

money,

$30

had

Ib.r

7? %

was

2? %

was

profit

how
B.

than

more

is 120

which

% of my
pain last year, and that is 44g % of my gain the year
before: what were
gains the two previousyears?
my
last year.; $4500 year before.
Ant,. $2000
The dogs killed 40 of my sheep,which
7.
4^ %
was
6.

of my

gained this

it,

$25000.

Ans.

had

Ans.

gain,I

$5, which

which

much?

from

Ans.

lost

:"

accrues

he-low cost:

I?

had

$1232

at

year

gold coin,which

dollar

=s

subtracted

or

Am.

much

loss

or

JMj,

accrues.

"50 by sellingsugar

If I sell tea at 131 %

much
a pound did I give?

I had:

gain

AH*.

3.

4.

gain

-j-

"12.32

100 times

I make

must

$423.50

the cost?

was

how

-which

quantity on

the

large sales
clear $2000?

I lost

2.

cost

gain or loss may be added

quantity after gain or loss

tt get the

of 8

After

"

=$423.50,

%, or the whole
Percentage.

A of

(he

IOWH,

34| %

1 gave, my

than

more

me?

100

REMARK.

did it cost

Since

ANALYUIS."

ARITHMETIC.

lot for 34*

By sellinga
is

HIGHER

flock: how

lots h"is

Sold

IV.

accrual, and
which

quantityon

for

goods

I left?

had

many

CASE

262.

ART.

year

920.

Ans.

Given, (he quantify aftergain or

the rate of gain or loss,
to jind the
"

gain

loss accrues.

or

$25.80, by

which

gained 7 2 %'"

what

the cost?

was

BOLDTIOV.

107.J%\
tost

The

"

then

"

fouL-1,the

difference

will be the
RBvtKw."

quantity after
example.

261.

How

$24 ;

%\

the $25.80

gain

as

or

it and

gain

ia the gain

4 of

which

!he

being 1\ %
100 %
Percentage.

more,

24 ct., and

gain

or

loss

or

accrues

quantityaftergain

it
the

is

or

loss

can

the

loss.

is Ca."e 3d?

be

.J
=

in Case

quantity on

between

What

lose or

the

After

is TOO

$25.80 -=-1 07

100 times 24 ct.

REMARK.

Vhe

cost

found?
or

Analyte
262.

loss found T

the

What

exhiiple.
is Case

Ho

4th?

GAIN

how

cloth

Sold

1.

much

S3. 85

at

yard

33' %: what

gain

10%:

wa?

$3.50

Am.

sold

horse

at

and

bought another,

sold

horse

him

out

at

$1212.68

$1082.75 and
40 % gain; with

An*.

my

did each

got if I had

I have

12 %?
Sold

what

yd.; my

pay?
of
at
$5 a piece,yield a profit
AH*. $3.75
cost
a
piece?
$952.82 aud lost 12 %\ what was the

Sold oat for

cost? and what would
4.

21'J

did I

3.

gain of

LOSS.

pens, sold
did they

Gold

2.

AND

proceedsI

the

$238, losing20 %:

for

me?

cost

1st,$297. 50 for 2d.

advance
of 13s %; invested
the
5. Sold flour at an
sold
lot
in
and
this
flour
at
a
again,
profitof
proceeds
did each lot cost
24 %, realizing$3952.50: how much
me?
Aus. l*t lot,$2812.50; 2d lot,$3187.50
invoice of goods purchasedin New
6. An
York, cost
aud I sold them at a gain of
8 % for transportation,
me
total
cost
16s % on their
on
realizing$1200:
delivery,
An*.
invoiced
at?
what were
$1000.
they
increased
of
The
50
7.
population a village
% each
$212.50

An*.

the

year on
the end
each

For

years

the

100 %,
previous,

was

it worth
of

at

lost

9.

the

my
and

XVII.

remainder

Ono

benefit,and

merchant, agent,
When

the

country

at
or

i "

the

his money
2d, and so

on

was

reduced

his

w.

AND

buys

debts, or
the advice

or

"

263. What

of

270.
year

on

to

the

1st game,
for 10 successive
last dollar:

$1024.

BROKERAGE.

sells

transacts

of

at

$100000: what
Ans. $1502.50

of

property, makea
other

another,is

business

in
foi

commi'"aion

factor.
merchant

part of the country from

or

each

Ans.

commission

called
frequently
v

ho

who

collects

vestments,

worth

became

COMMISSION
263.

ART.

80, 120, 180,

property increased

play 50 %

at

years, and
it at the end

was

first?

games,
Lad he at first?

what

R E

what
Am.

when

the

405:

was

previousyear?

8.

50

for four successive

previousone,

of the 5th

for

lives

in

different

his

employer,he ia
or
correspondent
consignee; goods pen!
ia

commigiinn

merchant, agent,

or

factor r

RAY'S

2-"0

to him

to be

sold

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

called

arc

and
consignment,

Bonding them a conniijnor.

The
charge made hy a commission
another's
estimated

at

realized for the

or

the

merchant
his

business, is called

certain

rate

per

other's

the person

This

benefit.

is

invested

sum

rate

acting
trans-

and

commi^inn,

of the

cent,

for

is

cent,

per

of commission.

rate

BROKERAGE

is

charge of
generallysmaller.

but

264.

ART.

The

the

nature

same

as

sion,
commis-

of the sole,purchase,or collection,

is tl"e standard of comparison,and is,therefore,
100 %.
The net proceedsof a sale or collection is the sum
left
after deducting the commission
and other charges.
amount

GENERAL

RULE

COMMISSION.

FOR

Representby 100 per cent, the quantityon which the

or
brokerageis charged,{which is always the amount
and
then proceed,by such
collection,')
the nature
of the questionrequires.

sale,purchase, or

Percentageas
Commission

CASE

Given, the

285.

ART-.

and
collection,

the

commission

like the

of

the

rule

of

corresponding

Percentage.

of

cases

4 cases, solved

has

sion
commis-

amounting
2-i%: how

rate

I.

amount

of

merchant

of the

commission, to
makes

$1684'75.37i, on

to

much

sale,purchase,or

sales
which

did his commission

find

the

mission.
com-

during a year
charge wag

his

to?

come

sales,$108475. 37A, is 100$,; the

commission,being 1\ fc,is found by multiplying by 2A,and dividing
by 100, as in Case I of Percentage; this gives $4211.88.
ANALYSIS.

The

"

REMARK.

"

If the commission

of sales

amount

the amount

1.

to the

I collect for
much
2G3.

Flow

is

What

i"

n.

($4211.88)be

the remainder
($10847o.37A),

paid

Low

ion:

of

amount

What

brokerage?

from

will
($104203.40^)

the
be

consignors.

A,

$268.40,and

do I pay

commission

subtracted

is

over?

have

Ans.

consigner? A consignment?
merchant
paid f What is the rate
a

commis-

$254.98
A

consignee?

of commission

COMMISSION

2.

28bbl.

whisky, 35

commission

my

3.
of

6 hhd.

5 ct.

commission

4.

at

$648.75:

what

is his

tho rest at

for
the

fee,ana

ct.

lb.

$61.60

a
collecting

of

note

proceeds?

net

$51.90,

Ana.

lb.,and

54

Ans.

8 %

lawyer charged

(36547 lb.):

6 ct.

%?

is

$114.65

25 hhd. sugar

lb.,and

bbl,

gal.:what

(16875 lb.)at

10 hhd.

(8246 lb.)at
is my

ct.

Ans.

commission

on

I sold

22A

gal.each, at

2\ %?

at

Received

which

what

B, 650 bbl. of flour,at $7.50

sell for

of

BROKERAGE.

AND

$596.85

and

$1346.50 to collect,
compromises by taking 80 %, and charges 5 % for his
fee : what is his fee,and the net proceeds?
AM.
$53.86, and $1023.34
G.
Bought for C, a carriagefor $950, a pairof horses
for $575, and harness for $120; paid chargesfor keeping,
packing, shipping,"c., $18.25; freight,$36.50: what
was
my commission, at 3s %, and the whcle bill?
Ans. $54.83, and $1754.58
5.

NOTE.

lawyer,having

Commission

"

500000

Sold

7.

is

debt

of

pork, at 5j

lb. of

ct.

commission,at 12; %1

my

what
for his company:
for the company,

$28302.75

and
for his company,
the year after payment

c/0of

what

received

sums

the end

at

and

pays

losses.

$3169.16

Ana.

charges 3j c/cfor designingand

building,'vhich cost $27814.60: what

of

make, if he

will he

architect

An

ceives
re-

$2830.27-1

Am.

$47363.87-,

$31344.50?

superintending
is his

$973.51
3i c/0for guaranteeing

fee?

Ans.
A

11.

2? % commission, and
payment: if the sales are $6231.25,
factor has

he get r
RK

year, if he

remains
what

of losses:

receives for his company,

10.

in

received

sums

agent has 5 % of all

insurance

An

9.

make

he

is

$3437.50

Ans.

docs

purchase.

lb. : what

agent has 10 % of all

insurance

An

8.

of the

the amount

charged only on

VIEW.

Am.

"

264.

What

docs it represent then

What

is the

of commission
the net

What

generalrule
?

proceeds ?

265.

quantity
are

is tho standard

the net

for conm.ission

What

is Caso

1 ?

of

proceeds of

what

$389.45

comparison ?
a

sale

or

What

collection ?

brokerage? How muny

Analyze tho example. What

and

doe"

cases

ara

IIIGHKR

RAY'S

;"i"'2

2,3%

for

building

costs

lions, and
if the

$14902.50

sells for

broker

i:".

charges\\ % for plans and specifics

dues lie make,
what
.superintending:

architect

]"_'. An

ARITHMETIC.

'(

lOhhd.

me

$014.73

Ans.

at
(9256 lb.),

sugar
and
r/n,

proceeds?
brokerage,at f
my
Ans. Brokerage,$3.47; proceeds,
$459.33
14.
at $3850, and charges
A sells a house and lot for me
Ans. $24.00.1
t~% brokerage: what is his fee?
5

ct. a

lb.;what

15.

I have

through a

commission, and sell it

is 2-1 %,
for $4(342.85: my commission

lot of tobacco

broker

brokerage \\ c/0:what

the

do

is his

does

What

K).

Ans.

keep?

$-37850,at

I pay

the

keep $63.84;

and

do

gathererget

tax

on

and

how

much

for

does

broker, and

what

$52.23
tax
a
collecting
brok.

of

over?

he

pay
%,
$1135.50 rec'd; $30714.50 paid over.
collector is paid 4i % for collectinga tax

Ans.

17.

tax

$218090.75:

is his

what

fee,and the

proceeds?
$9814.35 fee,$208282.40 paid over.

AM.

CASE

268.

ART.

II.

to
collection,

misnion.

$50,
the

and

paid

sum

the

of

amount

of

rate

sellinga

for

owner

com-

was

$1200:

$6.43?

$1250, as

commission

A
a

bbl.,and

is his rate

of the

in Case

II of

remits

the

net

did the architect

was
was

c/0,
find

Percentage.
bbl. of flour,at

proceeds, $5021.25:

of commission?

2j %.

Ans.

The cost of a buildingwas

3.
the architect's commission,which

4
then

sale,$12oO;

sells 800

merchant

let

what

Ans.
the amount

Find

"

"/c $50 is of

what

commission

auctioneer's
the

SUGGESTION.

2.

iind the

of commission?

rate

what

the

An

1.

net

Given, the commission, and

or
sale,purchase,

the

of

$19017.92, including
was

$553.92:

charge?

what

AUK.

rato

%.

Bought flour for A; my whole bill was $5802.57

including charges, $70.85, and commission, $148.72
find the rate of commission.
Ans. 2ij%.
5.
debt of $1050:
a
Charged $52.50 for collecting
what was
of commission?
^l//s. 5 '/t
my. rate
4.

0.

$8400:

An

agent

what

was

gets
his

$169.20

rate

of

for

sellingproperty

brokerage?

Aits. 2

fur

%.

AND

COMMISSION

for sellingbooks
My commission
proceeds,$02.28: what rate did

7.
the

BROKERAGE.

not

"6.92, and

was

charge?
An*. 10

the

wis

$38.40

Paid

8.

of

rate

Paid

9.

what

$42.28,

111.

11.

what

collector

tax

subtract

the

the whole

coat,

as

My
the

wore

commission,
the

ease

commissions

sales,and

may

III of Perec

2.

10

An

the

ut

Ans.
and

lax

%.
over

pays

\\%.

Ann.

the

to

charged.

which

is

commission

charged,
it,to find

add

proceeds,

net

of com.,

rate

or

be.

2\ %,are $3500: what

proceeds?
$140000 and $136500.

iu 1 year, at
the whole net

2^

$3-300;find

%,

then

100

%\

as

in Case

age.

insurance
the

on

is

on

AUK.
SUQOKSTION."

of

ITI.

sum

find

to

at

*2i"/#*

collectinga

his commission?

commission

finding the

After

"

1.

which

on

sum

NOTE.

for

Given, the commission, and

267.

part

my

Com.

%;

$0826.45,

retains

c/0is

what

jjf/0.

as

him?

is allowed

rate

CASE

find the

Brok.

gathereris paid $3711

$539280.55:

AUT.

retained

what

sellingu consignment
brokerage,and my rate

of

rate

and

for

Ans.

tax

$74220:

of

the

was

commission

Ans.
.

$24.16,

broker

%.

$0400

goods worth
selling

brokerage?

:"f (he commission

$2116:

for

received

sums

company's

agent's income
fur the

$1733.45, being

is

what

company:

were

$15001.05

receipts?
3. A
pork merchant
charged 15 c/n commission, and
cleared $2370.15, after paying out SI 200. 75 for all expenses
of packing: how many
of
pounds
pork did he pack,
if it cost 4" ct. a pound?
Ans. 530800
Ib.
An
4.
aj:cnt purchased,according to order, 10400 bu.
jf wheat ; liis commission,
at 1] %, was
$150, and chargos
for storage, shipping,and freight,
$527 10*. what did he
| ay

bushel?

Pai-1 $04.05

5.
.

what

REVIEW."
the not

and

what

$1.20

Am.

eiagc

Ans.

net

are

266.

prococdd

for

What

Ibund?

the whole

bu., and

the

was

net

cost?

$13103.10,

which
soiling
enffoe,

proceeds?

is Case

2?

lluw, the whole

2t"7. What
cost?

whole cost.
was

Auk.

I%

brolc*

$7255.95

if Caa"

5?

How

ar"

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

HAY'S

surplus
my
produce on commission at 2j r/f,\
after paying i ('/0
commission,
brokerage, is $107.03: what
net
of the sale,the brokerage,and
the amount
was
pro
cceds?yl"s.
Sale,$01 10; brok.,$30.58; pro., $5078.39
0. lU'coivcd

what

collectingtaxes at 2 A %'"
received by the State?
the taxes, and the sum
Tax, $34450.80, paid to State,$33589.53
paid $801.27

is

7.

were

Ans.

were

for

Ans.

IV.

CASE

Given, the

268.

ART.

the whole

or
proceeds,

known,

1. After

"

2. When

the

"

The

charged, is 100

what

and

Sent

2.

must

then

100

3.

mission
com-

debt

%\
100

debt for

is

the

the

100, use

client,takes 4 ^ for

quantity

taken,

in Case

fa] as

is

charged

(Art.69.)

being

if 4

is little less than

case

balance,$207.00:
Ans. $210.25

the

is

commission

there

IV

of

what

$8.05

and

"wjich

on

is left 90

the

was

commission
=

"207.00:

Percentage.

commission
2j %
$1000 to buy a carriage,
the carriagecost?
Ans. $975.01

% 4~2i %

100

SUGGESTION."
then

this

the fee?

SOLUTION.

f0

which

on

sum

the net

subtraction.

Division.

of

which

on

by

in

remits

fee,and

find 1

sum

lawyercollects

debt and

is

the

divisor

method

1.
his

cost, to find the

find the commission

contracted

commission,and

of

rate

charged.

is
NOTES.

what
.?-"":
$109020.7.9
1

at
collecting,

proceeds?

net

my

$1952.04

Paid

8.

for

102| %

find

=$1000;

%.
A

buys

lot of coffee; charges,$50.85;

the whole
did
cost is $539.01: what

per order

commission, l.{%;

the coffee cost?

SUGGESTION.

"

Ans.
Take

out

the

the rest

charges;

as

$470.80

before.

2] $ commission,and 2 j % for guar

ntccing payment: if the whole cost is $1500. what wa
Ans. $1431.98
the cost of the sugar?

Buy

4.

sugar

KEVIRW."
tJO

at

100-J-2]
-f 2i

SUGGESTION."

If

"6S.

AVhat

is Case

divisor is littleless than

4 ?

104f^=$1500;

How

100, what

can

may

rest

the commission
bo done?

as

before

be

found

RAY'S

2-20

business

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

transacted

is

generallysuch as to exceed
Hie menus
of
one
person;
as, Banking, .Mining, Insurance, "c.
Railroads, canals, steamboats, turnpikes, bridges, telegraphs,"c.,
owned
and
are
managed by joint-stockcompanies.
The

them

by

The

is called its stock,and, for

capitalof a company
coTivenie.iice
is usuallydivided into shares of "100, or "50,
is issued.
for each share a certificate
who

Persons

stock

Jioli/cm ;

shares

own

be

can

called

are

or
stockholders,

transferred

from

another, the certificates being evidence

The

dividend is the

On

account

one

of

sharcto

person

ownership.

the stock
gain to be divided among
holders, in proportionto their amounts
of stock.
Hence,
is
in
the
nature
of
a joint-stock
a
partnership.
company

certain

of shares

declare

to

the

Given,the stock,and

"

the dividend

for that
18

own

Co., which

has

of

$50 each, in

declared

dividend

147

of railroad

stock:

how

many

Ans.

7 shares,and

of 12

dividend
The

of

7;j%

to

dividend

additional

bank

of

what

"07.50

("50 each), on
5 %, payable in

do I receive?

shares

"17.50

shares

stock

toward

stock

share.

another

("100 each),and

%:

how

much

is that?

Cincinnati

Gas

Co. declare

of 18

dividend

gets

"'201"j.

Ans.

%:

E get on
50 shares ("100 each)? An*. "1*00.
The
Western
Stage Co. declare a dividend of 4i per

5.

if their whole

cent

it.

railroad

declared

is

"150000,

Co., whoso

dividend

stock

d"

I K

w.

"

2'if. What

What

iln-ytransact?

the rtofkiioldi-rs?
itock holders?

What

What

is

account

what
3^ c/0'.

of

much

how

Aim.

Ans.

j'-int-stock
company
ii the ."tc,ck?

is the

is the rate

dividend?
of dividend?

distribut. I

"148'Jl"0.

What

kind

lluw

L" it dividi-d ?

How

is it divided
What

is distributed

$(?750.
"4-~)l"OOf|,

was

sum

the stockholders?

monir

stock

the stockholders?

to

Tii'?."

ance
City Insur-

do

what

II

entitled

am

has 218

4.

shares

which

3.

the
Ans.

own

per

rate

do I receive?
I

rate

of dividend,to find
(See Case I,Percentage.)

slock.

shares

dividend, as

stock ; this
per cent, of the whole
be called the rate of dividend.

I.

CASE

2.

in such

rate

may

1.

great number

it is convenient

concern,

cent,

of the

is Case

"'f luisi.
What

among

I?

arc

llu'

AND

DISCOUNT,

PAR,

PREMIUM.

Telegraph Co., with a^capitalof $75000, declares

dividend of 7 %, and ha? $0500 surplus: \vl";ithas it

ea

rued ?

7.

" 1 1750.

vi us.

24 shares of stock ($25 each) in a Fuel Co.

own
declares a dividend of 0 %; I take my dividend
in
Set. a bu.: how much
do I get?
Aut. 450 hu.

8.

which

coal, at

270.

CASE

It.

what

rate

Given, (he stock, and

dividend,to
find (he rale of dividend.
(See Case II,Percentage.)
1
My dividend on 72 shares bank stock,("50 each),
Aim. 9 c/0.
the rate of dividend?
is $324: what was
2. A
stock is $225000, earns
Turnpike Co., whose
A

IIT.

$10384.50

"

of dividend

7 %, and $0-34.50 surplus.

Ans.

of a Canal Co., whose stock is $3050000,

receipts
one
year arc $250484; the outlayis $70383: what rate
dividendcan it declare? Ans. 4i %,and $12851 sur.

3.
in
of

it declare?

can

The

III.

CASE

271.

ART.

di'int,
given,to

Jind

The

"

(he stuck

dividend,and rate of didcorresponding.(SeeCase III,

Percentage.)
what

2.

Co.

Insurance

1. An
dividend:

is its stock account?

gets $04.50

man

$1 8000, and

earns

($50

shares of stock

as

how

cach\

$26

and

stock

how

of another

272.

CASE

Having

another

of

received

%,
I

had

many

XIX.

TAR,
273.

terms,

$15

dividend, and
of another

then

share:

1 before the dividend?

2.

AHT.

stock

($;"0 each),and

two

dividends

stuck

my
at

has

in

increased

DISCOUNT,

PAH, DISCOUNT, and

nunn-i/^

AND

had

to

102

how

many

Ans.

03.

stock,one

lirst?

appliedtit

Gi".

(See Case IV, Percentage.)

IV."

Received, 10 %

shares had

hu"v

shares

many
An*.

AUT.

1.

many

27.

Ans.

I?

shares

15%

$120000.

Ans.

dividend:

each) has he?

5 shares ($50
3. Received
blhire, as an
8 c/0dividend
on
had

declares

of

5%,

507

shares:
Ans. 500.

PREMIUM.

PKEMITM,

and
s/oc'/.-s,
lnjinl*,

medium
of trade,in
Mitnryis the circulating
and
bank
and
silver
notes.
coins,
gold

are

tile
mercan-

"/M/*/*.
the lorn: of

HAY'S

228

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

Banks, Insurance
nies,
compa$50 or $100 each.
checks,are written orders for

invested in
money
in the form of sharesitc.,

S/orks,are

Drafts,Li'llsof exchange,or
Jionds

money.

to
obligations

at

money

pay

time.

future

value

All

274.

ART.

sfoc7is,
bonds,and

money.

face,called

their

on

nominal

value, is what

real

Their

or

have
drafts,
value.

par

worth
intrinsically

they arc

sell for.

and

their

When

they arc
Latin).
they arc

is the

real

same

their

as

value

nominal

said to be par, (the word par meaning equal,in

When
they sell for less than their nominal value,
below

at

or

par,

When

discount.

a'

value,they

their nominal

than

more
a

written

arc

they

above

are

sell for
at

or

par,

premium.
much

less,
money,
drafts,"c., arc worth,than their face. Premium
much
they are worth,than their fa ce.
more,
is the rate
Rate
of premium, or rate of discount,
the premium or discount is of the face.
ART.

is how

Discount

275.

ART.

face

The

276.

or

drafts,
"c.,is the standard

of

subjecthas 4 cases,
of Percentage.

This
cases

per

cent,

stocks,

hence, this

RULE.
cent ; and

then

proceedby such
of the question requires.

the nature

as

is how

money,

comparison

Represent the face by 100 per

of Percentage

of
:

GEXERAL

rule

value

par

stocks,

solved like the 4

corresponding

I.

Given, the par value, and tlie rate of premium

discount,to find the premium or discount. (SecCase I

CASE
or

"

Percentage.)
NOTE.
'o

(he real

get
RE

VIE

is money

above

What

What

What

When
par,

"f discount?

What

have?

Ktoclc:,Ac.?
called?

270.

or

arc

at

Rato

is

premium,

if it is

correspond to?

What

they

value;

w."

Cnso

do

result

If the

"

273.

are

2?

What

274.

What

is their real value?

they below

premium
of

premium?

par,
275.

or

What

are

at

to

the par

be subtracted.

Case

3?

drafta 7
is the

par

nro

discount?

is discount

and

Whut

When

What

272.

Par, Discoim*,

arc

What

stocks ?
bonds?

271.

added

be

it must
discount,

is Case

nro

it, must

Premium
""th-T

value

they par?
?

doo

When
Premium?

name

of mo.i-v
Wl-v
nro

so

tlu"y
TUta

the discount
2.

and

cost.

Sell the

4] %

at

same

Bought G2

30

at

Bought $150
premium, and cost?

in

what

premium:
7.

draft

did I get, and

What

8.

do

$425

Sold

on

tind the prein., the

$1881, and $225.

($50) at 28 %
AM. $3908.
Railroad stock ($50)

shares

for it?

get

$5

$2581.29

Ans.

at 3 % discount:
what
money
Ans. $412.25 and $12.75

uncurrcnt

$1645.

gold at \ c/0premium: what is the

Ans. $1.12i and $151. 12V
New
York
of $2568.45, at A %

lose?
is

bank

worth

note

at

c/0discount?
$4.70

Am.

32

Exchanged

9.

for 40

paid the difference in

10.
Bought 98 shares
in

payment

$4000

" %

at

cash

much

did

Bought

11.

sold them

at

REMARK.

face,instead

of the

exchange

what

was

13.
of

for the

my
What

did I

of

discount

loss

many

84

on

balance

at

shares

106

($50)?

\\% premium, and

at A-% discount?

amount,

69

%;
$2JO.

so

"f0

many

sold it at 01

%\
a

how

$140.

Ans.

generallygiven as
or
premium.

for

cash:

($50)at

stock

is the difference between

at

in

gain?

is

so

Orleans

New

on

Ans.

cost of stocks

$8651.40,
same

the

Turnpike

shares

stock
Bought telegraph

12.
what

56

$120.
15 % discount;

it? Ans.

was

($50)at

premium, and
I pay?

76A %
The

"

what

stock

hill of

($50),"% premium,
($50),10 % discount,

stock

stock

cash:

and

cave

Bank

shares

Railroad

shares

find

$1656.

and

Am.

5.

Sold

discount:

stock

cost?

of 47

discount?

6.

"81,

Railroad

they

is the cost

What

4.

did

what

premium:

shares

22tf

$144,

us.

prcm.:

Ana.

and gain.
price,
3.

($100) at

18 shares stock

Buy

1.

PREMIUM.

AND

DISCOUNT,

PAR,

Ans.
draft
one

Ans.

on

%\
$630.

phia
Philadel-

N.Orleans

on

$151.40

Bought 18 shares Railroad stock ($50) at 12 %

discount,paying A c/0brokerage:what did it cost me?
14.

Ans.

15.

Find

of 9 Ohio

the cost

State bonds

("500) at 8 %
Ans. $4896.45

premium, \ % brokerage.
REVIEW.

"

27i". What

is the

general rule for buying or

cases

in

this

subject?

standard

of

What
comparison?
How
stocks,drafts,Ac.?

sellingmoney,
do they correspond to?

What

Hoiw is the real value found

$795.96

after the premium

or

discount

What

is the
many

is Caso

is known

'(

HAY'S

change $380

10.

$25

iniuin:

the

of

hank

notes

%:

sell

\* my

277.

AKT.

much

them

IT.

for the

difference

2. If the

of

of

rate

or

are

known,

take

the

rule.

real

brokerage, $25.03: what

value

their

cost

or

is

face.

$2300

New

on

shares

York:

1? %.

Ans.

26

the

(See

premium.

premium?
for

the discount

then, apply

draft of

16

required,the

the

for

"2508.03

Paid

2.

1 5 ct.
discount
f/f/

face, and

value

real

lost is

g"iinor

fhe

premium;

comparison, not

the

was

the

or

$2401.30

Paid

be

premium, broke rn^a

Ans. $4524.52

of discount

rale

fitceami

discount
of

rate

the standard

1.

t""

1. If the

"

10

at

Gicen,

"

find the
II,Percentage.)

NOTES.

should

change

($50),at

.stock

gain?

CASK

premium,

pro-

arc

shares

^brokerage;' %\
what

1 .1 ^

;it

Ann.

3o4

Buy

17.

what

gold

the broker?

given

Case

for

notes

S-170 in gold, how

il' I receive

or

ARITHMETIC.

discount; $40 are 2 '/^

'/",
discount:
a'^ discount; and $10 are '"f/fl

are
difeount;!?(."""

f"

HIGHER

($100),and

stock

of discount?

rate

4} %.
($50) $3040 :
the rate of discount?
AUK. 35 '^
what was
If the stock in last example yields8 c/0dividend,
4.
Aim. 12 fV %.
what is my rate of gain f
"Aiu.

Bought 112

3.

shares Railroad

stock

for

I sell the

5.
mium

is that?
If I

G.

is my

what

count

rate

bonds

shares of Railroad
the latter?
were

stock

for 280

8.

$266.661

Gave

gold: what rate

!). Bought 58

fenvnn, and

of

vh;it rate

10.
was

gave

EV/.

rate

"

If the rule

of

the
stock

draft

on

($50) at
Boston

the draft?

was

for

an

What

is Case
if the

2| %.
40 % prc-

Ans.

gold?

for

Ans.

$5

uncurrent

of discount?

277.

corruspondto?

2?

What

and

the real value

case

of

$4000:
lj %.
what

note:

Ans.

What,
face
?
gain or loss i* roquirc'l

87 $,.

% discount,for $250

of notes, 4

payment

$4.60

6^;

($1000),1% premium,
count
($50): what rate of dis-

of

premium

Received

the

in

pro

63

Ans.

premium was
shares Mining

of

rate

\*%.
part of the gain, what
^l;/.s.
75 f^ %.

as

Ohio

what

Ans.

gain?

dividend

my

gain ?
Exchanged 12

of

of

rate

1.

of

$5936:

stock for

same

'.

Percent;iyo iloc? il
nro

known

What.

TIT.

CASE

278.

ART.

AND

DISCOUNT,

PAR,

PREMIUM.

Given, (he

"

flu1 rate

ami

of discount orjfcTMMMN}
III,Percentage.)

Case

NOTKS.
subtract

the

1. After

"

'2. It' (lie

face is obtained,add

orrespoudiug to it,work
1.
much

gold

'1.

lost

36

Paid

stock

$11 7:

how

($50)

shares

many

many

premium,

or

cost.

or

rate

of

cent,

per

for

gold | %

above

the foci

par:

stocks

on

was

discount,

and

104.

Ans.

$93.75:

sold?

how

$48.

Ans.

were

(See

111,Percentage.

discount,at 7 2 %,

The

3.

to it the

par; sold it for il\%

shares ($50) had 1?

at

premium,

or

tlteface.

there?

was

Took

Case

by

premium

ct.

find

to

discount, to get the real value

gain or los.t is given, arid the

the

(Hwm/nt

Ans.

how

25.

8.J% preBuy stock at 4-i% premium

mium;
shares
Ans.
92.
($100)?
gain,$345: how many
5. Buy stocks at 14 % discount; sell at 3] % pretn.;
Ans. 22.
gain,$11)2.50; how many shares ($50)?
G. The premium on
at g ^, was
$10.30: what
a draft,
Ans. $1184.
the face?
was
7.
discount;
Buy stocks at 6 % discount; sell at 42 c/0
; sell at

4.

loss,$600: how
8.

Stocks

$239.97

many

12

at

AUK. 37.
($50)?
c/odiscount, brokerage,$0.03, cost
shares

the face:

less than

how

shares

many

($50)?
Ans.

Bonds,

9.

$300.87'

20

at

the fa-.-e:what

than

more

premium, brokerage

41.

%,

cost

is the face?

$1450.
10 % discount,2* %
Ans.

Buy

10.

bank

uncurrent

brokerage; sell them

at

at

notes

par, and

gain $348.75:

what

was

$4500.
11.
Buy stocks at 40 % discount, brokerage \\ %\
sell them
at 20 %
discount, brokerage 1.}%, and gain
Aits. 63.
$574. 87A: how many shares ($50)?
Ans.

the face of the notes?

of premium

Given, the real value,and (he rate

to find the face of the drafts,
stock,
tlis'-ount,
IV.

CASE

AllT. 279.
or

"

(Sec Case IV, Percentage.)

"c.

NOTES.
it and

1. After

"

the real

RKVIKW.

"

value,to
What

278.

can

tho real value

the

rate

per cont.

the

or

of

cost

face ia known,
find the discount
is Cnso
bo

3 ?

found?

how
the/ricr,

the

take
or

premium.

What

docs

When

tho

proceed?

difference between

How
correspondto?
Ion
it
or
gain
given,aoJ
it

KAY'S

of

rate

mind

in

2. Bear

gain

that

value

par

latter to the real value

What

1.

$0398.80:
what

face of

draft

draft

in stocks
I

26

at

at

Orleans

Ans.

How

7.

$2470.
25 % below
($500),
Ans.

Railroad

bonds

6] c/0premium:

at

much

gold,at

much

at 1} % premium,
silver,

shares
many
Ans. 60.

how

will pay a check

Ans. $7520.

% premium,

$7567?

for

c/0discount,for

at 3

stock
par, for bank
($100),did I get?
How

how

Ans. 43.

its face?

was

Exchanged 17

G.

discount:

buy?

New

on

costing
$2819.16

AM.

is their face ?

5.

Baltimore

on

$6430.45
65 % discount,
2 % brokerage,
cost $881 79

what

Notes

4.

or

$1591

Bought

8.

cost.

($50) did

shares

lany

premium or discount, and the

ferred
things; the former is reof
standard
the
a
comparison,

li % premium?

at

Invested

2.

of

rale

/ace,as

or

is the

2861.45,

tho

entirelydifferent

loss,are

or

the

to

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

be

can

bought

Ans. $3212.80
$3252.96
currency?
8. How
at j % premium, is worth 54 city
largoa draft,
bonds ($100),at 12 % discount?
Ans. $4740.15
9. Exchanged 72 Ohio State bond's ($1000), at Gj %
premium, for Indiana bonds ($500),at 2 % premium:
of

for

how

of the latter did I

many

XX.

property and

Life

Insurance

Insurance
is of two kinds
on
Insurance; the latter will be explained

on

"

of Annuities.

head

the

Under

INSURANCE.

INSURANCE

280.

ART.

150.

Ans.

get?

Propertyis

kinds

of two

Fire and

"

Marine;

fixed property,as houses and

takes effect upon
heir contents; the latter appliesto property transported
he former

ty water,
R

i E

w.

"

is the discount
rate

of

standard
aiany

vessels and

as

279.

What

premium

or

is

their cargoes.
What

4 ?

case

found?

kinds

of insurance?
?

Marine

How
?

is the

What

premium or discount, and the

of comparison for the former?

U Fire insurance

docs

rate

of

correspondto?

distinction

gain

or

loss?

for the latter?

What

is insurance

it

on

between

What
2SO.

property divided?

How

tho
is the
How

What

HIGHER

RAY'S

how

ARITHMETIC.

ance,
deposit? and if,on terminatingthe insurdo I get ?
1 receive my
depositless 5 %, how much
A/is. $135 deposited
received.
; "128.25
G. A shipment of pork costing $1275, is insured
at
g^.thc policycosting 75 ct.: what docs the insurance
much

did I

cost?
7. An

J//s. "7. hi"}

Insurance

having

company

$25000

risk of

at

re-insured
$10000 at 4% with another office, and
rao#",
how
much
$5000 at 1$ with another:
premium did if

what it paid?

clear above

283.

ART.

what

rate

$234, including cost

Paid

2.

the

Given, tlie
of insurance.

"

rate?

the

was

IT.

| of
819.20 for insuring

Paid

1.

find

to

premium,

CASE

$18000

worth

cargo

$95.

Ans.

of

what

insured, ana

amount

(Sec

Case

centage.)
II,Per-

$4800 :
Ans. i f/0.
suring
$1.50,for inpolicy,
house

worth

the rate?

was

AM.H
for the voyage
$2.50 : what
A

4.

for
was

at

$10000

my

share

rate

risk

$42000; $18000
rest
at 4j f/0
: what

the

$45000;

of

re-insured

premium was~$202.50:

policy,
21 %,

at

is tho

at

"5000

them

\\%.'
rate

-V\%.

An*.

and
each, in 3 offices,

of the

insured

for

$42000?

I took

rate,

the rate?

Ans.

3" %. and

the whole
5.

of the

vessel is insured

"Si5000
on

England for $2408 ;

$46.92, includingthe cost
in

books

Bought

3.

%.

the

in

what

same

another;
the

w;"s

AUK.

2.;'%.

0.
and

risk at

2i %

of it at

what

took

\\.%\ re-insured \
what

rate

of insurance

is left?

SUGGESTION.

it

do
Ans.

Find

"

take
is of the

this

what

from

per

III.

insiu-anee,find the

taken

"

of

by

the

risk

find what

is
per

at

%,

I get

on

-ft%.

paid

for

insurance;
re-

cent.

"Uo

mainder
re-

me.

Given, the premium,

amount

to

cent,

rate, and

my

partialrisk
CASE

284.

ART.

of

and

rate

of

(Sec Case III. I'or

insured.

ccntage.)
1.

$118

Paid

amount

RHVIKW.

ZSJ-. Whtit

for

insuring,at

insured?

"

233.

is Case

what

J//s.
What

3?

is C;iso 2 ?
What

AVhat

docs

to?
doe* it corro.sjximl

Case

TJC

was

$14750.

2 corrospon

'

INSURANCE.

$411. 37i for insuringgoods, at 1 \ %

Paid

2.

their value?

was

ftir insuringI of my

1'aid $42.30

X.

what

is the house

house,

worth?

I //.s.

Took

4.

share

risk

$58.11:

was

Took

0.

how

$8000

$-07. oO:

what

suiu

be titxi/i'i'J
so

IV.

to

us

insured?

was

of property

tin' ttinnttnt

to

this case, the amount

property and premium; so

insured
that

if

was
large,

$26284.
it

of

tin

at

premium

$11(370.

pri-mium.

is m"tiJv up nf the
loss occurs, both the

property insured, and

of the

'ff
\

$10000 of it at
of the premium was
AHS. $J8000.

b'tth property and

coccr

il\

at

(Hrm, flic mlr nf imwrancr; find

bn Insured,to jind flictini'-nnt to

"

In

value

how

AHS

share

,'o'/"
:

$7:""-0.

of the

the risk?

\\ ":/0
; my

at

it

of

half

share

2 "fc\re-insured

at
at

CASE

285.

\\c/f,;
my

it at

largewas

risk

2' ^5 and

AUT.

was

Is %\ re-insured

at

\ of

-rate, and

same

premium

|
$107.13:

re-insured

AHA.

Took

5.

the

of

my
he ri^k?

2} $;

risk at

what

.!//.""".
$'21-\'2~t.

the

premium,

shall be

recovered.
value of the

The

the

than

amount

IV

in Case

What

must

sum

$4800,

of

and

The

"

he

iiisuro'l

certain

divisor

wants

property worth

?
'/t

ueiug

t"tan"lur"l of

the

is .'% ; tho property.

=

O'.ii=

~-

union

to

ut

he

can

is
fl

Analyze
be

i K

w."

tho

when
(iteration,

generallystated
2Sa.

\\"h;it U

ex:itnple. Whut

?
Apply
perfuruiixl

fiiso

appliedto

in the
4 ?

insured.

"4.
.12
c

j. o

this

j~T

case

example.

of Insurance,

followingRule.

\Vhnt. d"i^ it ccrrc."pon.I

to?

i- f:iid nf tho

it tu the

be

$4800.

advantage by Case III of Contracted

Division of Decimals (Art. 1 59). Ilcncc,
of

is (he
(!?-lf"lMi),

performed

with

parison,
com-

au"*
$18.241 '_'-{-,

in this case, that

little of being a

but

the division

this mode

per cent,
is foun 1

rate

insured

cover

of

ft. S-JSOO
ihe
$J$lM.l'J,

generallyhappens

unit, and

to

the rate

ammini

remaining W.l ft: then

100 ft is 100 times this,
the

insured,
at

ft; tin- premium

is KlO

It

always

Percentage.

premium

ANALYSIS.

per cent. 7-ss

that amount

it is less than

insured; hence, the. amount

of the amount
as

is

certain rate

insured, since

premium, which

the

by

property is

divisor

ilovr uiuy

\\by

the Jivisiua

HIGHER

ARITHMETIC.

PRACTICAL

RULE,

RAY'S

230

INSURING

FOR

PROPERTY

BOTH

PREMIUM.

AND

the property to be insured; then, the

the 2}rcmnim
on
premium on this premium : then, the premium on the 2d pr"
Find

miiun,
ike

sum

if necessary, and so on, neglectingall fyures below mills;

of the successive premiums will be the whole premium ; to
What

1.

insured,add the property

to be

Jind the amount

be insured

must

sum

to

to the

premium.

property worth

cover

Am.
$2618.33
prcm. at TO %t
2.
Insured
to cover
a
shipment of pork, valued
$12368.50, at 1 c/0: find the amt. insured, and prem.

$2600, and

$12493.43, am'tins'd;$124.93, prcm.

Ans.
Insured

3.
what

what

library,$1856.20,

my

cover

Ans.

premium?

Insured

4.
3

to

the

was

to

the

was

property

cover

to

the value

of

Ans.

premium?

paidby the
money
to defrayits expenses
; and are

286.

TAXES

government,

at

Tfi

$11.20
$4840,
$36.57

'"

at

TAXES.

