l

The Radio Amateurs Journal

f-

Thol~

.n cr. of ,ci u tilic progress R .

which uti,fied the. t
. .dlD performuce
.
m. cur o perator o f 1941
in
IS
0

to utlSfy him no

II!

tim es I While

w-. n

d .
It

b "Id"

need notl RM E

In 9 new and b

UI

1$ not go
0

1$

In tune

with

equipm en t For the u.ctin d

euer communiution s
the ume time perfected 9 em.nds of war. RM E fl.s , t
amateur, l et', e ll'

even f in

m,ne. ew

.
e, equi p ment For the

THE NEW
k
1 . The ne ... RM E.4S is 10 e "9in ,.d thet il deli"." pe.
potrfolll,."c e on ALL l,eq",."cie,-ho m 5';>0 10 33 ,000 KC
9.. N. w in Ih. "dio Ii.ld--,nd , most wekome , d dilion
e'
ne d
- is the VHF.152 eonv,,- ,
3. FOI Ih. h,m with win" , RME hu c,.efully de'i'J
,
p"etiul , l. , th. , w.i'Jhl ,nd hi'Jh\y ellide nt leceivel

. OB.tO i' now one 01 Ihe most well_len own

t"n,millel
4. And th.
unih in i,I,nc .
Wilh RME equipmenl , the , m,le ur can be confide nt
Ih,l h. po,se" . ' the mosl u lully designed, ptlin,,,leingly
built, , nd most b,illi,nt pe,lo< min'J equipment modeln
",i.nc. , nd pride in m,nul,etu,e u n pl od uc .

THE RME
SPEAKER

T H E VHF.1S2 CONVERTER '

TH E AT-H "
A RE C EI VER_TRAN SMI T T E R
FOR THE PR IVAT E PILOT
(Nol~1 'en ",i1.

,.",.>
t iO

Rec. i..... S9<Jcitiu

180 to 4tO
Re n! - Stolt iOfl .

""

KC-FOl'

fo< c.plion,l pertO'""ne. on

9.8 10 )0 M C, 50 10 5 4 MC
,nd the new 144 to 148 MC
b.tnd, . Wilh the VHf.15t ,
you un wOlle Ih_ fTeq....nci.'
th,ou9 h Ih. double del. ction
1fI.,h.Oc!-wittl ec:onolflyl"

550 to 15 00 KC-F Of
B<otodust St.lion s.

i78 KC-FOI' To..... Fr..

quency P OIiti Ofl.

Po..... hol'l snwll dry c.lI,

fOf both ",nih. Q p tioM l
equip",." t, 6 . Ml l ! "olt
in put .. ilh . d .....1 pow..
,,,pply.-

Sin CE

19B
LITERATU R 0 '" R[Q U ST

THE D8.1O PRESELECTOR

...........

Th;,com:
tie
for
f o!d ed Unip al
pound,.
ule . e iotsAntenna
brotion
"Sl ide Trom b o nly IS
.
e
Imino' e l old .'on e ". co ,"I_
pruning . C

I~:c.~ol .

II

OUI.per'o~mporoli .... t.~,.h,on.d

'everol

rlme,ms Ihe
olher
I show
. ' 0 nt ennos
ot
'Ice.

D\RCl\~

~NlMM~S
f::a,i~U4e
municatio
ry and emer
nome ANDREI! over thegency co m-

so~~~d.

ne eri.ng plus Wk"lmeons

the
S I I a nd
englprobl e ms.
g spe cific ant e ona
Ingenuity
in
d
.
N
eSign

me etm

Thi. enginee .0 W FO R A M
merciol a t ring .kill and k
A T EU R 5
d
'
n ennns
] bel
new-h
. com
uction
of
h
"elng
op
r e w with
verticoll
ontenn
p .oed to the

zontoll y polo!,zed dir !'" lncludin

proy polarized
ective crrcvs gd both
n re C
rotatobl
on h .
ofAHFd a:t o. pioneered . e systems.
oneonas
.
In the d
oeeesscries .
' coaxial tran. rmssrc
. . evelopment
I"
n rew C .
nine. and
A d
antenna
p c . specializes .

~m

neerinq

ondo~e!'1,
s.-in the d eSlgnmg
th~ s.olution
of
UI dmg o f antenna
e '; eng
10

Iqurpment,

:r

Type
137 'i'. .. d io met
per co

~~b~oft
::ithAndr~w

e r ,coa xia l
dreds
temcab le are miles of th' e . Hunond
in use
y tro nsmitle n . pollc.

milila~oW

January, 1946

.......

......
......

,,
I
I

I
I

I
I
I

T.H E AMATEUR
. key man in world-wide

peace-time communICations

Ha llier.nen New S6OO.000 Home Now Under Conwuc:tion

The key man in world wlde peacetime commun ications is the ama teu r, Just as the amateur
pro ved himself an invaluable asse t to the country', war- eRort. 50 will he continue to make
important con tributions to the science o f communiCa li(HlS in :II peacetime wo rld. The amat eu r', quest (or something new, something
bener, the accomplishment o f some lh in~ chat
" can't be done" lead s inevitably 10 further prog
tn s. Hallicrafters. backed by a score of ytan
experience. will spark this plogrns with new
and benet a ma leu r equipment. Am;ueurs high
u p in the m an 2E:cment o f the company, amafe-un on the ~gjnring and production staffs
a nd t housands of amarnJrs (rom a ll e ve r the
wo rld SC rYC 10 kee p ndl icrahels close to the
amueur ideal and in the va n o f hiE;h frequency
developments, The ama teu r will be the key
ma n in commun ica tions H alliculten will
he the key com pany in producing constantl y
Im p roved equipment fo r ebe amateur.

~.
eOf"' _ ~~.

'''~

' oo '

~ ' aOC

"t co .

co

The Radia Amateurs' Journal

J OHN H

I'O T f S .

E d itor

co. P U BLJ:-iHI:.D M ONTH LV BY RADIO MAGAZINt.S .l n,-.

EXECU T IV E &. EDITORIAL OFFICES ; .H ! M .. d i ~ .n Av" ,

xaw \ ' ORK 17 , N Y T ELE P HO N E ~J1 UI-r.o)" nru 2.J34{>

Mail Coupon for

CONCORD

EDITORIAL STAFF : J oh n H P ott s. E di t-or , Pre , J~n t; Z...h

Ruu . k . W SQM ~ -WLNG . .....2PI. ('J:-W ~ PC . .,1< LU -' A, A u :>('
E d i' <J': 14.... ' ......ce IA>Ka~h m;>n . W 210P. A. u ', E ditn, Frank C .
j .\Oo . Wf.,AJF . Cufltri b . Ed ' I("-; R oh' lt Y . Chapman, W IQV.
Ad~-i.tOr } E djr ar ; Evel}'n A. E i!>t"" be,@ . Edit; Pr od, ~"f4 r ,
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, A <lv. 5 .. 1.., ; B . j . R ~_ , Ad~'. Sltle... D . Saltm...n . Pr od .
D . R.. ln m a n, C" c'l M~r .

RADIO CORP.

VICTORY
---.

CONCORD RADIO .

.
-~.:-- ..... -,--- '

'- ' ~

Mobile Hip Voltag. Power

Unit.

t a ptl t
11 Vol~

IUO

am ..

D . C .,
OUtP\ll
COQaj-.

,~

To I _

rana" :

c.

. . . . $4.95

Vol:~::~:~=~ri;~50mlIl..
~4 95
OU FlIl~ Fill Co
ta. CQ,HU . ..

"..'" ."..

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[UNtDRD RADID
*

'01 W. J.ch ... lI",d.

265 ' chlre. Str,

: C O S-CO R D RADIO CO R PORATIO N. ~pt. CR~16

I
I

I PI_ Ml R USH FRE E C'O py o f C O NCO R D'S

I De W' .U pelle VICTORY CLEA.RA..~CE Fb'er

I
I S .m . . . . .... . . . . . . .. .... . . ... . . . . . __. .

.. ,I

I A.dd ~ . . .. . ........ . . . .. .. . . ... . . . .. .. .. . . . .

I, Chy

S ta te

,
I

1 ," 1 W. J . cUoQ Blnt. C hlCflto 7. III .

7
12
20
22
25
30

Zt.ro Bill-s, ( Editorial)

Call. !.o!Q(" 1.

34

Shorts
Ad vert ising Ind ex

3-1
-18

=)

CaRp.

LAFAYETTE RADIO CORPORATION

CHICAGO 7, ILL

AtLANTA 3. GA.

Handy Talking On The 144-MC Band, by

William 1/. Yogel, r-; W2MYK
Know Your Meter, by Rw.ard E. Nebel,
W2DllQ
Self-Supporting Antenna Mast, by lViUiam
K ef sw , W2EClt
Flexible Shafting in Amateur RiRS. by
Laurence Le Kastnnon , W2IOP
On the llcam,:by Robert L . Rod, W2K VY..
High Output Transmi tter-Receiver, by B . lV.

MISCELLANEOUS

T.-o 120

1-:.......... '"

ARTICLES

Radio Amateur's Worksheet, N o. g-Pote ntiome tera; Mult i-Phase Com m un ication .3 1

0 7 n a m o t o r . hl ptlt s .s
V
oil. a t 6 I tll p" D C O '
p q t 2JS VoI tillJ . C u t
at 60MA.CQ9~j . $S.95
FoundatioD U It to
CQ4. .,
~ ... : .: It -o h m - m Il Ua rn m . t H.
G. E 1" MUll
. . .. . . $3.95
for JIi. _1ftl ~1. (;~:r~r D.
2U Caubra~

'l!tJ~f1landotl ~i::kSPR.AGUE 1 rnld. 600

95c

Quarter-wa ve spaced te-meter rotary an tenna

used at W2CUZ. This antenna will be
described in detail in a forthcoming
article.

SOIlJnweU, W6OJW

0 ) l7S
Volta .
IIOW A.
( 2) 500 Volt1o "
SO M . A . CQts u ... S39.50

POW'H Yn n

COVER

32 Bargain-packed
pages listing thousands o f standard
make, top-qualiry cadio pans and electronic
sUl?plics-now available without pnotity for h am s, sec.
builders. radio fa n s at Jo w V icto ry C leara nce P rices.
Order your needs from Concord Ra d io Corp.c- formerly Lafayette Ra di o Corp.c-the a mateuc', dependab le
source for r a d io pans a nd electronic eq ui pmen t for 2 S
years. Check the typical Conco rd
values belo w:

'"

J ANUARY, 1946

CONTENTS

Clearance
Flyer

VO L. 2, No.1

-------------------------------

BRANCH OFFICES
Ha mId J. SUilllm.n. M an:al;t!r - Charl e~ H. Fe,n-II
82 W+\\ W.,hinl.lc,n 5L . C h lC'Qgo 2. Ill . AN d ove r 2 5 4 0
W . DICKOW
1387 40th Av~. , S .. n FranriS(:o 22 . C alif.
FOREIGN SUD5CRIPTION REPRESENTATIVF.5
R.,lio S oritoty o f Gn' at Britain. :-lIP.... R :.nkin H ou.....
Lilli., RllsalPlI St . . Lond on. W .C. I. Enlllllnd
Han;. & Fl'Jyd . !q 7 2 9~ S ...'a m .ton 51 _.
M e lhOllrn", C. I. Vktoria. Austr.lia

.1.

and Pun.

I
JI

S ...bwriRJl<>n Rut.., In U . S
S2.50 pol'T )"..aT. ~ y l'a n
<:.a'. $5. All other COllnlci",s. S3 .50 P'O'" ~ ... r In ..qui....
U.
corr.. ncy. Sill le l"Vpi..s. 25 c: e nt. CO. print..-d In
. If.

I'y d l h t/

1 9~ 5

b)" Rad iQ M a &a:rim -s . I n c.

Out of the SMOKE - into your SET!

i l E reseuruh a nd l'i k ills th at went
i n t o th e d e vcl o p m e n t o f th e
-- s uper-small " vac u u m tube, tha t heca me the heart of the fa mou s proximi t y
fuze ra dio tran-cei ver, d idn "t l'i t o " there.
O u t o f th at experie nce has cu me a tu he
that will lust hundred o f hours . . . a

tube th at mak e :"> p o:oi:o'ih lc ru gged p()d".(~ t

ra d ios . . . miniatu re walk ie - talkie :"els

. . . o ne th at \, ill !'o 3 \" C yo u !"-paec and
\\(' i ~hl -ill the shuck, work in g: purt ahlc
a nd \\ orking mohile.
S liort 1" (l(h ,ci' '' ;n th e
I ll b e.~ Will o llts i f/e Ilw win' .'>

mean FJ~Al' re.~IHJ'IM i ll

the n ew 1lif{h I re f/ lleney

bands yan ure now

For ]ull details nrito Syirania Elt>t",r;c

J ',.mlll ('I .~ TII C. , Emporium, Pn,

u si ll l(_

SYLVANIA V ELECTRIC
E m por iu m, / Ia
IIllAllflS

or

RADIO JUBES: CAfHOD . AY TU BES; ELECTRONIC DEVICES: FLUORESCENT LA MPS. flITURES . WIRING tV1CES EUC-:-ilC LIGHT IULBS

co

ZER
many letters protesting the
FCC approval of the new call-letter assignment system which would change the calls
of several thousand amateur stations. ~[ ost of
these letters have 1.>e<'11 vigorous in their denunciation of the approved scheme, and suggest that
CQ take a militant attitude in bringing pressure
against the idea .
~
To summarize briefly, the new arrangement
will eliminate split-state calls (such as 2'5 and 8's
in Xcw York State), and shift other calli from
congested to less crowded areas to even up calllotte r distribut ion. Also, to provide for the est imetod increase of amateur activity wit hin the
next decade, the archaic and altogether arbitrary division of the country into nine call areas
lias been revised with the addition of a tenth or
ZEH O district, and the prefix K will be em ployed
in continental U.S.A. in equality with t he
fam iliar prefi x 'V (which alone doubles the possible nu mber of call combinations) . Call number
ullocatione in numerical order of call areas are as
follows: I- New England. 2-Ne\Y York and
New Jersey. S- Pennsyh'ania, Delaware, M aryland and the D ist rict of Columbia. 4 -V i r~i n ia,
North and Sout h Carolina, Georgia , Florida ,
Alabama, T ennessee, Kentucky, Puerto Ric o a nd
t he Virgin Islands. J -l\lississippi, Louisiana,
Arkansas, Oklahoma, T exas and New Mexico.
6-ealifom ia, H awaii and the Pacific possessions
except those included in Area 7. 7---Oregon,
washington, I daho, Monta na , " 'y oming, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Alaska end ad jacent islands
8- Michig:an, Ohio and w est Virginia, 9-'Wiscousin, Illinois and I ndia na . ZERO-eolorado,
Xcb rnska , North and South Dakota , Kansas,
M innesota , Iowa and .:\lissouri.
CQ has no intention of campaigning against
this arrangement for many reasons. I t is as good
and simple a system as any other we have seen
proposed and better than most of them. Protests
against it have necessarily been prejudiced,
emanating from the small minority of amateurs
whose calls would be changed. While we appreciate the sincerityof these objections and the pride
an old timer takes in a call he has brass-pounded
since the t wo-letter days after t he first World
'Var, th is phase of t he situat ion is not too serious.
Relatively few of such calls \\;11 be effected, and

CO

liAS HECJo;ln:u

January, 1946

BIAS
where rea:"signment is in order, the FCC promises
to return the same call leuers in the new district
if the problem of duplication docs not exist. Pet
automobile licenses, telephone numbers and
street addresses have been changed without
d rastically altering: one's course of living, T he
writer, himself, lost a pioneer two-letter call when
he moved to another district-and survived the
metamorphosis.
Also, some such changes were inevitable. a...
the Federal Communications Commission wa.s
adamant on the elimination of split-state calls.
T he old system of assigning amateur call letters
was based on nine call areas coinciding wit h nine
inspection districts long-since abandoned. T hese
arbitrary call-letter boundaries, cutting through
a number of states, gave rise to confusion and
delay in processing station and operator license
applicat ions. 'Vith t his revision definitely in
order, a complete ne w set-u p, wit h planning for
the future, was the logical procedure. This has
open accom plished , we feel, with a minimu m
amount of disloca tion. The newcomer, of course,
will never know t he difference. And many old
timers, who perhaps wondered if World ' Val' II
migh t not provide internat ional and commercial
interests with an opportun ity for putting a permanent q uietus on amateur radio, will philosophize that it is better to be on t he a ir with a new
call than forever silent. .A rose under any othe r
name will smell as sweet.
There is no genuflexion in CQ's acceptance of
the new system. Frankly, we feel that the working out of the new arrangement exhibits a healthy
interest in amateur rad io on t he part of the F CC
and official " .,ashington-an interest that guarantees the perpetuity of amateur radio in this
country and the backing up of our rights and
privileges in international conferences.
But even were we less favorably inclined toward the new set-up, we should hesitate to make
an issue of the matter. Regardless of personal
attitudes, the situat ion is in no way vital. T hug
we feel that amateurdom stands to benefit by cooperating wholehea rtedly with the Commission
on this question of call-letter re-allocationstrengthening ou r position and hold ing our fi re
for somet hing mo re import ant t hat t he fut u re
may possibly bring fort h.