XXI.
ART.

at

subjectsof

are

either direct

indirect.

or

Direct

of

consist

taxes

and
capilation-lax,

property -tax, and

generallycollected

are

poll-taxor

once

year;
all
but
that
property,
exempt
prujHThj-tdx
by law; it is estimated as a certain rate per cent, of the
assessed value of the property : this rate per cent, is called
is levied

the

on

of taxation.
is a fixed sum,
or
"-"tpitation-tax
i"nll-ta.r.
citizen,without regard to his property.

rate

every

This

standard

charged

on

sponding
subject has four cases, solved like the four correof Percentage: the taxable property is the
cases

of

comparison. Hence,
GENERAL

this

RULE.

Represent the taxable property by 100 ft; then proceed by suck

rule of 1'eivenlage
the nature of the questionrequires.
as
UEVIKW."

Wh.it

tre direct taxes 7

is

poll-tax?

is t!:o

What

What

is
is tho

practicalrule
a

property-tax?
general rulo?

2SC.
How

What

are

taxes

is it estimated?

What
What

TAXES.

CASE

I.

Given,the

"

taxable property, and

find the property-tax.

to

the

ation,
nf tax-

rale

(See Case I,Percentage.)

fc

NOTE.
added

If there

"

to the

The

1.

property of
of taxation is 78 ct.
The

"

to be

so

many

it should

be

tax.

county is $486250, and

$100; that is,j68o%:

on

raised?

of taxation

rate

convenientlyas

most

produced by

sum

property-tax, to give the whole

is the tax

11 KM.

poll-tax,the

taxable

the rate
what

is

Am.

$3792.75

being usually small,

cents
on
$100, or as so

is

expressed
mills

many

$1.

on

A's

2.

property is assessed

$100 (iVo%)
poll-taxof $1 ?

is 96 ct.
he pays a
3. The

on

taxable

$3800

at
:

what

; the rate

is his whole

of taxation

tax, if

$37.48
1855, was

Ans.

property of Cincinnati,in

$85330880, on which was chargeda tax of TSO*O

% for the
State,74oVo% f"r the county, and ToVo % f"r tne town
much
raised for
was
ship and city:in all,
a % j
each

and

for all ?
State tax,

Ans.

$273058.82; county, $353269.84;

city,"636568.36; total,$1262897.02

township and
In

making

taxes,a table is used, containing

units, tens, hundreds, thousands, "c., of property,

the
with

the

To

each.
tax opposite
corresponding

find the
each

on

this

table,the

4.

AVhat

i K

on

rate

is

will be

and

sum,

Ij %,

or

TAX

TABLE.

the tax

the

by

sum

125

by

add

ct. on

the

table,take

out

the

the results.

In

$100.

table,on

sessed
property as-

$25349?

at

i: v

tax

any
the
of
figure

tax

bills for

out

w.

"

What

is Case

1 ?

To

what

does

it correspond?

So

LunoN.

$^034!)

5s

NOTE.

The

"

point to

tax

used

rate

If there

is

whole

tax

find the

is the

The

2.

's

of Sl.25

Au

A't-

of

?ach, ami

is

fa.rtitinii.to

NOTE.

is

of 1742

polls,is
proposed. If a poll-

be the

pays

\'it"
*%

hv

taxable

property

" %

56|

the assessed

value

of

what

$100.

on

polls,at $1.50
what
ct.

is tho
on

Given, the (ax, and

"

"100.

on

$5670:

$1-62

for 3

pays

ct.

of

tax

of taxation?

rate

95

Ans.

it. lH

2. A
46
v

part of the

fioin the

What

1.

property-tax, and

-iQQf/o

-us.

$350000

III.

is

should

$53.46;

find

town

of "66913.54

CASE

If any

"

deducted

is the

subtract

rate

$100.

the

rate

(he property.

of

(See

III,Percentage.)

Case

or

and

produces,

$2604, pays $19.53 tax : wha*

Ans. \ % =75
ct. on
$100.

at

Ans.

2S8.

it

what

remainder

the

of taxation?
ART.

Ans.

find
poll-tax,

$8704

owns

$10424.50

at

Given,the taxable property, ami the

of taxation.
(SeeCase II,Percentage.)

tax

$.00375.

"

the rate of taxation?

4.

for 30 ct.

tax

nificant;
insigdollars,by moving

the

too

II.

what
levied,

estate

from

property in

tax

is

table,as being

the

each?

Note.)

3.

foi

tax

of taxation.

rate

taxable

$6814320.
,'Sce

for 300

$85.19

Ans.

property assessed

on

of taxation ?

rate

in

found

be

Property,assessed

1.

fax

is not

$1.50

fiinithe
the

to

$6815.30.

tax

CASE

"

it from

for

left,2 figures:the

the

287.

NOTE.

for cents

tax

is the
0. What
and two
polls,at

lax, to

is

is

for

desired,it may

if

ART.

250; for "000 is 02.50;

.ll'JP,
which, added, give the

for 20000

tax

.60;

tho

Find

5.

ARITHMETIC.

S3JG.3G.

--

The

"

is 3. 75; for 40

be

HIGHER

RAY'S

"jbS

given

tax

arises from

polls,it

be

first

tax.

is the assessed

value

of

property taxed $66.96

%1

$3720.
the rate of rVo %t
Ans. $122700.
An*.

corporationpays $564.42 tax,at

$100: find its capital.
ct. on
i K

should

v:

.--If

Case

2?

Wlmt

from

polls,what

trie-re

does

it

should

i*

what
poll-tax,

eorivspond
be

done?

to?

should

If any

be d-me

part of the tax

2^7.
is

What

is

produced

OR

DUTIES

.i. A

$1.32

a.

"7l.Gl
"100: how

is taxed
on

CUSTOMS.

than

more

B; the

is A

much

is

rate

assessed

Ijs^,

than

tuorc

15?

"5425.
town
containing1024
propcrfcy-taxof iVfl
r/0
An*.

4.

polls,by

"100):

is the value

what

of the

taxable

An*.

"1240000.

% of his capital; he is taxed '2\ "fa

pays "20.04 : what is his capital?

income, and

"0510.

Ans.

239.

ART.
A

1.

CASE

pays

paid for

lot fjr

tax:

vriijt

XXII,
290.

ART.

of 1

valorem
Ail

A"1

and

duties

by

is Latin

291.

U?ual,called

Draft
out

is

the

KKVIKW.

"

OR

beside

$"7450.

CUSTOMS.
taxes

importer; they arc

upon
of two

foreign

kinds,

so

arc

much

the

on

value

of

2SS.

for

on

the value.

Gxod
as,

is

bill of the

cost.

for

sum

"10

invoice

An

cwt.,

fixed

"30

quantity,
hhd.,"c.

In

allowance

What

made, that

It is calculated
is Ca."e S?

What

the
as

goods

may

kinds?

What

arc

ad

valorem-

duties?

doe* it corn-spnml to ?

Why

are

hold

follows:

what
2Stf
should he done!
pan of tho t;i.\ if produced from polls,
Duties
Customs?
"loog C;i.so 4 correspond to?
290. What
or
are
many

the

the invoice.

specificduties, certain allowances

draff,lure, leakage,and breakage.

an

his

on

2 %

and

Aits.

nnd
kinds,quantities,

retailed.

when

cost

was

CUSTOMS, arc

the

Specificduties arc a
without
regard to cost;
ART.

"100)

on

.tpccijic.

shown

goods,showing

Percentage.)

the cost?

was

I-!;/TIES or

valorem

which

DUTIES

valorem

goods as

./a# ("1.35

"7599,

merchandise, paij by
ad

of

his capital,
"125127. Ht" : what was
Ait*. Cap.,"120840
; tax, "1712.34

't

Sold

2.

IV

(Sec Case

left

1*1*1

hi.stax

and

IV."

tax

and
capital,

pio-

is 16

income

A's

of his

and

it?

in

5.

is raised in

poll-taxof "1,

(24wi. on
perty

"4000

of

tax

so

called?

Tfnny
What

Uuv

RAY'S

240

On

each

HIGHER

parcelweighing
it is 1 Ib.

1121K, or less,

11-2 Ib. to 224 Ib.

from

224 Ib. to 330 Ib.

from

Tare

is

at

..

..

from

33Glb.

21b.

from

1120

31b.

over

package, etc.,or

certain

the

71b.
Olb.

Gib.,

..

deducted.

estimated

is sometimes

201

41b.

weight of the hox, bale,

timated
goods. It is generallyesthe quantityremaining
on

cent,

per

after the draft has been

Tare

..

contains

certain

11201b.,it is
Ib. to 201(3 Ib.,
to

for the

allowance

an

whatever

cask, or

ARITHMETIC.

at

weight

certain

for each

quantity for

each

cask

"c.

cwt., tun,

weight of the goods,before draft and tare have

been allowed,is called gross weight; afterthey have been
allowed,it is called net weight.
The

Leakage is an allowance of 2 $, on all liquorsin casks

paying duty by the gallon.
Breakage,usually10 %, is allowed on ale,beer,and porter
in bottles,
it is only 5 %.
other liquors
on
en
bottles;
The

sized bottles

common

ART.
***iatio"i

CALCULATING

RULE

FOR

292.

Find

the net

which

for

estimated

are

2| gal.per

at

SPECIFIC

dozen.

DUTIES.

weightof the goods in that deno

and
of duty is git-en,
multiply it

the rate

ty the gicen rate.

NOTE.

112 Ib. make

of

100

In

ad valorem

Percentage,and

is the

in custom-house

business,28

cwt., and 2240 Ib. make

293.

ART.

that

Observe

"

since
which

quantity

on

Ib. make

1 qr..

1 tun.

the
duties,

the invoiced
the rate of

calculation

value

is

one

of the

duty takes

goods
it is
effect,

per cent.
RULE

FOR

ALL

QUESTIONS

IN

DUTIES

AD

VALOREM.

Represent the invoiced value of the goods by 100 per cent.,

and proceed by such rule of Percentageas the case
requires.
REVIEW.
291.

What

"

290.

allowances

ia it estimated?

is it calculated

What

on?

weight? Net weight?

of liquorin bottles
ipcciGcduties?

in

What

is taro
is

estimated?

In eattom-honm

specificduties?
How

ia tare?

How

What

invoice?

an

made

are

Wha't

is

is it

292.

Wh.it

is draft?

generallyestimated?

sometimes

leakage?

specificduties?

aro

What

estimated?

Breakage?

What

business,hc;v

is the
many

is gross

is the quantity

How

rule for
Ib. in

How
What

calculating

qr. ?

laces,invoiced

If

2.

$9142.50,

what

If 40

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RAY'S

242

$7018.75,

at

is the rate

of

cost, when

20

Ans.

duty?

landed,

%.

(63 gal. each) of molasses,invoiced at

12$
a
gal.,pay $92.61 duty, after allowing2% for
Ans. 30 %.
leakage,what is the rate of duty?
3.

lihd.

ct.

"

295-

ART.

III.

CASE

See Case III, Percentage.

"

$806.12 duty on

watches,at 35 %'. what were

hey invoiced at, and what did they cost in store?
Ana. Invoiced,$2303.20; cost, $3109.32
2. The duty on 1800yd. of silk was
$337.50,at 25 %
the invoice priceper yd.? and whal
ad valorem:
what was
I charge per yd. to clear 20 %?
must
,4ns. Invoiced at 75 ct. per yd.; selling
price$1.12g
3. The duty on 15 gross London
porter,allowing10 %
$40.50, at 20 "/0ad valorem: how much a
breakage,was
Ans. $1.25
dozen were
they invoiced at?
Paid

1.

296.

ART.

IV.

charges,$73.80, cost
invoiced

"

See Case IV,

Percentage.

cloths,after paying 30 %

French

1.

CASE

duty, and

$7389.03:

in store

what

Ans.

at?

80

were

other

they

$5627.10

champagne, 12
bottles each, 5 % breakage,duty 40 %, freightand other
charges$67.20, and the whole cost $729.60: what did
it cost a bottle at Havre, what in store, and how much
a
bottle should I charge to clear 35 % ?
Ans. 50 ct. at Havre ; 80 ct. in store ; selling
price$1.08
in store of 20 puncheons Jamaica
cost
3. The
rum,
84 gal. each, is $631.43; duty 15 %, leakage 2%,

Imported

2.

charges$53.34

Havre

from

what

baskets

did it cost

of

gal.in

Jamaica?
Ans.

XXIII.
ART.

297.

INTEREST

30 ct.

INTEREST.
is money

charged for

the

use

of

money.
The profits
accruing at regularperiodson permanent inTestments,
such as dividends
or
rents, are called interest,since they are the
growth of capital,unaided by labor.
R

i " v.

"

297. What

is interest ?

What

arc

sometimes

called interest ?

INTEREST.

The

principalis the

The

principalis either
income; or a debt, which
agreement

The

law

or

loaned;

sum

interest is
invested

money

charged.
to secure

due, is

when

being paid

an

allowed

by

interest.

its interest added.

with
principal,

is the

Interest

298.

which

on

not

to draw

amount

ART.

sum

243

is

payable at regular intervals

be agreed : if there
as
or
half-yearly,
quarterly,
may
y 'arty,
is no agreement, it is understood
to be yearly.

299.

ART.

the
cent,

The

yearlyinterest
per annum;

If interest is
rate per

to the
annum

per

interest is the rate

per cent, of
rate per
: it is called
principal
meaning by the year, in Latin.

or
payable half-yearly,
quarterly,the

rate

or

annum,

generallygiven ; but
month, is easilyfound

per

In

year.

the rate

is

If the

of

rate

per

thus,2

f0

loans,the rate per month

being 12 times the rate per

short

year,
month

of interest is not

rate

is still the

rate

24. fc a year.

the
specified,

ed
establish-

rate

the contract

is made,
by the law of the country where
but not
called the legalrate, which
is generally,
prevails,
always,the highestrate allowed by the law.
lows,
If a higher rate of interest is charged than the law alis subject
it is called usury, and the person offending
to a penalty.

each

The

300.

ART.

followingtable

the

shows

legalrate

of the States of the Union.

LEGAL

STATES.

RATES.

7 "f0in

Georgia,Alabama, Mississippiand Florida.

New
York, So. Carolina,Michigan, Wiscon.

Louisiana.

10
6

%
%
%
%

in

rn

in all other

What

297. What

"

is it

is it

payable?

given ?

found?
is usury

the U.

If
?

is tho

293.

is tho amount?

how

then

placesin

Iowa.

When
no

301.

Simple or Compound.

principal? What
may
payable? If

How

is interest

299.

What

is the

is it given per month

rate

What

of interest
two

the U. S. courts.

S.,and

Interest is cither

301.

REVIEW.

time

and

in Texas.

ART.

What

in

kinds

is

of interest?

rate

it sometimes
there

How

is the

is mentioned, what
of interest ?

no

For

be'.
agreement,
what

rate per
one

yeai

prevail:-?

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RAY'S

244

if
Simple Interest is interest which, even
and
due, is not convertible into principal,
interest itself and

draw

not

and
principal,

the time
interest

$100

lend

I receive

should
interest

paid

SOLUTION

BY

$10

"

SOLUTION

is

in the

mean

SIMPLE

INTEREST.

COMPOUND

of

10$

in this
of 10

that time draws

of the
the

to

debtor,
creditor

example :

of three

what

annum,

per

presuming no

years,

time?
The

"

$30,and

"

of

The

"

interest for the 1st year

is

for 1 yr. is 10

interest

the whole

INTEREST.

being paid,makes
$110
"11, the

$10; which, not

from

favorable

more

shown

the end

at

being paid when

in the hands

the rate

at

; for 3 yr. it is
BY

can

of the

it is retained.

simple interest,as

If I

$100

into

and accumulates
itself,

accordingto
Compound
than

in the hands

accumulate

may be retained.
Interest is interest which,not

due, is convertible
interest

therefore

long it

debtor, however

Compound

paid when

not

then

"110
interest

sum

due

and

due

for the

2d

is

$130.

terest:
drawing inwhich,
year;

$121 then due and drawing interest : 10 ^ of

being paid, makes
the whole
$121
$12.10,the interest for the 3d year; which makes
than by Simple Interest.
then due, $133.10,being $3.10 more
Bum
not

SIMPLE

XXIV.
302.

ART.

SIMPLE

INTEREST.

INTEREST

differs from

the

other

of Percentageby taking the time into consideration,

applications
which
they do not.
in Percentageinvolve three different
All questions
tities,
quanand may
be solved by a simple proportion. All
and
questionsin interest contain four different quantities,
be
solved
by a compound proportion.
may

of
REVIEW.
U

The

303.

ART.

interest are,
301.

"

favorable

more

802. How

docs

If the

Interest be

four

What
to

simple interest?

the creditor ?

simple interest
time

were

solved?

quantitiesare

is

embraced
in every quesquantities
tion
the
1st,
principal; 2d, ths interest;

involved

How

Show

differ from

left oat

of

may

they

in every

the

difference

interest?

Which

by the example.

the other

view,
be

Compound

how

solved

of age?
percentapplications
could questions in simple
as

it is?

303.

question of simple interest?

What

four

INTEREST.

SIMPLE

3d,

the

rale

the

time

of

these

four, the principal

of comparison,is 100

standard

beingthe
Any three

by

4th,

245

per cent.
of these quantities
being given,find the 4th

this
GENERAL

RULE.

Representthe principalby 100 per cent., and

questionsof compound proportion.
NOTE.

If the amount

"

perform

addition

an

tho result

has

is

given

or

required,it may
applying

or

subtraction

proceed ae

i*

be necessary
to
the rule, or after

before

obtained.

been

Though the generalrule is sufficient for all the ordinary

it is too generalfor practical
problemsin Simple Interest,
rule will be given for each case.
purposes, and a special
CASE

304.

ART.

rate
Given, the principal,

to find the

time,

RULE.

from

then ascertain

of

and
interest,

interest.

the

Find

"

I.

Case

yearly interest by
it the interest

for

the

of Percentage;

given time by aliquot

parts.
NOTE.

In calculations

"

days, and

every

is the

What

19 da. at 6
SOL.

being

the

80 for 3 yr. 7

as

30

mon.

principal,is

I of

Case

Percentage;
3 yr.

for

is then

obtained

parts; each

item

is carried

$354

regarded

yearly interest,

interest

19 da.

of

is

of the

f0

found,by

simpleinterest

The

"

12

as

year

month
interest,
every
months, or 360 days.

of

mon.

by

quot
ali-

of interest
than

lower

no

mills,

figurebeing neglected
than 6; but if 6 or over

"he next
if less

RK
for

"

303.

questionsof

maybe
are

VIEW.

What

custom

How

many

month

304.

be known

must

simple interest?

necessary?

counted

$77.41

1 mill.

it is counted

What

in interest ?

If tho
is Cose

How

prevailsin computing

What

is

amount

1?
many

interest?

Tho
a

Am

is the

general rula
given
required,what
rule?
How
days
many

year

Why?

or

Solve

the example.

RAY'S

240
If the

HIGHER

of interest

ARITHMETIC.

%, 7j %,

10

"c. the cess

prowould be similar ; but, as the prevailingrate is cither
6 %, or a simple aliquotpart greater or less than 6 %, it is
rate

were

%,

at
first
customary, whatever be the rate,to compute the interest,
6 % ; then increase or diminish the result by such a part

be necessary

as
of itself,
may

obtain the interest

to

the

at

ratt

given.
SHORT

305.

ART.

As

METHOD.

is the

year

same

as

for

'2

months, take 1 % of the principal,

by pointingoff the two
righthand figuresof dollars;the result is the interest for
2 mon., or 60 da.; and the interest for the given time can
be found by aliquotparts.
Applying this method to the last example, the operation
will appear

thus:

SOLUTION.
off the 2
line ;

figuresof

the

da.,bein

is the

being

T30of
1

ART.

306.

Interest at 5
at

4^

at 3

at 2

at

1^ % =|

at

12

18

%,

10

%,

after

vertical

\
1

"

$70.90

is

774
064
059

the int. for

the

41

int. for

19 da.

mon.

^of it.
\ of it.

at

int. for
3 yr. 7

Int. at
"

80

The

mon.

19 da.

mon.

6%, observe,that

of itself.
1

the $.059

And

\ Int.

the

the Interest

Q%.

at

Int. at 6

%.

of it.
#=Int.atG"6-f-"
6 #-f-" of it
at7A#

Int. at 6

%.

at 8

%=

Int. atG

%.

at 9

%=

%,
%}

moving

307.

6^

ft,

interest at 6

Int. at6

=:

ART.

96

(seeRcm., Art. 234),and

findingthe

Int. at

70

3*5of $1.774,the

day, being

at 4

at

; cut

is the int. for 1 mon.,

top number;

After

mon.

times

20

is the int. for 43

of these

sum

the

by

$1.064 is

top number;

int. for

dollars

the interest for 2

just above; $1.774

being
18

righthand

$3.548 is

mon.

54

principal,$354.80

the

Write

"

int. for 40 mon.,

the

24
15

"

%
%,

the

20

point

ANOTHER

"

2, 3,

"

at 7

%
one

times
T2-

g.

figureto

METHOD.

Sfc+l

"

"

Interest

at

%.

Interest

?i

the

right.

Take

of it.

the

at

al

example

ready solved.
REVIE
6

has

%,

Ac.

w.

"

been

305.

Explain the

short method.

306.

After the interest

At
found, how is the interest at 5 ^ obtained?
7 % ?
307. Explain "another"
method.
?i %, Ac-

4J

at

f0 ?

SIMPLE

INTEREST.

247

$354.80
ANALYSIS.

interest of any

The

"

($354.80)at 6 %
that sum
($177.40)at
year equals 1 % a mon.,
43 mon.,

which

is

hence,the

of

interest.

of

"",and
the

mon.,

rate

time

70960

mon.

638640

for 19

da.,

5913

]$ %
is 43]" %,
is

principal will

the

.436j

',

be

$77.40553
$77.41

the

43]\%, multiply by 43]"

.43]g
.436](Art.147).

To

hundredths

for 3 yr. 7

for the whole

rate

43] \ %

and

12

But

%.

and

is 43

the rate

-]"

12

$177.40

sum

of half

equals the interest

get

Am.

$17.740

"=

By using

the

in
(explained

contracted

Art.

153), the

the answer

shortened,and

.436J

multiplication
work

obtained

7096

be

may

639

ly
correct-

t"

to cents.

$77.41
In

multiplier.436s, the

the

number

of

months,

and

days (19 da.),in the

TWO
RULE

1.

given time, 3yr. 7 mon.

PRACTICAL

than

as

19 da.

RULES.

thousandths:

2.

multiplyhalf the principal,

Or, point offfrom the pnncipal

"

it

This

alreadyhas.

days,from
aliquotparts.
Either

In

"

cipher to the

they will
I yr. 4

mon.

REV

uw.

Jredths

for the giventime

not
1

"

the

found by
tht

of days is 1 or 2, place
rule,when the number
and
write
the " or f : otherwise,
right of the months,
stand in the thousandths'
place : thus, if the time is
2 da., .090|.
da., the multiplieris .IGO]
; for 9 mon.

307.

How

can

tho work
to?

bo shortened?
Tho

use

of?

What

thousandths?

multiplierequal
The
2il rule?
computing interest?
days are 1 or 2, what is necessary? When
Which
rule
is 8, how d"5 we proceed?
short times ?
In taking aliquotparts for
make

GO

1st

of tho

we

be

can

or

gives the interest at G %, from which

other rate can be found by aliquot
parts.

rule for

ihould

decimals

more

these mles

of

interest at any
NOTE.

two

gicesthe interest for 2 months,

wlrich the interest

for

the

this number.

RULE

the

the

the years, if any, in months, and write the

of months as decimal hundredlhs ; afterwhich, place

\ of the days,if any,

(43) are
(6]) are 3 of

Express

"

whole mimber

by

hundredths

the thousandths

In

fraction

generallymost

tho

tho hunis tho first

using th" 1st rule,when

tho
is

are

What

days

in

tho multiplier
cou/euient

in the 2d rule, what

HIGHER

RAY'S

248

multiplieris f it ia
/ia//theprincipal.

If the fraction in the

principal,than

better

found

generallybe
will not
for short times, and
require more
well as
for the days, by using the tenths,
as
(See Art. 234, Hem.)
REMARK.

In

308.

A.RT.

II. S.,and

New

in Great

365

at

rule will

2d

The

"

to take

of

ARITHMETIC.

York

and

days

the

to

than

In

year.

aliquot parts
fourths,"c.
halves,

other

some

convenient

two

the

parts of the

for

interest

Britain,the

most

of the tohoU

lated
days is calcuplaces,1 day's

those

of 360 da. i-355

year'sinterest
iff or 7;iof a day'sinterest,
terest obtained by the rule
as
commonly obtained;but |$ is Vs less than the whole:
interest

TJSS

of

Hence,
da.

to

of days,counting365
any number
few than the interest for the same
number

the interest

year, is

73

for

of days,counting360
FIND

da. to

year.

SIMPLE

THE

INTEREST

OP
AMg

1. $1*78.63for 2yr. 5mon.

3.

$31.12
26da.,at.7 %.
$6084.25 for lyr. 3 num., at 4 A %. =$342.24
$64. 30 for Iyr.l0mon.l4da.,at 9%.= $10.83

4.

$1052. 80

5.

$419.10

6.

$1461.85for6yr.7mon.4da.,atlO%.=$904.01
$39.02
$2601.50 for 72 da.,at *l$%.

2.

7.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

15.
16.

for 8

da.,at 10%.
16 da.,at 6%.
mon.

72 da.

mon.

12 da.

$2878.40

$10000 for Ida., at Q%.

$4642. 68 for 5 mon.
I7da.,at 15 %.
$13024 for 9mon. 13da., at 10%.

$2.76

$271.33

$1.07
$323.05

$1023.83
$607.l7
$615.38for4yr.llmon.6da.,at20%.=
=

$2066.19for3yr.6mon.2da.,at30%.=$2l72.94
22 da.,at b%.
$92.55 for 3
$1.44
mon.

"

308.

Britain,Ac.?
places?

"

$8722.43 for 5Ayr.,at 6%.

8 da., at 8 %.
$326.50 for 1 mon.
$1106.70 for 4yr.Inion. Ida.,at 6%.

REVIEW.
dlrided?

=$8.19
=$17.88

for 28

REMARK.

8.

Why?

307.
What
How

Into

how

is said
is interest

many
of
for

aliquotparts

interest
any

number

of

tho days

can

for days

in

New

always be

York, Great

days obtained

in those

RAY'S

Find

the

44.

ARITHMETIC.

simpleinterest

$681.75
$1353.10

43.

HIGHER

of

da.,1%

for 98

2yr. 8

for

in N. Y.

York.

$6786. 24

for

lyr.10

16

mon.

Ans.
If I
do I

what

$12500

borrow

gain in 3

at

%,

12 %, and invest it at 7
23 da.?
Ans. $2498.83

%,

do I lose in 2 yr. 1 mon.

48. What
is the interest of

what

3, 1847,

Feb.

REMARK.

to

Find

"

$3416.20,

Aug. 9, 1851?
the time

Art.

by

325, Rem.

13 yr. 2

minor

10 da.

mon.

%,

from

$925.79

3.

old, and

retained

till

Ans. $8543.93

(21 yr).

he is of age
51.
What

July 17, 1853, at 7 %

Ans. $5130.34
of $13682.45, borrowed

$4603.15 is loaned
what is due March
8, 1855?
50. Find the interest at 8%
from

at

Ans.

If

49.

$1273.89

6 %, and lend it at 10
4 da.?
Ans. $1672.22

at

mon.

$23275

If I borrow

47.

yr. 4

in New

da.,at 10^

York.
46.

in New

$260.10

Ans.

45.

$12.81

da.,at 7 %

29

mon.

Ans.

$5772

26, 1850,
$8348.56
to April12, 1855,
10%?
52. In one year, a broker loans $876459.50 for 63 da.,
and pays 6 % on
at 1$ % a mon.,
$106525.20 deposits:
Ans. $21216.96
what is his p;ain?
is a broker's gain in 1 yr., on $100 deposited
53. What
is the amount

of

Ans.

at

at

%,

11 times for 33 da.

loaned

and

Oct.

from

at

2 %
Ans.

Fird

54.

at

mon.

simpleinterest

the

the interest

Find

"

304, multiplying and

reduce the principal to one
Art.

""

of

sterlingmoney
by Rule in
dividing as in compound numbers; or,
denomination, as pounds',and apply a

Find

the

simpleinterest

of "24

%.

57.

for 1 yr. 9
for 7 mon.
Of "651

68.

Of

56.

Of

"25

"648
at 5

"9.

7s. 8d.

307.

i* Art.

55.

$18.20
8d. for lyr.

16s.
Ans. "49

%.

SUGGESTION.

Rule

of "493

mon.?

Of "14

at

mon.

at

(Art. 308.)

from

March

23

%.

4A %.

15s. 6d. from

%.

18s. 9d. for 10 mon.

Ans. "1 4s. Hid.
Ans. "2

Ans.

June

Ans.
to Nov.

3s. 9d.

"17 Is. 9jd.

to

"15

25
12s. lOd.

November

2, at 6 %.
Ans. 10s.

3|d.

SIMPLE

Find

60.

the

INTEREST.

251

of "66

simpleinterest

8s. from

6 to
Is. 5d.

May

61.

Ans. "1
bk%.
Of"98for3yr.l22da.at6$.Am. "19 12s. lid.

62.

Of

Aug. 21,

at

"374 5s.

from

April 1

to Dec.

29,

4 %"
3s. 1R

at

Ans. "11
II.

CASE

309.

ART.

Given,

the

and
interest,
principal,

time, to

find the rate.

RULE.

1 per cent, for the rate; determine the interest

this supposition,
and divide the given interest by it.

on

Assume

"

PROOF.

Calculate the interest

"

if it agrees with
NOTE.

If

"

the

ig

amount

subtracted

be

principalmay

the rate thus found;

the work is right.
the giveninterest,
instead

given

from

at

interest,the

tLe interest.

obtain

it,to

the

of

and in 2yr. 3
$6875 at simpleinterest,
receive $7823.75, what is the rate?

If I loan

18 da.

SOLUTION.

2yr.

18

mon.

$7823.75

six

da.,at
$6875

"

times, it

'Assume

"

interest of $6875 for

is

$158.125,(CaseI); the given interest

$948.75, and since this contains $158.125

%,

have

must

for the rate; the

mon.

accumulated

at

six times

rate

great;

as

is,6 fe.

that

for the

use

If

2.

$65.47

days,what
Suo.

is the rate of interest,

I pay $119.70
when
24 da. ?
of $3325 for 10 mon.
Ans. 4 %.

What

1.

the rate

If I borrow

3.

4.

what

At

double

itself

15, 20,

25

by

SUGGESTION.

$5000

for

If

it

"zample.

7 yr. 6

is the rate?
annum

per

divide

28

mon.

Ans.

will any

in
interest,

it

sum

by

12.

da., and

13"7T %of money

5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12,

respectively?

Take

"

be divided

100

at which any

REVIEW.

rule,and

for 93

2i %.

Ans.

the

per year

by simple

years,

$844.75

of

20, 161,144,121,1U, 10, 8i, 6" 5, 4#.

AM.

wrest.

rate

loan

per month?

$10000, what

return

amount

paid for

is the rate

Find

"

be

turn

"

given

What

instead

the

by the time in years, the

will double

309.

principal,and $100 for

will be
quotient
at simpleinterest in that time.
itself

$100 for

is Case
of

the

2?

The

rule?

interest,what

is

The

the inthe rate

proof? If
necessary? Solve

the
th"

HIGHER

RAY'S

252
At

5.

-what rate

ARITHMETIC.

will any

annum

per

treble itself

sum

in 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 years, respecsimple interest,

tively?
Ans. 40, 20, 13i, 10, 8, 6ii%"

at

At

6.

what

rate

per

will any

annum

quadruple

sum

in 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 years, respectively?

simple interest,
10 %.
Ans. 50, 25, 161, 12-i,
is the rate of interest,
when
7. What
$35000 yieldi
income
of $175 a month?
Ans. 6 %.
8. When
$29200 produces $6.40 a day? Ans. 8 %.
9. When
$12624.80 draws $315.62 interest quar-

itself at

AH

10 %.

Ans.

terly?
When

40

stock

bought at
of 5 % ?

% discount,yieldsa
annual dividend
Ans. 16f "f0
per annum.
11.
A house that cost $8250, rents for $750 a
is -fo%,and the repairs3 %, every
the insurance
Ans. 8 %
what rate of interest does it pay?
10.

CASE

the

year'
"

time, to

find

principal.

RULE.
on

year;

III.

Given, the interest,

rate, and

310.

ART.

semi-

this

$1 for

Assume

"

Calculate

"

if it agrees
NOTES.

it,and

to

2. The

the

1. After

"

be added

with

the

the interest

principalhas

the amount
method

thus

(he interest

given interest by.it.

the

on

found;
principal

the work
given interest,

the

contracted

principal; determine

divide

and
supposition,

PROOF.

the

been

is

found, the

right.

interest may

obtained.

of division

in Art. 168 may

be

generally

used.

What
at 15

mon.

23

Assume

"

15

da.,at

$228.80, contains
XJ

3840

times

$1 for the principal;the interest

is

$.059T73
(CaseI) :

this 3840

large,that

as

da.,

$1500

2.

$1830

in 2 yr. 6 mon.,

"

310.

year, at 6

What

be afterward

is Case
found

of it for

the

3?

as

PRODUCE

WILL

1.

REVIEW.

23

given interest,
times,the principalproducing it must
is,$3840.

PRINCIPAL

WHAT

the amount

interest in 4mon.

per annum?

SOLUTION.
4

yield$228.80

will

sum

Ans.
at

The

rule ?

Ans.
The

$25000.
$14640.

proof?

How

can

SIMPLE

INTEREST.

253

What
3.

will produce
principal
$45 a mon., at 9 % ?

4.

$17

$86.15in9mon.llda.,atlO^?Ant. $1103.70

6.

Ant. $14383.47
$313.24 in 112 da. at 7 % ?
$146.05in7mon. 14 da. at Q%1 Ans. $3912.05
25 da. at 7 % in N. Y.?
$79.12 in 5 mon.
Ans. $2329.72

7.
8.

da.,at'l%

in 68

mon.?

CASE

311.

ART.
the

rate, and

amount,

as

1.

"

2. The

What

the

amount

finding
method

contracted

principal,subtract

the

SOLUTION.

of division

in 1 yr. 8mon.
$1

Assume

"

for

at

What

2.

to

principalin
$1367.84?

What

principalin

$2718.96,

at

2 yr. 3
10

to

REVIEW.
Solve

nsod

Is

the

"

310.

example.

an

Solve

the

arisen

from

311.

example.

method
What

cipal
prin-

amount

to

$2493.19

amount

to

$4613.36

$4048.14

Ans.

will amount

will

$1203.03

to

Ans.

$562.07
$553.68

in

WORTH

of
importantapplication

What

amount

da.,at Q%,

Ans.

year)?

is the interest afterward

?

given

26 da., will

mon.

of $1 for

the

Ans.

PRESENT

312.

12

mon.

10

79 da. (365 da.

used.

be

the principal; the amount

at 7%,
principal,

What

ART.

th"

5 da.?

% interest?
3. What
at 4^%, will
principal,
in 3 yr. 1 mon.
7 da. ?
4.

from

will amount

5%,

lyr. 8mon. 5da., at 6 ^, is $1.0843-1g

(CaseI); as
$819.45,contains this 755.93 times,it must have
765.93 times as large; that is,$755.93.

amount

it

(Art.158) may

drawing simpleinterest

sum,

$819.45

1.

it.

found;
principal
is right.

the work

given amount,

After

the

on

the amount

get the interest.

to

amount,

the

Calculate the

"

same

NOTES.

How

find

time, to

principal; determine
divide the given amount
by

supposition,and

PROOF.

if the

$1 for

Assume

"

that

to

the

IV.

principal.

RULE.
on

Given,

$6000.
Ans. $750.

Am.

of division
is Case

obtained?

4?

What

may

The
method

Case IV.

be

generally used?
rule?
The
proof1
of division may

be

RAY'S

854

Worth

Present
before

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

is

is the

it is

due, and
will amount
of interest,

in

phrase used

speaking

which

sum

that debt wlwn

to

the

at

of

debt

rate
prevailing

it is due.

the present worth of a debt and

the debt itself,
is the interest of the present worth from the
present time until the time the debt is due; it is called
difference between

The

the

discount,since it is the
the debt

from

be

must

deducted

value,to give the present worth

nominal

or

which

sum

or

real value.
REMARK.

The

"

abatement

discount in this case, like

deduction

or

the real and

between

tlie nominal

value

nominal

1.
due

(the debt),but

Find

the

value:

at

3.

Ans. Pres. wor.,

the present worth

the discount

payable

$2906.30,

of

$6344.25, due

of

12

worth

of

what

Ans.
CASE

313.

ART.

Given,

the

in

103

$2841.27

in 23

$4250

for

cash, or

1 yr.

payable in
I

do

me?

to

due

days,rate
Ans. $20.20
$12720.40, due in 9 da.,
Am.
$12698.48

$4000

and

mon.

prefer? and

should

in

Worth).

da.,rate, Q%.
$1445.26; Dis.,$31.55

property for $7500

sell

can

of the

of

Ans.

5 %.
interest,
5. Find the present worth
7 % in New York.
6.

certain per

11

mon.

days,rate, 8 %.
of

(thePresent

discount

Also, of $1476.81, due in 4

Find

latter is

$5101.75
19 da.,rate of interest,6 %.
wor., "4603.775 ; Dis.,$497.975
and

2.

4.

27-5,is an
fact, the difference
in Art.

certain per cent.,not

of the real value

present worth

in 1 yr. 9 mon.
Ans. Pros,

Find

the

but

this is

value,\vhile

cent, of the nominal

value,-in

the apparent

from

that

which

gain by it if money
The latter;$80.86

is

V.

to
principal,
rate, and interest,

find the time.

RULE.

1 year for the time; determine the interest

ttds supposition,
and divide the given interest by it.
"

Assume

PROOF.
if it is the
REVIEW."
What
What

is the

"

on

Calculate the interest for the time thus found

same

312.

as

the

Why

difference

is it called ?

Why?

the
given interest,

is this

between
313.

important?

case
a

debt

What

not

duo

is Case

6?

work

is

right.

What

is present worth

and

its present worth

The

rule?

The

proof T

INTEREST.

SIMPLE

NOTES.
i

quotientwill

The

1.

"

and

it to months

reduce
fraction,

be the time in years;

days by Art. 222.

given,subtract
interest;then,apply the rule.

2.
the

is

If the amount

time will

In what

$830

355

amount

if it contain

the

principalfrom it,to get

to

$1000, at

% simple

interest?

time; the interest if "830 for

$1000
$830 =a
lyr.at 6 % is $49.80 (CaseI): the given interest
$170, and as this contains $49.80,3^| times, it must have taken
83 J| times as long to accumulate, that is,S^ffyr. Syr. 4 mon,
29 da.,by reduction.
(Art.222.)
SOLUTION.

1 yr. for the

Assume

"

"

WHAT

IN

1.

"1200

2.

$415. 50

to

amount

WILL

TIME

$1800, at

10

$470. 90, at 10 %?
$3703.92 to $4122. 15, at 8%?

3.

to

5 yr.
Ant. lyr.4mon.
An*.

Ans. 1 yr. 4
NOTE.

"

part of

day

in the answer,

is omitted

in interest ; it must

be

taken

28 da.

mon.

cognized
being reof,however, in the

account

not

proof.
time will any sum, as $100, double itself by
simple interest at 4", 5, 6, 7, 7s, 8, 9, 10, 12, 12", 15,
4.

"

In what

30

18, 20, 25,

% ?
22|, 20, 161, 14?,13i, 12*, 11$ 10, 8i,8, 6|,

An*.

5",5,4r 83
In

what

time

by the

divided

in which

ofyears

the number
5.

100

yr.

any

will any

sum

sum

rate

will give
of interest,

will double
treble

itself.
itself by simple

4, 4i, 5, 6, 7, 7i 8, 9. 10, 12 % ?
Ant. 50, 44|,40, 33|, 284,26f,25, 22",20, IGfyr.

interest at

6.

time will any

In what

sum

quadrupleitself by simple

Int.,at 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100%?

Ant. 60, 50, 42$, 371,30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 7i 6, 3 yr.
I keep on
7. How
deposit$1374.50,at
long must
10

%,
8.

to pay

How

long

$4007.54,
9.

12

at

will

interest at 6
"

what

is necessary

What

is said of

Ans.
it take

?
a

$175.12

to

Ans.

%1

313.

will the

What

What,

part of

Ant.
$1480.78?
it take
$3642.08

long would

How

REVIEW.

of

debt

if the

day ?

If it
quotientbe?
ia
amount
given ?

amount

to

10

8 da.

mon.

to

1 da.

mon.

produce $6.43
7

10 da.

mon.

contains
Solve

the

fraction,

example.

HIGHER

RAY'S

250

How

10.

$10.09
REMARK.