;~
';'" ",.,.

. _ .-. THE

COUN tE RS I GN

OF

UECTR O NIC

C EPE NDA BI LI TY

ECUI P M EN T

~~

IN F M P O LI CE SYSTEM S
EIMAC TETRO DE 4-12SA
OiL

Front

f';t U '

fll tht 1j(}-

watt, I 18 "'~. M olor o/<l

git .
i"C Miam ; po/i., ,IN

transmit/t,., mJU'

(Ittl ffst of ((J I~r{lgt I"r

., rolJ ius of 30 ",ilts,

T op honors to Galvin Manufacturing Co rpo rat io n for

build in g it. and a sa lute to the police and fire departments
o f Miami, Flo rid a, for putting it to w ork in spite of the
skep tics ! It 's the first twoway police radiotelephone
s)'Stem in th e U ni ced Sta tes on frequ encies abore 100 me.
Twenty-four h ours a d ay, 12 p atrol cars in Miami's b usy
area tunc in o n sig nals as solid as a dinner-table co nversati on from this Motorol a 25 0 watt, 118 me. FM tran sm itte r.
From th e earliest ex peri men tal stages of FM broadcast.
ing, Eimac tubes have been lending a hand. Naturally.
there are Eimac 4 12 5A tetrodes (p ictured above) in the
viral power o utput stage o f Galvin's new M otorola success.
Eimac 4 12 5A's were a logical choice for this transmitter
because of their superlanve h igh frequency performance
capabil ities and their low driving power requirements.
FOLLOW TH E LEADERS TO

".1

Iml MceUUOUGM. "c. 101. I

I
rs.. h lM. f.4 . " I Int_. (.lib ", . _ 1.1t
II,.,. .... ..tll ' ... un L tltIll.... JOl C'-J It. I , ....MKq 11.

e .
0Iy. ur.1I

c.Uf.. u.s. A.
IIU

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTIC S 412 SA TEr RO D E

lt.......

l iI........ t: ThOfi..,. d T....

v ..

g.'...

5.0 wolh

, . .

6.2 ,,",p

PI
o;. ' ipo t i....
( M i_
l 125 ...... ,..

T. o" K""dvct..",.

n. =so mo. h

e l..... l"t_l..t<odo C.. poc i'_

ft (A_09")

Gr id PI .. t. (Wlrhovt . hl.ldi" g,

bo,. g._dood ) 1).03_II' d.

l" f""t
10-3 ~fd.
Out pvt . 3.0 ",,,,td.

=2.500 Y. I .. =

.OO

'1.1 2450 tuo>ho1

Fig. 1. (l eft) Showi ng the placement of parts. Th e . ntenna is coUapsed in this photo. Fig. 2. (centa ) The ICom
tube e nd tuning capacitor "C mounted . t the right, with the audio section center and b.Ueries to the left. Fig. 3.
(right) The COYCf to the right of the unit shows the two tie-t'ods which hold the cabinet logdhcr

HANDY TALKING
ON THE 144-MC BAND
WILLIAM H. VOGEL, JR., W2MYE

A PRACTICAL TWOWAY UN IT THAT WEIGHS

LESS THAN FO UR POUNDS W ITH BATTERIES
a compact, light, but
dependable radio-telephone transmitter-receiver for operation in the amateur frequency
range of 144-148 megacycles. T his equipment,
however, can easily be revised to operate on
higher amateur and eivilian radiocommunication frequencies.
The first steps in the construction of the Handie
T alkie nrc the building of t he cabinet, the micro-phone mount and the antenna insulator. T hese
parts arc not difficult to make and t he sketches
with dimensions are self-explanatory. Photo-graphs Figs. 1, ! and 8 show the general placement of the parts in the cabinet. T he modified
variable capacitor is mounted in the top of the
cabinet and the acorn tube socket is then situated
0;0 that the plate and grid terminals of the socket
arc closely juxtaposit ioned to the condenser. The

HIS ART I CLE DESCRIBES

Janua ry, 1946

4P DT rotary switch is mounted about three

inches down from the variable capacitor. T he
placement of the rest of the parts is not too
critical. T he audio tube is mounted on a small
Lehaped piece of IS-gauge aluminum. T he
microphone and audio (transceiver) transforme r
are located underneath the DPDT slide-type
switch. T he small e .c-d.c. choke is mounted just
below and at right angles to the transceiver transformer. T he I ~- vol t flashlight battery for t he
filame nts is mounted alongside t he choke and
held in place with a sheet metal band. I n the base
of the cabinet is the three-prong midget battery
socket for external battery connection. The
upper part of the earphone is placed about one
inch down from the top of the cabinet. The antenna insulator must be mounted as shown 60 that
the antenna can telescope inside the Bet when no~

in usc. T his completes t he placement of the parts .

The H andle T alkie is then wired conventionally
in accordance with t he diagram, Fi g. 4.

DETAIL 1

2 PIECES REQUIRD

'"

Det.il, 01 C.binet
The entire cabinet can be cut out of a section of
sheet aluminum (.05" -18 ga .) 15 by 15 inches.
Left over aluminum can be used to make the two
angle-brackets for the tube sockets. Referring to
Fig. 5, the cabinet consists of two Lehepcd secl ions (Detail I ) and two cover sect ions (Detail 2).
The L ehapcd sections arc easy to bend to shape
as shown , but the two cover sect ions present
more of a problem, I n order to get the lipped or
rolled edge on the cover, it is necessary to clamp
a sect ion of 1/ 8" thick met al 10 inches long along
t he edges where t he lip is required . Then using
a ball peen hammer, the soft aluminum is
hammered ur rolled up against the metal guide.
This is repeated until both covers have their long
odgos rolled to form approximately a 1/10" lip
Then the metal guide is cut down t o 3 inches in
length and clamped in place at the ends of the
covers : and the above process is repeated . Since
a luminum is soft, slight mistakes in bending can
easily be corrected by hammering. The sha rp
corners, where the rolled edges meet, are t hen
hammered over to give a smooth surface. Next
fit the Lecctions to the covers so that they nest
together properly. After the parts arc installed,
two rods 3/16" diameter, 3 inches long, with
tapped holes in the ends, arc located individually
about two inches from each end of the cnbinet
(Pi gs . 2 nnd 3) . These rods secure the covers a nd

f - - --

.o, - -- - - j

..

'"
1+---- - 'o,- - - --j
DETAIL 2
2 PIECES REQUIRED

Fig. 5. Pla ns for the "cabi net." The material is .0 5"

or 181gauge soft annealed aluminum!sheet]

hold the. entire cabinet together. However, remember t o drill the holes for t hese t ie rods after
t he parts are installed otherwise some part may
interfere with the rods. It is desirable but not
necessary to put addi tional supports near the
center of the t wo covers of the cabinet, as shown
in Pigs. 2 and 3. Th is completes t he cabinet
const ruct ion.

M icrophone Mount
Heferring to Fig. 6 , Details 1 and 2, we have the
t wo parts that, when fitted together, constitute
t he mounting for the microphone. Detail 1 consist s of a cylinder with one end cut ofT at an angle.
If it is laid out to t he proper dimensions on a
R,

c,
c,

PH

T,

c,
R,

,,

,
,

,
ANT.

,,

~--

-I- +.'
-

,-

,
L-_
_

+-

---,

5,
---------- --------------------

EXTERNAL BATTERY $OCK!T-

Fig. 4. Wiring diagram of the 144-mc Handie Talkie which can be converted readily to higher frequencies.
V I Is a 958 acorn and V 'J a 154 tube

co

1.'

DETAIL t

'DEVELOPED
MICROPHONE
MOUNT

~-

2''------>1

.-A ~ I

0:0.. ,_

"-CF '

i ~.tt
.. .
30"

-L.

DETAIL 2

Fis. 6. (.bove) and Fig_ 7. (below) Consb'uction.1

details of the miaophone housing and the .nlcnn.
insulator.

The mike housing

WIS

cnginured on the

dr.wing bo.,d to custom fit

piece of 1/32" soft aluminum sheet, no problem

will arise in its construction. The three tabs
(De/ai/ I) , bent at right angles to the section, are
needed to hold thc microphone mount in place
on the cabinet. This aluminum can easily be cut
with t insmiths shears. Before the microphone
can be mounted on t he microphone mount ,
Detail f will have to be constructed. T his t oo is
laid out, per dimensions, on a piece of .05"
(18 ~a . ) aluminum sheet , using a pair of dividers.
After cutting out t he section with tinnera snips,
t he center hold is made with either a circle cutter
Of tube-socket punch.
Holes are drilled in the
four fret (Detail f) and the feet or tabs bent at
right angles . This part is now fastened to
Detail t (Fig. 6), by drilling four holes in D6lail l
to match the four holes in Detail , and fastening
with 4-t8 machine screws and nuts. T he Fl WE
microphone is now installed by removing the
I 1/ 8" nut on the back of the microphone, inl'i(rtinJ,!; t he microphone through the 1 ~" hole
in Demi t t , and replacing the nut. A wire lead to
the microphone button is then soldered in place,
and t he microphone mount is secured with three
self-tnppiug screws .

CAP

- -

SCUJERED

,,"'-

-i

BAKElITE'
OR LUelTE

ON BAse

OF ANT.

"---- ----- -~
----~

,:

ANTENNA INSULATOR

J.nu.ry, 1946

DRILL AND TAP

FOR No.,4 -4B TH'D
HOtS SPACED
f 20- APART

Antenna Insulator
The construction of the antenna insulator illustrated in Fig s, S and 4 and sketched in Fig. 7,
requires no particular explanation. The 5/16"
hole through the center of the phenol fiber tube
(Lucite would be better-Ed.), was drilled on a
lathe-but it can be done with a hand-drill or
drill-press if held securely when drilling. The
metal contact clip to the antenna is fastened to
the insulator wi th screws in tapped holes. The
three tapped holes in the top of the insulator
should be first located by d rilling a 3/8" hole in
the top of t he cabinet whcre the insulator will
ultimately be mounted, and then laying out t he
three holes with a pair of dividers 120 degrees
apart. After t hese three holes are drilled, they
arc used to spot the holes which arc drilled and
tapped in t he insulator.

The Antenn.
The telescopic antenna. was originally 12"
collapsed length, and 48" extended. I n ordcr to
make the antenna nest completely inside the sct
it is necessary to reduce the collapsed length of
the antenna to 6).<Z". When extended the length
of this cut-down antenna will be 24" which is
more than necessary fo r a quarter wave on
144 me. If a telescopic antenna. 5/ 16" diameter
and about 6).<Z" collapsed length can be obtained,
no alterations are necessary except to solder a
small cap or stop on to the end of the antenna to
prevent it from coming out of the insulator when
thc antenna is extended (see Figs. f and 7).
If the 12" collapsed antenna is the only type
available the following must be done. Extend all
the antenna sections, and cut the bottom section
to an overall 6~" length. The antenna can then
be collapsed and the end of the second section
seen. T his section is also cut 01T 10 a length of
6).<Z" . SAve the small pieces of copper strip stuck
through the ends of each section. (These strips
must be replaced in the ends of t he cut-down

9
,

Fig. 8. Top end of the Handle Talki e with the antenna

ncsting Inside the unit

sections.) The antenna is extended again and t he

next section shortened to a length of 6*. This is
repeated for the two remaining sections, with
new lengths of 5 ~" and 5" respectively. In reassembling the antenna it is necessary to replace
the small pieces of copper strip. This is accornplished by cutting a slit in t he ends of the three
sections of tubing (excluding t he largest section)
with a thin bladed jeweler's saw. The depth of
the slots is J1". Assemble the antenna from the
small tubing down to t he largest tubing. After
two tubings are fit ted together the copper strip is
slipped into t he slit and the end is soldered t o
prevent t he strip from sliding out. Repeat this
process for t he t wo larger sections of tubing until
the enti re rod is-once again intact. The antenna
can then be checked by extending to its maximum lengt h which should be approximately 2-1"collapsing to abou t 6P1" , with all t he sections
nesting inside the largest tubing. The last t hing
necessary is to solder a small cap at the end of
t he ante nna to prevent it from pulling out of the
ante nna insulator.

The Finishing Touches

After t he parts are mounted and wired, t he
two studs which limit the rot ation of the t uning
capacitor to 180 degrees a re added . These studs
are 4-48 screws in tapped holes so t hat the rotation of the t uning condenser is limited to half a
t urn-from maximu m to minimum capacity or
vice versa. The t uning knob must be in place so
that the pointer can be used t o locate t he two
stops . Photo Pi g. 8 shows a view of the tuning
ca pacitor knob, dial, and t he t wo stops.
T he leather handle is affixed at this t ime-scut down from an old leather belt to 12" in
length and ubout 1" wide. The ends are folded
over and rivet ed around the two luggage st rap
holders, as shown in Fi g. 9. If regular strap
hold ers are not available, two ma y be bent into
shapc from a brns....s st rip x/ S" wide by 1/113" thick.

10

These a re secured to the cabinet with self-ta pping

screws. The cabinet is now painted a plain black
or black crackle finish and left to dry for twentyfour hours. Four rubber fect arc then glued on the
bottom of the cabinet with ordinary household
cement.
T he name-plates are easily contrived by lettering on a piece of good white drawing paper in
India ink. The let tering in this case was accomplished with a KeufTel and Esser lett ering guide.
A small border is drawn around each label. Cut
out the name-plates and dip in clear shellac, providing a protecti ve, shiny surface which will not
smear when wet or damp. The name-plates are
glued in place ,...ith household cement or a suitable
substit ute . Layout the tuning dial plate on
drawing paper with India ink and mark in the
divisions-breaking: dov...n the scale into te n divisions and then each division in half, t hus ending:
up with a tot al of t wenty divisions. The ac t ual
frequency values can be marked on the dial plate
only after the capacitor is calibrated. Another
view of the complete rig is photographed in
Fig. 10.

Oper.ting Comments
With t he 058 acorn tube as detector and oscillator, operat ion at 225 mc is just us easy as at
14-1 me. The writer expects to operate this
Handle Talkie around 450 me wit h only slight
changes in circuit characterist ics.

Inside the Hend!e Telkle

( ,-modified Hammarlund AP( 25 Jlld midget.
All plates except one rotor and one stator
plate remo ...ed so that the spacing between
plates is 3/32 inch.
( 2-100 fl f.lf midget mica .
( 3-.003 Jlf mica .
( 1-.005 Jlf mica
( 1}-.1 JlFpaper 100 volts.
( 6-.01 JlFpaper 100 v olts.
( r-3~30 f.l IJ. Ftrimmer.
R,-25,000-ohm Vi-watt.
Rl - 1-mego hm '/i-watt.
R;J-100,000-ohm Vi-watt.
R t - 1 0 0 ,000-ohm '/i-watt
L-144-148-mc: coil , 4 turns 114 enameled
5/8" die. 1" long .

CH ,- Bud UHF choke.

CH,-Bud UHF chcke.
T,- transc:ei...er nensfcrmer (Stanc:or #38 3 3).
T2- M idlj et e.e.cd .e. ehcke (Stanc:or 11723).
S, -4POT rotary switc:h (entralab).
Sz- OPOT midget slide-typ e switch (I(A 11260 ).
J-open circ:uit ieck (leA #190 2).
8 ,-1 Vi v olt Aashlight cell (sne 0).
8 2-3 1'/i-v oll penlite bettedes.
8 3 -67'/i-...c lt Minim ax battery (#467 Eveready)
PH-singl e headphone 2000 ohms or higher .
M-Western Electric mlcrcphcne I F-1.