305, instead

12 and

of

at

produce

to

134

da.

fraction of the year

example, multiply the

30.
(Art.308.)

In this

"

York

in New

interest

$415.38
Am.
7 %t

it take

would

long

ARITHMETIC.

by

All the Cases of Simple Interest,

314.
ART.
except the
be solved by
4th, which treats of Present Worth, can
after the following
form:
Compound Proportion,

Principal.

$100.

ART.

1 yr.

Time

315.

The

their rules and

Interest.

of

modes

in
strikingsimilarity

and
operation,

FOR

RULE

show

cases

THE

LAST

be

can

FOUR

put into

tlie interest

be

necessary),on this supposition,and

jicen interest (or amount) by it.

if it

Amount

CASES.

for the quantityrequired;determine

Assume

Rate.

in yr.

last 4

GENERAL

divide

(or
the

BANKING.

XXV.

of Simple
important application
Interest is Banking, including the Discounting of Notes,
accounts.
Exchange, and the settlement of depositors'
deal in money.
which
BANKS
are
corporations
ART.

The

316.

most

of issue is

bank

money.
A bank

bank

of

depositis

"

elected

president and

of

discount
one

issues

is

which

one

its

takes

notes

own

which

makes

charge

as

loans.

of money

others.

belongingto
REMARK.

which

one

bank

by

the

tors,
generallycontrolled by a board of directhe
stockholders ; the principal officers are
is

cashier.

all the cases

of
By what compound proportionmay
interest,except the 4th, bo solved ? Why can not the 4th be solved thus ?

REVIEW.

314.

"

general rule

315.

What

will

it be necessary

to

for the

serves

the

use

important applicationof simple interest?

are

banks

troll-d ?

What

What

are

kinds

the

Define

In which

last 4 cases?

amount?

each.

principalofficers?

316.

Why?
What
How

does
is

What

case

is the

it include?
bank

only
most

What

generallycon-

Bank

the

when

due
legally

If

If

318.

ART.

notes

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RAY'S

of this sort,being

are

demand,"

payable "on
presented.
is

note

bearer

payable "to

it is

demand."

on

in the note, it is
day of payment is specified
it is due
on
3d day afterward; in some
places,

due

the

day specified.
If

is

note

certain time

payablea

after

"

date,"proceed

thus,

RULE.
months

Add

"

DAY

THE

FIND

TO

the date

to

NOTE

of

in the note

of days mentioned

the number

note is

or

must

give the day the

national holiday,it

and

more

legallydue; but if it is a Sunday

be paid the day previous.

this will
a

if this givesthe

of years and
day of a month

contains, take the last day in that month;

higher than that month

then,count

DUE.

the note, lite number

elapsebeforepayment

to

LEGALLY

IS

the one
counting in the days, do not reckon
additional
three
the counting begins. The
days are
from which
countries
called "days of grace"; in some
they are 4, 5, or more.
is nominally due; it is
The day before "grace" begins, the note
due on the last day of grace.
legally
in a note are calendar
months.
mentioned
Hence,
2. The months
NOTES.

1. When

"

longer at one time than at another ; one

95
93 days, one
dated Oct. 1st,will run
dated Jan. 1st,will run
the time of short notes is generally
days : to avoid this irregularity,
given in days instead of months; as, 30, GO, 90 days, instead of
1,2, 3 months.

would

note

mon.

run

NOTES.

DISCOUNTING
319.

ART.

is

discount,and

done
chiefly

to be discounted

Notes

NOTES

DISCOUNTING

by

be

must

is

banks

payable

buying
and

to

them

at

brokers.

order, and

indorsed

by

the payee.

The

proceedsor

discount; it is

is the

the note

has to

REVIEW.

paid when
If

of

difference between

The

"18.

cost

"

317.

due, what
note

is

note

is the

sum

paid for

it.

the cost and

more

or

the face of the note

less,accordingto the time

run.

If

note

is the

payable

"

docs

not

contain
What

consequence?
on
demand," when

these
is the

is it

words,
of

and

is not

day
maturityT
legallydue?

DISCOUNTING

The

time

to run

is the number

of

the

the

is

to
discounted,
but
the
latter,
counting
note

time to

day

250

daysfrom
is

note

the

day the
legallydue,

the former.

not

is taken

in

days by banks, because it

taken
their advantage; if it were
in months
and days, each
30 days in calculatingthe dishave
count,
would
to be considered
whereby a day would be lost in each month of 31 days.

REMARK.
IB

The

NOTES.

to

month

320.

ART.
lime

"

In

run

determining the day of maturityand

it is convenient

to run,

to

tht

this

use

TABLE
SHOWING

REMAKE.
ja

the

"

OP

THE

NUMBER

In

leap years,

time,1 day

be

must

PROM

DAYS

if the last

added

day

to the

ANY

DAY

of February

is included

obtained

number

OP

from

the

table.

maturing Sept.13, is

note

vious

what

is the time

SOLUTION.

13th

being 11 days

for the time

REVIEW.
rule for
What

From

"

to

"

June

to

run

June

discounted

24

pre

Sept.24,by the table,is 92 da.; the

24th, will give 92
11, 81 da. AM

24 to

before the

"

run.

If it is

318.

finding when

due ?

days of grace
When
legallydue

drawn

for months

are

payable a certain time

Which
legallyduo?
Why so called ? When

after

it is

How

What
is this

are

the months

avoided
irregularity

day
is
What

date,what
is not
a

note

is th"

counted?

nominally

is said of note*

in short notes?

Note

I.

CASE

321.

ART.
of

HIGHER

RAY'S

260

of short

ARITHMETIC.

To

find the discount

date,custom

and

has sanctioned

proceeds

this

RULE.
Take

face of the note as a principal,the rate of discount

the rate of interest,and calculate the interest for the time Hie
as
note has to run
if it
; tliiswill be the discount of the note, and
will *""
is subtracted from the face of the note, the remainder
the

the

proceeds or

NOTES.

1. The

"

on

money,

or

face,

differs

but

2. Since

discount

the

the

face

the

to be

is called

of

be

to

discounts

the

every

is

the true

as

debts

on

debt
of

due

that

discouui

the nominal

on

and

at

value

long notes,

true
discount; latter,

present worth

the

same

Bank

note

the

notes, resembles

short

on

discount.

future

debt,and

time,

the

bank

discount.

greater than the latter ; /or,bank discount is

the face of the note, while true discount is the interest on
interest on
present worth, which is always less than the face. Hence, their

As
the

from

the former

ought

cost

discount

note.

stocks,bonds, "c.,being calculated

(Art.312) :
its

of the

cost

it

is,the

former

is

is the interest

difference

of the difference

between

the Present

Worth

face; that is,the interest of the true discount.

3. In calculatingthe discount on notes, use generally the 2d rule
(Art.307). The operation may often be shortened,by recollecting
that when
the two right hand
figuresof dollars are pointed off,the
result is the interest of the principal,
for 60 da. at 6 ft, for 72 da.
for any
other
at 6 %, for 45 da. at 8 ft, for 35 da. at 10 ft, or
of days and rate, whoso
number
product is 3(30; so that the interest
be frequently got in this way
at any
by aliquot parts,
rate, can
it
G
without first getting at
ft.
tad

the

the time to run, and the proday of maturity,

ceeds
of the followingnotes.
1. $792/05
CINCINNATI,Jan. 3d, 1854.
after date,I promise to pay to the order of
Six months
Willis " Markham, seven
hundred
at
fVo dollars,
ninety-two
Commercial
value
received.
H.
WIIITTAKER.
the
Bank,
Find

Discounted,Feb. 18, at
Ans.
RKVIBW.

What
note?

kind

Tho

the table.

ft.

Due, July 3!6;138

"

of

What

319.
notes

are

discount?
What

counting short

is

notes?

discounting notes?

discounted
What

is said of
What

da. to run;

What

is the

timo

leap years?
does bank

is the

By whom
proceeds

to run?

321.

discount

$774.27

Pro.

320.
What

Show

is the

resemble

is it done?
cost

or

the
rule

uso

of a

of

for die

DISCOUNTING

REMARK.
is

note

2.

261

line,in July 3|6Jis

it is legally
due.

the

before

nominallydue, the

other when

when

th"

$1066Tyo

LOUISVILLE,May 19, 1855.

received,
ninetydays after date,I promise to pay
iVo dollars,
Beatty,or order,one thousand sixty-six

Value

Thomas
"t the

G. TV. ALEXANDER.

City Bank.v

Discounted

June

8, at 6

%.

Due, Aug. 17|2o;73

Ans.
3.

date

The

"

NOTES.

$1962 r"f5

Value

da. to run;
NEW

YORK, July 26, 1850.

after date,I promise to
pay

received,four months

Thoms, or order,one thousand

rVffdollars,
Bank.
at the Chemical
Discounted

Ans.

$1053.77

Pro.

nine

hundred

sixty-two

E. WILLIAMS.

Aug. 26, at 1%.

26|29;95da. torun;

Nov.

Due,

$1926.70

Pro.

$543A85

CINCINNATI, Oct. 30, 1855.

Thirty days
promise to pay to the order of
Baker " Goodal, five hundred
-,-Vb
value
forty-three
dollars,
4.

after

date,I

received.

T. H. SHORT.

Discounted

Oct.

$2672TVo

Nino

month.

H.

PHILADELPHIA, March 10, 1852.

I promise to
date, for value received,
King, or order,two thousand six hundred

seventy-two iVs dollars.

Discounted

Ans.

Dec.

"

JEREMIAH

BARTON.

July 19, at

Due,

Pro.$537.88

torun.

after

months

Edward

pay

Due, Nov. 29 1Dec. 2; 32da.

Ans.
5.

31, at

"|, 3

pe"
; 147 da.

$804T3o9fl

to

$2606.71

Pro.

run.

Aug. 12, 1854.

months
after date, I promise to pay at the City
Three
Bank
of Columbus, eight hundred
four iVo dollars to the
received.
order of Irwin " Lee, value
JOSIAH NEEDHAM.
6.

Discounted

Ans.

ere

long

the cost

September 3, at

Due,

REVIEW.

notes
a

Nov.

running
to bo?

note

is greater, bank

discount

rule of interest is
be shortened

%.

12|16j 73

What

321.

"

of

COLUMBUS,

kind
for

of notes

one

What
or

da. to

or

more

would
true

generallyused

discounted

are

in

notes?

this rule?

by

discounted?

years

the bank

discount?

$794.60

Pro.

run.

discount

Why?
How

may

What

the

much

ought
Which

then be?
How

How

What

operationoften

RAYS

262

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

Louis, Jan. 31, 1853.

month
after date, wo jointlyand severally
One
promise
hundred
to pay C. McKnight, or order,three thousand
eight
T.
value
received.
MONEOE,
dollars,
eighty-six

$3886.

7.

ST.

31, at U %

Jan.

Discounted

Due, Feb. 28 [Mar. 3; 31da.

Am.

REMARK.

note, drawn

"

"

"jointlyand severally
makers

as

by

firm

are

or

for 8

For
pay

15, at

that

3 da. at G
.

promise

four hundred
at 6 per cent,

date

"

MARSH.

f0to

this

the face of

is the

note

$1437.73

Pro.

run.

amount

of

$1425

fc.

6, 1850.
after date, we
value received,four months
promise
three
thousand
" Newcome,
to the order of Jones

Discounted

Ans.
10.
For

June

Due,

BALTIMORE,

18, 1850, at

Oct.

"|9; 113da.

to

received,sixtydays

May 31, 1856, at

fc a

11.

$737T4o"o-

'

received,two months
to J. K. Eaton, or order, seven
dollars,at the Suffolk Bank.
Feb.

May 31, 1856.

date, I promise to
Co., eight hundred

"

T. FISHER.

JAMES

Due, July 30 1Aug. 2; 63

Value

after

Wells

Am.

Discounted

$3564.33

Pro.

run.

DAYTON,

pay to the order of Hiram

thirteen dollars sixtycents.
Discounted

month.

$813T6o"o
value

June

three dollars and eighty-four

cents, at
SHARPE
" Co.
THOMAS

and

Savings Bank.

Ans.

date,we

thousand

interest from

$3703T8c4o

hundred

seven

the

June

Observe

mon.

9.

April11, 1853.

after

order,one

Due, Dec. ""|14;182 da.

"

if the words

collected of tht

NIXON

Discounted

N. B.

"jointlyand

only be

annum.

Ans.

persons,

makers, but

NASHVILLE,

dollars,with
twenty-five
per

$3825.77

company.

or

Henry Hopper,

to pay

more

received,
eight months

value

For

or

Pro.

run.

used, it can

not

$1425.

8.

two

to

be collected of either of the

"everally,"may

to

I. FOSTER.

month.

month.

da. to

run.

Pro.

$779.43

BOSTON, Feb. 14, 1856.

after date,I promise to paj

7*0/
hundred
thirty-seven
WILLIAM
ALLEN.

23, at \"%.

Due, April 14|I7; 54

da. to

run.

Pro.

$726.34

DISCOUNTING

"4085T3o0o-

12.

NOTES.

NEW

ORLEANS, Nov. "0, 1855.

after date,I promise to pa

six months
received,
John
A. Westcott,or order,four
at the Planters' Bank.
dollars,
Value

Discounted

Ana. Due

Dec.

31,1855, at

May ^(^

3,

T?
eighty-five

thousand

E. WATERMAN.

%.
144da.

1856;

263

to

Pro.$4003.50

run.

$2623TVo-

CINCINNATI,Aug. 7, 1854.
For value received,
eighteenmonths after date,I promise
to pay to the order of Jonathan
Evans, two thousand six
with interest at ten per
hundred
twenty-three
T5^ dollars,
13.

cent, per

MORRIS

annum.

Discounted

June

the

is

received

sum

rate

the prinborrowed,and is,therefore,

cipal,

or

is its interest for the time the note

the principal,
the
time,and interest,

having

that

so

of interest

be found

can

TO

out

OF

RATE

THE

FIND

309.

in Art.

as

to leave the face of the note

simpler,however,
view, and proceedthus

It is
of

Pro.$2728.61

the discount

while
runs

month.

what rate of interest is

It may be inquired,
The proceedsof the note
note is discounted.

322.

paid,when

7|10,1856;231da.torun.

.4ns. Due, Feb.

ART.

1^ %

24, 1855, at

TALBOT.

INTEREST

WHEN

NOTE

18

DISCOUNTED.

RULE.

$100 for the face of

Assume

"

and

determine the discount

; the

run

the lime

What

of Simple

II

Case

is the

discounted

at

SOLUTION.

rate

For

"

03 da. at

Interest.

interest,when

oi

month

$100 in

every

month,

is

of interest is found

earn

"

borrowed?

foun.l ?

What

322.

by
When

What

$4.20,and

tnav

note

its interest ?
be

the face of

loft out

sixtyday

is

note

the note, the

the

discount

proceeds $95.80;
for 63 da.,the
its
interest
$4.20

25$%%, per

Art. 309 to be

and
$95.80 being the principal,

REVIEW.

proceedsfor

this position
supthe time it has to
on

the principal;and
former will be the interest ; the latter,
the time : from which the rate of interest can
to run,
be

found by

for

the note, and

is discounted, what
How

of view

may

the rate

then
rate

annum.

is the

principalor

of interest then

in this calculation

be

HIGHER

RAY'S

264

WHAT

Ans.

annum?
8.

When

4.

When

30 da.

When

THE

HATE

01'

INTEREST,

1, 1|,lA,2 % a
12$|g, lo^es,ISiVaV 24i8883
% per annum.
60 da. note is discounted
at 6, 8, 10%
a
per
Ans. 6nm", S-iVs,
10 5% % per annum.
io discounted
at 2, 2A, 3 % a mon.?
a 90 da. note
^4?is.25llf,32rV;i,
39g5l % per annum.
a note
running 1 yr. is discounted at 5, 6. Y, S,

1. "When
mon.?

IS

ARITHMETIC.

is discounted

note

at

'

9,10,12%?
RE
has

ARK.

It may

"

seem

to

unnecessary

the time

regard

the note

in

determining the rate of interest; but, a comparison of

that a 90 da. note, discounted
at 2 fe a
3, shows
examples
month, yieldsa higher rate of interest then a 30 da. note of the same
The
at
face,discounted
rate, on
% a month.
discount,at the same
to run,

1 and

'2

all notes
it

case,
the

oe

cf the

face,varies

same

referred

was

when

but

same,

the

to

the

time

to run,

the
principal,

same

the

as

discount

rate

becomes

if in each

and

of interest would

tarter,

proceeds

me

or

the
smaller,and therefore
referred,becomes
discount
with
increases
the
rate of interest corresponding
to any
rate of
discounter
the
is
time the note has to run.
the
of
Hence,
profit
greater
the
than
short
notes
at
rate.
same
proportionallyon long
ones,

which

principalto

323.

ART.

[nterest

DiscountingNotes

the

it is

face of the note

is an

principal; the discount

is the rate of interest;
and

is the interest ; the rate of discount

is the time.
the time to run
Hence, it may be divided into
and

like those of

solved

sufficient

of Simple
application

is the

cases

simple interest.

importance to requiredistinct
CASE

Given,

the

correspondingto,
The only case
of
notice,is

II.

proceeds,time, and

rate

of

discount,to find

the face of the note.

RULE.
on

this

REVIEW.
to

to any

rate

with?

322.

"

Give

of discount?

What

then, provided tho

Rule?

the

The

sort

rates

proof ?

the
in

the note ; determine the proceeds

divide the given proceedsby it.

face of

and
supposition,

be left out of view

run

The

$1 for

Assume

"

rule.

Analyze tho example.

determining tho
What
Why not?

of

notes

of discount
Solve

arc
are

most

the

the example.

rate

does

of interest
the

rate

to
profitable

same?

323.

Can

the

time

corresponding
of interest
the

What

crease
in-

discounter,
is Case

27

HIGHER

RAPS

take

$103.50, tmount
and

"3.50

aud

find the rate

as

$103.50

by

Oll01-f/ir"4"i-in39I

,o

St?

90 da. notes,

On

3.

659

.4ns.

OQ
^9T3'7"
oO3TT,
o

-I

d;iys,

I 0 ft

:* *" 3

Q 3 -,/
( 25i

%.

interest?

1 'J 8

o
,f o
4Jas
oliiijgf,

" iai,

'

inter-

7 2

amon.int.?

yield1, 1^,2,2.4,
3,4^

4 1 9

Q
"7
lljiiaT, I/joss,
^-rt?,
-l-i

1 8 i

yield6, 8,10, 12, 18, 24 %

5Ag|f,7iU, 9| g?,

Ans.

U3

20, 30, 40, 50 %

60 da. notes,

On

2.

note, or principal,

principal for

27

IhvjTT, 14sii, 19817,

Ans.

the

DISCOUNT

30 da. notes,yield10,15,

OD

1.

that

of

OF

RATES

WHAT

of

Simple Interest,

II of

Case

the face

as

interest

discount, or

"ho

ARITHMETIC.

,,/"

%"
yield5, 6, 7,
i

running 1 yr. without grace,

8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 25 % interest?
A"*. 4H, 5ff,6T5c?T,
T^, 8T%, 9iT, 101, 13
On

4.

notes

16",20%.

PAYMENTS.

PARTIAL
AJIT. 325.

paid at maturity,draws
the day it is due till it

at

but

date.

from

Partial

terest
in-

sums

their
In

Payments.

paid ;

interest,"it draws

with

"

is

of the note,
paid on account
respectivedates, and are called

Any

with

indorsed

arc

the words

if it contains

interest

not

note,
the legalrate, from

such

the

cases,

balance

due

on

settlement is foiv.n} by the

S. RULE

U.

in the

"'Apply the paymint,

PAYMENTS.

PARTIAL

FOR

firstplace, to

the

discharge of

the ind'sexl,the
ten
dm:; if the payment EXCEEDS
the subseand
quent
surplus r/oef toward dischargingthe principal,
the balance of principal
inter, st is to be computed on
the interest

due.

remaining

t1^^ paymeTl

"If

interest must
continvis

taken

"

If

for
mado

If

325.
it

co'

On

what

note

itains
are

castinginteresl
?

taken

le

to

surplus of
principal;but interest

the interest,the

than

the

augment

until the period when the payfirmer principal,

ments
the
interest
exceed tlie
due, and then
surplus
together

What

commence?

LESS

the

on

REVIEW.

not

be

on

the

is not

paid

words

"with

partialpayments?
notes

and

principle\t

bonds

this rule

maturity, what
interest,"when

at

What

when
founded

is tho
does

is the United

partialpayments
?

quence?
conse-

interest

States
have

rule
hoen

PARTIAL

is to be
to be
I!
and

KM

AUK.

2. It is

rule,is adopted by the Courts

States ; it is on the principlethat

the

of

draw

shall

payment

nor

1. This

"

of most

the

on

207

and
dischargingthe principal,
balance as aforesaid"

applied toward

computed

PAYMENTS.

worthy

of

interest

of

the

U. 3.

neither interetl

interest.

remark,

that

the whole

aim

and

of

tenor

lative
legis-

and

judicialdecisions on questions of interest,

been
and
debtor,by disallowingcompound interest,
end
in
and
fails
the
rule
this
to
maintaini
secure
view,
really
yet
very
and enforces
the principleof compound
interest in a most
objcctknable shape ; for it makes
interest due,(not every
as
compound
year
interest
ordinarilydoes) but as oftenas a payment is made; by which
it happens that the closer the payments are together,
the greater the loss
who thus suffers a penalty for his very promptness.
of the debtor,
enactments

have

to favor

To
6

the

the

illustrate,
suppose

fe,and

the

to be for

note

month
pays every
interest then due ; at the end of the year he would
the $10 each mouth, at G
But if he had
invested
the end

had, at

debt wou'd
his

debtor

$2000, drawing interest at

the
"10, which just meets

have

favor,and

3. To

find

reckon

days ;

by

his

leaving

of time

the difference
and

years

months

far

as

fa,he

have

payment, while the

difference of $3.30 in

between

two

of

$2000.

dates

possible,and

as

$2000.

owe

would

for

only $120, being a

debt $1996.70,instead

increased

the note,

on

then

the

count

318.

in the rule Art.

as

$123.30 available

of the year,

still

CINCINNATI,April 29, 1850.

Ninety days after date,I promise to pay Stephen Ludlow,
with interest; value
dollars,
order,eighthundred
fifty

$850.
or

Dec.

1851,$125;

due

was

SOLUTION.
Oct.

13, 1850, $40;

1, 1851,$10; March

Oct.

Indorsements."

What

K.

CHARLES

received.

11,

Nov.

Interest

"

13,1850,being

mon.

9, 1851, $32; Aug. 21,

16, 1852, $80.

June

1852?

face

on

TAYLOR.

($850)from April 29

14 da.,at 6

to

per annum,

$23.238
850.

tfhole

to be

Payment
Balance

due

REVIKW.
trate
nn

by

due

sum

an

the note

"

Oct.

deducted,

Oct.

225.

example.
T

13, 1850,

873.233

.....

40.
....

833.233

13, 1850
How
IIow

docs

the rule allow

find the

compound

difference of time

interest

between

Illn"-

two

dates,

RAY'S

208

Interest

HIGHER

balance

on

($833.233)from

Oct.

13, 1850, to

27

9, 1851,being 7 mon.
Payment not enough to meet
June

interest

ARITHMETIC.

32.913

da.,
the interest,

32.
.913

paid June 9, 1851,

from
Interest on
former
principal($833?233)
12 da.,
1851, to Aug. 21, 1851,being 2 mon.
Surplus

Whole

not

due

interest

June

9,
9.999

10.912

Aug. 21, 1851,

833.233
Whole

due

sum

Payment

to be

Balance

due

Interest

on

844.145

Aug. 21, 1851,

deducted,

125.
719.145

Aug. 21, 1851,

balance

the above

from Aug. 21,

($719.145)

10 da.,
1851, to Dec. 1, 1851,being 3 mon.
Payment not enough to meet the interest,

11.986

....

10.

paid Dec. 1,1851,

Interest on
former
principal($719.145)from
15 da.,
1851, to March 1C, 1852,being 3 mon.
Surplus

Whole

interest

interest

1.986

not

March

due

Dec.

1,
12.585

16, 1852

14.571
719.145

Whole

due

sum

to be

Payment
Balance

due

Interest

on

Balance

on

mon.

733.716

........

80.

16,1852,
26

653.716

March

from

16,1852,to

Nov.

11,
25.713

da.,

$679.43

settlement,Nov. 11, 1852,

$304TYo-

1.

10, 1852.
six months
value received,
after date,I promise to
and four yVo"dollars.
Riley,or order,three hundred

For
pay G.
No

due

16, 1852,
deducted,

March

1852,being
Balance

March

CHICAGO, March

IL

McM.VKIN.

payments.

What

was

due

2.

$2250.

For

value

/Vlbert

What

was

3, 1853?

Am.

$325.63

LOUISVILLE,Dec. G, 1850.
year after date,I
two
order,two thousand

received,one

Rogers, or
with
dollars,
fifty
Indorsed:

Nov.

interest.

April 13, 18-52,$1000.

due Aug. 19, 1854?

promise to
hundred

NATHAN

PniLirs.

Ans.

$1634.63

pay
and

$429fo"oINDIANAPOLIS,April 13, 1853.

On demand, I promiseto pay W. Morgan, or order, four
hundred
and
value received.
twenty-nine iVo"dollars,
3.

R. WILSON.

PARTIAL

2,1853,$10; Dec. 8,1853,$60; July 17,1854,"200.

Am.
due Jan. 1, 1855?
$195.06

was

4.

$1750.

For

value

to the order

YORK, Nov. 22, 1852.

two years after date,I promise to pay
received,
hundred
and fifty
of Spencer" Ward, seventeen

with
dollars,
Indorsed:

$600;

Dec.

What

269

Oct.

Indorsed:

What

PAYMENTS.

NEW

7 per

interest at

cent.

JACOB

AViNSTON.

25, 1854,$500; July 18, 1855, $50; Sept. 1, 1864

28, 1855, $75.
Nov.

due

was

Feb.

10, 1856?

$879.71

Ans.

$4643T5o"o

DAYTON, Ohio, March 7, 1851.

For value received,
three years after date,I promise to pay
R. Banks, or order,forty-six
and forty three -ffa
hundred
W. G. BROOKS.
with interest at 10 per cent.
dollars,
5.

Indorsed:

25, 1854, $1000; Nov. 1,1854, $500; Jan. 12, 1855,

$2500; Sept.4, 1855,$1350; May 10, 1856, $150.
due July 1, 1856?
What
Ans. $1189.86
was
June

$540.

BALTIMORE, Jan. 11, 1849.

after date,wo
promise to pay Silas
Eighteen months
and fortydollars,
with interest,
Greene, or order,five hundred
6.

value

EVANS

received.

"

23, 1850,$125; March 5, 1851,$35;

$25; May 31, 1852,$80; Oct. 16, 1852, $100.
Indorsed:

What

Nov.

due

was

1, 1853

March

Ans.

HART.

Feb.

27,1852,

$291.60

$2500.

PHILADELPHIA, Aug. 8, 1850.

nine months
after date,I promise to
For value received,
thousand
five hundred
pay Abijah Warren, or order,two
7.

dollars,with interest
Indorsed:

$50;

was

6 per cent.

HENRY

CROSS.

1,1851, $400; Dec. 14, 1852,$100; July 6, 1853,

1854,$750; April 18, 1855, $500.

Nov.

Oct. 21,

What

at

due

July 1, 1855?

Ans.

$1362.04

$6875.

BOSTON, Oct. 22, 1852.

For value received,
four months
after date,we promise to
eight hundred
pay Augustus King, or order,six thousand
8.

and

dollars.
seventy-five

DAVIS

"

UNDERWOOD.

25, 1853, $2000; Jan. 1, 1854,$245; April 1, 1854,

$76; July 10, 18-31,$1500; Dec. '26,1854,$95; May 12, 1855, $1200
$50.
Bept.29/1855,
What
due Jan. 1, 1856?
Ans. $2376.64
was
Indorsed:

Feb.

RAY'S

$550.

0.

For value

17, 1848.

Louis, June

ST.

one
received,
year after date, I promiseto pay
and fifty
of Ross " Wade, five hundred
dollars,

the order

to

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

with interest.

TIMOTHY

GORDON.

Indorsed:

Aug. 19, 1848, $100; Dec. 1, 1848,$40; Feb. 8, 1850,

$30; Sept.27, 1850,$200; Jan. 4, 1852, $10; Mar. 1, 1852, $60.
What

was

ART.

326.

due

Aug. 28, 1852

RULE.

CONNECTICUT
"

payment, if that lie one

add

commenced;
the

from

balance

be

due

from
principal,and
or

year

it to

the time

to

the

more

of

the

first

the time that interest

deduct

the payment

total.

sum

If there

"

the interest

Compute

$195.87

Am.

made, compute the interest on the

payment, and then deduct the payment

afterpayments

to

the next

above ; and in like manner

from one payment to another, till
all the payments
absorbed:
Provided, the time between out
are
as

and

payment
But

"

another

be

one

year

be made

if any payment

obligation,
for

the intereston

the

year, add

one

on

it to

paid,from

sum

more.

year'sinterest hath
due on
the ^n'ncjpcZ sum
the principal,and compute

beforeone

accrued, then compute the interest

the

or

the time it

was

paid, up

to the

of the year ; add it to the sum paid, and deduct that sum
from the principaland interest added as above. (See Note. )
than the interest
If any payment be made of a less sum
arisen at the time of such payment, no
interest is to be computed,
but only on
the principal sum, for any period."
end

"

"If a year does not extend beyond the time of payment ; but
of the principalremaining unj"aid
up to the
ifit does,then find the amount
likewise the amount
time of settlement,
of the payment or payments from
and deduct the sum
the time theywere
of
paid to the time of settlement,
these several amounts
from the amount
of the principal.
NOTE.

"

is due

What

1.

notes,

by

4n*.

on

the

the Connecticut

the time

4th

of the

preceding

rule?

2d, $1634.63; 3d, $194.54; 4th,$877.95

VERMONT

ART.

2d, 3d, and

327.
it

Find

the

begins to

draw

RULE.

simple interest of the principalfrom

interest to the time

of settlement,and

for each payment. .Add

principal.Do the same
the amounts
of the several payments, and deduct the sum
together
from the amount
of the principal. The remainder will be the
add

it to the

balance

due

on

settlement.

EXCHANGE.

NOTE.
a

1. What

frequent use,

the

on

the Vermont

REMARK.
RDLE

for

Startingat the time interest

the

takes

place

begins.
of the

preceding

3d, $193.50; 4th, $855.79

followinghas
Partial
Payments,

tnterest of each payment

settlement

rule?

The

"

when

2d, 3d, and 4th

2d, $1608.88;

Am.

"

is of

the time interest

is due

by

notes,

rule

less from

or

year

This

"

271

than

in

any

as

the

of

sum

of the

table
equi-

more

use.

begins,find the Present

; deduct

the amount

recommended

been

Worth

these Present

by Simple

Worths

from

to the
Simple Interest,

Principal:
balance,by
day
will
be
the
then
due."
turn
of tettlement,
The principleof this rule is,each payment discharges
a part
of the
with its simpleinterest to the day the payment is made ; making
principal
interest and
principal due at the same
time, instead of the interest
all due first,
and the principalafterward.

EXCHANGE.

XXVI.

is the method

328. EXCHANGE

of

transmitting
money
one
of Exchange.
by
If the placesare in different countries it is called Foreign
Exchange ; if not, Home, Domestic or Inland Exchange.
ART.

from

placeto another

of Exchange, also

Bills

for the

orders
A

SightBill,is

Time

is

Bill

of Bills

means

called

draftsor checks,are

ten
writ-

payment of money.

payable"at sight."
time after sight,or
payable a specified

one

after date.
The

signer of

The

one

whom

to

the payee.
The
one

who

the

money

he sells
holder ; when
be is liable for payment..
RRVIEW.

change

"

What

323.
arc

bill?

Who

What,

if he becomes

drawer.

addressed,and

What

is

Bills

is the drawer
an

is ordered

possessionof

has

or

owner

or

who

is

quested
re-

it,is the drawee.

pay

one

the maker

the draft is

to whom

to

The

bill,is

the

the

it,and

be

to

draft,is
becomes

an

paid,is

called

the

indorser,

Home
exexchange ? Foreign exchange?
'I
What
is a sight bill
A time
of Exchange ?
The drawee ? The payee? Who
"n tLa holder .'

indorser?

specialindorsement
named, who is
person

is

Harris/'

and

the

and

back,

is in

as
indorsee,

draft

particular

W.

"

the bill.

writes his

merely

payee

has lawful

to

to F. II. Lee.

Pay

"

collect

can

blank,the

who

one

any

the

the

to pay

the indorsee

but

one

no

ARITHMETIC.

order

an

called

the indorsement

When
on

HIGHER

KAY'S

""72

possessionof

name

the draft

can

collect it.

promises to pay a draft at maturity,he writes across

the face the word
"Accepted," with the date, and signs his name,
The acceptor is first
thus:
"Accepted, July 11, 1851. II. Morton."
If the drawee

"

and

responsiblefor payment,
A

329.

ART.

be

payable"to

in

case

the

In

"

acceptance is refused

or

days grace, whether

The

330.

ART.

acceptance.

an

exchange,like a promissorynote, may

order,"or
bearer,"and is subjectto protest

States,drafts

some

is called

billof

payment

to the

the draft

not

are

entitled

or

days

to

forms

followingare

titled
en-

time bill.

sight

it is also

of grace.

of drafts

bills of

or

exchange.
INLAND

DRAFT.

$1500.

CINCINNATI,Feb. 8, 1855.
teen
order,fif-

Please pay,
sight,to Williams " Baker, or
value received,
hundred
and charge
dollars,
at

CLARK, Brokers, New

"

To Kiyo

FOREIGN

Exchange "2000.
At sixtydayssightof
of the

date and

same

To

DRAFT.

York, May 21, 1853.

this firstexchange (secondand third

unpaid),pay

tenor

the

to

order

of

pounds, without

further advice.
" JiATES.
SPENCE, Merchant, Liverpool. ELMER

OEOROE

NOTES.

ATKINS.

New

thousand

II. Watts, two

THOMAS

York.

words

1. The

"

"value

received"

are

essential

not

to

bill of

exchange.
foreign exchange, three separate bills are generallydrawn,
that if one
two
or
are
lost,the other may reach its destination.

2. In
BO

When

KB

What

bill of

one

VIEW.

set has

328.

"

What

is the
in

is
of

paid,the

What

is the

effect

of

M'hat

it?

329.

AVli.it is
promissory note?
?
;;30. Give nn example of an
niglu-bilis

What

is said
ac^e

of

When

the words
one

of

"value
a

set

rest

is

How

said

of

inland

received"?

is paid, what

void.

are

special indorsement?
specialindorsement

a
consequence
blank?
Its eonsequeuee?

exiimpio.
rcsi.-mt.lo

been

an

Give
?

What

example.

an

is

an

acceptance?
does

bill of

Of

protest?
drafu
What

Of
is

u
a

un

exchange

grace

Of

foreigndmft.
of foreign

set

is the consequence

ment
indorseGive

RAY'S

274

Since

the

HIGHER

ARITHMETIC.

of exchangeallows for the rate of exchange,

is known, the cost of the bill ia
found by reduction,without
using Percentage.
If the rate of exchange is given,a reduction
of currencies,
and a calculation in Percentage,
both required.
are
course

when

NOTES.

1. For

"

and

U. S.

dollar,it

sterlingmoney

to reckon

"l

was

and, consider

"1

or

than

purer

at

"9

as
"f0of $4.44|),
OTJ^J
part

$40, which

difference

the

between

comparing

that

formerly the
then

20s.

or

U. S. money

and

$4.44$ (41|ct.,
=

of

exchange.
actuallypar, ("1
$4.86),when

is

change
ex-

$4.80,it is customary still

is a convenient
relation;

$4.86

of the rate

Hence, sterlingmoney

of

$4.86

present, and

at

the rate of "1

$4.44g,or

20s.

of

English sovereignwith

an

$4| or $4.44|.Instead

equal to

was

with

U. S.

of the

silver coin

that

is found

her

in

ol

RATE

possessions,the
foreigncountries,the COURSE

given. For other

is given.
By comparing the pure metal

2.

"1,

Britain

Great

is

exchange

in

the former

it is

quoted 9-$$% premium, (on "1

$4.44$); it is actuallybelow par,
it is quoted less than
when
"f0 premium, .and above par, only
927jj
it is above
when
927a% premium.
=

TABLE

333.

ART.

COINS

FOREIGN

OP

MONIES.

AND

100 cents
times
1 florin
$.40. Some1
6
is
used
florins
follows
as
:
pound
money
1920 pfennings.
240 groats
20 schillings 120 stivers
400 reas
4 quarters
50
1 rupee
16 annas
Bombay.
45
in
this table meansct.
Cents, U. S. Money.)
pice
(ct
Same as Lisbon.
Brazil.
1 thaler
360 swares
72 grootes
Bremen.
=
78| ct.
1 peso duro
16
Cadiz.
lOf reals of old plate; 1 real
10
34
maravedis
1
of
11
reals
ducat
ct
plate
quintas
;
; 1
5 ct
real vellon
Calcutta.
1 gold mohar
16 sicca rupees
64 cahauns
3072
256 annas
50 ct ;
pice 20480 gundas ; 1 sicca rupee
1 current
lac
100000
100
ct
a
44^
croro
a
;
rupee
rupeod ;
lacs.
Amsterdam

and

Antwerp.

"

Flemish

"

"

"

"

"

which

What

When

Why
performed ?
country

States

332.

"

exchange

is the

What

is

is the

tuate
Does
it flucexchange?
of exchange is given,how is the comcourse
putation
the rate
of exchange is given ?
On
How, when
of
rate of exchange given ?
On which
the course
the actual
of
the
United
between
exchange
par

and

was
England ? What
sterlingexchange ?
England makes
sterlingmoney

When

at

course

of

the

the

of

of

"

REVIEW.

real discount

old

par

Why
reallypar?
?

What

rato

When

in

is used

Which
of

exchange

is it at

putations
com-

in favor

real premium

EXCHANGE.

275

Canton." I tael=10
mace=lOO
candarines=1000
cash=$1.48.
Civita VeccJiia."l scudo
10 paoli
100 bajocchi $1.
1
4 ct.
40
120 aspers =
=
Constantinople. piastre
paras
6 marcs
96 skillings
Copenhagen. 1 rix dollar
; 1 rigsbank dollar
52 ct.; the old rix dollar
$1.05.
360 pfennings=
Dantzic.
1 thaler
30 silver groschen
69 ct. ; sometimes
used : 1 rix dollar
3 florina
the following
are
90 groschen
69 ct.
=
270 schillings 1G20 pfennings
Genoa.
1 lira
100 centesimi
$1.86. Old divisions : 1 lira
20 soldi ; 1 soldo
=
12 denari.
192
lubs =
16 sols or schillings
Hamburg. 1 mark banco
Tubs
thalers
Also
1
$.35.
3f
pfennings
2j crowns
pound
240 grotes,Flem.
20 schillings,
Lubs is
=
Flem.
7^ marks
for money
either
is
banco
a contraction
of Lubec.
or
rent
curMoney
the latter.
; the former being at a premium of 23 fo over
1 dollar
Havana.
20 reals vellon
8 reals plate
$1. A
doubloon
$17.
La, Guayra. 1 dollar =
8 reals
75 ct.
20 soldi
240 denari
1
of
8
reals
lire
Leghorn.
5|
pezza
87 ct.
The Tuscan
=
scudo
$1.05. Also, 1 lire
corona
or
20 soldi
240 denari.
Lisbon.
1 milree
1000 rees
$1.12; 1 milree of Azores
83 3 ct ; 1 milree of Madeira
400 rees ; 1
$1 ; 1 old crusado
crusado
480 rees ; 1 testoon
100 rees.
new
Madras.
1 pagoda=32rupees=42 fanams=3360
cash=$1.84.
1
ducato
di regno
10 carlini
100 grani
$.80 ;
Na2)les.
1 scudo
12 carlini
$.95.
Palermo.
1 ducato
counts
10 piccioli 100 bajocchi $.80. Ac30 tari
are
: 1 oncia
generallykept in the following
600 grani
3 ducati = $2.40.
St. Peiersburgh.1 bank rouble
100 copecks=
$.214. Also,
1 silver rouble
360 copecks
$.75.
Stockholm.
1 rix dollar banco
48 skillings 576 rundstycks
$1.06.
$.40; 1 silver rix dollar
Trieste. 1 florin
60 kreutzers
240 pfennings
$.48^.
Venice." I lira =
100 centesimi
1000 millesimi
$.16.
=

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

==

"

"

"

"

="

"

"

"

REM.
in

"

the

The

U. S.

values

gold

If their values

values

given

ART.
1.

"What
at

2.
"t

334.

"%

What

1%
wterest

foreigncoins in this table are expressed

silver coins as they were
previous to 1853.
silver
1853
new
are
required,the
coinage since

of the

and

in the
above

INLAND

or

paid for $3805.40

a

sightexchange on

discount,interest
are

ton,
Bos-

$3824.43
Orleans for $7216.85,
Ans.

30 da. bill on

discount

(See Art. 204.)

cent.

EXCHANGE.

premium?
for

and

7"| per

be increased

most

HOME,

is

New

off at 6

calculated

%
on

Ans.

the face

$7150.09

of the draft.

RAY'S

276
What

3.

cost

HIGHER

check

$1505.40, ai
Am.
$1501.04
York
for $12692.50,

St. Louis

on

discount?

\%

4. What

cost

GO da. draft

-|% premium, int.

at

ARITHMETIC.

5. What

off at 6

New

on

be tho face of

must

for

draft to

divide

and

the

What

6.

\\%

at

for the

$1

Of

21 da.

int. off at 6

and

1. What

SUGGESTION.
of "1

rate

face,"c.
see

if it

(See Ex. 5.)

yieldsthe given

10

6d.,at
Express

York,

"1

$4^X

the face

divide

~,

3.

$1

What

="-

and

^"

; reduce

4.

Of

What

at

$1

Of
=

$,

at

the

%.

Boston

$26550,

for

at

9s. 7d.

"5455

Ans.

for the

the decimal

draft

on

to

and
shillings

London,

it to $ at

at

pence.

9? %

mium,
pre-

3s. lOAd.

9| % premium

on

$47j"

Philadelphia
costing"1500, at 91 %
Ans. $7283.33
sterling?
is the cost of a draft on
Paris for 6072. 25f.,

draft

on

"fc|l"=5.85f.?
6.

to

for

premium
5.

pounds, reduce

result by 10
on

$13437.48

^tns. "1280

face,reduce
$6244.50 by it

divide

Ans.

London

on

100

is the face of

"1

in

draft

$2G550 by this value,or multiply it by

costing$6244.50?
Assume

$6925.04

iuo

the value

of

% prem.?

of a draft
Liverpool,
9s % premium for sterling?
As

1% discount,

EXCHANGE.

In

2.

by sellingtht

amount.

Ans.

$4u",
increasingthe

Prove

$?

"

$4681.25

$5256.27

Ans.

FOREIGN

11s.

supposition,

draft to cost

is the cost in New

for "2748

this

on

draft,costing$6836.75, at

335.

ART.

cost

$4740.51
draft,
costing$5264.15, at " % pre

proposed,and

as

the

a*

Ans.

18 da.

an

Assume

8.

be the face of

must

int. off at 6

mium,
draft

the

discount?

Of

7.

face,determine
given cost by it.

for

$1

$2000,
$1987.58

cost

Am.

*% premium?
Assume

$12054.42

Am.

draft

on

5.37if.?

Ans.

New

York, at Havre,
AM.

for

$1135.

$2918.50,

15687.

26f.

EXCHANGE.

is the face of

What

7.

$453-1.20, $1
at

What

8.

schil. 8

1 mark

at

35 ct.?
Ans. 5219

A. draft

1 florin

1 florin

42

ct.

What

12.

What

at 1 milrce

cost

draft

$1.25 ?
at Lisbon,a

I real

draft

U.

on

What

milrces

Stockholm,

at

$0529.50, at 1 rix dollar

Ans.
What

17.

3494

What

What

19.

I rouble
20.

What

draft

cost

What

What

22.

bank

at

cost

What

at 1

cost

I tael

U.

on

Moscow,

Ans.

S.

for

draft for

draft

14112

roubles

Berlin,for 634

on

Irix dol.

rix dol.

$5530.29

for 8751

Archangel,a

roubles

$2362.94

$3387.06, at
75 copecks.
rix dol. 13 silver

65 ct.? -4ns. $412.39

Dantzic,a draft for $4687.20 at 1 rix

Ans. 7101 rix dol. 24 silver gro. 7 pfen.

cost

at

cost

14
at

cost

Copenhagen, for 2934 rigs

48 ct.?
skill, at 1 rigsbankdol.
Ans. $1408.79
Copenhagen, a draft for $4427.35

draft

51

on

ct. ?

Ans.
What

98 ct.?

on

Ans.

rigsbankdol.

24.

draft

Ans.

24 ct?

dol. 5 marks

23.

reals 22 maravedis.

27 ct.?

1 rouble

66 ct.?

dol. =

$7564.12,at

Stockholm, for 5643

on

draft

at
groschcn5 pfen.,

21.

plate,

rix dollars 26

cost

copecks,at

rccs.

$1.01?
7 rundstycks.
skillings

V skil. 4rund.,at 1 rix dol.

18.

656

$103.36

Ans.

88989

Ans.

cost

railrccs 960

$906.20
S. for $3542 60,

Barcelona, a draft for

at

cents.

reals 27 maravedis

on

cost

at

Ans. 2767

83 ct.?

16.

63

florins 48

What

$0312.80,

Ans.

Cadiz for 1252

66 ct.?
1 piastre
of 8 reals

}5.

cents,

$1300.42

Lisbon,for 724

on

pfen.

florins 15

draft for

15030

Ans.

$1.28?

draft

1-1
at

for 3422

Ans.

U. S.?

cost

rees, irt 1 milrce

1 3.

2 schil. 3?

banco

Amsterdam,

cost at

$400.t45
$1826. (TO.at

draft for

marks

Amsterdam,

on

10

marks

33 ct.? Ans.

38 ct, U. S.?

Wiat

11.

banco

Hamburgh,

at

for 1231

Hamburgh,

to cosf

24484.081*.

Ans.

on

mark

cost

bonco

10.

draft

pfen.,at 1
What

9.

Bordeaux,

on

5.40f.?

cost

draft

cost

at

8681

Canton,

rigsbankdol. T*
draft

for

skil.

$13653.85,at

$1.55?
Ans.

8808

taels 9

mace

3 candarines

5 cash.

HIGHER

RAY'S

278

ARITHMETIC.

OF

ARBITKATION

Exchange may
exchange is confined

Direct

cf the drawer
Circular
drawn

New

is it

of the

one

on,

York

circular.

or

the
places,

two

residence

drawee.

or

by

succession

intermediate

more

is called Arbitration

merchant

wishes

$2240

to remit

through Paris

and

premium,
1 milree

"1

at

of

to Lisbon:

Lisbon
at

25.20f.,to

bills

points.
of- Exchange.

to buy a bill directlyon

profitable
$1.15: or, to remit through London

more

1 milree

to

is effected

exchange

circular method

The

at

and

a^ and

be either direct

336.

ART.

EXCHANGE.

at

Lisbon

6f.?

exchange gives the value of "2240

of 1 milree
1947.826 milrees,by dividing $2240 by $1.15,the value
in exchange.
The value of the remittance
by the circular exchange
SOLUTION.

is,2240

The

"

^Ox

to

"-|

ft

25.20

multiplying

", by
the

Q8

reduced

direct

"

are

it

reduced

I960

the

by

value

"1, which is 25.20f.;the francs are

multiplying by the value of 1 franc,which
the operations,cancel.
2d

SOL."

result

by

can

The

same

obtained

be

equations,
expressing the
of exchange becourse
tween
two pointsin the
circuit,
except the first,
a

$"2^0

28

1 milree
2 5 2 0 f.
""")

each

which

has

be remitted
unknown

the

sum

equal
number

to

appear
sides

-wn

on

ex"

'

Bhange?

"

336.

Circular?

dicating
in-

) milreeB.

fif.2

"1

$-4Q
X

} 9 4
!

to an

J-P?

7 g " f.

Gain

0 9

"

L_
.

1 2,1

7'* Jnilrsea.

quired
re-

on

both
the

the other

to
side,cancelingfirst,

REVIEW.

After

"

p.^

being equal,

product of those

milree.

.09)176.40
iggo^
G.

(milrees);these equations are

both

the

milrees, by

to

ft

( )

of the denomination

is

is

$1. which

reduced

"0

chain of

of

is

$2240

francs, by multiplying by

to

'

of

value

The

railrees.

What
What

two

so

sides of the
vacant

term

side,by
shorten

kinds

the

nomination
dearranged that the same
the
product of
);
sign (
id found
by dividing the
product of the others on ita
=

the v.ork.

of

ej-hange?

is the circular c.-Jled?

What

Solve

is direct

the ezarap.o-

ARBITRATION

Hence,

337.

ART.

OF

which

it is

which

it is

is

Reduce

"

different

tions,
denomina-

the

rule,called

I.

of other

medium

CHAIN
RULE.

279

of
quantities

two

to compare

denominations, through the

this

EXCHANGE.

the

RULE.

given quantityto the denomination

this result to the denomination

compared; reduce

with
with

compared; and so on until the requireddenomination

the operationsby writingas multipliers,
the
reached, indicating
The

proper unit values.

its

to

duced
compound fraction,thus obtained, resimplestform, will be the amount
of the required

denomination.
ROLE

II.

Form

the conditions
of equations,
expressing
the quantitygiven equal to
of the question
; tliefirstcontaining
unknown
number
an
of the quantityrequired,and all arranged
in such a way
that the right hand
quantityof each equationand
the lefthand quantityin the equationnext following,
shall be of
the same
denomination, and also the righthand quantityof the
last and the lefthand
quantityof the first. Cancel all equal
and divide the product of the quanfactorson the rightand left,
tities
in the column which is completeby the product of those in
"

series

The

the other column.

1. This

quotientwill be the quantityrequired.

is called

the

chain

rule,because each equation

and the one
connected
are
following,as well as the last and first,
like a chain,having the right hand
quantity in one of the same
the left hand
denomination
as
quantity of the next.
2. In
applying this rule to exchange, if any currency is at a
with which
premium or a discount,its unit value in the currency
of decimal
hunit is compared, must be multipliedby such a number
dredths,as will increase or diminish it accordingly. (SeeOperation.)
cuit,
3. If commission
or
brokerage is charged at any point of the cirthe
the
next
to
be
for effectingthe exchange on
sum
point,
transmitted
be diminished
must
accordingly,by multiplying it by
NOTES.

"

the proper

hundredths.

of decimal

number

FOR

EXAMPLES

1.

New

York

$4.85;
Ans.

REVIEW.
rule?

337.

AVliyshould

What

bancos

is the chain

this chain

or

to

Hamburgh,

is the value when

"1; 1
rule?

connection

premium or discount,what
brokerage is charged at any point of
is at

or

"

25.20f.
mark
4214

$1460

remits

and Paris: what

throughLondon
if "1

merchant

PRACTICE.

mark

Why

be done?

what
circuit,

l.SOf.?

pfennings.

is this called

be made?

should
the

banco

6 sols 11

received,

If any

the chain
of the

rencies
cur-

If commission
should

be done

RAY'S

"280

HIGHER

ARITHMETIC.

wishes
to remit
$4532.80 to
A, of Philadelphia,
St. Petcrsburgh: the direct exchange is $1
3 roubles 3G
copecks,while through London, Paris,and Dantzic,it ia
follows: 8 % in favor of London; 25.20f.
"1 ; 1 th.-iler
as
4f. ;
1 thaler. Which
roubles GO copecks
is better?
Ans. Circular,
by 509 roubles 94 copecks.
10000
in Amsterdam
3. A, of Boston,owes
florins. How
much
in U. S. money
will pay it,by remittingthrough London
and Paris at the following
rates: 9% in favor of London;
2.

'2

"1

25f.

London,

; 1 florin

and

Multiply the " by .99,and

brokerage. (Note 3.)

SUGGESTION.

allow

4.

direct

of
is

will pay

debt,and

his

By

SUGGESTION.

N. Y,

5.

the

home

to

$ N. 0., for New

or

Exchange
it is

Orleans

New

discount.

method,
Ans.
6.

and

how

much

being

currency

$,

the

wishes

to

New
much

the

Orleans

the

same

place,as
money.

$7165.80
premium; but,

to remit

is

\%

from

Havana

the value

of

name

New

and

money

from

will be

What

the

the

% premium;

Havana, i % discount;

New

exchange,how
gain?

Baltimore

on

on

$5969.70; $90.30 gain.

of St. Louis

merchant

York

The

circular

exchange,

annex
circuit,

to Baltimore.
on

In

"

York.

Orleans

in

to
.OO^,

by

exchange

New

is his

what
Ans.

throughout

but

discount.

in New

to pay

premium;
k.-%premium, and from

is 1

York

$6000

has

Memphis,

exchange is

Orleans

the francs

"

for the

A,

allowing1 % brokerage
Ans. $4563.87

in Paris?

2.32f. ;

New

Orleans

to

Baltimore,1 "/0
Baltimore by each

to

in

better is the circular?

$7238.36;gain,$125.90
Direct,$7112.46; circ.,
A

Louisville

merchant

$10000

has

due

him

in

Charleston
is :{Exchange on
% premium.
he advises his debtor to remit
Instead of drawing directly,
York
to his agent in New
at g % premium, on
whom
he
immediately draws at 12 da.,and sells the bill at IA c/0
premium, interest off at 6 %. What does he realize in this
the direct exchange?
way, and what gain over
Ans. Realizes $10087.17; gain,$62.17
Charleston.

SUGGESTION.

"

Interest nt 6

for \~" days, "which diminishes

7.
account

per

the rate

Cincinnati manufacturer
of sales from N. Orleans

annum

of

A % a month,
premium to \\ fais

or

\%

receives,April 18th, an
; net

proceeds$5284.67,

RAY'S

HIGHER

ARITHMETIC.

fo?
imperialquarter (480 lb.),
allowing4 % commission
the
advancing
freight,sterlingexchange 4 % premium ?
Ans. 11s. Cfd.
If

16.

the

commission

is the

U. S.

bu., chargesand
example, exchange 8 % prem., what
Ans. 26s.
imperialquarter?
ct. per

in last

as

freightper
What

17.

66

freightis

is the cost

in New

in

of
Liverpool,

per quarter,
bu.,charges4ct.

corn

ought
13d. per bu.,commission
per bu.,exchange 8 % premium, freight
5
29s.
?
Ans.
|d.
(on Freightonly^) %
Find

the cost per

18.
be

Orleans

how

At

filled in

5 Oct. per U. S.

at

then, the freightper

qr.;

qr., and

add.

cents
many
per U. S. bushel
New
Orleans, limited at 28s.

can

order

an

per imperial
quarter, the freightbeing 15d. per U. S. bu.,commission
Ans. 42 ct.
5%*, and exchange 6 % premium?
Find
the

the

cost

freight per imperial

U.

per

less 4ct. the usual

28s.,and

corresponding to the remainder.

charges per bu.,is the price per U. S.

How

19.

it from

qr., subtract

S. bu.

be

cents
can
many
leansrto fill an order from

for

paid

This

find

cost,

bu.

in New

corn

Liverpool,limited

Or80s. per

to

imperialquarter, the freightbeing lOd. per U. S. bu.,commission*

5 %, exchange 7 % premium?
Ans. 6875 ct.
*In

Examples 17,18

and

received

and

account

paid

out, is

Current

Accounts

the value
and

THE

338.

the

Hero

of

goods

are

an

banker

Account

an

also

on

Freightonly.

keeps of

money

Current.

kept by merchants,showing
to their

agents and customers,

thereon.

Current

Account

charged

CURRENT.

which

delivered

payments made
is

is

ACCOUNTS

XXVII.
ART.

19,Commission

of

bank

with

tor
deposi-

REVIEW.
does the
?
What

"

Dr.

What

338.
side

What
show?

is it also

is the direct

rule?

is

an

Tho
called?

current?

account

Cr. side?
What

What

ii necessary

is

By whom
kept?
an
settling account
in

making

the

What
rent
cur-

balance

CURRENT.

ACCOUNTS

Da.

in

Henry Armor,

The

left

hand,

the bank

paid by

sums

acc't with

Bank.

City

side,shows, with

Dr.

or

283

the checks

on

of

CK.

their

dates,the

Armor,

Henry

for

he is their debtor.

which

righthand, or
in the
deposited

The
sums

side,shows, with their dates,the

bank by Henry Armor, for which he

Cr.

is their creditor.
or
an
account,
Settling
closing

at

time, between
particular

called

a
striking

Generally,in

"

current, each

account

an

SETTLE

TO

day

ACCOUNT

AN

the

Find

the

sum

findinghow
parties.It

much

is due

is sometimes

its date to the

from

RULE.

balance.

is

of

item

of settlement

DRAWING

(lieitems

draws

hence,

INTEREST.

the Dr.

on

side, with iht

of each from its date to the date of settlement ;

will
same
of these sums
for the Cr. side. The difference
the
side.
balance in favor of
greater
interest

The

followingis a

convenient

more

PRACTICAL
1st item

Multiplythe
the 2d
it

the number

by

the balance

of days from

days from the last date to

Each
product is put into
it
the balance, from which
R
rule

E
as

i E

Vf.

"

338.

appliedto

What

the account

is the

do

lh*

be th*

and

RULE.

the number

the last balance, which

to

on

Find

dates.

by

terest
in-

of days from
2d

afterthe
tfie2d

to

the 1st to

item, and

multiply

the '3d dates, and

to

is

multipliedby the number oj

the date of settlement.
Dr. or Cr. column, accordinga"
a
comes,

is Dr.

practicalrule
given.

or

Cr.

Show

the

Balance

reason

the

284

RAY'S

the interest

of products, and find

columns

two

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

this balanct

on

Jbr 1 day, at the at/ reed rale. This will be the balance of in
tfrent in Jit
cur
of the larger column, which being added to, or
subtracted J'rom, the last balance
of Hems, according as they
the same
on
are
or
quired.
oppositesides,will give the final balance reDKMO.NSTRATIOX.

item, S50I),being
is

account,
the

on

6 da. is the
Place

eide

of the

interest
in

it

from

days

of

$200

in

down

second

interest

of

This
red

(Jan. 5)

balance

ink

to

1 da, ; set

This

the

this

column

the

on

third

for 2 da. is the

$200

for

deposit

on

in the form.

shown

date

$400

pencilor

of
for

the balance

sum

check.

the

on

belongs,as

the

; the

set

out

the

between

ol

for 1 da.

$-500

opposite,and keep on, taking a

corresponding product^ for every item, to

the

forming

to which

interest

on

(Jan. 7),

$400

sake,be

"

$-300 X

products opposite;find

($300) paid

sum

account

is

the

as

the

of

of

Is

account

is the difference

for convenience'

balance
date

in the column

($200),which

("500),and
may,

the interest

as

$2500

of items

from

(Jan.5), which

same

already given. The

in favor
from
of Henry Armor
an
date
date
the
its
(Dec.31, 1854) to
is 5 clays. The
interest of $500
the

balance

interest

item

next

Take

"

same

product

balance
the

and
of

day

settlement.
In

this

the

example,

products will

all be

balance

in

one

side,and

being always

column;

sometimes

but,

Cr.

the

on

if the balance

the

side, the

were

times
some-

well

as
a
other, Dr.,
for products,would
be needed
Cr. column
; adding each column, the
would
be the balance
in favor of the larger
difference of the sums
column
be the excess
; the interest of this difference for Ida.,would
of- interest in favor of the largercolumn.
The
of products in this example, is $12400; its interest
balance
for CO da. at ("% is $124.00 (Art'.
terest
303) ; dividing by GO gives the infor 1 da., $2.07, in favor
of the Cr. side : as the balance
of
items,$125, is also in favor of the Cr. side, the total balance to Henry
Armor's credit,
of the two, ($127.07).
is the sum
on

one

NOTE.

In

"

on

in

settling depositors'accounts

as

New

York,

Great

ished
be diminBritain,"o., the interest,as ordinarilyobtained, must
of itself,
(Art.308) ; but elsewhere,this deduction should
by ^'.j
for it in case
of depositors'
not be made ; as, there is no more
reason
of the bank:
it is manifestly unjust
accounts, than in the discounts

for the

bank

REVIEW.
Uow

do

we

\Vhat should

to

"

then

make

338.

When

proceed?

be done

with

deduction

on

the interest it pays,

will two

columns

On

side will the balance

which

it when

obtained

for

and

not

products be necessary?
of interest

be?

CURRENT.

ACCOUNTS

allow

it

it

receives, the circumstances

being
it
the
the
in
its
if
insists
time
:
same
on
days
precisely
taking
by
discounts,it ought not to object to any advantage to the depositor
terest
in making up his interest on the same
plan. It is true, it' the initem sepaeach
calculated on
on
a
were
depositor'saccount
rately
months
the
time
when
of settlement, using calendar
to
last
possible,the result would be slightlyless than by the
rule,
be
the
difbut
would
leas
it
a day being occasionallylost,
not
:
^'3
to

t.-reucewould

FIND
1.

the

on

interest

285

with

vary

the size and

INT. DUE,

TUB

Da.

AND

*L

lut

DR.

Morris,$13.34:

Wn.

Ans. Int. due

Ibe interest?

"

to Oct.

$246.33
Willis,
$ Co.

CR.

6 per cent.

bal. due

12, at

CR.

G per cent.

Whi.'e in acc't with Beach

Interest

UKVIKW.

Kennedy.

bal. due

30, at

ACCOUNTS.

THESE

L. Morris in acc'l with T. J. Fisher

Ans. Int. duo

DR.

31, at

$2. 33:
Willis,

due
A.

to Jan.

Interest to June

3.

BALANCE

F. II. Willis in acc't with E. S.

Interest

An*.

dates of the items.

Morris,$298.23
CR.

$ Berry.

Id pel cent.

White, "19. 68; bal. due White, $123.68

338.
Should

In

New

York, ic.,

this be done

whal

elsewhere?

bhould

bo

Why

not?

done

in

finding

RAY'S

280

339.

ART.

HIGHER

rule

The

merchant's

ARITHMETIC.

is not

(Art. 338)

applicable

so

the items, being

a
current, where
sometimes
notes, drafts,acceptances,sales on credit,"e.,
due in the order they are written.
not generally
are
to

BALANCE

TO

HULE
ime

MERCHANT'S

Multiplyeach

"

it is due

item

cash until

as

the Dr. items in

of
in

account

ACCOUNT

by the number
the

day of

of days from

settlement.

Dr. column, and

CURRENT,

those

of

the

Set the products

the Or. items

Cr. column.
each

of their
find the difference
the interest of this for 1 day, at the rate agreed,u-ill be
turns;
the balance of interest in favor of the larger column, which is
placed on the side of the account where it belongs; the difference
between
the two sides will be the whole balance in favor of the
Add

of

the columns, and

largerside.
REMARK.

4.

This

"

due

the amount

rule

closing an account
required.

F.

Archer,in

T.

acc't with

Interest at 6 per cent,

Am.

Int. due

$310.05
5.

DR.

Ans.

The

$1057.87

T. "

W.

1st rule may

Int.

be

used

Mason, $30.73
at

to

to

CR.

Day.

W.

Dec. 31.

Day, $3.95:

Oliver Mason, in acc't with

Int. due

sales,when

particulardate is

at

DR.

for

serves

here

to

bal. due

Archer,

advantage.

Sharpe $ Swift.

; bal. due

Sept.30.

Sharpe "

CR.

Swift

CURRENT.

ACCOUNTS

NOTE.

Cr., fall
what

In

"

due

is the

obtained

on

them, are

sold

by

order

on

(he

suffer

the side of the

on

of 600 hhd.

sales

other side

one

discount,or,
hence, the products
account, opposite to

items.

the

contains

6. Acccu*t

put

the Dr. side and

therefore

afterSept.30, and must

draw interestfor the
same,

from

that which

items

this account, two

287

and

for

Discount

ship Wave, from New Orleait,

Clarke " Co.
of 1'errot,

sugar, per
account

and

interest

to date.

charges paid May 1, are on interest till June 2G

the payments are
due until
not
being on credit,
and
times
after June
be
discounted
for
must
26,
14,63, 82,
to reduce
them to cash on June 26.
days, respectively,

REMARK.

"

The

(56da.);the sales
yarious
and

91

7.

E. S.

Da.

Lee, in

acc't current
9

"Interest

Ans.

Int. duo

Co.,$1227.18
REVIEW.
ft

merchant's

"

339.
account

Burns

(*Days
Why

"

f0 to

with Burns
June

are

is the rule for bank

current?

What

CH.

iJO.

Co., $27.18

of grace

Co.

not

; bal. due

Burns

"

counted.)

accounts

not

is the rule for it?

so

applicable t*

8.

Joshua

Da.

In these

acc't with II. K. Foster.

Parkins,in

Dec. 31 ; interest 6

Closed

AcH.

current, and

in

bal. due

Foster,$1754.91
graco

ACCOUNTS.

340.

similar to bank accounts,

are
Storageaccounts
side showing how many
bbl.,packages,"c. are received,
at what
times; the other side showing how many have

ART.
and

%.

Equation of Payments, days of

STORAGE

one

CR.

counted.

not

arc

ARITHMETIC.

Foster,$49.04;

Int. due

Ans.
*

HIGHER

RAY'S

"088

been

delivered,and

at

what

times.

Storage is generallycharged at
each bbl.,package,"c.
on

much

so

per

month

of

30 da.

TO

FIND

RULE.

"

TUB

BALANCE

Multiplythe

+f days from

number

DUE

ON

STORAGE

o/"bbl.firstset down

the 1st to the 2d

date

of

ACO

by the

number

the account, and

set

the

result in the column

of products opposite.
Find
the number
of bbl. on hand afterthe second item has been
get down, and
multiply it by the number of days from the 2d to
the '3d date,settingthe result in the column of products opposite.
Continue thus, multiplying
the number
of bbl. finallyon hand,
by the number of days from the last date to the date of settlement
Add
these products,and divide their sum
by 30: the quotient
will be the number
of bbl. stored per month, and this number
multipliedby the price of storage on each bbl. per month, will
give the balance due
RE
ft

i E

storage

w."
account

S40. How
T

on

the account.

is storage

charged?

What

is the rulo for

settling

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RAY'S

since it IB the time

fore,the tiroi the note should run,

be Jiscounted
debt, ($'2060),must
is called the

fouud

thus

of

buy

Jan.

7,

$400

; Jan.

20, $320;

for the whole

mon.

SOLUTION.

will

If you

with.

Start

"

date

Any

$000;

of

invoice

do

start

is it dated?

of the 1st

0
4=
6
13=
2 1

24 ) X
fore the 1st payment, count
400X
forward for the multipliers
320
X
and
quotient; if you start
1200
X
at or afterthe last payment,
If you

backward.

count

will

there

payments,
columns

of

the

purchases before

it;

in

divide

time

mean

"

date

or

r
Jan.

days afterJan.

19,

.,,

the note.

of

of

one

each

the

date, and

column,

by

total

sum

of

take

the

the

other

of

difference

debts:

this

those

of

the

after
sums,

be
quotient
backward
from
forward
the assumed
counted
or
date,according as
the products afteror before that day preponderate.
and

it

two

the assumed

case, add

9GO
2400
41GO
25200
^32720^12

,0
JJence. 12
,,
the

then

97(50

last

be

products,

that

start

first and

the

between

purchase,Jan. 7;
Disc. Prod.

0 0 0 X

be-

or

follows:

31, $240; Jan. 13,

28, $1200; I jrivea note at

Purchases.

Start

to

time

credit,as

mon.

when

the date

The

cash.

Jan.

amount:

at

at

Jan.

the

time.

average

dealer,at, 3

"whulcsalc

an

or

mean

be considered

to

for which

must

interest

after the
gained on the purchases made
mean
time, should be just equal to the interest lost on the purchases
fixes the mean
is
made
before
time
it; but, if the quotient which
number
interests will slightlydiffer,
of days, the two
exact
not
an
of
the
size
the
fraction
neglected; in the example
according to
above, the quotient is not exactly 12 days, but llgg days, on which
REMARK.

interest before

account, the
after

it,but

as

TO

part of

AN

AVERAGE

RULE.

Start

Jan.

day

be considered

must

answer

The

"

10, will

is not

be

little

more

than

recognized in dating notes,

that
the

correct.

ACCOUNT

HAVING

DEBITS

ONLY,

the earliest

day a debt is due, and multiply

each debt by the number
of days (or months) its dale is ajter
the day fixed on ; take the sum
of these products, and divide
it Ly the sum
total of the debts ; the quotientwill be the number
"

REVIEW.
time

"nd

or

341.

What

date

is the

startingpoint? Would
any other
What, if you start at or before the first payment?
What,
if yon
if
after the last payment?
between
start
fie
tra*
Whnt,
you
"

do T

start at

at

Insf "Int""fi
T

What

is the

ml""

for

averaging

ao

aceonnt?

PAYMENTS.

OF

EQUATION

to the

r-ftlat/s(or months) which, added

time ryjnired.
gice Ike mean
I'UOOF.

the

Assume

"

day firstfixed on,

the last debt

day

other

time
day) ; determine the mean
alreadyobtained.
agrees with the one

it may

If the account

342.

ART.

be

is due

debits,

as

this

principle,
by

same

ii' It

see

well

as

u-tll

(or ai.j

again,and

credits

has

the

averaged,on

291

RULE.

day when a payment is made, or is

cash; counting from this day, form the productfor

Slart at
in

the earliest

item, both
Dr.

the Dr.

on

due
each

Or. sides, settingeach

and

product in a
the item multiplied. Balance

Cr. column,

according to
the columns
of items ; the
of products, and also the columns
former divided by the latter will be the number
of days to
or

be added

the earliest date,to

to

give the day

the balance

of

items

is due.

in this

is the balance

What

DR.

in

made

"

due.

or

the

dates

using
products,68050,
time

mean

to be

Start

with

Find

the

when

suffer

discount

of

discount

of

the

balance

REVIEW."
an

93

after

days

role.

In

"

$97450

$58050
due

of

for
for

Mar.

341.
account

items

by

discount

1, the
products, both

divided

DEMONSTRATION.
must

Mar.

the

What

1
1

on

the balance
1

order

the Dr.

is the

for

the

Dr.

on

Mar.

and

side
the

1,

and
then

Cr.

side,
of

balance

342.

What

the

the

the

Dr.

items

Cr. items

suffer

"

must

Cr. side.

side,is $025,/"*

the

is

payment

2.

day,

than

Solve

2.

items,G25, determines

due
1

June

The

cash.

as

Dr.

proof?

that has credits ?

day

June

The

day.
day, more

earliest

of

be

to

$155500

$625, due

due

are

Mar.

CR.

owes

is it due ?

B.

acc't with

ins. A
SOLUTION.

account, and when

Therefore,

the discount

of

is the rule for

raging
ave-

example.

Demonstrate

ik"

RAY'S

for 1

$58050
the

as

day

March

1,

due

days

93

REMARK.

March

IP the

"

the

balance

balance

June

is

on

products,it will

for the time determined

discount,
suffering
till lit due,(hat longbe/ore
the assumed
date.

if

343.

ART.

rule for

Discount, and

Bank

on

The

paying $100

day

is (lie snme

2.

of items

of

for 1

days (Art. 3-11); and $""'2.\du"

for 93 days, is the same
as
$0'J5

discounted

being

after

from

licount

$G'J.j for 93

of

after

ARITHMETIC.

tint the disc: tint of S5SOoO

discount

HIGHER

different side of the

draw

by

instead
interest,

the

quotient; or,

is founded

equationof payments
that the

assumes

five

it

interest

lost,by

exactlythe

is

same
as
days beforedue,
it
five
gained,by paying $100
days nfu-r is
due.
This is not strictly
true; for,if I pay $100, 5 days
before due, my exact
loss is not 5 days' interest on $100,
but on the present worth, which is less than $100; while,
if I pay $100, 5 days after due, my gain is exactly5 days'
interest on
$100; a little interest is thus gained by the

the

interest

but

the

the

rather

debtor,or

time

mean

being confined

rule

to

is
of payment
debts of short

EXAMPLES

What

1.

is the

FOR

time

mean

PRACTICE.

of the

followinginvoices:

to B.

DR.

Ant.
REMARK.

"

Start with
E

DR.

Sept.15, the day

in acc't current

Am.
R
tountg

date, the

is small.

error

2.

postponed,

e VIE

from

"f discount

w.

"

342.

ff the balance

the balance
i" the

rmis

of

owes

of items is

products,what

foundedT

To whoso

30, 1851.

the first debt is due.

with

Oct.

Ca.

F.

$205, due
on

different

does it indicate?

Feb.
side

On

advantage is this?

26.

of the

what

WhyT

ac-

sor

8.

IT. Wr

PAYMENTS.

OF

EQUATION

Jf Giles.

Mason

fit to
iff

293
DR.

.4ns. Due
REMARK.
4.

DR.

Ans. A

the

owes

balance

Start with

date

C in acc't current

DR.

6.

$1600,

of

20, and

Feb.

CR.

B.

with

the

April 23.

due

remittance,Mar. 15,

it is received.

day

5.

in acc't current

"

is due.

Start with April 8,the time the first payment

"

REMARK.

13.

June

$012,

owe

C is Cr.

Oct.

due

with D.

16,

Ca.

$470, due Aug.

$500, due

and

12.

Dec. 20.

should
Oct. 1, 15 daj*sbefore due, when
If I pay the first,
27
Jan.
da.
due.
al'tcr
Ans.
I pay the last?
16, next,
7.
when

8.

owe
one

of

he wishes

each, and

$660,

wants

Ans.

due

July 1;

exchange them

to

one

to

one

$840,

owes

$200, Aug.

when

fall due

I
Sept.30:

owe

Oct. 3 ; ho
will the balance
due

$3200, Oct. 25;

when

one

of

of

will the balance

$800,

$940,

Am.

Ans.

10.

Sept. 29.
due

of
for two notes
June
1st; when

the other fall due?

0.

$500, Aupr. 4:

I pay

followingnotes

the

man

Sept.16;

duo
due?

is the balance

May 1C;
29:

$2150,

owe

I pay
be

duo

Sent.

$1:200
should

Sept.!).

pays $400, July 1 ;

be due?

April 30, next

ye.

$400, Sept.15; $800,

paid? Ans. Nov. 12

RAY'S

294

An

11.

HIGHER

of

account

ARITHMETIC.

$-500

Sept.10; $500

is due

1; $500, Aug. 11; "500, Aug.

paid An-.

the b.-ilunre be due?

"21

Ans.

arc

will

when

9.

Nov.

followingnotes for six others,each

Uno
for the same
amount, and payableat equalintervals.
in
41
in
72
of SI 200, due
days;
days; one of "1500, due
due
in
110
80
in
due
of $2050,
one
days; one of $1320,
days; one of $1730, due in 125 days; total,$7800.
The
Ans
$1300 each, and run
notes
are
25, 50, 75,
150
100, 125,
days respectively.
R

25

the

Exchange

12.

K ii A R

K.

Since

"

the notes

use
respectively,
is
the
length of
diiys,

13.

balance

five

these

of

$1300

numbers

are
as

tervals
1,2, 3, 4, 6, 6 inmultipliers: the quotient,
due

at

the interval.

buy property

for

$12000,-

-g

in

cash, and

equal payments, at 3 and 6 mon.

the balance in 3 equal payments,

; I

in 2

down, and

is the interval?

what

at

Ans.

the

pay

tervals:
equal in-

inon.

Exchange 3 notes, $300 due in 10 da.,$500 due in

for
25 da.,$1000 due in 40da.,for $000 cash, and 2 notes
$550 and $650 due at equalintervals;find the interval.
14.

Ans.

sales of lard

15. Account
acc't of X

and

30 da.

oil,
per steamboat Madison, for

Y, Cincinnati.

sales,is that the

objectin averaging an account
consignor may draw a bill of exchange for the net proceeds,to fall
the day of equation,without loss to either party.
*ue on
RE

MARK.

"

The

CO?.:iOUND

10.

344.

ART.

follows

as

sales of 1000

Account
of Messrs.

couut

INTEREST.

and

Accounts

boxes

295

star

candles,for

ao-

B, of Cincinnati.

averagedby

are

tables of

interest,

(he interest at

TiiIce out

each item of (he account,

any rate, on
last
the
day of the previousyear, or any

countingfrom
and refer
tiny: find the balance of interest,
the
under
head
the.
table,
same
of
rate, for the time

other convenient
the

to

to
corresponding
required.

E H

K.

Start at the last

"

each

date

of

must

be taken.

item

XXIX.
345.

ART.

in

this balance:

will show

this will

day

how

of the
many

Interest

allowing the Interest,as

into

previousyear,
months'

differs from
it

due, much
increasingthe amount
time and
simple interest,for the same

i E

w.

"

345.

Does

compound

the

days' interest

and

interest

more

terest
Simple Into

accrues

principal
; thus producinginteres*

and

because

time

INTEREST.

COMPOUND

Compound

be the average

or.

be

verted
con-

interest

kapidlythan

rate.

differ t.om

simple interest!

Compound, like Simple Interest,maybe

"c. ; but the
annually,semi-annually,quarterly,
346.

ART.

able
per

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

HAY'S

29G

is ":iven for

cent,

simple interest,that
the

and

year, it bein";

the

rate

semi-annually is

rate

quarterlyis

one

not

are

for, the compound interest

1 year, at 8

$1 for

4
"

"

"

"

2
.,

"

347.

ART.

"

"

.08
% annually, is
% Bemi-annually,is .0816
% quarterly,is .08243216

like

Compound,

time
Given, the principal,
and

h"IJ\
rate.

in

rates

annual

of the

in

pound
com-

rate;

of

of

$.

"

"

has
Simple Interest,

CASE

amount

one-half

and

one-fourth

semi-annual

and

rate
as

one.

quarter, of the annual

Strictlyspeaking, the quarterly

interest

understood,

pay-

cases.

I.

and

rate, to find the

compound

interest.

at the
principal
for 1 interval,
rate for that interval; then, Hie amount
other
of (his amount
for anand so on through the whole number
interval,
of intervals;
of
if there be, besides,a part of an interval, Jind the amount
the last amount
for this time by the rule for simple interest.
This will be the compound amount
required,and the compound
interest can
be found by deducting the principal
from it.

RULE.

NOTE.

the amount

Find

"

interest may

the

Find

and interest of $4600

compound amount
15 da.,at 6%, payablesemi-annually.

for

be

the

2yr. 3

mon.

SOLUTION.
is 3 "".

The

year,

payable.

The

"

is meant

the

half-year,or quarter, as

interval

By

"

of

interval

is 6

months,

of intervals

number

and

the

being 4, find

corresponding rate

the amounts

of 4

suc-

cossive

of the last amount,

principalsat Sfe, and then the amoun*
the result ($5207.04)
($5177.34),for 3 mon. 15da.,at 6^ per annum:
U the compound amount; deducting the principal,
$4600, the remaindee, $067.91, is the compound interest.

REVIEW."
the

annually
What
a

346.
in

rate

aro

compound
not

is the rule for

given

time

How

and

and

is compound
interest?

of

the

findingthe

rate

What

interest

Show

that

yearly rate

comp.

is meant

payable?

amount

compound

and

is said of

quarterly and

rate

in

What

interest

by interval f

somi-

interest?
of any

sum

317
for

RAY'S

298

Amount

of $1

at

HIGHER

Compound

ARITHMETIC.

Interest in any

number

of

yean.

COMPOUND

Amount

of $1

at

Compound

INTEREST.

Interest in any

299

number

of years.

RAY'S

300
Find

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

the

compound
6 %""payableannually.
10.

Of

11.

for

I7yr.at

"2019.58
5 % annually.
AM.

for 33 yr., at

"5428,

$750,

of

amount

"

$27157.31

An*.

compound interest of $1800 for 14 yr., at S%,

Am.
"3597.07
payablescmi-annually.
for a child,
13. If "1000 is deposited
at birth,
and draws
7 % comp. int.,payable semi-annually,
till it is of ago
to?
Ans. "4241.20
(21 yr.),what will it amount
and int. of "9401.50
14. Find the compound amount
for 19 yr. 4 mon., at 9 %, payablesemi-annunlly.
Ant. Ain't. "51576.68, Int. "42175.18
15. The comp. int. of "1176. 80 for 10 yr. lOmon.
10 da.,
at 10 %, payablequarterly.
Ans. "2263.75
16. The comp. amt. of "5000 for 12 yr. 5inon. 22 da,,
Ans. "21405.37
at 12%, payablesemi-annually.
12.

The

17.

The

"8025 for 18

int. of

comp.

9 da.,at
yr. 7 mon.
.AHS. "26523.27

8%, payablesemi-annually.
If the time

is

beyond the

limits of the

this

table,use

RULE.
each within
Separatethe given time into two or more period*,
the limit* of the table. Find the compound amount
pal
of lite princifor the firstof these periods,then the compound amount
of
The last amount
this amount
for the second period,and so on.
will be the compound amount
from which the compound
required,
be found as before.
interest can

18.

10

Find

the

compound

of

amount

The

comp.

and

amt.

"3600

int. of

for

"11811.71,
$4000 for 40 yr. at

The

comp.

int. of

AHS.

Bcmi-annually.

"2500
%i payablescrai-annually.
21.

22.

The

Find

da.,at

interest
E

12

i E

or

w."

amt.

int. of

Ans.

"1200

II.

amount,

to

348. What,

"

Given,

the

mon.

da.,at

"23691.95

for 27 yr. 11 ir.on.

AHS. "31404.74

%, payablequarterly.
CASE

"8211.71
%, payable

"24838.27

for 32 yr. 8

of

the comp.