/Parls slwwn are tlwse actuaUy used. Others oj

equivalent performance may be substituted. )

CO

- - -~

Handi. Talki. Feetur

1. Lew-cost lubes end J)'rts.
2. Simple circuit--thru control, and two tub".
3. Weight less than four pounds including
battaics.
4. Low oper.ting cost. Power consumption wmc
" aycnge portable ,.dia.
5. Provision fOl extern. I batteries for Sud or
semi-portable cperetien.
6 . Miaophone and earphone mounted on the

eeblnet.
7. Comp'ct ten inches high by three inches
square.
8. Telescopic .nlenn. nnts inside the eabind
when not in usc.
9. Provision for e _tern. l earphones.
10. B.nd.pre.d ont 180 0 144-148 me. Di.1 is
calibrated directly in meg.cycle,.
11. Unit un be operated with one hand.

Xo difficulty should be experienced in getting

this unit to receive and transmit at the correct
freq uency if the circuit is followed. When the
Ha ndy T alkie is operating properly with the an.
te nna extended to npproximntely 7.i wave length,
t he plate currents drawn by the t wo stages in
receive end send positions are as follows :
9,I)80ticillator -6 m u
958 Dctector-c-I rna
18-1 Audio - 9 rna
184 M odulator- 9 rna
The tot al B battery requirements in send and
receive positions are 18 me and 13 rna respect ively . T he additional mi lliamperes over and above
the current drawn by t he t wo tubes are consumed
in resistors and t he screen circuit of the 184 t ube.
T here is plen ty of modu lat ion available to drive
t he 958 oscillator, as can be seen by com paring: t he
plate currents of the t wo tubes. It is possible t o
raise t he plate current on the 958 by reducing t he
size of t he grid bias resistor from 25,000 to 15,000
or 20,000 ohms, but t his is not desira ble.

tank coil it is possible to pick up the t ransmitted

signal in the center of the dial of t he Ha ndie
Talkie. After t he center of the band hes been detennined and adjusted on the capacitor t uning
d ial , t he 144-megacycle and the 148-mc extremes of the band arc easily determined by the
same method. The points on t he Lec her wi res arc
41 " d istance for 144 megacy cles and 40" for
148 me. When thcac spots on the tuning dial arc
known, the dial can be calibrated wit h reasonable accuracy. With the capacitor plates spaced
correctly, it ,,;11 be found that the 144-148-me
band coven; approximately 180 degrees. If the
band...prcad isn't wi de enough, the plates should
be forced a little farther apart until the desired
band...prcad is obtained. On this Handie Talkie
the capacitor tunes from 143.7 me to 148.8 me
over ISO degrees of rotat ion. Once calibration is
achieved slight variat ions in frequency can be
effected by adjusting the coupling capacitor to
the antenna. The dial plate is now marked with
t he actual frequency in megacycles, shellacked
and glued in place.
I n addition to t he Lecher wires the writer em ploycd u Ferris signnl generator to check calibrat ion. T he signa l gene rator cannot be used unless
th e approximate freq uency is already ascertained
(see page 481

,,

. Calibrating the Handy Telkle

Several methods cnn be used to calibrate a
144 mc transceiver. T he procedure described
here employs a combination of Lecher wi res and
signal generator, although Lecher wires can be
used alone wit h fai rly good results. In either case
the Lecher wires are used first to determine the
approximate frequ ency. Since it is almo... t impossible to couple Lecher wires to a telescopic
antenna, it is necessary to have a second transmitter adjusted t o the 144-mc band. In this case
an MRT.J transceiver was used wi t h the coil cut
down to tunc the IH -me region. T he :lIRT ~3
was first adjusted to 146 mc by means of the
Lecher wires. This is represented by a distance of
40.!1" on the Lecher wires. T he Handle T alk ie is
then tuned to pick up the 146-mc signal from t he
IIl RT ~3 (or any other IH-me oscillator),
By spreading: or compressi ng: t he tu rns in t he

Januory,1946

Fig. 9 . (l~ft) R~ar vi~w shows Ihe carrying strap and the
send-reeelve switch. Fig_ 10. (right) The compl.t~ rig,
with .nt~nn. coll.ps~d, is t~n inches high-.bout th~
slz~ of a "F,~nch 'phon~"

11

,
Tin: Y..... cu un TL"1J E , one of the most
widely used com ponents in the radio, power
a nd elect ronic fields is the indicating meter.
In JOost cases, newcomers to t he field of radio
learn the usc of meters long before their operating
principles nrc understood. A discussion of the
fun ctions and ca pabilit ies of these instruments
will Iced to more intelligent a pplicat ions in pract ical work. Wi der use of a single instrument will
be outlined , as well as design and com ponent
fabrication for 8 number of simple multi-meter
circuits. Those connected wi th radio-electronic
work come in contact with many different types
of meters. Illust ration Fi g. 1 shows how basic
types arc a pplied to a multiplicity of measurements. Some of t hese instruments will funct ion
in both alternat ing and direct -current circuits.
Others are suita ble for 8 .C. or d.c. only . One basic
meter movement may be used Cor seve ral purposes-s-t he d ifference being in the external components, such as shunts, multipliers, rectifiers,
t hermocouples and t ransfo rm ers.

Jo; XT TO

The D-C Vane Meter

This type of meter is not very accurate but it

serves satisfacto rily in some requirements. The
d-e vane met er em ploys a permanent magnet. It

RICHARD E. NEBEL, W2DBQ-WLNB

is therefore polarized, and will indicate only

when current flows through it in one di rection,
limiting its utility to direct current. The pointer
(Fig.!?) is attached to a small, elliptical iron vane.
The va ne aligns itself with t he magnetic flux be...
t ween the poles of the magnet. Wh en no curre nt
flows through the coil the pointer is at zero on t he
scale. As current flows through the coil in t he
proper d irection, the fixed flux lines are d istorted
and revolve in a clock wise d irection due t o the

- DIRECT CU RRENT METERSO'ARSONVAL

TYPE

VA NE
TYPE

MILL I VOlT METERS

GALVANOME TERS

KN

MIL L IAMMETERS

MICRQAMMETERS

VQl.T METERS

AMMETERS

- DIRECT 6 ALTERNATI NG CURRENT METERS -

Fi g. 1. Th e femUy
tree

l,lIL Ll AMMETERS

AMM E TERS

MIL LI AMhI TERS

WATT
ME TERS

AMMETERS

VOLT METERS

POWER
FACTOR
METERS

REED
FR((J.JENCY
METERS

12

VOLT
loTERS

- ALTERNATlNG CUR RENT METERS -

IRON VAN[

'IOL TM TEllS

\l IL L I AI,IWETERS

meten .

Basic t y pes 01
india ting instrumenb

OYNAM'Ofr,lETER

SOLE NOlO

Tt1RuocouPL E

of

CAPACITY
METE RS

I
RCTlFIER

AMME TERS

VOLTMETERS

AMMETER S
(TR A~FOR "'ER)

M' LLl AMMETERS

co

UR

ETER

SHU NT SAND M U LTIP LI ERS MAKE A

SINGLE METER A VERSATILE INSTRUMENT

whether it is to be used as a volt meter or a mmeter. The meter may be const ructed so as to
SCr\'C both purposes, having t wo windings.
A
meter of t.he solenoid type, while not very eocurat e, is rugged a nd ,,';11 stand a great clenl of
abuse.
.. POINTER

VANE "'-

--

, ...- COIL

The A .( lron Vane Movemont

EXTERNAL
CONNECTION

Fig. 2. Direct-current vane..type meter

interaction of t he coil fl ux on t he fi xed field. Th e'

extent of th is distortion is depe ndent on the
strength of the coil field which in turn varies with
t he current flowing through it . T he pointer will
t herefore move upscale as current flows through
the coil, the degree of displacement dependi ng
directly upon the amount of current. The coil
may consist of many t urns (to obtain high impedance) if t he meter is applied as n voltmeter,
or of lew turns if used as an ammeter. This type
of meter is subject to considerable inaccuracy due
to the magnet becoming weak with age-or overloads.

The Solenoid Mete,

Radio men are familiar wit h the inexpensive
w etch-case mete r used for test ing bat teries, etc.
This meter is not polarized, 11S it contains no perma nent magnet, and is therefore suitable Ior
both a-c and d-e measurements. The principle or
operation is illustrated in Fig. S. As current
flows through the coil (solenoid ), the sort iron
vane i8 drawn in by magnetic attraction and the
pointer moves across the scale, the spiral spring
providing the restoring force . The number of
t urns and size of wire in t 11(' coil determine

Jonuo",. 1946

In e-o power work, where sensit ivity is lIut too

important b ut accurate readings a re required , the
alternating-current vane meter serves very well
(Pig. 4) . Two sort iron vanes are employed, ant'
stat ionary and the other attached to the pointer
shaft. As current passes t hrough the coil, the
vanes are magnetized, t he upper and lower ends
uf the two vanes always having the same polarit y, regardless of the direction of current flow.
As like poles repel, the moving vane is revolved on
the shaft carrying the pointer. The restoring
force is a spiral spring. A mechanical variation
of this syste m uses two soft iron concentric segments instead of t he flat vanes.