349.

ART.

comp.

15yr.,atS%,

Int.

payablequarterly.Ans. Amt.
20.

for 1 00 yr., at

"13780612.34

Ans.

%""payableannually.
10.

$1 000

time, and
principal,

find the rate.

if the

time is

beyond

the limits of the tnl.'" ?

COMPOUND

RULE.

301

the interest be

If

"

INTEREST.

the amount;

given,add it to the principal to gel

Ike amount
by the principal;the quotient

then divide

of "1 for the given time and rate. Look in the

opposite the given number
of intervals until this amount

will be the amount

table

found; the rate

the one required.
ii

NOTE.

the

If

"

time

contains

for that time, of the

amounts,

them

with

AT

WHAT

the

the head

cent, at

per

of

part of

in

numbers

the column

interval, find

an

the

table,before

the
paring
com-

quotient.
BY

RATE,

COMPOUND

INTEREST,

1.

"\Vill$1000amountto$1593.85in8yr.?
Ans.G%.

2.

$3600 yield$0332.51 int. in 15yr.?

$13200 amt. to $48049.58, in 26yr. 5

3.

Ans.
mon.

$2813.50 amt. to $13276.03,

?
da.,int. payablescmi-annually

4.

It

SPOOESTION.
Bemi-anuual

The

rate

found

rate, and

must

be doubled

"

$7052.18

5.

8, 10, 12, 15,

int. in

(not quite6 % ;
ART.

to

get

the rate

mon.

9%.
is the

example
per

annum.

10

Ans.
double

sum

itself by

%.

compound

Given, the compound interest,

"

find the

principal.

$1 for tlieprincipal;determine the compound

and divide the yicen compound interest
this supposition,

Assume

"

interest

on

it.

by

PROOF.

With

"

interest for the

the

thus found, calculate

principal

giventime

compound interest,the
NOTE.

and

work

rate

is

; if it agrees

the

with

compound
the given

right

To get the amount, add

"

the

principalto

the interest.

will yield$52669.93 compound int"

principal
Ans. $16000.
?
yr., at 6 % per annum

What

REVIEW.

part of

the rule in this

20

ITT.

CASE

350.

RULE.

in 25

Ans.

yr.?
9$; 2d, between 7 and 8$: 3d,
4th,not quite5% ; 5th,little over 3i %.

time,and rate, to

1.

17 yr.

in

21 da.?
5 %

1st, little over

Ans.

the

by

us.

*l%.

yield$17198.67 int.,payablequarterly,

3 da.?
in 11 yr. Union.
G. At wl^t rate will any

The

will be

an

proof?

"

319.

What

interval what

Case

The

2?

necessary

rule?

360.

What

If tho
ia Case

time
3 ?

contain
The

rule

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RAY'S

302

pound
6yr. 2 mon., will yield$1625.75 com? Ans. $3075.
int. at 7%, payablesemi-annually
will produce
3. What
sura, at 10 %, payablequarterly,
$3598.61 comp. int. in 3yr.6 mon. 9 da. ? Ans. $6640.
will proin 37 yr., at 5 % per annum,
4. What
principal,
duce
Ans. $1356.24
$0891.61 compound interest?

What

2.

What

5.

in

sum,

at 8$, payable semi-annually.

9-iyr.,

yield$31005.76 compound

will

time,and

RULE.
amount

the

compound amount,
principal.

principal; determine the compound

and divide the given compound amount
supposition,

this

on

$28012.63

int. ? AM.

Given,

"

to find the

rate,
SI

Assume

"

IV.

CASE

351.

ART.
the

in

sum,

for

the

it.

by

thus found, calculate the compound

principal
amount
at the given time and rate ; if it agrees with the givun
compound amount, the work is right
PROOF.

With

"

NOTES.

1.

"

the

To

subtract
get the interest,

the

principalfrom

the

amount.
If the

2.

compound amount
present worth by compound

its
the

and

debt

int.

the comp.

will amount

to

9 mon.,

debt

not

yet due, the principalis

yr., at 4

$27062.85?

% compound interest,
$20565.54

AM.

present worth of $14625.70, due in 5 yr.

6 % comp. int.,payablesemi-annually.

Find

2.

and
the difference between
interest,
is the compound discount of the dell,or
present worth
its
of
present worth for the given time and rate.

principalin 7

What

1.

is

the

at

$10409.77

AM.

The

3.

discount

comp. int.
present worth and

25 da.,at 5
The

4.

$8767.78, due

on

12 yr. 8mon.

in

$4058.87

Am.

comp.

discount

of

$48941.28

6 da., at 10 %, payablequarterly.
in 10 yr. 4 mon.
P. W. $17606.60, C. D. $31334.68
Am.

due

presentworth

The

jomp.

of

$100000,due

in 50 yr., at 9^
Ans. $1344.85

int.

the present worth, at simpU

6. The difference between
and at comp. int.,
of $34058.75, due in 20 yr., at 6 %.
Am.
$4861.57
R

vi

the comp.

w.

"

351.

int. then

What
found

is Case
T

4?

The

rule?

The

proof?

Ilow

ANNUITIES.

interest

compound
KULE.

Given,

"

the

principal,
rate,

and

find the time.

to

amount,

or

given,add

the interest is

If

"

V.

CASE

352.

ART.

303

the

it to

principalto

by the principal; ike

of "1 for the time and rate.
quotientwill be the compound amount
in the table under
the head of the gicen rate until tliit
Look
in the lefthand
number
is found; the corresponding
number
will be the number
column
of years (orintercah)required.
take
not be found exactlyin the table,
But if the number
can
to the smaller
out the number
corresponding
of years (or intervals)
one
of the two numbers between which it lies,and the remainder
the differas
ence
of the lime will be such part of a year (or interval)
taken and the quotient,
is of the difference
between the number
amount

between

that smaller

the amount

divide

(hen

get the

and

one

the next

larger.

be
(or interval)thus determined can
and
annexed
to the whole number
into months and days,
alreadytaken out.
years (orintervals)
The part

PROOF.

of a

With

"

the time

at
givenprincipal
givencompound amount, the

the

1.

In what

to

of money
10 % ?

sum

7, 8,

13 da.; 11 yr. 10
14 yr. 2 mon.
2t) da.; 9 yr. 2 da. ; 7 yr. 3 mon.

AM.
mon.

21

mon.

?
payablescini-annually

Ans.

3 yr. 9

In

time

time

what

int.

10

at

will

will

$12500

amount

%,

In what

time will

by compound

interest at

XXX.

is

to

REVIEW."

The

da.; lOyr.

comp.
mon.

to

int. at
16 da.

$18000, by

3yr. 8 mon.

9 da.

to $22570.15
$9862.50 amount
12 %, payablesemi-annually?

Ans.

353.

itself,
by

?
payablequarterly
Ans.

ART.

5 da.

$1308

what

15 da.

mon.

double

draw

comp.
5.

$12000, at

$5200

3. In

4.

amount

-4ns. 6 yr. 11

time will any

interest at 5, C,

of

if it agrees with

givenrate ;
work is right.

$8000

In what

compound

6%

the

interest?

compound
2.

time will

verted
con-

found, calculate the compound

thus

of the

amount

year

7 yr. 1

mon.

7 da.

ANNUITIES.

of Compound
principal
application

Annuities.
352. What

is Ca"e

6?

Tberulo?

Theproof?

terest
In-

Annuity is

An

of

payment

which

estate

an

fixed

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RAY'S

304

entitles its

to

owner

the

at regularintervals of time.

sum,

Hents,Dowers,Leases,
compriseLife-insurance,

Annuities

Pensions, "c.
Life-estates,
Survivorships,
It is called

Annuity,

from

Latin

the

the interval between

year, because

the

it is half
year, though sometimes
is an annuitywhich
A Perpetuity

An
A
of

Annuity certain beginsand

Annuity beginsor
contingent
uncertain

an

more

or

is

payments
quarter of

ends
birth

generally

year.
forever.

continues

ends

event; as, the

meaning

annus,

at fixed times.

with

happening

the

death

or

of

one

jr

persons.
An

354.

ART.

immediate

annuitybeginsat once.
beginsat
annuityin reversion,

deferredannuity,or

future time.
of
forborneor finalvalue of an annuity,is the sum
all
its
assumed
the compound amounts
of
payments at an
each
is
the
time
due, to the end of the annuity.
rate, from
The present value of an annuity,is the present worth of
such a sum
the final or forborne value; that is,
as
put out at
of
compound interest as proposed,will,at the expiration
the annuity,amount
to its final value.
The

The

value of
be

may

annuity

of its initial

to
one

annuity begins,not

value,at

year,

if

bofore;

between

worth

be

the

355.

to find the

RKVIF.W.

353.

"

called ?

10

What

the forborne

ual

value

years1purchase, as

many

as

at the

time

of

its

is made, but

the first payment

an

payments.

of

or

I.

Given, the rate,the payment, and

initial value of a perpetuity.
What

is

35-1. Wbnt
is

rate

its payments.

of

CASE
ART.

assumed

an

annuity begins now, its first payment will

terval
half-year,or quarter of a year hence, accordingto the in-

interval

be

is said

contains

present value

one

value;

interest.

compound

An

the time it commences,

its present value, is the

annuityat

its initial

called

present worth
An

deferred

is

are

annuities?

?
perpetuity
an

deferred

annuity

do

theycompri.se? Why

annuity certain

nuity?
contingent an-

an

annuity ? A deferred annuity ? What

The itii
annuity? Its present value?

355.

immediate

final value of

An

What

the interval,

What

Case

1 ?

RAY'S

;j06

Find

present value of

the

allowing0

8 yr.,

deferred

ARITHMETIC.

HIGITER

SOLUTION.

year,

int.

value

Initial

"

of $250
perpetuity

perpetuityof $250

of

by last

year,

due Syr. hence,

$41GtJ.(iGj.The present value of $4166.66},
at6#, comp. int., f41GG.66|-M.593S481
(Art.351). Usethecontracted method, reserving 3 decimal
places: the quotient,$2014.22.
|" the present value of the perpetuity.
rule

perpetuityof $"780 a yr.,

Ans. $8680. G6
in 12 yr., int. 5 c/0.
ti; commence
in
2. Of a perpetuallease of $160 a year, to commence
3 yr. 4 inon., int. 7 %.
Ans. $1823.28
3. Of the reversion of a perpetuityof $540 a year,
Am.
deferred lOyr.,int. 6 %.
$5025.55
4. Of an
estate
which, in 5 yr. is to pay $325 a yr. for
int. 8 %, payablesemi-annually.Ans. $2600.67
ever;
5. Of a perpetuityof $1000 a year, payable quarterly,
18 da.,int. 10 %, payable
to commence
in 9 yr. 10 mon.
Ans. $3858.88
semi-annually.
Find

1.

the

present value of

CASE

and

the

III.

Given, the rate, the payment,

357.

ART.

time

to

to

run,

the

find the present value

interval,

of

nuity
an-

an

certain.
the present value of two perpetuities
having the
given rate, payment, and interval,one of them commencing when
the annuity ends.
The difthe annuity does, and the other when
ference
RCLE.

Find

"

these values

between

will

be

the present value

of

the

annuity.
NOTE.

This

"

deferred; in
2.

used

and

known,

By using
the rule
be used

may

1.

rule

the

Find

in

applies whether

latter,the
in

gettingthe

the

annuity i" immediate

must
annuity is deferred
of the perpetuities.

the

time

values

the initial instead

of

the

gives the initial value

findingits

the

final

or

years, 6

forborne
an

immediate

REYIEW."
357.

What

356.

What

is Civso 3 ?

annuity

of

is Case

2?

Thornlo?

tuities,
perpe-

annuity 0'

"f0interest.

perpetuityof J'tfO,
of perpetuityof $250, deferred 8 yr.

Pres. val. of immediate

the

annuity, which
(Rein.1,Case IV.)

value.

Pres. val. of immediate

Pres. val.

of

of the deferred

present value of

$250 continuing 8

present values

or

be

$250, ninn'nr
The

rule?

$4166.67

"

=
.

2614.22

3 JT
Solve

--

the

$15r"2.l5
example.

ANNUITIES.

The

2.

present value

7 yr.

in

1'res. 7al. of

and

30?

annuity of $080, to
10 yr., 5 % ir,t.

of

an

continue

Pres. val. of

perpetuityof $080, deferred

perpetuityof $680, deferred

Pros. val. of

annuity of $680, defer'd 7yr.,to

7 yr., at 5

%,

17 yr., at 5

10 yr.

run

$9665.27

fc,

mence
com-

6933.20

"

$3732.07

3. Th6 pres. val. of ah annuity of $125, to commence

in 12 yr. and run
12 yr., int. 7 %.
Arts. $440.83
4.
The present value of an immediate
annuity of $400

running 15
5.

int. 8

yr. G mon.,

The

pres. val. of
in 3 yr. and run

A"s. $3484.41
f-/0.
mence
annuity of $826.50, to com-

an

13 yr. 9 mon.,

int. G

%, payable

Ans. $0324. GO
scnii-annually.
0. The
present value of an annuity of $60, deferred
12 yr. and to run
9 yr., int. 4i %.
Ans. $257.17
Sold

7.

8 yr. 9

lease of 8480

for

to run,

mon.

yr.,

$2500

payablequarterly,
having
8 %,
int.
jrainor lose,

do 1

payable seuii-annually?
CASE

ART.
and

IV.

Given, the payment, the interval,the rate,

358.

time

$509.90

Lose

Ans.

find the

to

to run,

final

or

value

forborne

of

an

annually.
RULE.

Hie

Consider

annuity
value,by Cute I. The compound
rate for the time the annuity ntus,
"

Find

the final

and find its initial

perpetuity,
interest ""ftki* yum, at the git-en

will be

theflnalor forbornevalue.

forborne value of
continuing8 yr., int. G %.
SOLCTIOS.

its compound
$4166.00-|;
.6938481
the
$2474.37,
=

REMARKS.

annuityof $250,

an

perpetuityof $2-jO,at 6 %,
$41CG/.r"2
interest,at 0 % for 8yr.,
x
final or
forborne value of the annuity.

initial value

The

"

or

final

of

value

of

annuity may be
pound
got by first getting its initial value by Case III,and findingits comfor the time the annuity runs,
amount
at (he given rate.
2. The
be obtained, by first getting
present value of an annuity can
its final or forborne
value by the rule in this case, and
finding
its present worth for the time the annuity runs, at the given rate.
REVIEW.
can

358.

the

"

1. The

357.

initial rnlue

What

final value

annuity

"

is Case
(if

nn

bo found

What
of

4?

forborne

of annuities

kind

deferred

What

annuity bo
from

or

tlio rule

annuity be found?

is the

found?

this rule?

does

an

rule of Case
Iluw

may

Of
-1?

the

apply
what

How

present

to?
uso

IIcw
is it?

el."e may
valio

of

the
an

308

ART.

RAY'S

859.

The

HIGHER

ARITHMETIC.

present value o/$l per

annum

in any

number

of

years.

ANNUITIES.

1.

Find

yr., int. 5
a year for

5300, running 18
2. A pays $25
would

he have

invested

better off
it

at

10%

$11004.81
annuity of $75, to

pays $5 a
what will his

of

an

9yr.,int. 6%.

run

14 yr. is not

The

"

Ans.

$801.85

used.

; if invested at
newspaper
have produced in 50 yr.?
subscription

for

year

Ans.

$4075.42

$150

his life insured for

a
year, to have
Co. gain
Insurance
20
in
does
the
$5000: if he dies
yr.,
lose? (int.
Ans. Gains $517.84
6 %.)
or
5.

annuity of
$8439.72

AHA.
%.
tobacco; how much

value

forborne

in 14 y*;.,and

SUGGESTION.

%,

immediate

an

in 40 yr., if he had

been

the

commence

of

Ans.

per annum?
3. Find

4.

value

the forborne

309

pays

ART.

360.

By

the table

in annuities
importantcases
the following
three :
are

be

can

CASE

the

Given,
value

of

RULE.
or
or

rate, time

annuity,to

an

Assume

"

final value on
finalvalue by
NOTE.

1.

to

V.

and

run,

An

SOLUTION.

The

or

final

the payment;
determine
the present
this supposition,
and divide the given present
it.

$6000:
"

present

J$l for

immediate

for

the

find the payment.

Get the final value,if necessary,

"

and
interesting
solved,among which

just given,some

the rule

by

annuityrunning 11
what

present

value

of

immediate

an

divided

at 0^,
$7.886875; $6000
tly.-.,
required.

IV.

be puryr., can
chased
int. G % ?

is the payment,

is

in Case

annuity of SI for
by this gives "700.76,

the payment

2.
it the

3.

much

How

year should
of 17 yr., int. 7 % ?

end

is the

What

running 16

payment of

yr., and worth

361.

value

of

an

"

\he

one.

$15000

secure

Am.

$486.38

an

VI.

Given, the payment, the rate, .and

annuity,to find the time it runs.

the present value

quotientwill be the present value of
lit*I.E.

to

annuity,deferred 4 yr.,
$4800, int. 6%? Ans. $599.64

CASE

ART.

I pay,

Divide

proposed; by

lookingin

prescn

by the yearly payment:

the

annuity of 81, similar to

the table for this number, under
an

RAY'S

the head

NOTE.

below

If the

"

it ; the

balance

final amount

the

This

in

is not

remaining
annuity
is of

case

the

correspondingnumber

the

of

amount

for the number

in

use

annuity

of

$1000

the

under

Comp.
Final

be considered

may
at 6

year

required to
that

sinkingfund,

half-year,or

year,

drawing interest
year?

present value

the

$10000

but

%;

out.

-f-

$1000,

of

$10, the

time and
rate
annuity of $1 for the same
; by
to the table,the time
corresponding to this present value,
head
of 6 %, is 15 yr., a balance
being then due of $1)89.01.

present value
reference

$10000

The

"

taken

time

In what time will a debt of $10000,

6 5^,be paid by installments of "1000
SOLUTION.

an

of
a

value, and

present

finding"the

debt

one

by finding the

of yeais

drawing interest,by means

installments
of
at
is,by
regular intervals
for example,
quarter of a year;

at

of

the nearest

table,take

be ascertained

can

compound

of the
"

C puidate a

rate per cent.,ike

number

between

REMARK.

ARITHMETIC.

J'uund.

be

difference
the

the given

of

can

years

HIGIIElt

of

of

amt.

val. of

an

$10000

for 15 yr., at 6

annuity $1000
Bal. due

at

=$23905.58

15yr.,at 6^,(Art.358.)

for

end

^, (Art.348.)

of 15 yr

23275.97

$689.61

a debt of $1000000,
many
years can
drawing
interest at 6 %, be dischargedby a sinkingfund of $80000
.4ns. 23 yr., and $60083.43 then unpaid.
a year?

1.

In how

2.

In

how

many
years
interest at 5 %, be

drawing
$'2000000?

can

debt

paid by

of

$30000000,

sinking fund of
28 yr., and $798709.00 unpaid.
Am.
debt of $22000, drawing
3. In how many
a
years can
7 % interest,
be dischargedby a sinking fund of $2500 a
Ans. 14 yr., and $351.53 then unpaid.
year?
CASE

ART. 362.
value of an
RCLE.

"

Divide

quotient will be
the

to

K v

i K w."

SCO.

What

is Case

rule

the balance

of

Ca.se

C ?

remaining

if

If the

for the

5 ?

and

present

yearlypayment

the

annuity of $1 similar
the table oppositethe given

of

The

an

rule ?

necessary?
number

run,

of interest.

the

by

proposed; by looking in

one

time to

find the rate

the present value

the present value

Df the annuity of $1 be found

Is the

VII.

Given,the payment,

annuity,to

How

8til. What

of intervals

partialinterval

bo

may

the final valua

is Cnso
not

*5?

exact, how

What

find

CONTINGENT

31

is found, the rale per cent, at

years until this number
""fIke column which contains it,will be the rate required.

number

of

the head

$9000

If

1.
to

ANNUITIES.

is

paid for

20 yr., what is the rate?

If an
immediate
annuityof

run

2.

$(J50,what

sells for

363.

5^ %.
$80, running 14 yt,
About

Ans.

Ans.

is the rate?

CONTINGENT
ART.

annuityof $750

immediate

an

ANNUITIES.

ContingentAnnuities

ance,
Insur-

compriseLife

Dowers, Pensions,"c.
A

who

person

called the annual

death, the

his

has

life insured

premium,
insured

sum

he

every

is

fixed

pays

lives,and

year
to the person

paid

sura,

his

at

designated

in the

policy.
The premium is a certain rate per cent, of the sum
sured,
invarying with the age of the applicant.
Rills of Mortality
tables showing how many
of a given
are
number, say 10000, born in the same
year, die at each age.
of life is
Expectation

the

number
of years a
average
deduced
from bills of mortality.

as
person of any age lives,
A table of life-annuities shows

of any

person

age, to

secure

To

384.

ART.
a

RPI,E.

person
Find

"

age

of

(which

1. To

"

is

the

for

2. The

and

of

its value from

deducting
R

The

r. v

i B

w."

362.

at

sum

given age

reversion

in

of a life-annuity
of "1,

life-estate

in which

widow's

or

husband's
the

of

is Case

7?

What

policy?

dowei

real

estate)'

is held; tht
life-estate
be

whose
life-annuity,

or dower, is
life-annuity,
life-estate,

comprise?
5?

agreed rate,will

the value

How

What

of

multiply it by the payment

one-third of her

an

the

rate, will be the.value of the life-estafe.

annuities

tality?

value

of the property

yearlyinterest of this
value

the

life-estate

the value

Estimate

find

for life.

given annuity on

forthe giren age and rate of interest,and

of the givenannuity.
NOTES.

is known.

the table the value

from

paid by

I.

find the value

whose

be

to

sum

annuityof $1

an

CASE

life of

the

is the

What

The

rule?

is life insurance?

premium
espectntionof life?

found

by

the property.

estimated?
What

is

363.
The

What
a

What

do

annual
are

gent
contin-

premium!

bills of

uior

table of life-annuities?

312

RAY'S

HIGHER

ARITHMETIC.

TABLE

Showing the

values

of

Annuities

Carlisle

on

StnyleLives,accordingto

Table of Mortality.

iJie

HIGHER

RAY'S

814

ARITHMETIC.

.F^'d the

present value of an immediate perpetuityof

51, at the yiven rate ; subtract from it the present value of an annuity
the
rate
and
Si
divide
the
remainder
given age
of
for
;
by
increased by 1: the quotientwill be the
the calue of the perpetuity
and if
present value of "1 due at the expirationof the givenlife,
it be multiplied
by the given sum, the product will be the single
RULE."

premium.
premium, divide the single
premium by 1 more
han the present value of an annuityof $1 for Vie given age and
To get the annual

rate.

NOTE.

premium
of the

exceed

must

the present value

payment,

one

of
viz

advance, the single

ordinary life-annuity

an
:

in

the

made

one

the

when

is obtained.

insurance

Find

the

to

secure

allowing5
To

2.

premiums being paid

payments, by

same

1.

annual

The

"

$1500

secure

it to the Insurance
TO

VALUE

person

of

cessary
ne-

aged 32,

person aged 66,

and $101.45

wishes to sell his

If the holder

368.

V.

CASE

ART.

of

$816.59,

Ans.

interest.

the death

at

premium

annual

$261.62, and $16.87

Ans.

interest.

allowing6

singlepremium and
"1000 at the death

or
policy,

render
sur-

Co.,proceedthus,

POLICY

OF

LIFE

INSTTRANCE,

beticeen the premium in the policy,

difference
and the premium for insuringthe holder's life
for the same
sum,
1
than
it
the
value
by more
now
present
of a life-annuity
; multiply
this
the
will
be
the value of the
product
present age;
of "1 on
policy.
RULE.

the

Take

"

premium in the policyis $2.04 per $100 ; the

premium now, $2.50 per $100; age 27 yr., int. 6^: value
Ans. $328.33
the policyfor $5000.
1.

The

2.

Value

premium
3.

now,

premium in the policyis $51.76, the premium

$68. 44, age 36 yr., int. 7 %. Ans. $203.68

When

the

now,
R

E TI

differ from

when
the premium in it is $74,thii
policy,
$82, age 42 yr., int. 5 %. Ans. $112.81

the

w.

"

367. What

is Case

ordinarylife-annuities

of li"p-inpurano.o.

4 ?
?

The

rule ?

Hfl8. Give

How

does life-insuranc"

the rule for

valuing a polk?

PROPORTIONAL

to 2, 3
proportional
Since

"

number

is 2

number

90

| of

3d is

90

contain

as

TO

common

factor

common

have

the

factor

2, 3

to

are

part;

is

" of

90

20, the

2d is

| of

90

20 +

30 +

40

and

90;

2, 3 and

4, omittingthe

DIVIDE

common

INTO

NUMBER

20, 30

and

40

have

PROPORTIONAL

of the parts must

The sum
be
ratio
of
the
each
to
its
and
divided,
proper
PROOF.

the

the 1st

the

the

same

factor 10.

PARTS,

Take

"

and

30, and

sucJi parts of the number

separately
is of their sum
each of the proportional
numbers
as
numbers.
will be the required
RULE.

then

same

40.

PROOF."
ratios

numbers

parts,the 2d is 3 parts,the 3d is 4 parts; and the whole

2 + 3 + 4, or 9 parts. Hence, 1 part is ^ of 90 =
10,

the 1st number

and

required

the

as

times

90 into 3 other numbers

4.

and

2, 3 and 4, they must

respectively. Call this

ratios

PARTS.

the number

Divide

369.

SOLUTION.

315

PROPORTIONAL

XXXI.
ART.

PARTS.

"

to be

divided,

; the results

equal to the number

be
must
proportional

same.

NOTES.
them

1. If

"

least

to a

the

proportionalnumbers
denominator, and

common

reduce
fractional,

are
use

their numerators

for

proportionalnumbers.

the

2.

Any

factor

common,

numbers, before
Divide

1.

using

be

may

out

of the

84 into 2 parts proportionalto

30 and 40.
Suo.

"

ages, which
3. One
find each
Suo.

"

3 and

4,dropping the

factor 10.

common

60

applesamong

Ans. 6

part.

f and |,or

3 and

are

the

and 10
ft.,

ft.

proportionalnumbers.

4.

$222

is equal to f of B's, and both have

of A's money
has each?
Ans. A $162, B $60.
j how much

SUGGESTION.

hence,27

and

REVIEW.

should

A's=

"

10

are

369.

"

tional parts?
what

40,use

36, 48.

boys in proportionto their

An*. 14, 20, 26.
T, 10 and 13.
are
part of a pole16 ft. long,is f of the other part :

Divide

2.

-4ns.
30 and

For

proportional

them.

number

the

canceled

Tho

be done?

the

What

fJ "f

B's; if B's is 10 parts,A's

proportionalnumbers.
is tho rule for
If the

proof?
If they are

is 27 parts:

into properdividing a number

numbers
aro
fractional,
proportional
large? Solve tho example.

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RAYS

316

wind; " of the

equal to 4 of the stump: how long was
part that fell was
other part 27 ft.
Ans. Stump 24 ft.,
each ?
6. Divide 38 in proportionto 4g and 3| Ans. 20, 18.
Sou.
and

45

7.

"

and

or,

dividingby

Divide

share

10 and

"

the cost of

did each

as

to

Ans.

get?

SUGGESTION.

3 persons

among

their money:
A has $100, B $75, C $125.
Ans. A $1.50, B $1.12A,C $1.87^

B's

to

was

proportionalnumbers.

$4.50,

supper,

the

are

father left $7140 to his

the

by

or
f" anc* 1""hence, 50
3-|are equal to 2g5and l^s,

4g

"

to
proportion

to

broken

tree,51ft. high,was

5.

3, and

and

is 5 parts, B's

is 4 parts, and

and

paid$3.60,and B, $2

lb. should

how

many
10. Distribute

each have ?

$180

among
of children in

to the number

for

A's

as

| of B's,that is,f of 4 parts 2| parts ; hence, 2f

S2'Vi or 8" 12, and 15, are the proportionalnumbers.
9.

C;

4 to 5 : what
B $2448, C $3060.

B's to C's

$1632,

If C's share

"

children,
A,

bbl. of flour

A's is

5, or

(196 lb.):

126 lb.,B 70 lb.

Ans. A

5 poor families in

each, which

proportion
3, 4. 5, 2, 6

are

11.

$27, 2d $36, 3d $45, 4th $18, 5th $54.

Divide 1065 in proportionto 3,5 and 7; also in proportion
Ans. 213, 355, 497; and 525,315, 225.
to i i,i

12.

How

Ans. 1st

much

and

copper

tin,100

parts of the former

will make
11 of the latter,
a cannon
3 qr. 12 lb.? Ans. 17cwt. copper, 1 cwt.
to

13.

U. S. standard

silver and

gold are

weighing 18cwt.
3 qr. 12 lb. tin,
9

parts pure metal

1 part alloy:
how much pure silver in the half-dollar,
which
how
which
8
much
in
the
weighs pwt.?
gold
eagle,
pure
10
weighs
pwt. 18gr.?
Ans. 7 pwt. 4.8gr.,
and 9 pwt. 16.2gr.
to

14.

much

is 112

Pewter

ingredientin

of each

Ans. lib. 12
15.
o

parts tin,15 lead,and

2 lb. 1

C: if the estate
Ans. A

4 dr. of

pewter?

tin; 3oz. 12 dr. lead; loz. 8 dr. brass.

oz.

bequeaths$875

man

oz.

6 brass: how

to

A; $2450

yieldsonly $8190, what

to

will

B; $6035
each get?

$765. 62i, B $2143.75, C $5280.62^

Oct. 1 ; I pay part Aug. 15 (47da.

the rest Jan. 1 (92 da. after due): what are the
before-due),
payments? Ans. $555.97, Aug. 15; $284.03, Jan. 1.
16.

BEUABK.

$840,

owe

"

Divide

due

$840

in

proportionto

47 and

92.

PARTNERSHIP.

17.
%nd

$1200,

owes

15;

the rest Jan.

due

Nov.

what

are

3 J7

6;
the

he

pays

part Aug. 1,

payments?

Jan. 15.
$502.99, Aug. 1; $69*7.01,
owes
$1680, due July 18; he pays $480 before,
after due; when were
the payments made, if they
-4ns. June
13, and Aug. 1.
days apart?
Am.

18.

the rest

49

were

PARTNERSHIP.
ART.

370.

Parts,is

in

Partners
and

An

of Proportional
importantapplication
dividingthe gainsor losses of partners.

join to carry on a business,

a firm,house,
or
company.
used in the business,is called the capital
or

are

who

persons

constitute

The

money
and
is contributed
stock,
The

gain

because
REMARK.

loss in the

or

it is
"

by

the

partners.

business,is

called the

dividend,

be divided.

to

When

each

is

partner'sstock

employed

the

same

and
when
called Simple Fellowship,
time, it is sometimes
they
employed for different times,it is called Compound Fellowship.

I.

CASE

To

divide the

employed for
RULE.

the

Divide

"

gain

A,

B and C

is

time.

same

the gain

to their shares

stock
partner's

each

loss,when

or

are

of

the

loss among
the stock.
or

partners in proportion

partners,with $3000, $4000, and $5000

are

if they gain $5400, what is each one's

stock, respectively;
share?
SoL.-Each

T2

of

Bhouldhavethe

"

of

part

name

the

gain

as

of

_5

ho

J^

$5400

$ 5400
1*3of $ 5400

$1350
$1 80 0

A's share.
B's
"

=j^2J2j"0
C's

6 whole
~$5~4~0

"

gain,

has of the

stock;
the
hence,
gain shoulJ be divided
8, 4, 5, for 3000, 4000, 6000.
REVIKW."
itock

or

What

are

proportionto

partners 7

dividend ?
? The
capital
?
Compound fellowship
Solve the example.
?

rule?

370.

in

Why
What

What
so

is the firm?

called ?

is Case

their stocks,using

is the

lowship
simple fel?
The
partnership

What
of

What
is

and

1.

$1500.

are

Take

A, B and C

2.

$1600.

and

their

$1200,

$900.

divide.

then

partners;A puts in $5000, B $6400

are

$1000

C is allowed

business;their

to the

their store expenses

and B's $1875, how

Ans.

gain?

the expenses,

out

$3600;
$2500

1 year
If A's stock was

gain in

each

does

much

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RAY'S

318

year for personalattention

for 1 year are $800,
expenses

store

gain,$7000.

Find

A's

and

B's

gain,and

"

$2000, B $2560, C $1640.

3. A pasture rents for $160; A puts in 24 cattle; B,
what doe a
20; C, 60; D, 96; and they pay in proportion:
each pay?
Ans. A $19.20, B $16, C $48, D $76.80
Ans.

income.

speculatetogetherin flour; A contributes

800 bbl. at $5.40 per bbl.,and B, 600 bbl. at $4.80 per
bbl. ; they lose 75 ct. a bbl.,
and pay storage $68.45 : what
4.

and

$671.07, B $447.38
partnership;A puts in $24000,

is the loss of each?

A, B and

5.

$28000,

but

C form

$32000; they lose k

f more
gain of

sell the remainder

$8000,

are

Ans.

than

at

is the

what

of their stock
cost:

by

fire,

if all expenses

each?

$7619.'04if
6. A, B and C are
partners: A's stock is $5760, B's,
$7200; their gain is $3920, of which C has $1120: what

$5714.28$,B $6666.663,

Ans. A

stock,and A's and

Ans. C's stock,$5184;
$1555. 55"

B's

is C's

A's

gain?
gain,$1244.44?;

B's

A, B and C aro partners: A's stock, $8000;

$12800; C's,$15200; A and B togethergain$1638

gain,
B's,

7.

C:

than

what

is the

more

gain of each?

$4446.
8. A and B buy a house and lease;A contributes $3480;
$108.30, and
arc
B, $2900: the ground-rent,
taxes, "tc.,
he

property

for

rents

$915.80:

Ans.
9.

much

Ans.
10.
acre:

each

what

$3744;

docs

each

get?

A, $440. 45 fT; B, $367.04TfiT

have capitals
A, B and C, in partnership,
respectively

$19200, $24000,
how

$2340;

Ans.

$32400; they sell out

of this does

A$25396.82|j;

Four
A

and

men

puts

pay?

in

each
B

for

get?

$31746. 03^; C$42857.14?

57 A. 2 K. 16 P. of land
72 sheep: B, 80; C, 96; D, 112:

Ans.

rent

$100000;

at

$3.75

what

an

should

A$43. 20; B$48; C$57.60; D$67. 20

PARTNERSHIP

WITH

TIME.

310

gain is $1*750;B's,$1225; C's,$2275: what

$18690, has each?
part of the capital,
Ann. A $6230; B $4361; C $8099.
of $27000 : neither
12. A, B and C have a jointcapital
draws from the firm,and when
they quit,A had $20000;
B, $16000; C, $12000: what did each contribute?
Ans. A $11250; B $9000; C $6750.
A'B

11.

PARTNERSHIP

II.

CASE

"

TIME.

WITH

distributing
gain or loss among
each
partner's
partners, (Art. 370,) appliesonly when
fication
moditime; it needs some
capitalis employed for the same
The

371

ART.

if such

B, $4000

case.

partners: A puts in $2500 for 8mon.,

are

6mon.; C, $3200

for

gain is $4750:
SOLUTION.

the

be not

A, B and

rule for

divide the

A's

lOrnon.;

for

their

net

gain.

capital($2500),used

months, is equivalent to
1 month
8 X $2500, or $20000, used
; E's capital ($4000),used 6
months, is equivalent to 6 X $4000, or $24000, used 1 month ; C's
used 10 months, is equivalent to 10 X $3200, or
capital ($3200),
$32000 used 1 month.
Dividing the gain ($4750)in proportion to
the stock equivalents,$20000, $24000, $32000, used for the same
time (1 mouth), the results will be the gain of each.
"

Ana.
The

A's

$1250, B's $1500, C's $2000.

are
stock-equivalents

the time it is used ;

stock by
partner's
THE

WHEN

RULE.

STOCKS

USED

ARE

divide the

The

"

of the

sum

ratio of each

gain or loss,and tho

his stock-equivalent
must

to

NOTE.

1.

"

takes

he

$3300:
R

E v

rule?

r K

The

DIFFERENT

TIMES,

separate gainsor losses must

the whole

loss

FOR

hence,

stock by the time it is used; and

Multiplyeach partner's
gain or loss in proportionto the productsso obtained.

"

PROOF.

by multiplyingeach

obtained

Express

the

times

beginsbusiness
in
what
w."

B,

with

in the

proof?

What
In

$10000:

is Case

multiplyingby

What

at

the end

of 6

tiplying.
mul-

mon.

after,their gain is

mon.

Ana. A's
2 7

same.

denomination,before

same

$6000:

with

is each share ?
371.

be tho

equal
partner'sgain or

are

$1800;
stock

the times, what

B's

$1500.

?
erinimleuts
ia necessary?

Thi

HIGHER

RAY'S

820

A and

2.

ARITHMETIC.

partners: A puts in $2500; B, "1500.

arc

after 9 inon., they take in C with $5000; 9 mon.

after,their
gain is $3250: what is each one's gain?
Ans. A's $1250; B's $750; C's $1250.
B rent

and

3. A
and

B, 100; after 6

and

allow

much

and

months, A

days of

each

the

of the

pumps

37 and
each

40

givesway

are

if their week's

and

less

C, who makes
emptied,which

divide their pay,

7. A and B

B go

4
is

A,

$1988:
9.

30
was

strokes

$5600:

by two
first,
making

after 5

22 min.

in

until the

minute

the

from

$2.

start:

Ans. A 46 ct, ; B $1 06 ; C 48 ct.

are
partners: A's stock is to B's,as 4 to 5 :
withdraws
f of his,and B f of his: divide
C

and

and

$38.75,
$15.50

are

work

to

Ans.

which
joincapitals,

$800,

A
are

takes out 3 of his; after 9 mon.

divide it.
Ans. A $714, B

mon.,

same

minutes,
minute; after 10 minutes, A

after 3 mon., A
their year'sgain,$1675.
8.

after

cistern

a
minute;
respectively

5 strokes

hr. respectively,

wages

employed to empty

to

cistern is

how

the first two

$23.25, B

Ans.

bore:

same

strokes

makes

year:

year'sgain is $800:
A $200, B $600.

have?

each

B and

A,

6.

stock,

advances; the

day; B remains idlo

works 5|, 85, 10f and 11

week, and

should

what

Ans.

get?

the other four:

on

their

more;

Avorks 9 hours

5.

$400, which

withdraws

should

of the

$1000
partners,each contributing

are

after 3 months

is done
what

mon.

sheep,

$103. 12i; B $128. 90|; C $42.96!

Ans.

A puts in 80
sell half their
:

they each
to feed 50 sheep the rest
each pay?

should

4.

pasture for $275

are

partners: A's

$875.
as
-$,3, } : after
more, their gain
$728, C $546.
B

capitalis $4200; B's,

after 4

title
months, how much must A put in, to enhim to ^ the year'sgain?
.i"s. $2100.
1 0. A's capital
is $9750, B's $10500, C's $12250 : after
3 months, A takes out $1500, B $1250, C $1750: after 4

months
to

more,

of the

11.

what

must

and

year'sgain?

A, B

and

are

Ans.
in

put in, to entitle each

A

$5550, B $3300.

with
partnership,

capitalsof

$10800, $14400, and $18000: after 2 mon., A draws out

he draws out $1200; and in 4 mon.
$600, in 3 mon.
more
B draws
more
out
$2400 in the first
puts in $1000.
6

mon.;

$800

more

in

mon.;

and

in

mon.

returj"a

RAPS

322

DIVIDE

TO

RULE.

ARITHMETIC.

PROPERTY

THE

the whole

Divide

"

HIGHER

OP

BANKRUPT,
the creditors in pro

property among

their claims.

portionto

including assignee's fee

expenses,
necessary
of
amount
certain rate per cent, on the whole
a
(which is genei-ally
NOTES.

1. All

"

deducted,before dividing.
paid on a dollar can be found by takingsuch

be

must
property),

2. The

$1

amount

the whole

as

of the debts is of the whole

amount

proportion may
paid on the

the amount

has

1. A

$1500

cash
and

Sot.
which

is

are

" of

paid on $1, and

My

assets

by

is

$2520;

are

$2500, and
he pay on $1,
can
$4500?

notes

of property
$12000, the amount
60 ct.,
the whole debts.
the
Hence, f of $1
$-1500 X .60
$2700, the sum
paid to A.

C, $600; D, $1080:

what

owe

does each

$1200; B, $720;
get,and what is paid

dollar?

each

on

claim

whose
receive,

A "ggg,or

ditor's
cre-

multiplying his claim

$8000, good
$20000 : what

$8000 -{-$2500 -}-$1500

"

amount

2.

; his debts

will A

what

by

part of

dollar.

lot worth

found

then

be

property ; each

$840; B $504 ; C $420; D $756; 70 ct. on $1.

3. A bankrupt'sestate is worth
$16000; his debts,
$47500. The assigneecharges5 %. What is paidon $1?
and what does A get, whose claim is $3650 ?
Ans. 32 ct. on $1, and $1168.
AM.

AVERAGE.

GENERAL

the

among

Averageis the method

its cargo,
a ship and

General

373.

ART.

of

owners

incurred

during a voyage,
such as sacrificing
a part of the
making necessary repairs.

the

cargo

to

apportioning
loss

any

or

pense
ex-

generalbenefit,
save

the rest,

or

and
by the ship,the freight,
cargo, in proportionto their values ; the loss borne by
in proporthe several shippers
tion
cargo is divided among
to the value of their goods.

Such
the

for their

of

loss

REVI

w.

"

or

372.

property ?

What

creditors?

What

paid on

is borne

expense

is

What

is the
must

dollar be found

rule

bankrupt? What is done with a bankrupt1!

hU
for dividinga bankrupt'sproperty among
a

be paid before distribution?

?

How

can

each

How

can

the amount

creditor's share be then found

GENERAL

AVERAGE.

323

In

as
interests,
estimating these contributory
they are called,it is
customary to value the goods on board at the price they would bring
at the port to which
they are bound ; while the freightis the amount
of money
received for freightand pottage, less \ for seamen's
wages,
less
New
one
York,
(in
half).
If the loss is for repairs,throw off ^ from the cost of the new
that much
better than
masts, rigging,"c., as they are considered

the old.

RULE.

divide
ifierascertainingthe contributoryinterests,

"

loss among
The

them,

goods

cargo, and

in

thrown

proportionto their values.

overboard

their

bear

the

are
(jettison)

reckoned

part of the

loss.

proportionof

1. The

board
ship Dolphin,overtaken by a storm, throws overgoods worth $4000, and puts into Fayal for repairs.
The necessary expenses
of detention were
$250; repairs
$1200. Divide the loss,estimatingthe vessel at $36000,

at $3750, the cargo at $52400. A's interest ia

freight
$7500, B's, $16000, C's, $10500, D's, $12000, E's,
$6400. The property lost was $2600 of A's, $900 of
B's,and $500 of C's.

the

SOLUTION.
INTERESTS.

CONTRIBUTORY

Vessel

$36000

Freight(less^),
Cargo,
Total,

62400

jVitno

Part

The

owners

of the vessel and

The

owners

of the cargo

pay

Total
Owners
ceive
A

pays
B pays
C pays

Total

$90900

....

....

/oVoo

$4000
lost,
of
Expense
detention, 250
800
Repairs (less\),

2500

Then

DAMAGES.

Goods

of the vessel pay

tnat

eacn

loss,

$5050

interest loses.

freightpay $38500 X
$52400 X y 5
"

"

"

$2138|
=2911$

yg
"

$5050

loss,

$2138|and
,

PAID.

"CBIVED.
re-

1088"

$1050, or

pay
and receives

$41G|

and

$888"

receives

$583 3 and

receives

$2600, or receives
$900, or receives
$500, or pays

D pays
E pays

$2183^,
11$,
83 i

666|
_.

._

2194~!

2194^,
REVIEW
Which

are

"

the

373.

What

is

generalaverage

contributoryinterests?

How

How

are

the

is loss at

goods

355$

sea

borne

IB the

of

After

the loss dU

AVhat deduction
from the cost
is made
freightvalued?
the contributory
interests have
been estimated, how is
rirted ?
Why should the goods lost bear their proportionof the

How

valued?

repairs?

loss ?

The

-.

ni' N."\v

Jams,

brigA

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RAY'S

324

York, bound

to

New

Orleans,

of cargo, "5600.
The
suffered damage, $480,
valued
vessel was
at
$18800; the freight,$3200; the
Divide the loss; and settle A's account,
cargo, $29600.
loss

and

shipped $14400, and lost $1800.

Am.
Kate of loss cVs ; ship pays $2415.36, and receives
$320, making a balance paid,$2095.36 ; cargo paya
$3504.64; A pays $1704.96, and receives $1800, mak
ing a balance received of $95.04
who

relieved

Washington,crippledby

schooner

The

3.

the

by

the

of

rate

C, $19652

of loss ; A

$1355
; D, $506 76
$900, making a balance
.31

does each

D, $7348.

What

is

pay ?

$744.83 ; B, $1117.24 ; C,
; ship pays $1675 86, and receive?
to be paid of $775.86
pays

SCHOOLS.

FOR

BILLS

RATE

was

repairscost $1350,
vessel is worth $22000; the freight,
owned
was
by A, B, C, and D : A,

loss,and what

Js rate

Ans.

storm,

The

ship Leopard.

salvage$4500. The
$3450. The cargo
$10800 ; B, $16200

of proportional
application
parts is
in districts where
in making out rate-bills for publicschools,
they are not supportedby generaltax.
RULE.

the lohole expenses

From

"

if any,

money,

Another

374.

ART.

and

the school

of

divide the remainder

in proportionto the number

district,

deduct

the

public

the familiesof the

among

of days of attendance of each.

convenient
to find first the rate per
generallymore
day. by dividing the expense to be distributed by the whole number
plying
out each pupil'sbill,by multiof days of attendance,and then make
of days of attendance
his number
by this rate.
NOTE.

1.

It is

"

school

and
repairs,

pays

$12.30

number

the whole

of

$500
for

for teacher's

and
fuel,

days of

draws

attendance

$26.50 for
salary,
$50 publicmoney:
is 3640.

Find

the

pupil 175
lays; of B, who sends 2 pupils,220 days each : of C, who
Bends one
pupil 108 days,one 76 days,and one 192 days.
Ans. Rate 13| ct.;A pays $23. 50; B $59. 09; C$50.49
ate

What

per

day, and

i EW.

"

374.

is convenient

the

What
in

bill of

A, who

is the rule for

applying the

sends

making

rule ?

out

one

rate bills for schools 1

ALLIGATION.

is $180
salary

2. The

money, $30;
what is the rate per

number

4160 : what
attendance,
who sends 1 pupil 116
4.

salaryis $35

The

number

sends for 87 da.?

who
bill,

; the whole

number

of

days of

7s ct.; D's

Rate

bill $16.05

; the other expenses

per month

$10.20;

publicmoney,

bill,

for

the whole

attendance,1120 : what is the rate per

E's bill,
who sends 48 days?
Ans. Rate 9 Act.; E's bill $4.35

days of

of

day? and

XXXII.
375.

ART.

public

attendance,2562:

is the rate per day? and D's

days,and another 98 days?

Ans.

1 quarter,$6.80; the

days of

; the

6g54-ct.rate; A pays $5.73

$312

are

of

and A's

day?
Ans.

expenses

$18.75

; other expenses,

the whole

3. The

325

ALLIGATION.

is
Alligation

method

of

bu.,"c.,of a mixture,when the

per lb.,
of its several ingredients
known.
are
It is also used

findingthe value
quantityand price

in

result of several
or
getting the mean
average
in
but
vations
same
kind,
differing degree,such as obserof irregularfigures,
"c.
by instruments,measurements

quantitiesof the
The
mean

other result obtained

priceor
or

is
by Alligation

average.

CASE

I.

To

find the ayerage priceof a

the quantity
and cost of each ingredient
are
"

RULE.

Find

"

the value

of each ingredientat

values for the value

the

of the mixture;
quantities
of the ingredients.

NOTE.

"

Express

each

divide the

ingredientin

If 3 lb. of sugar at 5 ct.

mixed with 9 lb. at 6ct. a
worth

called the

the

lb. and

lb.,what

same

2 lb.

mixture, when
known.
these

itsprice;add

by the sum

sum

of

denomination.
at

4| ct.

lb. be

per lb. is the mixture

3 lb. at 5 ct. per lb. =

15 ct.;the 2 lb. at 4^ ct.
9 ct. ; the 9 lb. at 6 ct. per lb. =
54 ct. : therefore,
the
per lb. =
whole 14 lb. are worth 78 ct.,=
78 -f- 14 =
5$ ct. per lb. Ans.
The

SOLUTION."

priceof 6

lb. tea at 80 ct.,15 lb. at

50 ct.,5 lb. at 60 ct.,9 lb. at 40 ct.
Ans. 54ct. per lb.
1.

Find

REVIEW.
What
be

the average

"

is Case

expressed?

375.
1?

What
The

Solve

rule?
the

is

Alligation?
How

example.

must

the

What

is the

result

quantityof each

called?

ingredient

RAY'S

826

HIGHER

ARITHMETIC.

40 hogs at "8 each, 30 at "10 each,

54
each.
each.
at $11.75
16 at 812.50 each,
Ans. "10.39
fine is a mixture of 5 pwt. of gold,10 carats fine ; 2
3. How
pwt. 18 carats fine;6 pwt.,20 carats fine,and 1 pwt pure gold?
2.

The

priceof

average

18?

Ans.
4.

Find

fine.

carats

specific
gravityof a compound of 15 Ib. of copper,
8
7| ; Ib. of zinc,specific
G| j and \ Ib.
specific
gravity,
gravity,
M" silver,
Ans. 7.445
specific
gravity,10^.
the

"

EXPLANATION.
eight of an

The

"

SpecificGravity

equal bulk

of

body

is ita

divided

weight

own

by th*

of water.

80 Jo
of 9 gal.,
per cent, of alcohol in a mixture
95 % strong; and 11 gal.,
gaL, 92 % strong; 10 gal.,
93 %.
Am.
strong?

What
strong; 12
5.

98

376a.

ART.
To

n.

several ingredients,
whose
prices
mixture of a givenprice.
be used, to make
a

find what

known,

are

CASE

of
proportions

must

relative quantities
of sugar at 9 ct.
1. What
Ib. must
be used for a compound at 6 ct. a Ib. ?
ANALYSIS.

If you

"

for

put

lose

ct.,you

1 Ib.

put

at 9 ct. in the mixture

OPERATION.

5.

to be sold
ct. ; if you

then

be

To the

other side
would

of

when

each

15 ct.

1 Ib. at 9 ct.

9 ct.

by

which

smallest

is

2j4

this

row

in

top,and

draw

curved line any

set this

Ib.

1 Ib. at 9 ct

with

vertical

ct.

in

row

the largest
at the
on

the

the place
o})posite
the right-hand
column ofprices.

of which is greater and

numbers
of the right-hand

and
left,

the

vertical line,and

mixture

two

in the

numbers

one

less than the

has

it

riglit-liand
price;

mean

been thus connected with

between each of them

another,take the difference
on

G ct.

mixed

are

24

worth

^.

at the

price of the

ifit stood

Then connect
one

leftof

it set the

occupy,

column,

in
pricesof the ingredients

regularorder,havingthe
bottom.

if 3 Ib. at 5 ct.

equal

the

Place

"

3 Ib. at 5 ct.

to be sold at 6 ct.,you gain 1 ct.;

3 such Ib. gain 3 ct: the gain and

RULE.

5 ct. in the mixture

Ib. at

loss would

5 ct.

Ib. and

difference
oppositethe

the

and

number

price

mean

with which

it is connected.

Afterall
at each

the

have
differences

price will

be the number

there be several such

unless

been taken, the proportionalquantity

standing oppositethat price,

numbers, in which

case,

their sum

will

at that price.
be the proportionalquantity

NOTE.

One

"

if BO, several

taken

numbers

for its

PROOF.

"

number

be connected

may
will

stand

with

oppositeit,and

two

or

their

more
sum

others;
must

be

proportional.

With

the

thus found, determine

quantities
proportional

ALLIGATION.

Case

by

I the

is

pricegiven,the work

mean

2.
45

relative

What

REM.

of
quantities

It is evident

"

the connections

mixture

worth

28

ct. per lb.?

19, 4, 3, 1,3 lb. respectively.

results may
6, 17,3, 3, 1

differently;

25, 27, 30, 32, and

tea worth

be obtained

that other
as

with the

right.

be taken for
Ans.

ct. per Ib. must

; if it agrees

the mixture

priceof

mean

327

lb.,

or

by making
17,6, 1,1, 3 lb.

of sugar at 5, 5j, 6, 7, and 8 ct. per lb. must

3. What
be
taken for a mixture worth 6| ct. per lb. ?
Ans. 1, 5, 5, 7, 8 lb. respectively;
or, 5, 1, 1, 8, 7 lb.,"tc.

proportionalquantitiesdetermined
by
the
the rule,contain
them
all
least
common
fractions,
multiply
by
which
of
the
them
into whole numconverts
bers
denominators,
multiple
relative values.
having the same
SUGGESTION.

When

"

the

quantitiesof alcohol, 84, 86, 88, 94 and

for a mixture 87 % strong ?
%
Ans. 10, 7, 3, 1, 3 gal.; or, 7, 10, 1,3, 1 gal.,
"c.
5. What
of gold and silver,
whose
are
19^
specific
gravities
and 10^, will make
whose
shall
be
a compound
specific
gravity
16.84?
Ans. 723 lb. silver to 3487 'lb.
gold.
relative

4. What

96

be taken

strong, must

of silver | pure, and fj pure, will make

a mixture
|
1
-4ns.
5
lb.,| pure ; lb.,jJopure.
pure?
of pure gold(24 carats),
and 18 carats,and 20 carats
7. What
22
taken
make
must
to
carat
be
fine,
gold?
1
Ans.
part 18 carats, 1 part 20 carats, 3 pure.
6.

What

Suo.

Any

"

factor may

common

be omitted

CASE

from

the

proportionals.

III.

376". Given, the pricesof the ingredients,

and the quan

ART.

tityand priceof

the

mixture, to find the quantityof each ingre

dient
RULE.

Find

"

the last

to

the relative

rule;

divide

of
quantities

the

the

ingredients
according
the
into
mixture
given quantity of

parts proportionalto these numbers, by rule in Art. 369

results will be the

the

cost

with

ingredients
required.

"

the

bushels of peaches at 20, 30, 37, 40, and

How
many
will
make
bu. 3 pk. at 35 ct a bushel ?
a lot of 58
bu.,
REVIEW.
rule?
kwo

these

of the ingredients
the
quantities
; also add
at the givenprices
of the ingredients
must
: these sums
agree
the quantityand cost of the mixture.

PROOF.

Add

quantities
of

The

"

376a. What

proof?

of th" others ?

When
What

is Case

2?

will it be
is Case

3 ?

Solve
necessary

the
to

example.
connect

one

50

What

ct.

is the

pricewith

RAY'S

328

HIGHER

ARITHMETIC.

SOLUTION.

-By last case the proportionalquantitiesof the ingredients

are
2,HO, 15,5 and 5. Dividing 58 bu. :""pk. or 235 pk. in proportion
to these numbers, by rule in Art. 3G9, gives 2bu.
2pk.; 25 bu.,
3 pk. ; 6 bu. 1 pk. ; G bu. 1 pk.,respectively,
at the pricesmentioned.

18bu.

1. How

much

gravity7f with
copper, specific
lib. Tr., of spe. grav. 8|?
,

gravity1(H,

silver,specific

will make

7|fI

Ans.

ox.

copper,

4||" oz.

silver.

2. How
much
gold 15 carats fine,20 carats fine,and pure, will
make a ring 18 carats fine,weighing 4 pwt. 16
gr. ?
Ans. 2 pwt. 16 gr. ; 1 pwt. ; 1 pwt.
3. Hiero, king of Syracuse,gave his goldsmith14 Ib. of gold
and 3w Ib. of silver to make
a
crown
:
suspectingthat the gold
had not been all used, he requestedArchimedes
to find how much
had
been
abstracted, the specific
gravityof gold being 19 1 ; of
silver 1(U; and of the crown,
14f.
Ans. It contained 10!j|lb.
of gold and 6f" Ib. of silver;3^1b
of gold had been replacedby silver.
CASE

377.

ART.

Given, the priceof

and
ingredients,

the

mixture,

quantityof

quantityof one
and of
ingredients,

each

ingredientwill

the

pricesof

the

to find the quaningredient,

tities

the mixture.

the relative quantities

of the

Find

"

the

the

of the other
RULE.

IV.

by Casel;
ingredients,

be such

part of the given

belongingto
quantity,as its proportionalis of the proportional
the givenquantity.
PROOF.
NOTE.

By

Case I.

After

the

"

"

found, their
How

will

sum

bushels

many

per bu., with 100 bu.

65

ct.

50, 60
hops,worth respectively

of

at 40

ct. per

bu.,will

make

and

mixture

been

75

ct.

worth

bu. ?

SOLUTION.
first three
first sorts
"ort is

quantities of all the ingredients have

be the quantity of the mixture.

fg

sorts
must

to 10
be

II the

Case

By

"

of

j$ of

of 100 bu.

proportionalsare 10,10 and 45 of the

the last ; hence, the quantitiesof the two
100 bu.
100 bu. ; the quantityof the third
=

450 bu.

railroad shares at 50^ must

1. How
A buy,who has 80
many
that cost him 72$, in order to reduce his average
to 60$?
Ans. 96 shares.

shares

2. I
I

must

bought 2000

buy

at

$4.75

cwt
a

of

cwt,

pork

so

as

at

85.80

to average

cwt

85. '25 per

how
cwt.

Ans. 2200
REVIEW."
The

rule?

3766.What
The

proof?

is the rule?

The

proof?

?,77. What

much
?
cwt.

is Case

4!

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RAY'S

quantityand cost of the whole mixture, deduct

the quantitiesand costs of the given ingredients:the remainders
ing
will be the quantityand cost of a mixture composed of the remain: from
which, the quantities
of those ingredient*
ingredients
be found by Case III.
can
RULE.

From

"

PROOF.

Case

By

"

the

I.

What
quantitiesof sugar at 3 ct. per Ib. and 7 ct. per Ib. ; with
2 Ib. at Sec., and 51b. at 4 ct. per Ib.,will make
16 Ib. worth
Get. per Ib.?
S

L.

2 Ib. at

The

"

36

7 Ib. worth

8 ct. and

ct.,which,

5 Ib. at 4

the

deducted

the

from

ct.,make

16 Ib. worth

mixture

96

of

ct.,leaves

ct. as the
Taking 9 Ib. and 6 jj
worth
3 ct.
whose
quantity and price of the mixture
ingredientsare
and 7 ct. a Ib., find,by Case III, the quantitiesof the ingredients,

9 Ib. worth

$ Ib.

at 3

60 ct.,or

8} Ib.

ct.,and

REMARK.

There

"

Of ct.

9 Ib. at

at

Ib.

Ans.

7 ct.
be

must

at least two

ingredients,whose

ties
quanti-

required.

are

bbl. flour at "8, and $8.50 ; with 300 bbl. at

1. How
many
800
and
at
"7.50,
"7.80, and 400 at "7.65, will make 2000 bbl.
Ans. 200 bbl. at "8 ; 300 bbl. at "8.50
at "7.85 a bbl. ?
2. What

tea at 25 ct.,and 35 ct, a Ib. ; with 14 Ib.

56 Ib
Ib. at 50 ct.,and 6 Ib. at 60 ct.,will make
Ans. 10 Ib. at 25 ct., and 6 Ib. at 35 ct

of
quantities

at 30

ct., and

at 40

ct.

20

Ib. ?

INVOLUTION.

XXXIII.
380.

ART.

INVOLUTION

is the process

of

findinga

power.

A power, is the product of a number

by itselfone or more
The number
from which the powers arise,is called the
those powers, and sometimes
the firsipower.
Powers
the number

are

times.
root

of

of different degrees,
2d, 3d, 4th, "c., accordingto
of times the root is used in their formation.

The degree of a power is indicated by an

exponent, which is a
email figure,placed to the right of the root; thus, 7~ signifies
the 2d power of 7; 53, the third power of 5.
The
Oi

2d

square

the number
The

3d

REVIEW.
many

power

of

number

is obtained
of linear

power

"

of

379.

ingredientsmust

is called

by forming

2d power;

units in

one

number,

is called

What

is Case

there be, whoso

side

6?

its square,

by

viz.. the

the

area

product of

itself.

its
Tho

because

cube,because
rule?

quantitiesare

Tho

the

solidity

proof?
required?

How

INVOLUTION.

of

is obtained

cube

number

of linear
TO

the last

NOTES.

because

exponent,
once

2. When

of

number
the

of the

itself twice.
OP

NUMBER.

will
multiplications

is used

root

the power

of the

by

viz.,the product

"

multiplicandand

as

POWER

3d power;

Multiplythe number continually

by itself,
cates
as
often,as the degree of the j"oiver indiproductwill be tJiepower required.

1. The

"

side

one

ANY

RULE.
been used

it has
:

in

units
FIND

381.

ART.
until

by forming

33 1

once

instead

of

one

less than

the

the first multiplication,

multiplier.

as

obtained

to be

twice in

be

is of

high degree,multiplyby

the root

continually;thus,to get
of 2, multiply its 6th power
power
(64)by its 3d power (8);
its
5th
4th
its
or,
(16): the rule being, that tht
power
(32)by
power
product of any two powers of a number is that power whose degree is
of their degrees.
equal to the sum
of a number
3. Any power
of 1 is 1; any power
greater than 1 is
of a number
less than
itself: any power
1,
greater than the number
some

the

powers

by

9th

is less than

itself.

the number

From
Note 2, last Art, 43 X 43 X 43 X 43 X
43
41 6, but the expression
the left is the 5th power of 43:
on
5
quired
rehence, (43)"= 41 ; that is,when the exponent of the power
is a composite
number
(15),raise the root to a power whose
exponent is one of its factors(3),and this result to a power whose

382.

ART.
=

exponent
ART.

of

the

To

is the other

factor(5).

383.

power

Any

divided

numerator

raise

form, and
ART.

mixed

then

384.

number

proceed as

of
by
to

fractionis equal to that powei

of the denominator.

that power

power,
directed.
just
any

reduce

it to

fractional

contain twice,it*
of a decimal must
decimal placesas the root, "c.: hence,
cube, three times as many
to obtain any
of a decimal, proceedas if if were a wholf
power
and
number,
point offin the result a number of decimal placet
by the exponent (J
equal to the number in the root multiplied
The

square

the poicer.

EXAMPLES

1.

(5)'

2.

143

3.

66

4.

192*

5. I10
.

e.
7.

m4

FOR

PRACTICE.

HIGHER

RATS

332

EVOLUTION.

XXXIV.
385.

ART.
A

of
is some

root

number

Evolution
number

is the process of findinga root.

ia another number, of which
the

power.
Evolution is the reverse
the Extraction ofroota.

386.

ART.

of Involution,and

Roots, like powers,

3d, 4th, "c.:

degree of

the

as

the degree

be raised,to

produce

343

raised to the 5th power,

to

the '2d nud

Since
and

3d

roots

3d

is

7, since

7 must

the 5th root of

produce

be

1024

is

raised

4, since

the square

the square
and

root

To indicate the root

of

the
3/18 signifies

root

of

root

whose
to be

Thus,

the number

the degree of
the branches uf
;

without

388.

the

5th

root

index

2;

of

root

04

is obtained

by

because, as

will
itself,

number

8, because

pxactly obtained,the

number

on.

greater than

number

so

less than

1 is

ROOT.

SQUARE

producethe
7X7

number
trial

to

it lies between

64.

number

givennumber;

thus,

49.
found

If the

root

by
can

trial and
not

be

imperfectsquare, and ita

unity: thus,75 is an
imperfect
G4 and
81, whose exact square

is called
within

figuresis

of two
8 X

is another

number

of 49, because

root

of

root of

square root of

which, multiplied
by
square

root

any

64i,and

itself.

The

7 is the square

1;

itself: any

number

THE

square,

indicated

usually

of 1 is

r-Any root

thus

the radical

use

the
18; ^/9 signifies

root of

is/5 6$,and t/64

7$,and

greater than

proof:

the

expressed.

the

The

cube,so

be expressed by a fractional
number
may
nent
expois 1, and denominator
is the index of the

i" less than

ART.

be

numerator

Jl

NOTE."

4 must

^/10.

as

same

cube

is

root

square

thus,^/10 is the
The

and

number,

radical sign is placed before the number

the root is shown
by the small figure between
the radical sign,called the index of the root.

The

3d

cube root.

The

of 9.

the

fractional
exponent.

sii/n("J),

of

Thus,

to

1024.
called

are

powers

called

are

387.

ART.

root

same

given number.

Thus, the 3d root of

to produce 343:
power,

2d

called

degrees,3d,

into

always the

that root must

given

is sometimes

divided

are

is

root

to which

of the power,
the

ARITHMETIC.

an

ROOT.

SQUARE
roots

are

than

:iud

9, either

its square

of

number

in its square
figures
its square root must
square

is its square

greater than

to within

root

8 and

unity,but

lesa

neither

exactly.

389.

than

more

figureshas

two

for,beingequal to

root ;

be equal to or
of such, first prove this

root

be

must

root

square

which

of

root

ART.

9, its

3JJ3

two

greater than ] 00,

greater than 10. To find the
or

PROPOSITION.

If a
of

number

is

composed of

tens and

units, its square will

the square of those tens, with twice the

by the units,and the square of the units.
DEM.

Take

"

of tens

posed
and

square

into

its

work
17

any
and

number

40

com-

units,as

and

47,

shows

that

consists

The

units.

the square

of

7
7

40+

it,first separatingit

tens

product of the

1600

280
280

j 000

.560 +

+ 49
49

sist
con-

tens

47
47
329
188
2209

of

1600, (thesquare
the
2 X
tens 40),of 560, (twicethe product of the tens by the units,
of
10 X 7),aud of 49, (thesquare of the units): the same
is true of any
other number
containing tens and units.
Extract

the

ANALYSIS.

of tens
of

up

than

more

and

the

Since

the

tens

7396

number

its root will

figures,
units,and the square

the square

of

duct

"

of 7396.

Root

Square

of these tens,with
and units,and the

be

has-

composed

will be made
twice the prosquare

7396(86
64
166^996
996

of the

always hundreds, and since 73, the

64 and 81, its square root must
hundreds
of the number, lies between
lie between
theirs,being greater than 8 and less than 9 ; hence, 8 is
the tens' figureof the root, 9 being too large. As the two right-hand
figures(96)are not used in findingthe tens' figureof the root, point
them
off so as to show
amined
distinctlythe 73, the only figuresto be exunits.

The

square

of

tens

is

for that purpose.

the square of the tens,64 (hundreds),from the given num

is the square of the tens,with twice the productof the

Subtract

"

her

7396, which

tens

by

the

units,and

be twice the

the square

productof the

of the

units

the remainder

996, must

by the units,and the square of the units.

The
of
the units
be
being comparatively small, may
square
neglected for the present, and the 996 regarded as twice the product
of the tens by the units: divide jt by twice the tens (16 tens),to get
the units.
Dividing996,by 160 (16tens),or, what is more
convenient,
lividing99 by 16, the units' figureis found to be 6.
tens

RAY'S

To

of

(lie tens

by

ARITHMETIC.

it not

figure correct,form- with

this

prove

HIGHER

the

product

also the square of the. units,since the 996

parts. To do this conveniently,set the units'

units,but
these

consists of both

twice the

only

plete
right of the trial divisor (16),and multiply the comthe
units'
divisor
figure(6),thereby making twice the
(160)by
productof the tens by the units (1GO X 0), and the square of the units
GX6); since this produces 996 exactly,86 must be the exact square
and
oot of 7936 : the same
explanationapply in obtaining
process
ihe square root of any number, however
large. Hence,

the

figure(0) on

390.

ART.
RULE.

TO

EXTRACT

ROOT

SQUARE

THE

OP

NUMBER,

Separatethe givennumber into periodsof two figures,

hand periodmay have 1 or 2 figures.
commencing at units; the left
2. Take the square root of the nearest square below the left
hand period: this will be the first
figure of the root.
hand period,
3. Subtract the square of this figure from the left
bring down the next period; divide the result exclusive of Hit
right hand figure,by twice the part of the root already found,
the quotient
will be the 2d figure of the root.
4. Set this figureof the root on the rightof the divisor ; multiply
the divisor thus completed,by the 2d figure of ihe root; subtract
the productfrom the last dividend,and bring down anothei
period.
5. Double the root already
found for a trial divisor,
find anothei
u
ntil
the
and
all
the period*
root,
proceed as before,
figure of
have

1.

"

brought down.

been

product is larger than the dividend from which

it is to be taken, the last figureof the root is too large.
2. If any dividend,exclusive of its right-hand figure,
is not large
enough to contain its trial divisor,place a cipher in the root,and at
the right of the divisor ; bring down
another
period and continue
NOTES.

1. If any

"

before.

as

3. When
not

that

follow

remainder

remainder

is

found, and
remainder,

is

the last

largeenough

greater than

to contain

for this would

1 more,

if the root

were

the

previous divisor,it does

is too small, unless thai
the part of the root already

figure of the root

twice

be

the proper

increased

EXAMPLES

by

FOR

divisor to go into the

1.

PRACTICE.

AN8.

1.

V2809

2.

V1444~
7TT88T

...

=53.

AXS.

4.

^57600"

=38.

5.

Jl

=109.

6.

^49098049

6499844

240.

=4062.
=7007.

ROOT.

SQUARE

391.

ART.

of

oot

its

NOTES.

The

square

1. Reduce

"

that will

2. The

the

Extract
o

the

2.

root

by

terms

of

its lowest

to

if the denominator
the

mixed

the J?

i(s denominator.
before

terms

be not

square,

denominator, or

number

and
fraction,

common

com

make

smaller

some

Root

of

be found

verting
by first conthis
rule.
proceeding by

may
then

fgf.

gg" to f ; multiplyingboth
is f nearly.

terms

by 2,gives {",the

of which

v6f.

4.

2} nearly.

**"

*"

6.

V90|

392.

.=

"s/272T33

nearly.

ART.

of

Square

Reduce

L."

"square root

1.

fraction

fractionis

common

the purpose.

answer

root

square
it into

numerator, divided by the sq.

mencing the operation,and

it so, by multiplyingboth
number

of

root

335

TiI8

=
"

"

=
.

=
.

164.

I nearly.
94

nearly.

Since

the square of a decimal

has just twice as
the
the
root
places,
(Art.384),
square root of a
have exactlyhalf as many
decimal places,
the
as
number
in
itself;and as the mode of operationis the same
as
whole numbers, it follows that,
decimal
many
decimal must

as

To aet the square root of a decimal, annex

to make
the
a cipher,
number
of its decimal placeseven, (if it be not so already); then
proceedas icith a whole number, pointing offfrom the root halfas
man;/

dtcimal

NOTES.

"

places,as

1. The

number

are

in the

given number.
mencing
placesmust be even before comwill be impossibleto point off in
contains
places as the number

of decimal

operation;otherwise it
decimal
the root exactly
half as many
decimals ; also to common
2. The last, rule applies also to mixed
fractions or mixed
numbers, after changing them to decimals.
or
be annexed
whole number
to any
3. Since decimal ciphersmay
decimal,if the s-juare root is not exact, the process may be continued
decimal
two
ciphersat every step, and pointing
by bringing down
decimal place in the root for every pair of ciphers annexed;
off one
the result is to
the process is carried,the nearer
and the further
is always one of the
The limit of the emr
the exact
root.
square
the

lowest order

!"

the root.

RAY'S

1. Extract

HIGHER

the square

2.

Of

3.

Of 2.135

4.

Of 3 to six decimal

in decimal
to

ARITHMETIC.

of .07625.

root

hundredths.

Ans.

thousandths.

Ans.

places.

Ans.

OPERATION.

346410

1.461

+
"

METHOD.

nearly.

27975

RULE

Extract

.93 +

1.732051

CONTRACTED

3|1.732051

.276 +

Ans.

CONTRACTED

FOR

the square

root

as

METHOD.

usual, until

one

than

more

half oj

figures requiredin the root have been determined; to obtain

divide the last remainder by the last divisor,
the remainingfigures,
using the contracted method in Art. 158.
the

APPLICATIONS
393

ART.
RULE.
square

"

root

To find the side of

Reduce

of

square in linear

th*

area,

the number
units

of

if

square

necessary,

thus obtained

tlie name

ROOT.

SQUARE

OF

name

figureof
to

Riven

nquare

area.

units;

will be the side

the

of the

RAY'S

HIGHER

ARITHMETIC.

One square has a side Xi,times

times doe" it eouta:D "lie smaller?
S

OL.

S'ncfc 3*

"

ratio of the

contains
lar-jer

the

sad

their mvas,

'5''s the

or

another:

largeas

as

sidrs, Vg9,is

^j"

the smaller

how
1. Ont" square is r2j times another:
of
-side
2d?
1st
the
of
the
contain
the
side

398.

Am.

The

cube

trial and

by

does

247

unit}/-,
thus, as
between

thuirs,6
Ji99.

ART.
root

as

to

3\.

12

how

5^ 5.

Aim.

of

root

number

is another

will

hnve

containing

number,

figuresor less,ia
83 = 512.

three

proof; thus, ^/512 is 8, because

imperfectcube;

have

not

and

and

If
two

cube

exact

an

root,as 2-17,it is called

is obtained

its cube-root,

lies between

216

343, iw

and

by trial,to
cube

root

within

must

lie

7.

number

has

its cube
thr?e figures,
its
in
order to extract
units;
than

more

figures,tens and

root, firstprove

cube

loos the

KOOT.

number

of any

root

If the number
an

cube

being cubed, will producethe given number.

which,

found

The

1 1 .1 times.

Jus.

two

CUBE

many

the ratio o(

times

many

similar rectanglesare
jany times does the largercontain the smaller?

diagonalsof

The

"2

how

this

PROPOSITION.
number
Tlie cube of any
containing tens and
units, will consist of the cube of the tens, three times the square
of the /en* multipliedby the units, three times the tens multiplied
by the square of the units, and the cube of the units.
"

DEJI.

-Multiply the
(47)2 1GOO + 560 + 49
(Art.389)
square
-I 7
4-'
40
t
~1
47
40
The
by
+7.
11200
3U20
343
+
+
result is the cube of 47,
64000
+ 22400
+ 19 0 0
which consists of 64000,
(therube oj the ten* 40), G4000
+ 33000
+ 5880
+ 343
of 33000, (3 times
the
by the units 3 X 1^OO X 7), of 5^80, (3
square of the tens multiplied
tinifs the tens multiplied
the
by
of the v"i'a 3 X 40 Y 4^\ and
square
=

of 47

-"

3-13. (thf cube oj the units j : and

ber containing tens and units.

Find

the Cube

Root

the

same

may

be "J"nru

of aay

nun"'

of 238328.

23"-3"""(IJ2

ha,

5 A

L.

Si n

"

hun

more,

its cube

root

210*

238328

ce

figures,

must

con-

80x300=10800
_

Bist of
and
lain

tens

238328

the

nnd
must

parts

units;
conmen-

-i X

4_

"

1 1 164

2232P

ROOT.

CUBE

tionod

the

in

proposition,the

last

Jiyvffof the root.

mi*

right hand

three

The

cube

and
figures,

339

first of

of tens

which

is th-" cuf*

being thousand*,
the

regard only

238,

of

the

pointoff tho

which

tliou

are

343, its cube root n.ust lie

between
(G) and le.-s than tho
theirs,being greater than the former
of
the
latter (7);hence, G is the tens' figure
root, 7 being too large.
this

Since

sands.

210

lies between

and

figure,G (tens),gives 21G (thousands);subtract

be the other
(his from the given number; the remainder, 22328, must
the 3d and 4th parts are
in the proposition
f, parts mentioned
; as
them
the present, and
the
for
small compared with
sider
con2d, neglect
that
3
the
2d
times
the
Ike
22328
tens
as
is,
part alone;
square of
the
units.
multipliedby
Divide 22328
by 3 times the square of the tens (3 X 3600),to get
the units' figure 2, which
must
not
only be placed in the root,but
that when
it is multipliedby the
also used to complete the divisor,
so
the 3d and
units' figureof the quotient,the product shall contain
in
the
mentioned
well
the
2d
4th parts
as
as
proposition,
part.
Cubing

tens'

the

conveniently,increase the trial divisor (10800) by 3

also by the square
limes the tens by the units (6 X 2 X 30) and
of the
for these,when
units' (2 X2);
multiplied by the units' figure(2),
3d
and
4th
that
be taken
the
of.
account
must
produce
parts
To

do

this

400.

ART.

same

process

analysisapply

and

to

any

hence,

number;
TO

The

EXTRACT

THE

1.

Ilrt.E.
"

at

CUBE

Separatethe

ROOT

number

units; the lefthand

OF

into

WHOLE

periodsof

period

may

NUMBER,
3

commenting
figures,

contain

1, 2,

or

Jit/tires.
2. Find the cube root of the nearest perfectcube below the
hand period; thin will be the \stfignreof the root.

lefl

Cube the \stfigure

of the root, subtract it from the lefthand
down
the next period; this will be the Jirst
and
briny
period,
dividend.
4. Take 3 times the square of the \stfigure
of the root, annexing
trial
2 ciphers.
dicisor
it
haw
is contained
in the
f"r a
; see
vjten
fiistdicidend ; the quotientwill be the "id figure of the root.
3.

5. Under

the trial divisor,write 3 times

the 2dfi"/ure
of the rooi
the
it,
multipliedby
Jif/nre
before annexing one cipher,and nine
second
t/ie t"piare of the
figureof the root,and add these it t/.4
ti ial dicisor for a complete divisor.
6.

the completedivisor by the 2"Z figureof the root,

Mnllififi/
the product from (he first dicidend, briny
ing dowr,
the next period; this will be the 2"/ dividend.
and

subtract

7. Take 3 times the square

of that part of (he

root

alreadyfound

for a trial divisor,find another figureof the root, completethe

divisor,and so on, until all the periods have been brought down :

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RAY'S

310

remainder, the exact cube root

tlicre is,it is the cube ruul to within unity.
Ihf.re is

if

NOTKS.

2.

1. If any

"

the last

product

figureof the

is

root

trial divisor

If any

is

is greater than

of
ciphersat the righ1.
period,and proceed as before.

another
3.

If any

remainder

is

largerthan
quotientfigureis

th.it the last

follow

large enough to
found,

with

proper

divisor

times

that

to

into the

go

part of

the

the

3 times the square

contain

the dividend

in its

contained

not

obtained,but if
above

it,

large.

loo

the root, two

(ti

is

no

dividend, put

trial

cipher
divisor,bring down
n

previousdivisor,it does

not

small, unless the remainder is

of that part of the root already

too

the root, and

remainder, if

1 more;

the

root

for this is the

is increased

by

1.

ANS.

1.

V5T2"

2.

V 10083"

3.

V 7301384

5.

FIND

ART.
make

l'"th terms
Ph/'n'.l

194.

OF

ROOT

Iteduce

"

187"

"

2137"

8.

*/7825

9.

V (10004409373)]13

10.

1022.

=00370+

V(30S4097945G)i=56

COMMON

FRACTION,

the

fractionto Us
perfectcube, if it be not

by the square

that will
a

VOS705-

CUBE

RIM.E.

for

7.

the denominator

numerator

=27.

=450.

THE

401.

number

^6506321

"

1067462048.

TO

0.

V048188I6

4.

=8.

of the denominator

or

lowest

terms;

by

so,
some

nuit/i-

smaller

the purpose ; extract the cube root of the

numerator, and the cube root of the denominator
answer

for a denominator.
AMS.

1.
"

2.

'

il

1+

3.
ART.
an}'

n"al
nuu.

402.
The cube of ft decimal has just Iliree limes as
deetuuU placesas the root; hence, the cube root of a decicontain

must

be

just one-third

as

many

decimal

placesas

the

itself;hence,

TO

Rri.E.
"

they be

FIND

Make
not

so,

THE

CUBE

ROOT

OF

DECIMAL,

the number

of decimal places divisible by 3, if

by annexing ciphers; then proceed as in whole

numbers, and

from the root,one-third

point oj)'

i-lacex

in ifie given number.

as

are

as

many

decimal

ROOT.

CUBE

341

places roust be exactly

be impossible to point off iu the
divisible by 3, otherwise, it would
decimal
placesas are in the number.
root, exactly3 as many
frnc2. This rule applies also to mixed
decimals, aud lo common
tions after changing them
to a decimal
form; to extend the process, if
3 decimal
the cube root is not exact, bring down
ciphersat every step
for
decimal place in the root,
a
Bud make
every 3 ciphers annexed.
NOTES.

ART.
Eftrart

"

1.

403.

number

The

RULE

the cube root

ftj'ii'Kn
requiredin
Iht lust divisor and

FOR
as

(he n"ol

of

decimal

CONTRACTED
usual, until

one

METHOD.
more

than

have been ascertained, and

the la*t remainder,

haJfof

the

trith
t/ien,

proceedas in contracted
diciaion to determine the other Jiyitres
of the root, except that two
fujnresare dropped instead of one from the divisor at every step
and one from every remainder.

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RATS

342

APPLICATIONS
ART.

404.
the

U.Msolidity,

Hn.E

To

the

side of

Ike

if
solidity,

the side of
25bu.

cubical

25 X

V53760\5

1. Of

in.=53700.5

cu.

37.75

3 ft.

in. =

4.

Find

cubical

tank,

to hold

in.;

1] in.

-2

Of

bu.

cu.

containing 70 cu. ft.,1323 cu. in.

cube
a
equal to a rectangularsolid 14 ft. 5
ft. in. high.

3.