The D'Arsonvol Mete,

T he D'Arsonval movement is the most eo-

. , , _ - - - - _......J /SCAl

+
....- POINTER

...... COll
l RON ~ _.~ "
VANE

/
SPIRAL SPRING

EXTERNAL
CONNECTION

Fig. 3. Ihe sole Aoid mele, is used on both alt.,natint

cUITCnl .nd dhect cUITCnl r."ui

13

,
.. MAGNET

POl NTER /

POINl[R- " /

,SPRING

,,

BALANCE WEIGHTS
STATIONARY
,/
VANE

-'
MOVING _->-.;:..
VANE
r

5 ~:
EXTERNAL
CONNECTION

EXTERNAL
CONNECTION

<>-''''''

N
MOVING COIL ON
ALUMINUM FRAME

Fig. 4. Iron vanc meter for alternating current

ap plicallons

Fig. 5. The 0 'A non.... l meter is widely u'lployed in

d -e equipment

curate and sensitive of all types and is the meter

in widest service. As it employs a permanent
magnet for producing torque in the moving
element, it is polarized and can therefore be used
directly on d.c . However, a-c application is made
possible by use of thermo-couples and rectifiers.
The basic principle and parts of the D'Arsonval meter are shown in Pig. 5. Torque is produced
by the permanent magnet, acting on the field prod uced by current flowing through the moving
eoil. If t he current flows through t he coil in the
proper direction, the coil assembly, to which the
pointer is att ached, will move in a clockwise direction. The restoring force is cont ributed by
the two springs which also serve to cnrry t he
current t o t he moving coil. These springs must
be precisely fabricated and matched in order to
insure accuracy of t he instrument. It will be
noted t hat the pointer, attached to the moving
roil frame, will come to rest at a point where the
aetuating magnetic force is balanced or equalled
hy the opposing force of the springs. T herefore
t he pointer will move farther for a given current
if the springs are made weaker or if the magnetic force is made greater. T he latter is accomplished by using a st ronger magnet or increasing
t he number of t urns on the moving coil which
creates a more dense magnetic field by means of
increased ampere-turns. To say that t he pointer
moves farther for a given curre nt is to say t hat
the sensitivity is increased. Inasmuch as the
density of the fixed magneti c field is limited by
the size and design of the magnet, t he sensitivity
of ordinary panel-t ype meters is increased by
means of lighter springs and more t urns on t he
moving coil.
T he most popular of D'Arsonval meters is the
0- 1 milliammeter. Until recent years th is range
represented the peak of sensitivity within a
reasonable price range. Subsequent deve lopments, however, have brought more sensitive
micro-ammeters ...it hin the reach of all.

Meter Sensitivity
The sensitivity of indicat ing meters is designated by one 01 the following methods:
1. GA LVA NO~IETE RS: Current required
for deflection of one scale division, each division
usually being one millimeter in wi dth. A galvanometer may thus be rated as " one microampere per millimeter."
t. VOLT~IETER S : Ohms-per-volt-that is,
the number of ohms required in t he circuit per
volt of full scale range. T hus a 0-1 rna meter
when used as a voltmeter will have a sensit ivity
of 1000 ohms per volt. If the meter is to have a
full scale deflecti on of 100 volts, the total resistance in the circuit must be 100,000 ohms. It
"ill be noted that this will limit the current flowing: to 1 rna which is also the current required for
lull scale dcflection when 100 volts are a pplied.
s. 1IIILLIAM~IET EJl S : The milliamperes
necessary for full scale deflect ion. Note the above
mentioned millia mmeter, 0-1 rna. i. e.,
T he lower the sensitivity of a meter the more
power is drawn from the circuit in which it is
connected. Drawing power from a circuit changes
the constants to a degree dependi ng upon its
regulation. If the power consumed changes the
value being measu red, it is obvious that an errOJl(~ US reading \\;11 result. It can t hus be seen
that more and more sensitive indicating meters
have been sought in order to attain higher degrees of accuracy.
Motor Accuracy
Meter accuracy is usually specified as a percentage, such lIS 2% - this figure applying to
most of t he ordinary panel type meters in usc by
amateurs. I t should be noted t hat this percentage
applies to the full scale reading. For example, a
2% D'Arsonval meter reading (}- IOO vol ta will
be accurate withi n plus or minus 100 x .02 - 2
volts. At full scale this is of course 2% but at onehalf scale (50 volts) 2 volta equals 4%. At one-

CQ

tenth fnll seale (10 volta) the error can be 20%

and still meet t he manufacturer's guarantee. It
is not to be construed, however, t hat the meter
!CiUbe t his inaccurate ; but it is possible and therefore in order to obtain reliable measurements the
ranges of the meter should be such t ha t the readings will be well upscale. D 'Arson val meters arc
very delicate inst ru ments and should be accorded
the proper protecti on. Special meter fuses arc
available (" Littlcfusc") a nd should be used
wherever possible. As a guide to select ion of the
proper fuse, T able I is presented.
Meter Shunb
I t is often desired to increase t he range of a
milliammeter OT, in a "universal" test inst rument, one meter may be used on a number of
different ranges. T his is accomplished by means
of shunts, that is, fixed resistances connected directly across the meter. The calculation of these
shun t values is far marc sim ple than actually
producing the sh unt at the exact value arrived a t
by calculat ion. T he formula used in calculat ing
shunt values follows :

Ro -

Em
lr- 1m
where R. - resistance of shunt (in parallel wi t h
meter),Em is the voltage required to deflect meter
full scale, I r - full-scale current range desired,
and 1m is the full...calc current of the meter (E
a nd I in volts and amperes respectively).
In order to calculate E mit is necessary t hat the
internal resist ance of the meter be known innsmuch as E - I R . The internal resista nce of some
common meters is shown in T able I I .
As an exam ple, assume t hat a Jewell, Pattern
88,0-1 rna meter is to be used as a 0- 100 rna meter.
From T able I I the internal resistance is 30 ohms.
Em - .001 X 30 - .030 volts. It \\;11 be l\l~ted
that the meter is also, fundament all"." a Q-3O
millivolt meter.
TABLE I

R. _

.030

_ .303 ohms.

.100 - .00 1
As mentioned previously, it is far easier to
calculate the shunt value t han to produce the
shunt. T he best sh unts are made of low tem perat ure-coefficient alloy wires and calibrated on a
K elvin bridge. The following method , however,
is quite prnetical and will serve with sufficient
accuracy for general use.
Ordinary cotton or silk covered magnet wire
may be used, the required length being "fingerwound" and bound with t hread . A copper-wire
t able, found in any radio engineering textbook,
shows t he resistance of all sizes of cop per wire
per thousand feel. D ividing the value by 1000
gives the resistance per foot , and the desired
shu nt value is arrived at by linear measurement .
The largest size wire practical should be used for
greatest accuracy, t he bulk of the resulting shun t
limiting t he wire size. As an exam ple, 1000 feei
of 124 wire has resistance of 26.17 ohms. Oni
foot- .02617 ohm. A typicnl .12-<Jh m shunt rnaT
consist of .12/.02617 - 4.585 feet of 124 wire.
Shunts constructed by t his method can be only
approximately correct. For utmost precision the
shunt should be adjusted in comparison with a
meter of known accuracy. The leads from sh unt
to meter terminals must be considered as part
of the shu nt.
Multiplien
T o extend t he voltage range of low reading
milliammetcrs, multipliers are used in series with
t he meter. For highest accuracy wire-wound precision resistors are employed . If the application
does not warrant t his expense, carbon multipliers ca n he used. In this case it is necessary to
measure them on a brid ge. 'Yhen t he exact
ohmage is not available, lower values may be filed
until t he desired res istance is reached. If metallizcd resistors nre used t hey may be ma tched in

TABLE II

METER FUSE SELECT ION

MET ER RANGE
-MA

FUSE 'VAL VE
- AMPS,

APPROX, FUSE
RESISTANCE
- OHMS

MICRQAMMETERS

, / 200

' 00

0 -'

tl100

" 0

0- 1
0 - 10

0 - 10

Z5

0 -25 -0-15
0-15 - 0 -150
0 - 150 - 0 -250
0 -2 50 - 0 - 350
0- 350 - 0 - 500

t 1 32
1/t 6

'"" 4

'"

'"
' /4

0-500 - 0-15 0

0 - 1 50 - 0 -1000

t- v a

Jan.ary, 1946

INTERNAL METER RESISTANCE

I METERIN MA
RANGE
0 - .2

'0

0- .5

0 - 1

.,
,
,.,
.4

...