Ike cubic units

as

containing25

box

2150.42

name

same

cube

2. Of

wide,

containinga given

cube

necessary, in a denomination of
of the rexult,and it trill lie t/"6

ihe cube root

; extract
side ""f'the,culm in linear units of the
in which the solidity
is expressed.
cn/iic unit*

Find

ROOT.

CUBK

following

/fed are

"

find

OF

Ans. 4 ft. 3 in.

in.

the B"I. ft. in 1 face of

8ft. 7in.

Ans.

containing 39304

cube

6 ft, 8.7 in.

Ans.

150 hbl.

ft. 8 in.

long,0

ft.

cu.

115G.

An*.
6. The

sq. in. in all the faces of

containing 83(55427

cube

Ans.

ART.
cubes

405.

1st

The

ratio

of any

2d.

The

etjnalto
1

Any

two

similar

of their like dimensions

ratio

of

ratio

l"ion.

2. The

in.:

solidities of

of the 2d

is 11

any

of

root

lengths of

contains

two

called

406.

each

other

as

the

hence,

similar solids is

equalto

the cube

of

Ihe

two

two

like dimensions
of similar
solids.
Ike
of

solids is

(lie ratio
similar

what

does

two

halls

solids

the 2d

IRHcu.in.

are

4 in. and

are

contain?

OF

Ans.

and

iu.;find the diameter

EXTRACTION
ART.

to

arc

like iliiiienxtoini.

two

the cube

The

of

solids

in.
247254.
cu.

875cu.

of the

ANY

1st.

50in.:
3125Ucu.

the 1st
in.

eter
in.;the diamAns.

10^iu.

ROOT.

There

is a general method
of extractingroots,
llurni-r'smethod, from its inventor,which
has great advantages.
It is comprised in this
RTLE

1. Make

as

many

FOR

EXTRACTING

columns

as

there

ANY
are

ROOT.

units in the index

of

the

to be

extracted;place (fieairen iininlierat the head of the riyht

ciphersat the head of the others.
2.
into
Commencing at the riaht, separate the gicen mnnfar
periodsof ax many faitresan there are cn/minin : extract the re~
quired root to irif/iiit
period,for the 1st
unity, of the left-hand
root

hand

column, and

figureof the

root.

3. Add tlris(inure into the Ast coJninn. mnltiph/it tltcn In/"/.""//",

and set it in the "2d column;
multiply this aaain b;i the same
fujurc,and set it in the '3d column, and so on, placingihelast pro-

EXTRACTION

ANY

OF

ROOT.

343

righthand column, under Ihnf part nf (he gircnin/inthe Jigurewas

tlu
derived,and subtractingit J'roin

duct in the

which

ber

from
Jignresabove

it.

A"l"l the same

"esnll by the fgnre
and so ou, stopping
4.

5.

figure in In the \st column again, multiplythe

again,adding the product to the 2d coining
at

the next to the last column.

Jfepeatthis process, leapingoff one

at the

column

rightevery

time, until all the columns have been thus dropped ; then
in (he 1st column, two to the number
to the number
tiplter
awl

column,
next

so

Picide

(he number

in the last column,

given number

be

must

(he last column

in

in the Id
the
t"" which

by the

brought down,
in the

number

trial divisor (making allowance

ing
for completthe
this
will
2"f
the
the divisor)
root, whii-h
give
.figureof
;
be nsed precisely
the l.v/Jigure of the root has been: and
as

preciouscolumn

so

number

the

from
periodof figures

6.

must

the

to

on,

one.

annex

as

tillall the periods have

on

407.

ART.

The

been

process

brought down.
often be

may

by this

shortened

lens than halfof

CONTRACTED
METHOD.
RCLE
Obtain one
FOR
the Jignresrequiredin the rout as the rule directs ; then,instead of
"

and
annexing ciphers

bringingdown

period to the last numbers

righthand column for a
figureJ'rom the.last number of
the previouscolumn, two right hand fgnres from the (oxt number
in tlie column
beforethat, and so on, always cullingojf'one more
Jiyure fur every column to the left.

in /he columns, leave the remainder

dividend ; cut off the right hand

the number

With

in the

in the

right hand

column

the

and

in the

one

determine the next Jiyureof the root, and use

it
in the ni/e,recollecting
that the fgures cut ojf are not
used except in carryingthe tens theyproduce.
This process is continued
until the requirednumber
ing
of figures are obtained, observ-

preciouscolumn,
directed

as

that irhi.nall the Jignresin the but number

that column
will be no longerused.
cut off,
REM.

"

A"l"l to

column

next

band

column

Extract

in

the

one

of

column

any

1st column

mentally; multiply and

operation: multiply aiiJ subtract from

iu like

the cube

man

root

n"l"l (o the

0
9
2700

3175
367500

371716

375D43
37659

3772"

the

right

The

trial

HIT.

of 44.6

to six decimals.
EXP."

0
3
6
90
95
100
1050
1054
1058

are

"nn/Q

1TQOQ

iivi8or8

17600

known

1725000
238136
12182
805

by ending

ciphers;the
complete divisors

in two

stand just beneath

them.

111

After
8

ting
get-

figures of

tLe

root.

the

operation by

last rule.

"

on

tract

RAY'S

044

(Art. 382) that (43)5=4T6, that is,if 4 b"

and
this product raised to the 5th power, the
10 the 3d
power,
will be the loth power
of 4 ; hence, conversely if the 5th -oot
tie taken, ami (lie 3d root of this result,it will give 4. which
loth root
of 4 ' ", that is,the 3d root of the 5th root of a number
equal to the 15th root of that number.
Hence,
We

RE"I."
raised
result
of 4

' "

is the
is

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RCI,E.

have

seen

the index

Whenever

of

the mot

be extracted ran
be
indicated
rely the roots
factors,extract
by
those factors,and Ike final result thus obtained will be Ike root
"

separated into

to

success!

required.
using this rule,begin with the smallest
Thus, to get the 4th root, extract the square
In

Oth

And

to

get the

Ami

to

get the 8th root, extract

Arid

to

get the

and

so

Oth

root, extract

root, extract

the cube

roots.
root
root

the sq. root

the cube

of the square

of the square

3 times
root

of

root.
root.

in succession.
the

cube

root,

on.

ASS.

1.

V'JT.41

2.

V3_._I

3.

5/21035.8

408.

.83938

XXXV.
AUT.

.0786007

=
.

SERFES

is

SERIES.

succession of numbers, each derived

from
arvordinj;to a fixed law.
priM-ediii"i.
form a scries are
The iiumliors which
railed its terms; if they
it is an
the rijrlu,
increase toward
crease
Asceuilimjseries : if they detoward the ri";ht,
it is a Descendingseries: the firstand last
Series are Arithmetical
the extremes.
terms
are
or Geometric.
the

1.87445

RAY'S

340

414.

RT.

between

To

HIGHER

insert

ARITHMETIC.

of arithmetical

given number

meant

given numbers.

two

the extremes, and 2 more

as
than
ilci.E. Take the yicennumbers
number
the,
arillnnetiial
of
Hie number
as
meant
of term*, "fan
by rule in Art. 412. Add
scries,and Jind the common
difference
the,smaller
to gel the 1st mean;
is ""nmi/tun
to
number,
tit
difference
"

it to the \st mean,

add
1.

yet the

to

1 arithmetical

Insert

"2d mean,

2. 5 arith.

means

between

G and

30.

3. 2 arith.

means

between

4 and

40.

means

between

2 and

3.

4 arith.

4.

415.

ART.

RULE.
terms

2.

"

by

3.

What

5. Of
6.

16, 28.

2g, 2|, 2", 2|.

in

arithmetical
known.

an

are

series whose

extremes

57.

of terms,

number

is the

.0001

Ans.

sum

the arithmetical

of

series

5ih

is 21 ; 20th

term

1000000.

Any.

Ans.

term, CO; number

409701

of terms,

Ant.

GEOMETRIC
416.

ft formed
sailed the

.25
46 ?

3178|.

SERIES.

GEOMETRIC

SERIES

is one,

by multiplyingthe previousone

in which
each term
by a fixed number

ratio.

common

417. To find

the last (orany) term

lr"tterm, the

the

41)95.

Ans.

terms

of

50000000.

Ana.

Of 4.12, 17.25,30.38,"c.,having 250

ART.

24225.

1,2, 3, "c., having

I, 3, 5, "c.,having 1000 terms?

999, 888, 777, "c., having 9 terms?

ART.

850

are

No. of terms, 12345. Ans. 617250.G1725

7. Whose

when

of

It may
be necessary
to find the extremes
number
or
before
of
the
this
rule.
one
previous rules,
applying

terms

Of

Am.
Ans.

of the arithmetical

sum

Extremes, 100 and

terms

4.

10, 14, 18, 22, 26.

Ans.

To

the

NOTE.

10000

31.

of the extremes by the number

Multiplyhalf the sum
the product will be the sum
of the series.

0, and

and

Ans.

"

Find

1.

54.

find the sum

of the terms
of terms
and number
the extremes

series,when

on.

so

8 and

between

meim

and

ratio,and

common

of
the

geometricseries,
of terms

number

known.

arc

IJt'i.E. liaise the

less than the number
"

NOTE.

"

The

commro

found by dividing any

ratio

common

of terms,

in

ratio
term

the

by

Find

2.

In

2, o,

8.

In

100,20,4, "c., having

4.

1st term, 4 ;

the last term

power whose degreeis on4

multiplythe I at term by it.
to

given geometric
preceding.

6 terms.

find the

Ant.

3'2

Ans.

195

Ans.

78732

/g
^""'"15623

9 terms.

ratio,3:

b"

series may

in the series "" 1,32,"c.,of 12 terms.

"c., having
12.J,
com.

and

10th term.

SERIES.

GEOMETRIC

5.

3d

6.

83d

418.
and

of terms,
Un.E.

ratio,6:

com.

10lM;

term,

ART.

rule

1C;

term,

NOTE.

The

"

1.

Find

Of

the

570

com.

6Gth

com.

1410;

term,

419.

4Jg

2.

1st term,

3.

IGlh term,

ART.

729;

22d

To insert
given numbers.

"

series,and
terms, and

Jirstterm
by the

; llth

420.

two

RULE.

ratio:

common

common

4th

8;

term, 612.

of

3.

geometric

means

between

4.

geometric means

between

421.

series,when

To

the

"y

find the

63 and

Ans.

atl1'

14.08

112.

IW

jgsin

this

between
difference
It mny

of the

1. Find

the

sum

and

extremes

Multiplythe

between
difference

"

3j.

geometricmeans

g-

Ans.

tween
be-

last term
common

be necessary

by the

55*53,
5 73, 7*2
506.88

84.48 and

common

divide it by

firxtterm, and
ratio and 1.
to find one

geometric

ratio; jind the

the

sometimes

84.

12,24,48, 96.

of all the terms

in a
ratio are known.
common

product and

the

Ans.

3041.28.

and

Ana.

one

10.

Take the giren numbers

the extremes of a geometrical
as
than
'" more
the number
of means
for the number of
ratio by the la*l rule; multiply the
Jiiidthe common
ratio,to gel the \xt mean;
by the common
multiplythis
ratio to get the '2d mean,
and no on.

NOTE

Ans. 4.
Ans.

givennumber

and

terms'

AM.

2.

the

of

term, 1000000.

between
geometric mean
between
6 and
geometric means

"

"73

that root

extract

less than the number

Insert

Rrr.E.

Ans.

the extremes

by the frst,and

1st term,

lO./j

Am.

term.

ratio,when

one

Ans.

term, 49375000000.

the

6f
j,1^
f-.^

Ans.
Am.

find the 49th

1.

ART.

previous

will be

terms.

common

"

the

the

6 terms.

180,of
...90,

ratio,6:

To find the
known.
are

terms

RUI.B.
Dicide (he laat term
u-ltoxeindex is
of (lieifiiofii-nt
i/iixif ill be the common
ratio.
1. Find

the last term, nuiubei

ratio,3: find the 1st term.

find the 10th term.
ratio,%2^:

; com.

18th term, 1 5625;

of

13u',".

inverted.

of the series

number

AM.

transposed series

of the

series

given

1st term

term,

ART.

74f"4'.)6.

fnd the last term by

of tliegiven series.

f 005' having
...27u"t9o.

3. 9th

term.

Ana.

series ;

ratio

common

ratio of the

frHiiinoii

",he40lh

To find the 1st term, when

ratio are kuown.

Transposethe

"

term.

common

thin trill be the 1st term

the 9th

find

|: find

ratio

com.

347

of the extremei

previous rules.
sum

of

6, 12, 24, "c.,to 10

2. Of

10384, 8192, "o.,to 20

8. Of

-jj
|,287,
"c.,to 7 terms.

terms

terms.

0138.

Ans.
Ans.

82767

Ans.

$j

|^
j'f

RAY'S

348

4.

Extremes, 25

6.

Int term,

In

the

8th

of the

puai

1, ", 4,

8. Of

12. Of .36
13. Of

term,

Am.
^n".

422.

her of

things may

2.

number

yi

ceii

1. How

365]

to

How

in

the

compose

ve:ir,

any
word

1 A.

11. Of

how

"5

AM.

Ant.

oi

Ans.

8j.

-A *".

ij-

order which

with
permutationspossihle

ber
givennum-

all each time.

series

of

natural

fwm

numbers

ofolyectsinclusive.

are

possiblewith

the

letters
Ana.

antlie-mf

different

can

be

ways

can

the

expressed by

the

notes

of

find the

To

using
objects,

numher

of

givennumber

that

720.

ures
fig-

same

302X800.

H".
nn

number

2.

undergo.

rhanjres of order

many

423.

]fJ and

and

written?

ART.

is 0.

term

changes of

the

arc

ninny different numbers

1234""678'.tO?
the number

4. In

the last

",|. ^ "c.
"c.
I,1, !),

6.

3. How
as

Sum, 214(J2'7.

sit in different order at lable. allowing

7 persons
Ana. Ayr. l'l!'dn.
nnd 3 meals
a day?

long can

da.

10. Of

Multiply tot/fiberthe

"

to the

2.

PERMUTATIONS

of
To find the number
of objects,
using them

Rri.E

10.

of terms,

PERMUTATIONS.

XXXVI.

nun)

Sum, 3J!f"2VJ\.

2r,21440.

4'2'j
; No.

Sum.

-j30fi(j
+ 7 oVofi" "c-

.349206,of 480, of

ART.

No. of terms, 9.

( I lib) term,

"c.

.3636,"c.

1701

204

Sum,

followinginfinite geometricalseries

f,v/5,
VVk,"c.

Of

No. of levins, 13.

decreasinggeometricalseries

infinite

Find

9.

216;

term,

an

List

40;

ARITHMETIC.

102100;

IJih term,

7;

6. 3-1 term,
7. 4th

nn.l

HIGHER

be

octnve

40320.

ns.

permutationsof

given

less than all,each time.

numlierx. c"m.Ifitl/ifiti/
toyel her the series of natural
number
omittftl
in each
than
the
irith
1
itmrc
of objects
meii'-in'j
permutation,and ending with the ichvle number of objects.

Riri.E.
"

1. How

many

permutations can

be made

of 7

letters,
using 3
Ans.

time?
2. Of 5 letters,using 2 each
3. Of G letters,
using 1 each

XXXVII.
ART.

424.

number
largernumber

same

time?

Ans.

20.

time?

Ant

6.

COMBINATIONS.

COMIIIVATIONS
of
of

are

objects,which

objects.

each

210.

the different
may

sets

containingth"

be selected from

STEMS

Bit

To find the number

of

NOTATION.

OF

of combinations

349

with
possible

ber
givennum-

each time.

objects,using"i given number

llci.E. Find by the last rnle, the number

of permutations ;xwgilileicil/ilite whole number
of objects,using (is man;/ each lime as
In lie in each combination
are
; then find by the rule in Art. V-2.,the
number
's in a
oj'permutations possiblewith the number of object
combination, using all each lime: the farmer result dicidcd by the
latter will gice the number of combinations required.
"

1. How many
combinations
of lOletters,taken 7 iiiaset? An*. 120.
2. Of 9 letters,
taken
4 in each set?
AM.
12"i.
" Of 8 letters,
taken
3 in a set; also,5 in a set? Am.
Each 50.

XXXVIII.
ART.

SYSTEMS

425.

The

radix of

of units of each order which

The

ART.

428.

other system

one

decimal

ordinary or
ternary, "c., arise from

NOTATION.

system of Notation, is the number

make

radix of the

tunary,

OF

other

of the

higherorder.

next

system is 10. Other systems,

as
2, 3, "c.

radices ;

To change a number
radix is known.

in the decimal

system, to any

whose

RCI.E.
Diride (fie given number
l"ythe radix of tlie system to
trhich it in to he reduced ; divide thin quotientby (he radix again,
uiid so on, until a quotientis obtained smaller
than Hie radix :
the last quotient,
icilh the sererul remainders
annexed, will be the
number in the requiredsystem.
"

NOTE.
1.
and

When

"

RULE.

427.

(he

so

will be the number

figureof

hare
^figures

in the decimal

ternary (3) system,

428.

ART.

radix is

the giren number

been added

in

by the
Jinarc;
Jiyurt,

the la-stresult

system.

70.V53-I1 in

1. Reduce

is known,

system whose

giren xysfem, and to (he prod net add the next

sum
by (he radix again, and add in the. next

until all the

mi,

in any

system.

Multiplythe lefthand

"

multiplythis
ami

number

to the

binary ("2).
quinary (5),
10001000111100; 240024; 13o'l7.

system,

Ana.

To reduce

to the decimal

of

radix

remainder, place a cipher instead.

no

(9) systems.

nonary

known,

is

87r"-lin the decimal

Change

ART.

there

tu

any

To

to

in the
the octary (8) system, nnd 201221
1808785 ; 638.
Am.
the decimal system.

change

other system

number
whose

in any system whose

radix is known.

radix

to the.decimal
the given number
system by
tlie last rule; then,redact this result to the requiredsystem, by tkt
rule in Art. 42G.

llri.E. AY/-*/ reduce

"

RAY'S

350

1.

HIGHER

4210532

Change

from

ARITHMETIC.

the senary

lo the

(6)system

(4)system.
REMARK

Numhers

"

expressed

in

any

other

qunternary

3orJ3lM20.

Ana.
than

the

decimal

added, subtracted, multiplied,divided,"c.,as in the

system, may
decimal system, except that in currying,burrowing,nn"l reducing,take
1 of "inif order,not equal to 10 of the rtfxt lower,but equal to as many
oj
the next lower, as there are
units in the radix of the system.
he

XXXIX.
429.

ART.

12.

DUODECIMALS.

The

duodecimal

system is the

whose

one

radix id

practiceto the measurement

appliedin

of surfaces and
the
unit ; the duodecimal
solids ; the foot,square foot,or cubic foot,is
divisions are called primes, seconds,thirds,"c.
It is

430.

ART.

Re I.E.
duodecimal

in duodecimals
For all operations

this

use

of whole feetfrom the decimal in the

mal
system, if necessary, afterwhich net dutrn the duodeciami
and
I
in
10,
1,
s" padivisions, order, using Q J'nr
" for
ratingthe units from the duodecimal orders by (:)instead "f (.).
Then proceedwith the operationas with, ordinary nmnhfrs, except
Change the number

"

that carrying,bin-rowing,reducing,tfcc.,
are
performedon the basis
cimal
q/'12 instead of 10; the result thus obtained will be """ the duodebe
the
then
number
to
and
whole
chanyed
of
feetmay
system,
tliedecimal system if necessary
.

REMARK.
of

"

whole

Primes

3 ft. 2'

1. Add

5. Of

10"',and

ft. 8"

ft. 8' 4"

by

is the surface

of

floor 32 ft. 8' 4"

of
solidity

8. Divide
9. Divide

22 ft. 1' 2" 9"'

Divide

long must

1 2'" 7""?
What

K.

is
"

An.-. 704 sq. ft. 8' 11"C'" 8"".

long by 1 ft. 9' wide and

16 ft. 2' 4"

by

by

24

8.

cu.

similar

board

to

ft. 9' 0" 10'" 6"".

Ana.

3 ft. 7".

1 ft. 9' 5" 11'".

.4ns. 7.2-5 =

7}.

Ant.

8 ft. 7'.

Ant.

5 ft. 9'.

2 sq. ft. 5'.

T.t sq.
that
is
1
ft.
5'
contain
to
wide,
be,
Ann. 13 ft. 5' 7" IT".

Ans.

contains
Ana.

1""5

cu.

fL

2 ft. "'.

solve these
examples
pupil prefers, he may
in
explained
Ray's Arithmetic, Tl*.d
the operationsin compound numbers.

If the

according to the method

Art. 276.

log

3" 7'".

5 ft. 3' 2" 4'".

21 ft. 6' 8" wide?

hight of a rectangularlog which

21 ft. 4' long by 3 ft. T 2" wide?

is the

2 2* 8'",and
REMAP

system.

26 sq. ft. 6' 11" 5' 4"".

long by 1 ft. 9' 3" wide?
A "s. 24 sq. ft. ?.'5".

53 sq. ft. 9* 2" 2'" by 6 ft. 3' 2".

99 cu.
ft. 9' 11" by 17 sq. ft. 4' 4".
04 cu. ft. 10" 10'" by 2H ft. ("'2".

10. Divide

13.

Ana.

number

on.

8 ft. 10

Ann.

13 ft. 8'

Ans.

14 ft. 3* 11" 4'"

12. How

board

so

4 ft. 7' 9'". Ans.

20 ft. 10".

7 ft. 2' 4".

long by

7. Diviue

11.

and
("),thirds ('"),

seconds
('),

6", 1

is the
6. What
10* 6" thick ?

be

not

14 ft. 9' 7" 8"' from

Multiply 3

4. What

subtractingduodecimals, the
expressed in the duodecimal

and

adding

need

marked

are

2. Subtract
3.

In

feet

MENSURATION.

OF

MENSURATION

XL.

431.

AUT.

Parallelogram is

straightlines,and whose
adjacent Rides
rectangle;if they are
If the

To find tlie area

arc

also

NOTE.

The

"

perpendicularto each other,the figure U

equal, it is a square.

or square,
parallelogram,
rectangle,
base and altitude together,
afterexpressing

base is any
from
the

the area
1. Find
altitude 2 ft. 5 in.

2. Of

the

product

oppositeside
are

to

the base.

the base

and

parallelogram whose

many

ART.

432.

base

; the
base from

To find
"

in

in

area

perpendicularor
In a rectangle

altitude.
is 0 ft. 4 in. and
22 sq. ft. 80 sq. in.

base

Am.

tiles 8 in. square

the

will be

oil cloth 42 ft. by 5 ft. 8 in.

an

3. How

RULE.

of

side; the altitude is the

adjacent sides

two

square,

are

of any

"

shortest distance

SURFACES.

figurebounded
by four
and
parallel.
equal

oppositesides

Rai,E.
Multiplythe
them in the same
denomination
name.
square uuita of the same

and

35]

2ii^
sq. yd.

AM.

floor 48 ft. by 10ft.? Ana.

1080.

'3

sides ; any side is the

Triangleis a figureof
shortest
distance to the
altitude is the perpendicular
or
the opposite
vertex, or corner.
of a triangle
with the base and altitude.
the area
Take half the productof the base and altitude,afterex~

pressingthem in the same

square uni/s of the same

denominations

; this will be

the

in

area

name.

with the three sides.

triangle
RULE.
Take half the sum
of the sides ; subtract each side from
and
the three remainders
the half sum
tract
it; multiplytogether
; exwill
be
in
the
this
the
the square root of
area
product ;
square
To find the

of

area

"

units.
the

1. Find
16 rd.

of

area

trianglewhose

base

altitude

is 72 rd. and

3 A. 2 R. 10 P.

Am.

13 ft. 3 in. ; altitude 9 ft. 6 in. Ans. 62 sq. ft. 135 sq. in.
1 sq. ft. 102"
Am.
3. Sides 1 ft. 10 in.; 2 ft.; 3 ft. 2 in.
sq. in.
3 R. 13.00"
Am.
P.
4. Sides 15 rd.; 18 rd.; 25 rd.
2. Base

433.

ART.

but
parallel

are

To find the

Trapezoid is a figureof 4 sides,two

area

equal,and

not

of

are

of which

called the bases.

trapezoid.
of the
halfthe sum
a

it by the
bases and multiply
the
denomination:
same
the
altitude, afterexpressingthem in
units
the
in
name.
be
same
the
trill
area
of
product
square

RULE.

Take

"

NOTE.

"

The

1. What
and

altitude

2. Bases

altitude

is the

area

is the
of

trapexoidwhose

bases

are

9 ft. and

Ans.

10 ft.?
43 rd. and

the bases.

perpendicularbetween

65 rd. ; altitude 27 rd.?

Ans.

240

21 ft

sq. ft.
9 A. 18 P.

434.

ART.
four

HIGHER

RAY'S

352

more

or

find

To

the

straiht

ARITHMETIC.

of any

area

irregular
figurebounded

lines.

the figure into triangles

S'-ji-irnfe
byjoining its angular
and take their sum
area
of tack triangle,
fur l/ic
)"niii/:"
; find t.'ne,
th
a/v"
i."f e figure.
UCI.E.

"

1. What

is the

arc

'2. Whose

sides

Bturliugpoint to

figuremade up of 3 triangleswhose bases

10, 10.1rj. 7 ^ns. 1 A. 1 R. 19 P.
'.",
10, 12, 14, It) rd. iri order,and distance from the
Am.
1 A. 3.9
1'.
oppositecorner, 18 rd. ?
of

area

K". r_\ 1G rd. ami

arc

the

"

PLASTERERS',
435.

ART.

altitudes

Is

1. Find

the cost

2. How

of

roofinga

the eaves,

ridge to

WORK,

work
by
computed by the sq. yd.; glaziers'
the
work
and
joiners'
yd.,
by
carpenters'
sq.

the sq. ft.or pane;

ami sometimes
by the square,
lOOsq. ft.
the

PAVERS'

AND

PAINTERS',

3G ct.

at

tains
con-

22 ft. 9 in. from

$10'.i.20

Anx.

yd.

sq.

and

square,

GO ft. long and

house
a

is 10ft.

which

25ft. long, 18ft. wide, and

wainscoting in a room
ft.
dows,
door
7
in.
2
a
high,allowing
by 3 ft.4 in.,and two win4
each 5 II. 8 in. by 3 ft.6 in.,and
G
ft.
in.
5
ch'imney
a
by ft. 6
half-work?
Ans. 128^^sq. yd.
in.; charging the door and windows
3. How
150 ft. 9 in. long by 10 ft.4 in.
many
squares in a partition
Ann. 1G.1D75
high?
4. Find the cost of flooring
and joisting
of 3 floors,
each 48
a bouse
ft. by 27 ft. deducting from
floor for a stairway 12 ft. by 8 ft. 3
each
in.,allowing '."in. rests for the joists;
estimating the flooringand joisth'ticftn
the walls at $1.4G a s"j. yd.,and
the joistingin the walla
ing
48 ft. long by 9
at 7G ct. a sq. yd.; each
of rests
row
being measured
much

14 ft. 3 in.

in. wide.

Ans.

ft. What
ft. 3 in.

is the cost

high,

4o ct.

at

7
a partition
plastering
door
a
s"{. yd.,deducting

of
a

ft. 8 in.

long and

0 ft.3 in. bv

10

2 ft. 10

4**. $3.0-1

in.?

6. Flow

?q. yd. of

many

12 ft. high, deducting

and

$(H)0.78

plasteringin
3 windows,

30

room

each

7 ft. by 3 ft. 6 in.,and

4 ft. G in.
a
fire-plac?
sides of the windows
15
being plastered in. deep?

each

cost, at 25 ct.

7. Kind

yd.?
of painting a wall
chimney 4 ft. 0 in. by 3 fu
a

the

yd.,except

sq.

by 4'ft.
And

10 in.; the

what

will it

215.}s"|. yd.; cost $53.83

9i ft.,
at 18 ct. a

Aiu.

cost

ft.long,2-3 ft. wide,

by 5 ft..2 doors

8 ft. 2 in.

14 ft. by

$2.31

Ant.

10 in.

sq

.J

20 ft. long, 1 I ft. G in.

painting on the sides of a room
4 11. 4 in. by 4 ft.,
loft. 4 in. high, deducting a fire-place
wide, and
ami 2 windows
Ans. 73.^sq. yd.
each G ft. by 3 ft. 2 in.?
8. How

much

il. Find

the

20
the

cost

of

glazing the

g'orv
s"|. t't. Knch
1st story are 7 ft. 8 in.

ct. a

the 3d,

ft. 3 in.

high.

has

windows

windows,

high ; those

in

of

house

of 3

stories,at

3 ft. 10 it1,wide;
the

2d, G ft. 10 in.

Ant.

those

in

\n\'\\\in

$GO.OGjj

RAY'S

354

4.

Find

the

of

area

HIGHER

whose

ring

ARITHMETIC.

breadth

is 2

aide,9 in.
440.

ART.
R

in.,and

,4ns.

To find the diameter

the

Divide

in-

"Vj.ll6-fsq.

circumference

or

diameter

in.

from the

area.

units, l/y
expressed in square
3 14 I59'"JG5 (or ?ff)/ the square root of the quotientwill be the
r

t, E.

"

the radius

twice

radius;
1. Find

the

the diameter; and 3.14151)205

will be the circumference.

will

be

the diameter

y'jj) times

or

area,

and

diameter

circumference

10 A.
2. Of

circle

containing 8sq.

ft. HGsq.
Ans.

MENSURATION
441.

ART.

bases, and

Prism

is

solid

circular

field

taining
con-

rd.,circ. 141.8

rd

in.

I). 40.18

OF

in.,circ.

12G.23 in.

SOLIDS.

having

faces
longitudinal

whose

of

D. 45.14

Ans.

equal and parallel

two

parallelograms.

are

or
triangles,quadrilaterals,
figures with any
may
sides,and the prism is called triangular,quadrangular,"c.,
accordingly.
If the bases
are
parallelograms,the solid is called a parallelopiped
;
if they are
circles,it is called a cylinder.
The altitude of any prism or cylinder is the perpendicular between

The

bases

number

of

the levels

442.
"

it

To find the

by

NOTE.

circle, is found

or

1. What

is the

side,and

whose

2.

Bides of

2, 1\ and

the diameter

of

to
taperingregularly
The
Balled
If
The
rertex

bases

are

Ans.
bases

are

Ans.

30

base

is

parallelograms2ft.

i't.1'JOOcu.

cu.

trianglewith

Ans.

whose

is

base

cylinder whose

Ann.

solid with

pointcalled

may

be

altitude of
to the base

pyramid
or

or

the level of

cone

in.
base

cu.

in.

triangle with
10.75
is

ft.

cu.

10.1in.
cu.

single base,

and

in.

and

the vertex.

330

200.1(57

triangle,quadrilateral,
"c., and
quadrangular,"c., accordingly.
triangular,
the base is a circle,the solid is called a cone.
base

altitude

is 5 in.?

is

name;

name.

9 in. on
squares
153'.) cu.
in.

An*.

Pyramid

that

triangle,parallelogram,
previous rules.

3 ft.?

whose

443.

whose

is 4ft. 4 in. and

base

ply
multi-

of 1 ft.?

solidityof

is the

5. What

ART.

an

whose

w'ide?

altitude

altitude

4. Whose

it be

whose

prism

altitude is 7 in. and

3. Whose
of 8 in. and

the

of

units

is 1 ft. Tin.?

and
is ("~ift.,

1 ft. Sin.

long by

of

one

solidityof

altitude

Whose

10 in.

by

altiliub

cubic

base, whether

the

of

area

prism or cylinder.

any

one

solidityin

be the

will

The

"

of

area

the altitude

product

of
solidity

base in square
and
iuii(.i.
in
unitx
the.
linear
some
expressed
of

the

find

Rri.E.

the bases.

of

ART.

the

be

is the

the base.

the

pyramid

perpendicular from

it

the

MENSURAIION

444.

ART.

SOLH.S.

OF

To find the

of
solidity

355

pyramid or

any

cone.

RULE.
Find
the area
of (he base in square unity; multiplyit
the
altitude
one-third
expressedin linear units of the same
by
of
in cubic units of that name.
the product will be the solidity
name;
"

1. Find

whose

the

Whose

each

side

3.

whose

is

base

rightprism
is

pointsof the
is

rightcone

whose

one

in.,aiid

in.

cu.

.3

310.70

in.

cu.

parallelogram 34

'20332

the diameter

ft. 1008.35

cu.

ft.

ft.

cu.

is 5ft. 3 in. and

Ans

in.

cu.

right cylinderstands perpendicular

to
the
beingequal
length.

or

is

vertex

the sides

baseband
whose

one

is

vertex

equally distant

of whose

base

equally distant

the

from
all

are

from

all

equal.
points

of the base.

in the circumference

right pyramid

altitude

is 2 ft. 1 in.

bases, the altitude

right pyramid

angular

whose

cone

base

445.
to its

the

whose

94

trianglehaving

Ans.

solidityof

ART.

In

base

is

Ans.

altitude is 69 ft.and

of

of

Ana.

'20 ft. wide.

4. The

altitude is 1 ft. 2

1 ft.

Whose

long by

whose

pyramid

square 4^ in. to a side.

altitude is 15.24 in. and whose

is

base

2.

solidityof

and

the altitude falls at

rightcone

the center

base.

446.

ART.

The

The

roni'fi

The

of
nl'inl fiiy/il

surface

from

ART.

surface of

the

is nil the surface

rightpyramid

vertex

447.

solid is its outside

to

the

To find the

but

the

base

of

the

bases.

or

tance
dis-

base.

surface of

convex

visible part.

is the shortest

right cone

or

boundary

or

rightprism

right

or

cylinder.
RCI.E.

Multiplyfhe boundaryof

"

both in the

expressingthem
be the

surfacein

convex

NOTES.

units

square

1. To get the whole

"

the base

by (he altitmle,after

denomination

name

the

of

surface, add

(he proa"net

;
same

will

name.

in the

of the two

areas

bases.
2. To

prism

rule, consider that

when
rolled
cylinder
right

whose
of

the

sides

2. Of

whose

rightcylinder whose
is 1 ft. 2i in.

00, 80. and

whole

of the base

ART.

right cone.

of

plane,becomes

of the solid and

surface

right

a
a

tangle
rec-

the boundary

of

l| ft. and

is

450

90 ft.

cylinder; altitude

Ann.

find the

convex

j in.

"q. in.

of

sq. in.
sides

of

204IHJ sq. ft.

28 ft.; circumfrrenct
A/,.i. 689.455

To

11

the diameter

0 sq. ft. 92.0

righttriangularprism, the

19ft.

448.

altitude

Am.

Ans.

lUO ft.; aliitude

surface

in.

altitude

of

with

right prism

OA, 8j,10.1,9
6.J,

the whole

3. Find

4. The

are

of

surface

convex
on

the altitude

surface

convex

of base,

base

the base

adjacent sides

the
out

its base.

1. Find

and

the

prove

or

surface ol

sq. ft.

rightpyramid 01

RULE.

in (he

kit/lit,
after expressingthem
will bt the
NOTKS.

1. To

"

surface,add

the whole

get

the

prove

the

rule,consider

trianglesreaching from the vertex

altitude
being the slant hight of
I lie

of

boundary

1. Find
whose

the

units

convex

the

of

in the

same

the

made

as

boundary of
solid,and their

to the

name,

of the base.

area

surface

slant

; the product

denomination

same

surfacein square

convex

by half the

tite base

Multiplythe boundary of

"

2. To

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

RAY'S

350

of

up

base, their

the

making

bases

its base.
whole

and

surface

convex

of

surface

rightpyramil

hight is 225 ft. ; the base 040 ft. square.

Conv.
surf. 288000 sq. ft.; whole surf. G97COO sq. ft.
Am.
right cone whose slant hight is 66 ft. Sin. ; radius of the

slant

2. Of
base

4 ft. 2 in.

ART.

449.

Sphereor Globe is a solid bounded by a curved

is at all pointsequallydistant from its center.
A

surface,which
The

diameter

terminated
The

of

sphere is

any line
the surface.

both

passing through the

by
ways
is half the diameter,being the distance

radius

sq. in.

12-3663.706 sq. in. ; 133517.6876

Ans.

and

center

from

the center

to the surface.

450.

ART.
RULE.

To find the surface of

Multiplythe

"

ffl)ithe productwill
NOTE.
circles

The

"

having

1. What
and

are

spherefrom

to the

of any

same

its diameter.

square of the diameter by 3.14159265

be the surfacein square units.

sphere is just equal

the sphere.
diameter
as

surface
the

of

the surfaces

of four

area

spheres whose diameters

and 314.10
2290.221-}sq. ft.,

27 ft.
sq. in.

two

Ans.

10 in. ?

(or

are

of a sphere from its diameter.

solidity
RULE.
(or
Multiplythe cube of the diameter by 3.14159265
the
will
be
i
n
cubic
units.
this
the
t
"ke
:
solidity
rt;j)/
product
Q of

ART.

451.

To find the

"

To

find the

solidityof

sphere from

its surface

and

diameter,

RITLE.
Multiplythe surface expressedin square units
in linear units of the same
the diameter expressed
name;
in cubic units of that name.
li'illbe the solidity

by

"

NOTES.

"

1. If the surface

(or yflj)
; the square
apply the rule.
2. To

prove

the
"t

the

being the
1. Find

the

3. Of

a
a

of

their

of

only is given,divide it by 3.14159265

the quotientwill be the diameter:
then

rule,which

to consist of

and

small

bases

on

is identical with

the

sider
confirst,

pyramids having their

the surface,the altitude

vertices
of each

""f the

sphere.
solidityof a sphere whose

radius

face,113.007335
2. Of

the second

sphere

center

root

the product

sphere whose
sphere whose

diameter
Ans.

sq. mi.
diameter
surface

is 4 ft.
is

is 0

mi., and

113.097335
Ans.

40115sq. mi. Ans.

cu.

33.5103
755499

cu.

g cu.

sur

mi.
ft.
mi.

MASONS'

AND

BRICKLAYERS'

WORK.

357

452.

ART.

A Fmslum
of a pyramid or cone
is what remains
after cuttingoff its top,making the upper base parallel
to the lower
The altitude of a frustum
is the
the levels of the bases.
between
The

slant

hight of

is the shortest

its

on

distance

453.

To

rightpyramid

of

rightcone,
of its bases,measured

the boundaries

or

surface of

convex

rightcone.
half the sum
of

Take

"

find the

of

rightpyramid or
RULE.

between

surface.

convex

ART.

of

frustum

shortest distance

perpendicularor

frustum

of

ifs two

of

the boundaries

bases,

multiplyit by the slant hight,afterexpressing them in the,

the product will be the convex
denomination,:
same
surfacein
name.
square units of the same
and

NOTES.

1. To get the whole

"

2. The

of this rule

reason

1. Find

the

is

surface

convex

hight,3 j in.;lower base,4

in the

surface,add
from

seen

of

that of the

frustum

in. square;

of

upper

of the bases.

areas

trapezoid.

convex

the diameters

surf. 78.5398

Conv.

454.

ART.

whole

surface

bases, 7 in. and

the

of

Ans.

and

surface

To find the

sq.

the frustum

of

in.;

the slant

of
solidity

of

hight,5

frustum

of

cone;

in.
sq. in.

surf. 124.0929

in.,whole

slant

square.
43
sq. in.

Ant.

2. The

with

pyramid
base. 2A in.
a

rightpyramid
rightcone.
the areas
base
RULE.
Find
of the two bases, also of a mean
equal to the square root of the productof the other two ; take the
sum
of the three,and multiplyit by \ of the altitude ; the product
or

frustum

of

"

will be the

solidityin

cubic

wills.

of a frustum
of
1. Find the 'Kiidity
1 ft. 4^ in.; lower base, 10$ in. square;

4.J

2. Of

of

frustum

upper,

455.

ART.

Ans.

Masons'

|| cu.
being

2530.03

cu.

in.
18 in.
in.

WORK.

BRICKLAYERS'

AND

square.
1)74 A

of the buses

10 in. ; the altitude 10 in.

MASONS'

\vork is sometimes

measured

by

the cubic

by the perch,\vhieh is 1(5A ft.long,1 A ft.wide,

contains 1GA X H X 1
'"M|cu. ft.,or 25

foot,and sometimes
"ni 1 ft. deep, and
tu.

the diameters

cone;

is

in

Ans.

and

altitude

pj'ramid whose

ft.,nearly.
456.

ART.

To find the No. of

perchesin

piecoof

masonry.

the,solidify
nf the wall in cubic feelby the rules
mensuration
of solids,and dicide it by "2A\.

RIM.E.- -Find

given for
NOTE.
the usual
"re

"

Brick
size

work

being

laid in mortar,

an

generallyestimated
long,4 in. wide,and

is

8 in.

allowance

of

-j'jj

by

the thousand

2 in. thick.

is made

When

for the mortar.

bricks
bricks

HIGHER

RAY'S

358

ARITHMETIC.