Z4

0 -

1.5

0-'
0

WESTON
MODEL 30 1
55 OHMS

"
'7

..

re

1Z

"1.'

0 -50

T R IPLET~1
MODEL 321

360 ""MS

0 -2 5

0 - 10

JEWEU
PATTERN 88

30

OHMS

".
"
ae
"
"

"
"s

15

O- U'A

.,

4 000 OHM 5

,I

' - :"

500 OHMS

,,
,,

,
I

L.

I .

c.- -- t--- - ---..1

L

,I

- - ~,/~V+~~- - - ------ - - j
" - LOW flANG E
StiUftT

!
,

METER -

I
t

-T_ _

UtI KN(>..... N
RES ISTANCE

Fig. 6 . (left) Bridge circuit showin, the operation of copper oxide recti Fler.
ohmmeter. Basic circuit

pairs to obtain the correct value. It is n("cC'SSaJ)'

to take into consideration the sensitivity of the
meter to determine t he wat tage of the resistors
required . F or example, a 12.1) ohm-per-volt meter
may be used for a ()-5(X)..volt range. The required
multiplier is 500 x 125 - 62,500 ohms H.~
volts is applied to the meter-resistor combi netion to cause it to read full seale, the power that
mu st be dissipated in the multi plier i~-

E'

Tllf'tf'f

16

i ~ fi.o;:.

follow:;;
OUMS
500
530
;,60
620
685

.II A
1.0

.9
.8

.,
.6

.a

769
870
1030

.I

1300
2000

.>

.-o

If the linear sea le 011 the metr-r is employed fur

n-o Ulea..s urements, capacity multipliers \\;11 80m't imcs provide JU{' ater accuracy. These multi pliers can be used only at the frequ ency for which
tl n-y a re cal culated, sueh as 60 cycles-the mulI iplicr ,"uIIlP hf'ing the eapnci tive ronctuncc of the

R.ctiB.n
I n order t o realize the advantages the highly
sensitive D' Arsonval meter in alternati ng current
measuremen ts, copper oxide rectifiers a rc used .
These units consist of small discs or squares of
copper with a thin coating of copper oxide
fonned on one face of each. These a rc put together in a full-wave circuit as illustrated in Fig"
6. The direction of current flow is unila teral , that
is, much more current \\;11 flo w from the copper
oxide to t he copper than vice versa. wlt h a .c.
applied as indicated, current flows t hrough the
meter in one direction only, and the D' Araonval
meter rnn now be em ployed as a measuring
instrument.

Fig. 7 . (right) Series type

As is the case with any type of rectifier, lilt'

unit has an in ternal resistance whi ch varies with
the current pnssin g t hrough it. This resistance
increases iD\'e ~IJ. wit h t he current; t herefore the
scale on the meter is cram ped at t he lower end.
The a pproxima te resist an ce of n rectifier lit
various currents In ('011 Jj('(ti on with a 0-1 DIU

5()()2

p-- -4 wa tts
R
62,500
- T o be entirely co rrect, the above mentioned
multiplier should be 62,500 ohms less the internal
H owever, on highresistance of the meter.
voltage ranges the meter resistance can be considered negligible and ignored .
In the above example it will be noted that the
power d issipated is 4 watts. These 4 wa tts must
be drawn from t he circuit under measurement and
will affect t hat circu it accord ingly. The influence
of the meter on the circuit may be estimated by
calculating the actual change in value due to
62,500 ohms bei ng connected in parallel with it.
It can be seen that the higher the sensitivity of
the meter the less effe ct it will have on the circuit
under measurement a nd therefore the meter will
indicate more truly t he actua l voltage across it "

-4 0 0 0 OHMS

N.W
5 0 0 OHUS

--SWI TC H

0- 1 UA .

UHKN OWN
RESISTANCE

Fig. 8. Oh ,"meter in a shunt circuit

CO

TYPE A CIRCUIT

Ai

R2

R3

' cc

+~

"

.~;".

sw,

M,

\D-~ o~

RS

!~2 '

R6

SW3

R'O R11
I

--<

..

o O ~ f1 ~O

o ,

R7

7 fI

R9

SW2

1111

RECT.

_ 4.SV.

--------------------------------------"
TEST LEADS
+
R8

0 ' ___ __
____1-_
.

-.,

SW3

COMPONENT PARTS FOR TYPE A CIRCUIT

RANGES
VOLTS - 0- 'to
0-50
"C.

SW3

SWI - PUSH - 8 Un ON SWITCH

Normally open.

0 -250
0-1000

3
4

D.C.
OHMS - 0-1000
0-10,000
0-100000

MA. - 0 - 1
0-10
D.C.
0-50
0-250

6
7
8
9

'0

II

SW2 - 3 P. D.T. TOGGLE SWITCH

SW3 - 2GANG. H POINT SHORTING
CONTACT ROTARY SWITCH.

Ri - 9970 OHMS
R2-40,OOO OHMS
R3-200,OOO OHMS

RS-150 OHM

w. W. POT.

( Z.... Ddj. )

R4-750.000 OHMS R7-SOO OHMS

RECT. - COPPER-OXIDE FULL-WAVE
RS - 4000 OHMS
~;rER RECTIFIER.
R8 - 45.5 OHMS
F - t iOO AMP. FUSE.
WESTON 301
JEWEll. 88
TRIPLETT 32.
R9
2.667 OHM S
2. 933 OHMS
'.4 ooMS
0
0
RtO
.587
.48
.533

0
.147
R11
. t2
. 13 3

FIG.9

M ulti-mdel circuit-type A

condenser. \Vhen using the same resistance

multipliers for both alte rnat ing and direct currents, t he accuracy on e.c. may be increased by
shunting t he resistors with condensers. Thus the
multipliers arc not changed in value on d-e
measurements but arc corrected when applying
alternating current, as the condensers become
TYPE B CIRCUIT
Rt

R2

R3

effective parallel shunts across the multipliers,

t hus redu cing t heir values to take into consideration the resistance of t he rectifier and the fac t
that the a-c reading on t he meter is average, not
r.m.s. Capacity effec ts bet ween the clements of
the reetifier also tend to make the reading low. It
is quite difficult to attain accuracy on e-o measure-

I' M'

"-

R;".

SWI

R9

..

RtO

Rt!

,..J

II1I

R8

rl

4.SV.
''
'
5
.,
7~. .,
,
.>r

z
.------------------------------------ --------

"
+
SW2

CT

D.C.

0-50

0-250
0-1000
OHMS - 0-500
0-1&,000
O- t
000
MA. - O- t
0-10
D. C.

a-so

0-250

0'

SW3

TEST LEADS

COM PONENT
VOLTS - O-tO

o, ~6 7
0 0
o
c e

R7

0 3

SW3

RANGES

R6

SW 3

,
s

8
9

'0
tt

PARTS FOR TYPE 8

CIRCUIT

SW t - PUSH-BUTTON SWITCH
Normally open.
SW 2 - S.P.S.T. TOGGLE SWITCH.
SW3 - 2- GANG. ii - POINT SHORTING
CONTACT ROTARY SWI TCH.
F - v.oo AMP. FUSE.

R8
R9
RIO
Rt!

WESTON 301
23 . 0
ooM$
0
..4
.48

0
t.

Rt - 9970 OHMS
R2 - 4 0,000 OHMS
R3 -200,0 00 OHMS
R4-750,OOO OHMS

JEWEll. 88
OHMS
20.0
0
2 .667
0
. 533
0
. t3 3

R5 -4000 OHUS
R6-750 OHM
W.W. POT.
( Zero ad j . )
R7- SOO OHMS

T RIPL ETT 321

ooM$
t7.0
2.933

.587
t4 7

FIG.l0
Type B multi-meta circui t SW-i is closed only when using o.500-0hm lange. Set meter for full scale as us_

Jonuary, 1946

17

,
ments in a multi-range circuit, especially on t he
low ranges, comparable with d-e readings. However errors are reduced to a great extent by use of
a n off-set e-o sca le and it is possible to obtain
fairly accurate a-c indications using the same
multiplier resistors for both n,c. and d .c. It
must be kept in mi nd tha t one must cornpromise in the design o f a multi-range ins trument
if it is not to be und uly complicated.