1. How
perches of 25 cu. ft.,in a pileof building stone 18 ft
many
Ans. 37.74
:"7|
long.^"."ft. wide,and b f t. 2 in. high?
nearly.
2. Finil the cost of laying a wall 20 ft. long,7 ft. 9 in. high,and will
75 ct. a perch.
Ant. $'.!.:"'.)
breadth
of 2 ft.,
at
a mean
3. The cost of a foundation
wall 1ft. 10 in. thick,and 9 ft.4 in. high,
for a building 80 ft. long,22ft. 5in. wide outside,
allowing for 2 doors
4 ft. wide, at S2.75 a perch.
Ann. $192.'."8
4. The co"t of a brick wall 150 ft. long,8 ft. G in. high,1 ft. 4 in. thick,
Arts. $2"'J.17
allowing y0 for mortar, at $7 a thousand.
bricks of ordinary size will build a square
5. How
chimney
many
=

86 ft. high, 10 ft. wide

3ft.

inside

wide

SUOOESTION.
hollow

the bottom

at

all the way

Find

"

the

and

4 ft.

up?
of
solidity

chimney, then of the

part of the chimney.

the whole

will be the solid

part ; the difference

the top, outside, and

Am.
89801-)-

at

GAUGING.
457.

ART.

Gauging is findingthe

or
bushels, gallons,

form

vessel
in the
gauge
any
of
frustum
a
cone,
cone, "c.
To

KIM.E.

of

vessels,in

rectangularsolid,cylinder,

the solidityof the vessel in cubic

Find

"

of

contents

barrels.

inches

by the

will (/ice
rules ali-failit t/iten; this dicided by 2150.42
Hie contents
in bn.; by 282
idfl give it in beer //"/.;
by 231 will "/iceif in irine

gal.,which
NOTE.

many
10 in. wide?

cone,

depth

in

bushels

gallonsin

f-juare
6. In

RT.

When

vat

in

bucket

bottom

the form

being

in

of

frustum

at bottom

well 3 ft. wide, and

are

5.4264

pyramid,

in

gallonsof

in.,

gal.

deep, and

126.0733

5 ft. deep, 10ft.

Ans.
Am.

10

107.20 bbl.
20.1435

cask

or

bbl.

barrel

each end, consider

and calculate its contents
cone,
by
curved, use this
are
to

two-thirds of tht
head diameter (inside")
the head and bnng diameters; but if the,stave*

to the

between
difference

straightfrom the bung

frustums of
as
two
last rule; but when the staves

the ca""k

of

frustum

11 ft. 6 in.

12 ft. deep ?

To find the contents

staves

Rri,E." Add

of

Aru.

top, 9 ft. square

the

cylindricalcistern

high, and

04.18bu.

13 in. and

Ans.

in the form

458.

Sin.

long,3ft.

12 in.?

barrels
many
7 ft. 8 in. wide ?

at

at the top and

3. How

4. In

8ft. 3 in.

bin

is shorter.

and

same,

Ant.

wine
many
the diameters

2. How

to the

amounts

1. How

and

3.

applying the rule to cylinders,cones, and frustums of

of half the diameter
of multiplying the square
by
and
it
dividing by 231, multiplytht square of the diameter

by .0034, which

them by 31
dividing

In

"

3.1415020/3,

of

by

instead

cones,

2ft,

to bbl.

be reduced

may

TUNNAGE

OF

VESSELS.

359

art

curved, add six-tenths of this difference

only slight!;,'
; this given

the

mean

diameter;

NOTE.
as

After

"

if the cask

were

it in

exprexx

it Inj
inches,syuare it. "mil/i/"ly

product by .003-1.' the product wit'

gallons.

the length in inches and

be Ike contents in wine

thin

diameter, the

findingthe mean
a
cylinder.

contents

are

foun"

gallonsin a cask of beer whose staves are

the length being 20 in.,the hung diameter
bung
10 in.,and
head diameter
13 in.
Ans.
10. -K gal.
2. In a barrel of whisky, with staves
slightlycurved, length '2ft.
10 in.,bung diameter
1
Ans. 45.42 go I.
1 ft. 9 in.,head
ft. 0 in.
3. In a cask of wine, with
curved
staves, length 5 ft. 4 in.,bung
diameter
3 ft. 6 in.,head
Ans. 348.1G gal.
3 fL
diameter
1.

Fiml

the number

straightfrom

of

to

head,

TUNNAGE

VESSELS.

OF

CARPENTERS'

459.

AUT.

lengthof the

For

RULE.

sin file-decked
vessels,multiply

togetherthe

keel, the breadth at the main beams, and the

fuel,and divide the product by (.)5.

depthof

the /mill,all in

If

double-Jerked,
proceed ax for single-deckedvesthe di-fith
of the hold is not measured, but assumed

the vessel in

W/M. exrepl that

half the breadth

tt" be

at

the main

beam.

RULE.

GOVERNMENT

If the

vessel is double-decked,

its

measure

lengthfrom Iliefore

abort
xtem, to the after part of the stern-post,
deck ; measure
tlif.upper
at the broadest
the breadth
purl ab"ce
the
the main
vales, half of which
breadth shall be accounted
depth; then deduct from the length three-Jifths
of the breadth,
the
the
and
remainder
the
breadth,
nnif/ifily
In/
product by the
depth,and divide the result by 95 for the tunnage.

the main

part of

If

the vessel

is

single-decked,
proceed as with double-decked
instead
of being assumed half of the
depth,

rc.v.ve/.v.
except that the

breadth, should
to the

be measured

from

the under

side

of

the

deck-plank

ceilingof the hold.

AllT. 460.
RULE.

To find the tunnage

use
accurately,

more

this

Find the plumb or perpendicular

hight,from the lowest
breadth between
pointof 1 he deck to the water-line ; take a mrun
the breadth on
line ; also a
deck and
the breadth
at the water
and
the lengthat
mean
length of ludl between the length on deck
the water-line; express
in feel; wnllip/y them
these dimensions
and
divide the product by .'J5.N4 Jor the tunnage.
togtthcr,
NOTES.

hull, by
load.

"

"

1. The

the surface

water

line

of the

is the line

water,

when

made
the

on

vessel

the outside
floats without

of

the
any

RAY'S

3GO

length,breadth, and depth to the "waterfeet displaced,

\"y pulling " lull lend
vessel; this, multipliedby (i'J.l,
givt-sthe weight of that water

2. The

product,of

the

line, gives the number

in the

in lb.,aud

menu

of cubic

(his divided

becomes

dividing by 2240,

by 35.84,since ^the load

2240

by

and
by 02.',,

as

ARITHMETIC.

HIGHER

=-

"

This

-.

but, instead

tuns;
get the

tuns

tiplying
mul-

of

by

ouce

is of the

water

viding
di-

weight

same

vessel.

of the

displacesit; that is,the tunnage

which

at

carpenters'and government tunnage of a single

decked vessel, whose
length of keel is 84 ft.,breadth of beam 2K ft.,
and depth of hold 9 ft.?
Ans. Carp. 223 T. nearly; Gov. 178JT.
1. What

the

are

2. Also

3.

the 3d

breadth,26 ft. 7
4. How

bushels

of coal

wide, and

Wheel
All
The

contain
in

one

or

machine

that

the chief

of

is. the

applied,as

steam, horses,

overcome.

obstacles

to the

of

working
of

the

machinery

is

parts of the

of the power
a

friction;
machine

applied.

machine

are

to each

as

TO

COMPARE

ROI.E."

THE

POWER

The. power
the

moves

in

passes

through in

be found

the

three

by

AND

the

weight

resistance

ferms

463.

fulcrum ;
1st..When

there

:
:

IN

MACHINE,

the distance the weight

the distance the power

time.

same

being given

in this

the
proportion,

fourth

Art. 249.

THE

ART.

WEIGHT

of

direction

Any

NOTE.-may

and Wedge.
Pulley,

The power
and weight in
their
velocities
inversely
; hence,

other

six,viz.: the Lever,

are

462.

ART.

boat

of these powers.

more

rubbing and interference

is generally estimated
at
3

itself: this

ft. Sin.

POWERS.

is the force

weights, hand-power, "c.

The weightis the obstacle

T.

4468|bu.

Ans.

461.
The Mechanical
Powers
and Axle, Inclined Plane, Screw,

power

One

shipped on
line,leaving 1

the water

MECHANICAL

machines

breadth
8*7

be

(80 lb.) can

5ft. to

water?

XLI.
ART.

Gov.

length,93 ft. 4 in.,mean

vessel,mean
4
water
line, ft. 3 in.? Ans. 294 T.

in.,depth

many

the

to the

78 ft. long, 22 ft.

above

rule,of

30] ft.

and

T. nearly;
Carp. 1037.^

Ana.

Also, by

ft. keel

vessel, 150

double-decked

of beam?

Is

are

the power

bar

LEVER

movable

about

fixed

point called

three kinds:
nnd

weight are

on

different sides of the fulcrum

RAY'S

362

HIGHER

THE

466.

ART.

f:il
I

uiu"t

Hi; I.E.

Ir used

The

"

PLANE

INCLINED

raise or lower heavy bodies. The power

equal to the lengthof the plane,in order to
distance equal to its hight; hence,
to

distance

weight a

raise the

ARITHMETIC.

lengthr"fike

power

ike

weight:

liujhtof the plane

the

the

plane.

-will roll a bbl. of flour (19Glb.)up an

inclined
power
87
into
4
?
Am.
G
in.
3
ft.
in.
7
ft.
a
high
" Ib.
*ong,
wagon
plane
roll
300
Ib.
of
W
hat
a
2.
man
weight can
lifting
capable
up an
1. What

plane 8

inclined

ft. long,and

THE

467.

ART.

May

high ?

5 ft. 4 in.

of the

be considered

circle whose

The power

"

thready
NOTK.

of

apart, allowing
2. What
inch

tiguous
con-

will be moved

468.

by
of

means

described
of 500

power

lever

6ft.

Ib.

Ib.

by

with

screw

PULLEY

Is

a groovedwheel, movable
about
and weight being connected
its center, the power
by a cord running in the groove.

The

singlepulley affords no advantage except in

of applying the power.
that for every
system of pulleys,observe
which
the cord
the
pulley around
runs,
twice
the
distance
the
over
weight is
passes

the direction
In

movable
power

lifted;hence,
RULE.

of movable

number
1.

The power

"

The

pulleys8

power
what

2. The

"ulleys6
NOTE.

"

what

is 25

is

The

is

and

Ib., the

weight

number

twice

is

of

loOOlb., the
the power?

Wedge

the

weight:

the

pulleys.

is the

weight

the

movable

Ans.
number

double

400 Ib.

of movable
Ans.

125 Ib.

inclined

plane,

the

:
weight : : the head of the
power
wedge : its length; but the friction is so great in
the power
is so much
this machine, and
influenced

by other considerations,
obtain
of

that

it,is very

satisfactory
practicalresults

and
calculation,

hence

no

by

examples

difficult to
any

are

method

given.

the power.

acting at
are

251327

threads

47y':jlb.

Ans.

long?

by

threads

whose

screw

Ans.

THE

ART.

weight

hence,

is the circumference

will lift 28400

a

the icenJit : : the distance bcticeen two

times twice the lengthof the lever.

the

for friction?

power

apart, and

is moved

tance
dis-

lever 15 ft. long,by

the
of

the

last term

weight

What

1.
end

The

"

firmly into

circumference

the

fy 3

Ib.

plane, called the

fixed

lever

describes

contiguousthreads

two

inclined

an

power
lever,while

is the

radius

between

RULE.

The

cylinder.

450

SCREW-

thread,wrapped round a cylinder.

is generallyapplied by
The
power
head

Ans.

the

1~,in.
Ib.
of

an

PROMISCUOUS

469.

ART.
PROBLEM
iquare

ILLUSTRATIONS

1.

inch

lli'LK.

QUESTIONS.

the

of

find

To

"

OF

the

surface

the

of

MECHANICAL
the

of

pressure
boiler

3G3

of

POWERS.
in

steam

pounds,
engine.

steam

each

ou

It/ i/s
iceigld at the end of the steam
guagc
distance
from the fulcrum, and divide the product by the distance
this quotient divided
of the valve front the fulcrum;
by f '\$ times
tlit square
the
diameter
the
the
voice,
of
of half
gives
on
pressure
ta:h

1.

The

"

The

the

is the

?.
the

The

4i

is

2.

RULE.

To

"

inches, and

its

find

horse

the
the
the

in

This

In

diminished.
some

in

may
3.

2 ft. G

4.
1 ft. 8

experience,
by

If the

is the

in.,

what

iemonstrations

is the

"Raj's Arithmetic,

the

the

this

engines
allowance
of

in.;

what

the

in.

sq.

inch

square

of

the

; the

cylinder

made
in

by
is

steam

elastic

considerable,
be

in

made

of the

its

steam

the

quotient

cooling
is

of

the cylinder

strokes

may
the

2ft.

fulcrum

which

cylinder, by

pressure

lb. per

ft.,and
of

force
and

for

the

this,
cylinder

the

sq. in., the

lb. per
the
of

power

the

Student

Rules

in

Book":

of the cylinder
in., the diameter
18 double-strokes
piston makes
per
138
Ans.
engine?
horse-power.

sq.

the

ft.,and

Third

the

in.

sq.

engine.

4-1000

for

the

lb. to

length of

of
by

the

is 3 in.:

temperature.

The

"

of

its

is 44

length

TEACHERS.

or

power

pressure
its

the

21

double

allowance

An

the

is 34

pressure

what

minute,
To

others.

in., its length

minute,

to

lb. to

the diameter

this

inches.

in. from

fulcrum

the

on

number

high-pressure

determined

If the

45

steam

in

its diameter

the

the

twice

by
the

no

boiler

than

more

l";ised*on
be

makes

the

from

passing

is

rule

lb.

of half

square

product
product by

of

power

pressure

1 ft. 10

is 3 in. from

and

divide
piston in a minute, and
the
the horse-power of
engine.

in

from

distance

the

"

and

fulcrum,

be

must

is

Ans.

this

this

NOTE.

lb., and
Ans.

diameter,

"

feet,and

the

58

Multiply
boiler by jjjj times
in

from

3Glb.,

in. in

pressure

PROB.

is

of the valve

pressure

is

guage

is 4 in.

valve

diameter

and

the

on

weight

valve

is the

distances

weight

fulcrum;
what

of the boiler.

inch

square

NOTE.

the

Multiply

"

diameter

paddle-wheel
engine?
is

makes

Ans.

supposed

series
hence

and

of

to

75

are

cylinder

revolutions

horse-power.

have

subsequent

they

20

the

learned

subjects,

omitted

here.

the
from

RAY'S

364

XLII.
ART.

HIGHER

ARITHMETIC.

PROMISCUOUS

470.

FIFTY

EXERCISES.

EXAMPLES

TO

BE

gain ] ct. apiece by sellingeggs

apiece will I gain by sellingthem at U ct.
1. If I

ANALYZED.

at

7ct.

dozen?

dozen,how

Am.

much

ct-f\2

at 3 for a dime, how

gain i ct. apiece by sellingsft"plcs
would
I
lose
them
4
dime?
Ans. \ ct.
fora
apiece
by selling
3. If I sell potatoes at 37^ ct. per bu., my
is
gain
only f of what
it would
be, if I charged 45 ct. per. bu. : what did they cost me?

2. If I

uch

26

Ans.
4. If I sell my
for Go
oranges
for 50 ct. : how
many

5. If I sell my
8ct. a dozen, I
cost

pears

6. If I sell eggs
1
must
per dozen

"

of

dozen, I

how

have
j.'irt

charge, to
is what

many
Ans.

of my

dozen,

at

money

their

| of

10. If

is

I lose

ct,

apiece?

22 ct.

Ans.

Ans.

| of

spend

the

y,
v.-hat

remainder,
Ans.

^ less

farms
A's

40.

Gg ct. per dozen.

much
apiece; how

part of 3ct. ?
and

quantity than

in

equals |

money

B's,what

of

%'g

B's,but "%"" better in quality:

Ans. A's=y9gof B's.

in value?

compare

part

of B's

equals "

A's?

Ans.

11. I gave

A,

T54

of my
money,
what
part?

got the most, and

12.

is A

old

13.

f older

is

as

of

15.

Reduce

shall

the

thirds

B,

whole

T7j

got

" older

in

thirds; g

to

will

-$s

than

of it

C:

than

more

how

A.

times
many
Ans.

ninths; 'and

to

put

we

our

larger than

much

to

money

Am.

T'yj

Ans.

1A

fraction,whose

2j"thirds; 7r, ninths;

Ans.
as

if

1 own?

be 8.

fraction is

16. What

who

1\

many

numerator

B,

Ans.

i,as f

-^8.,f
"'-'
?

is less than

ji

Ans.
17. After
I had

spent

paying

out

what

had

-{and i of my
I at first ?

18. In 12 yr., I shall be " of my

I

10.
the

Four

I had

left

"

times

of

$8

present age;

how

his

man

is 12 less than

y\

the

of

his

property

balance,"4000, to

his

wife, f

of

daughter:

the
what
Ans.

estate?
21. I sold

to his

an
was

for "
lesa than

article

"

was

8$yr.

the number:

ia

what

Ans.
left

son, and

for $G, which

since

long
Ans.

number,

than

more

Ans.

umber?

20.
to

money,

present age?

of my

of

of the remainder:

equals 4 of yours;

money
part of

my
together,what
How

B,

and

and

C?

as

14.

than

if

than
Ans.

lose 1G ct.; if I sell them

at
did they
have
I,and what

9 dozen

ct.
-ij

gain

I ?

1 left '.'

9. A's land
do

at G ct. per

dime

8. If I lose

how

11 ct.:

gain

oranges

me

7.

at 5 ct.

have

bu.

per

" ct. apiece more

ct.,I gain

I sold them

j ct.

108.

remainder
was

the

$22000.

than it cost me, to A, who sold it

did it cost me
?
it cost him : what
Ans. $8.

more

PROMISCUOUS

22. A is 5 older than

is

f"0yr.of
23.

pole was

is the

the

water;

"water

had

as

water

been

B;

old

of
-ij

2(5.

B ; if he

as

is $4

-|of

B's,and

is

A's age

B's, and

of

'

3i

is

works

4-.itimes

28.

If G

as

fast

can

men

29. A

and

man

30.

and

man

3|

as
a

more

men

do

boys

hr.,it takes

equal

can

certain

mow

9| hr.:

them

in 4 hr. ; how
to 3 boys ?

in what

Five

come,

32. 3
8

boys

33^
the

men

man

it?
do

can

do

if the

8hr.;
each

man

and

mow

than

in 5

work

it,allowing 4

many

8
:'.").
must

men

dnys; in

to work

men

10

the boy, if 2

men

15oymow

J hr.; boy, 20

what

time

can

to 0

they

30. 7
what

as

so

part of his time

so

in

wall

G^ days;

in

2 more,

build

can

complete it

to

work

joined by

men

J"7. U

men

do

cnn

and

38. 10
the first

men

working

after

iuXi ^a-?

and
4* da.

dig a

many
in the

times

20min.

between

after

the work

be

40.

At

what
8 as

how

in the

many

same

time

days

Ans.

j\

may

same

o^0,absent

arc

with

time?
G and

them,

Ans.

7 o'clock

are

main
re-

by bringing 5

7i days; if 4 of them
must
they then bring

in

others

the

in

done

the hour

hand

2.
and

apart?
Ans.

far from

men.

10

8.' days;

the work

trench

A.

Ans.

the work

hand

minute

in

does

days, how

Ans.

?
can

what

work

min.
10'j-j

time*

between

thn hour

hand
Ans.

beginning, how soon

complete it in 5g days?.
Ans. In 2^ days.
5i days; if 10 men
are
employed,
as

rest, and

each

can

finish

2.jdays, how

complete
89. At

yet

away,
with them

more

to

do

can

be

hr.

men

Ans.

time?

"ame
-

do

can

men

boy

equal
boys?
much
how
more
acre
field;
work
5
equal to
boys?

4.' dnys;

in

work

join them

must

it?

do

Ans.

"""34. G

hr.

63

the work

done

the 5 have

13

Man,

it take

would
Ans.

can

days.

employed to do a work ; two of them failed to

was
protracted4~, days: in what time could
Ans. Gj days.

were

men

by which

long

field in

time

Ans.
31.

Ans.

work

worked

boy

how

alone, if he

man

old is
28
yr.; B,
yr.

older:

A, 3U

who
hr.,how long will it take a man
Ans. 4rfhr.
a
boy ?
time would be
work in 5^ days, how much

do

eafcd, by employing

B's:

in 7

work

do

| of

A, $7G; B, $108.

yr. the

AM.

boys

long

18^ft.

less than

$5

Ans.

each ?
27. If 3

how

be -^ as
4 yr. older, lie would
Ans. A, 20yr.; B, 2Gj yr.

were

than

more

there

then

before

water

lias each?

much

rests

8ft., and

rose

above

old is each?

how

25. A's money

the

is^asold nsbotb of them,

A, 27 i yr.; 15,22 \ yr.

Arts.

AHS.

| as

is

as

tow

B?

365

pole?

24.

old

and

are

under

under

"inch

as

wiH

age:

father,who

their

B;

old

how

EXERCISES.

4 and
is from

after
o

G, and

54T"Tmin.

o'clock is the minute

after G
hand

as

3 ?

3274gafter

4; and

49T'Tmin.

after

4.

HIGHER

RAY'S

360

41.

At what

tray bot
between

time

\vcfn

5 and

between

aud

12

hand

C dine

42. A, B and

loaves; U pays
divide the money?
4o.

how

Up

44. I

45.
than

how

many

how

hire

bread;

down

how

stream, and

bill of

had

joined them?

48.

8^

is worth

by gettingG more
passengers,
what
do they pay for the
:

$l|

the

beingjoined by
would

with
sugar
find the

good

the

prices of
.50. A

less,A

ingredientsand of the
Ans. Ingredients,8 ct.

and

would

have

the

same

2i times

have

as

the

$32

Ib.

Get.

Ib.

much,

as

find

sugar:

^^

471.

1. What
or

3ct.

5i ct.; Mixt.,7

and

B:

as

ct. per

Ib.

$20 more, and B, $10

had

; if A

money
much

what

has

each?

2.

least

that

sum

be

can

1? pa}' SI. 75 for a

contributes
$1, B,

and
A

bottle;

equally,and

keeps

the

quart
the

bottle

of

rest:

Find

3.

tween

4.

with

the difference

cu.

which

sq.ft.and

the

between

| ft.cubed.

ft. and
far does

How

square,

walk,

man

while

field of

planting a

ft. apart and

being 3

rows

foot square;
in.;405

How

"very

6. I
Bam,
7.
a

bought

how

much

Find

remainder
8.

md

far

apart should

half-minute

How
.15 gr.

the

knots

speed of 1 mi.
sheep for $50 :

3 ft. from

25

less per

head

the least number

would

per

of
hour

if I had
I have

which, divided

5 mi.

carats

alloy?

in

G rd. G ft.

Ans.

got 3
paid ?

285 ft

log-linebe, to

in.

cu.

corn

the fences

indicate
44

for the

more

Ann.

and
by 2,3,4,"",

1 each time.
many

also be

32 sq.

Ans.

Ans.

5.

quarters, dimes,
Ans. $1.00

varnish,and 10 ct. for the

they divide the varnish
the other, and
how
owes
Ans. B owes
A 2A ct.

much?

"

paid

pieces?

EXAMPLES.

PRACTICAL

is the

the

mixture.

Ans. $32

ART.

more,

only J

good

pense
ex-

less,
ingredients.

10 ct. and

the

more

coach?

many

4 ct.

pricesof the

than

4.

paid, if none
Ans. $i!.10

worth

with Gib. worth

good sugar
1 ct. it Ib. less

is worth

| as

have

each

31b.

ct. a Ib. :

10 Ib. of

Bj'mixing

mixture

have

"48.

Ans.

Ans.

40.

hour

an

54 mi.

Ans.

Ans.

coach ;

i",Id.

10 mi.

A ?

5 Ib. of

I!y mixing

the mixture

ami

or

engage
supper;
is 00 ct. less: what

eacli

""".

loaves;

7d. ;

return, in 0 hr.?

the

~"

must

takes

ftor

furnishes

47. A company

midwaj

can

is diminished

to each

mid-

15 cows
on
ground; if I
my
Ans.
keep?
% of B's,and 1G % of C's; B has $100

has

Eight men

46.

of

go and

10 horses

is 12

much

hand

hand

3H niln.

ami

5;

8d. for his share:

hour

an

she

can

horses

A's money
C

15 mi.

far

pasture

can

9 cows,

after

Ans.

makes

beat

stream:

8 loaves

on

the minute

is the hour

'!

tlie others

;"

o'clock,is

min.
Ion's

Aiif.

B,

liaiul '.'when

the hour

the miunte

1 and

ARITHMETIC.

ft.
same

24 ct.
leaves
"'".

,-l//.s'.
111.

gold coiuistingof

wt.

lg

gr. pure
Ann. 21

gold

-,3/.
.

PROMISCUOUS

Until

9.
the

367

was
pay of a congressman
20 mi. he traveled
for every
live from
(lie capital: how
far did one

recentlythe

session,and
from

coming

EXAMPLES.

$8

whose

for

pay

session

of 158

"8

in

going

the

clay during

worth
10. Land
$1000 an acre, is worth
9U ft.depth ; reservingTlgfor streets ?

Reduce

12.

anil

days, w-.is $'2104?

Ans.'

11.

to

of government,

seat

how

much

f,?", |,}",-$j

mi.

foot front o?

Ans.

to the least common

1050

$2.295+,

numerator.

^ifimttMlfclfl
what

sell at

and

how

I sell at 8

12A

"fe; invest

with

$1166.40

15.

sell at
of 15

insure

can

do I

'"

prefer,and
16.

and

how

house

my

allowing interest at 6
If I

18.

charge

19.

cu.

rate

of

21.

12i %
gain?

22.
rent

the

payable

23.

in

inches

face of

one

cube

which

cube

which

as

I receive

for

contains
18769.

cubic

many

in its surface?

inches

of what

contains

Ans.
is gain,what
article,

an

terly,
quar-

l^jVoVoVo^-

Ans.

inches,
6 in.
is my

Ans.14'%%,.

$1000

of

how
for

and

square
much?

circle

are

Circle;6.831

Ans.

20 ft. ; which

each

sq. ft. nearly.

5yr. lease and $200 for repairs,how much

equal to,allowing 10 % interest?
Am.
$307.92 a year.

quarterlyis that
is

What

$3000, her

compound interest,parable

annum

note,

$1080.56

Ans.

most, and

If I pay

face of the

is the

is that?

annum

boundaries

The

He

what

Ans.

%
fe per

square

square

If

gain,$113.33!,pays him $300 cash,

is the side of

are

contains

12

per

many
in.?

What

there

20.

rate

How

2571353

money
latter ;

mon.

for the

mon.

is '.rorth G "" per

gain by it,if

in 1 yr. 10
balance:

$1500, due

of 6

^vhat

premium annually,
premiums : which should

12 annual

will I

much

advance

an

% loss,and quit
Ans. $1000.

y8g%

$2500, at

for

down

2| fc.

Lose

sell at

with

did I start

Any. The

owes

note

17.

gain or

me?

to

annum

; I invest the proceeds again,

lose on the two speculations,

Ana.

permanently, by paying

or

as

loss of 15

% premiunr.:
37A %.

Ans.

% gain,invest the proceeds and

sell at
the proceeds again,and

what

10

at

per cent.?

many

14.
of

sell them

gain?

gain

% discount,and

at 20

I invest and

and

do

cent,

per

13.

stocks

buy

age

the

value

being

of

40, and

widow's

interest

in property worth
Ans. $669.50

dower
1

Bought eggs on credit; the first time one dozen, and every
7i dozen.
The bill
My last purchase was
succeedingtime 3 more.
it?
how
much
for
120
doz.:
too
was
was
Ans.'"\doz.
large
presented
Jan.
bo
loaned
25. What
must
1, at 9 ^, to be re-paidby
principal
the
first day of the five sucof
5 installments
ceeding
$200 each,payable on
24.

Ans. $978.10

months?

25

26. After
% of my money,
spending
had I at first?
I had left $675 : what

27. I had
above

true

60

day

interest:

note

what

discounted
was

at 1

and

25

j" of

the

Ans.

fe a

month

the facg of theno.e?

and

Ans.

der,
remain-

$1200.

paid S4.80
$11112.93

"180

slock

31.
trieve

my

32.

If

33.

.{of

The

tax

roof

of taxation

for the

"fi"
gain, realiz
Ans.

of 20

how

18

at

left

father

8 years,

$20000

to

be

of the tax;

divided

$1520.

much

is the
ti.i.

Ans.

of

age

(21 yr.):

what

lot

$7500.

that

each
.

to the

sam"

the shares

were

aged

sons,

and
12 years,
so
respectively,
% compound interest,should amount

became

its possessor

the 2d

for

what

his

among

$275.924:

to

and

10 years,

at 4."

must

ft,i may re
Ans. $4000.

bbl. will be caught by

Ana. 9.770-}bbl.

years'penalty,amounts
was
1-ffg%,

1st year
penalty is 30 %

the

and

$-137.0!)

i"liarc,
placed

35.

out at 45

falls,how many
52 ft. by 38 ft?

lot,with

on

lyVo %}

when

of rain

drains

year
assessed?

years,

ing
^ premium, ^fin-

1 have

14cwt

1 qr. 25 lb.

Ans.

f0 discount; sold

20

at

inch

an

which

if the rate

34.

sold at 3

and

weight

17 cwt.

loss ?

cistern

Ann.

$10000; sold out at a loss

%, so that by investingall

at

the net

and

weight?
discount

%,

did I invest?

what

Invested

I borrow

18

tare

I invest?

stock

Bought

lag $2204:

at G

did

what

lb.,the

is the prross

what
)!.".,

2'.'. Bought

30.

is 7

If the draft

28.
1 qr. 3

ARITHMETIC

HIGHER

RAY'S

368

$4300.34; $4701.59; $5199.78; $5078.29

bearing 7 % interest,payable semi-annually,

in 20 yr. are
bought so as to yield 8 ft,payable scmi-au
Am.
what is the price?
$27031.08
of bonds

$30000

"

due

and

nually :
30.

I sell

yr., and

3-

4A

$4850; $250 payable at 6 mon., Hyr., 2iyr.,

is worth
each, and the balance in 5yr.: if money

lot. for

yr.

'%

10

to me,

annum

per

is the cash

what

value

of the sale ?

Ans.

partners ; A puts in $240

sum
C, $100 for a certain time;
A has $300, B, $000 ; C, $200: find B's stock and
37.

B. and

A,

are

for 12 mon.,

Ans.

$3228.14

for G mon.,
when

tain
cer-

they close up,

time.

C's

$400 and

15

mon.

partners, A, B and C, lire in trade 8,10,and

$115.50, $204.75 and
respectively; and their gains are
find
the
difference
their
B's
between
stocks,
"lS:;.7-~"
respectively:
Ans.
and C's being $220.
A's, $550; B's,$780; C's,$1000.
38.

of 3

stocks

The

mon.

partners, A, B, and C, arc $350, $220 and

find the time
$250, and their gains $112, $88 and $120 respectively:
than
A's.
in trade, B's time being 2 mon.
each stock was
longer
10
12
A"s. A's, 8 mon.;
B's,
C's, mon.
mon.;
I get 22^ % per
40. By discounting a note
at 20 "/0 per annum,
Ans. 200 days.
how
interest:
innum
long does the note run?
stocks

39.

The

41.

A'debt

interest:

once

43.

is to

be

paid

respectively; its

months

42.

of

I
for
A

what

equal installments at 4, 9, 12, 20

is $750, allowing 5 ^ simple

value

is the debt?

bought

$180:
receives

L invested

in

cash

horse

find the

for

$150 due

in 8

gain per cent.; int.

and
$"i7.'.'(),

$7.83^more

Ans.

than

months,
4 -A"/c.

15. $2!.'.
70, from

B,

what

did

and

each

An.". A,

Ans.

$7"4..4
sold
1"

him

at

j ','/r.

jnintspeculation: if
invest

S1G.OSJ; B, $8.25

HIGHER

RAY'S

370

ARITHMETIC.

Many questionsusuallysolved by Algebra,are susceptillo

The
solutions.
of easy and elegantArithmetical
followingare
from 'Ray'sAlgebra.'
CP"

GO. A
he

left,find

of the

hired

received

"'2 13

1 yr. at "8
4 d. and his

and

for
s.

his

livery;

what

gal.,

G2. A

the whole
what

cut

were

he

which

brandy

officer seized

revenue

receiptson
he, and at
received

had

10

after

G3.

From

$20

more

bag

s.

selling

for

which

he

forfeited

days

25 ct.

At

did he work?
Ans.

taken

mon.

hi?
remainder, by
how
had
tc $162;
gallons
many
Ans. 22 gal.at $9 a gal.
he
28 da.; every
day he worked

down

engaged

was

$198;

at

75 ct., and
absent
day he was
every
of 28 days he received $12 : how
many

the end

"4

the

of

price?

woi-kman

held

the value

was

Ans.

smuggler
a

in

livery;

livery?

61. A
10

was

servant

contained
of money
which
a certain
sum.
its half; from
the remainder, $30 more

19.

there

than

was

its

than

than
its fourth, and
then
third; and from the remainder, $40 more
did it contain?
Ans. $290.
sum
nothing was left. What
for the
G4. A bought eggs at 18 ct. a dozen ; had he bought 5 more
would
have
him
less.
How
2^
cost
ct.
same
a dozen,
they
sum,
many
Ans. 31.
eggs did he buy 1
Go. A person
bought sheep for $94; having lost 7, he sold $ the
How
at prime cost,for $20.
remainder
sheep had he at first?
many
.

Ans.
For

G6.

keeps
keep on

of

325

sheep

every

1 A.

pasture

keeps, he plows 1
sheep ; how many

farmer
5

for every

69.

He

per

knows

neither

only

that

have
lost

gained $1,
$3.

Find

G5

to

as

1000.

2 Ib. of

Ib.,so

A, B and C
B together could
it,or B and C do

that

the

weight
had

if he

the number

paid $10 74
" of it,in the
of it; how
must

are

Ans.
THE

Just Published.

Examples in

Ib. of the

25

had

first cost

nor

the

whole

sold

it at

sold

of Ib. in the

"

'

for
same

doing

box,
50

box

ct. a

and

time

that

the first

Ib. at 28

and

of

Ib.,
Ib.,he

ct.

piece of work;

ture
mixIb.

do

ct.

and
of
-jj

they divide the money?

gets $7.02 ; B, $5.94 ; C, $3.78
END.

KEY, embracing full

Ray's Higher

22

fresh

135

30

G mi.

new

of

at

iu

time,

much

salt,how

Ans.

do

in

Ans.

if he
but

ride

Ans.

hour?

Ib.

70.

the

so

salt?

oz.

recollects

have

would
cost

to these

but

he
far may
home
return

time ; how

contain

grocer

would

he

added

contain

shall

tea.

Ib. of sea-water
be

must

water

land, and
sheep does he
Ans.

A person has just 2 hr. spare

which
hour
travels 12 mi. an
stage
back
the
4
of
mi.
rate
at
an
walking
If 65

of

A. ?

67.

68.

A.

47.

Arithmetic

and
'

lucid Solutions to

SYSTEM

ECLECTIC
OF

PENMANSHIP.
COPY-BOOKS.

ECLECTIC

No. 6

No. 1 ; No. 2 ; No. 3 ; No. 4 ;

No. 5 Boys; No. 5 Girls;

Boys; No. 6 Girls;

No. 7,Book of Forms; No. 7

Girls;

No. 8 Girls,
No. 8, Varietyof Capitals;
(nearlyready;)
and old EnglishTest,etc.,
German
of
Off-hand
No. 9, Book
Writing,

(nearlyready.)
the
booJts
contain
035" Tfie Girls'
in smaller
inimlters
but
for Roys,
the Eclectic
of Penmanship.
System

snine
copies
handwriting

as
a

"

the
corresponding
feature peculiar

to

~53i

small
business-like
The
style of capitals and
simplest, most legible,and
that this standard
will be the most
letters is adopted, in the conviction
letter
is given
Each
valuable
to students.
acceptable to teachers, and
The spacing is open,
ing
makseparately at first,and then in combination.
the writing legible, and
easily written.
indicated
letter when
in every
first presented.
and
are
the
complete, and
given on
and
around
the copy,
to distract
tention.
at-

Thf. analysis is simple, and

Explanation*
of

cover

clear, concise,
not
over
book, and
are

each

ECLECTIC

EXERCISE-BOOK.
of exercises

variety

especially designed
arranged as to give as much
the aid of
as
be desired, without
little practice on
eacli exercise
or
as
may
has
extra
It is a little larger than
the Copy-Books,
and
a strong
paper.
ing
be placed within
that the Copy-Book
it; thus makin order
may
cover,
to keep the two
it convenient
together. Every pupil should be supplied
THE

to

BOOK

EXERCISE-

develop

with

the

tains

con

different

and

movements,

so

it.

ECLECTIC

OF

HAND-BOOK

PENMANSHIP.

scription
; a complete deletters ; lessons
on
form,
and
011
in ungraded
writing
a
chapter
teaching
shading,
spacing;
of what
is required
schools, the " neglected art," etc. ; and the substance
and
in teaching
Penmanship.
diagrams are given,
Copious illustrations
manner
of instruction.
the forms
of letters,and
showing
TUK

ECLECTIC
THE
with

of the

New

Feature.

WRITING-CARDS
ECLECTIC
for suspending
loop attached

The

first,twenty-six
letter on
the
remainder
of the

small

the

and

WRITING-CARDS;

Another

plan of instruction

HAND-BOOK
contains the true
and
analysis of movement

The

letters

usually

Cards
reverse.

comprise thirty -six Cards, 9x13 inches,

along the walls of the school-room.
present each a capital letter on one
side, and
represented on
Figures, curves,
etc., are

Cards.

white
on
a black
ground, and
in Writing
Charts.
They
of thirty to fifty feet.
distance
are

studied

at

of

are

employed

can

be

larger size than is

and
easily read

For

convenience
in instructing
of each
letter is
classes, a description
It is confidently believed
given on its Card.
that Teachers
will find these
Cards
by far the most Heauti/ul, Useful, and Practical Aids in teaching this
branch
of education
important
yet published.
The

thirty-six Cards
and

lor

their

are

bolter

put up

in

preservation

neat

when

box, for convenience

not

in use.

ling,
in hand-

SCHOOL

ECLECTIC

BOOKS.

EDUCATIONAL

The

McGnffey's Scries.
.Eclectic

Primary

Speller.

New

First

New

Second
Third

New

Fourth

New

Fifth

Reader.

New

Sixth

Reader.

Primary

School

Reader.

The

Reader.

Eclectic

(10 Nos.)

Hand-Book

Intellectual

of

PHILLIPS'

Arithmetic.

Arithmetic.

Higher

Arithmetic.

Day

School

Singer.

Young

Singer,

The

Young
Young

II.
Singer, No.
Singer's Manual.

The

No.

I.

Examples.

Logic, Philosophy, etc.

SCHUYLER'S

New

Music.

The

Ray's Algebras.
New

Penmanship.

School

Arithmetic.
of

Penmanship.

Exercise-Book.

Arithmetic.

Rudiments

Test

Geography.
Geography.
Geography.

(12 Nos.)
Copy-Books,
Writing-Cards,
(36.)

Ray's Arithmetics.

Practical

Geographies.

Reader.

Charts,

Primary

Eclectic

Intermediate

Reader.

New

SERIES.

Algebra.
Elementary
Algebra.
Higher

Plane

and

Geometry
Analytic

of

Surveying

Grammar

"

Navigation,

(in prep.)

Geometry.

and

Elementary
English

Gram.

Grammar.

PINNEO'S

Parsing

PINNEO'S

Exercises.

WILSON,

School

Series.

"WHITE'S

Primary

Intermediate

WHITE'S

Complete

Arithmetic.
Arith.

Arithmetic,

Comp.

Algebra.

Registers.
WHITE'S

Com.

School

WHITE'S

Grad.

School

Register.
Register.

Miscellaneous.
DeWOLF'S

Instructive

Speller.

LEIGH'S

Phonetic

Primer.

LEIGH'S

Phonetic

Reader.

The

HINKLE

Examiner,

"

or

Teacher's

Aid.

CO.,
SS

CINCINNATI.

Speaker.
Speaker.

Reader.

WHITE'S

Composition.

PINNEO'S

PINNEO'S

Institute

SCHUYLER'S

Grammar.
Primary
Grammar.
Analytical
Guide
to Composit'n.
Teacher.
English
False
Syntax.

PINNEO'S

Eclectic

Graded

Astronomy.

School

Evans's

PINNEO'S

Primary

McGUFFEY'S

Trigonometry.

fin preparation.)

Calculus,

HARVEY'S

and

Philosophy.

Elocution.

COLE'S

Geometry.

Natural

McGUFFEY'S

Geometry.

Elements

HARVEY'S

Solid

KIDD'S

Mathematics.

Ray's Higher

Logic.

NORTON'S

Bond

NEW

Street.

YOSE.