Ohmmeters
Two general types of ohmmeter circuits a re extensively used and are known as series and shunt.
T he basic series type circu it is sho wn in Fig. 7.
Here 4.5 volts are connected in series with 4,500
ohms which limits the current through the meter
to 1 ma. The resistance consists of 4,000 ohms
fixed and a 5OO-ohm rheosta t. T his permits adjustment as t he battery voltage drops off with
age and usc. When shorting t he t erminals, t he
rheost a t is ad justed 80 that the met er reads full
scale. A resist or connected between the terminals
will ca use lC'SS than 1 rna to flow in the circuit and

TYPE

caD

R3

R2

R'

CIRCUIT

the meter reading will therefore be lower than

full scale, depending upon the value of the resistor being measured. By simple mathematical
calculation a linear scale mny be calibrated in
ohms, but it is customary to usc a di rect reading
ohm scale as illust rated fa rther 0 11. This besic
circuit is suitab le for resist ance measurements bet ween a a nd 100,000 ohms.
As very low res istance values a rc difficult to
read wit h accuracy, it is possible to shunt the
meter circuit so as to ITU\ke t he total resistance of
the circuit less than 4;500 ohms. For exa mple, if
the total resista nce is reduced to 450 ohms the
ohmmeter range will be 0-10,000 ohms , utilizing
a multiplying factor of .1 on the original scale.
T h is is accomplished by means of a shunt of 500
ohms across t he meter and the 4,500 ohm resistance which is in series. Note that the current
thro ugh the met er when the t erminals arc sho rted
will still be 1 rna , bu t t he current through t he external circuit will now be 10 mn. If the meter
circuit is shunted to a total value of 45 ohms, the
ohmmeter range will he 0-1000 oh ms but t he

sw,

"" M '

.-:.:.

~+./

R4

R9

R10

RU

0 -' 81>000

0-

oj

000

- 0-"
0 -10

0 - 50
0 -250

RANGES
VOLTS - 0- 15

0-150
0-300
0-600
OHMS - 0 - tooo

o.c,

0 - i O,OOO

roo.ooo

- 0- t
0 - 15

0- 150
0-300

......
o o
o ,

'0
R~

O-iDOO
OHMS - 0 - "000

D.C.

R6

""
R7

0-

RANGES
VOLTS - 0- to
0 - 50
D.C.
0-250

MA.

R5

SW2 .

D.C.

[III

+.

'--

,
6
7

'0
t1

F - Ytoo AMP, FUSE.

R9
R'O
Rt1

WESTON 30'
2 .4
OHMS

.48
.,2

R5-4000 OHMS

JEWELL 88
2 . 6 67 OH MS

.5 33
. i33

COMPONENT PARTS FOR TY PE D CIRCUIT

SW2
Rt- t4,97O OHMS
$Wt - PUSH-BUTTON SWITCH
1
Normal l)' open.
RZ-t 35,OOO OHMS
2
R3 -t50.000 OHM S
SW2 - 2 -GANG. ii- POINT SHORTING
3
4
CONTACT ROTARY SWITCH.
R4 - 300,OOO OHMS

6
7
8

to

it

R5-4000 OHMS

F - Y i OO AMP. FUSE.

WESTON 301
R9

RiO
Rit

<0

SW2

COMPONENT PARTS FOR TYPE C CIRCUIT

SW2 SW t - PUSH-BUTTON SWITCH
Rot 9970 OHMS
Norma lly open.
R2 -40,000 OHMS
2
SW2 - 2-GANG. 11- POI NT SHORTING
R3- 200,OOO OHMS
3
CONTACT ROTARY SWITCH.
4
R4-150,OOO OHMS

~ 0

0 2

---- ---- - ----- -- -- TEST

--- -LEADS
---------- --- ---------

MA.

4.5 V.

1.7 3 5 OHMS
.097

.096

JEWELL 88
t. 9 29
t 0 7
.t 0 7

OHMS

RS - 750 OH M
W. W. POT.

(Zero adj.)
R7 - 500 OHMS
RB - 4 5. 5 OHMS

TRIPLETT 321
2.93 3 OHMS
.567

... 4 7

R6 - 750 OHM
W.W. POT.

( Zero adj.)
R7- 500 OHMS
RB- 4 5.5 OHMS

TRI PLETT 321

2 . t2 l OHMS

.ua
. ti 8

FIG.l1
Muhi-mC'tC'r circuit-typC's C and 0

18

co


OHMS

.....C D.C. YOLTS

MILLI....MPERES

()()

D.C. YOLTS- MILlI....MPERES

F ig. 12. Type A scale

F ig. 13. Type B scale

OHMS

OHMS

\\

, 00
,00

'0

~~~

6""

IS.
J.

\\
-

g
~

' 00
' 00

<0

D.C. YOLTS- MILlI....MPERES

<'.r.'li,

"'0

Fi g. 14. Type C sea Ie

~~
~

D.C. YOlTS-MILlIAMPERES

Fig. 15. Type 0 scale

Special scales for milliammeters. These are drawn to exact size: for sevcral models in general ""

current through the external circuit will be 100

rna. I t is therefore necessary to ascertain whether
the device being measured is able to stand this
high current without damage. The battery drain
is also very high.
If high current on low resistance measurementa cannot be tolerated, recourse may be
taken to the shunt ohmmeter circuit illustrated
in Fig. 8. The same resistors and meter are employed but the unknown resistor is shunted d irectly across the meter. The range of this circuit
January,1946

is 0-500 ohms and its main advantage is that only

I rna ftov..rs through the external circuit.
If it is desired to read values higher than
100,000 ohms the series circuit may be employed
with higher voltages. For example, with 4.1 vults
and 45,000 ohms in the circuit, the range will be
010 I megohm. With 450 volts and 450,000 ohm,
the range is increased to 10 megohms. Extended
ranges may be had without using high voltages
by employing a more sensitive meter. If a 100

('.. _43l
19

Slel f - Supporting

ANTENNA MAST

WILLIAM KESSLER,IWZECR

A PERMANENT SIXTY-FIVE-FOOT ALLSTEEL STRUCTURE FOR ROTARY BEAMS

,
I '.

Loolcing up-showing the crow', nest

and the rotary beam antenna. Guy"
ordinarily, ate not required

steel antenna mast at

' V2ECn is a permanent installation for ambitious amateurs. T he assistance of an accomplished welder and a contingent of helpful
hams is the primary requisite. The first considerat ion, even before planning, is to obtain their
co-operation. T his should he followed wi t h a
thoro ugh investigat ion of local zoning restrictions
to determine if laws exist pertaining to a mast
this size. T he 'wisdom of this move before erecting
the pole is obvious! If a building permit is required-obtain one. Coyer all the angles, because
this is an ambitious project representing considerahle effort.

HE

BIXTYYIVE- FOOT

mixt ure of rock and stone, approximately 30"

by 30" and seven Ieot deep. After the bnse sec-

Base Section
The tower is constructed of six sections of steel
channels, welded in pairs, and bolted one to
another. The base is embedded in a concrete
Th. IMse section 01 this antenna mast Is sel seven ' feet
deep in the concrete block

20

co

vas:"

(Right) Thi. i perm.nent Instl ll. tion. P.y off your

mortgage . nd obtain I building permit if necessary

tion is placed and plumbed with a spirit level, it

must be allowed to set for several days.
Straps arc bent under the channels and
welded at both ends. Eaeh strap is 2~" wide.
The base section channels are 7.!i" apart on their
inside face. Four feet of the base section remains
above ground, Set..,. fed. being buried in the rona ete. Raising the mast, section by section, will
require help, preferably experienced in the use of
a block and tackle. A winch is secured to the hase
seetion by means of large U bolts. A steel cable,
with a hook on the end, is threaded through a
heavy-duty eye-bolt and pulley on top of a 20
foot 4 x 4 (or larger) pole. The hook is then
fastened into a bolt hole on the seetion to be
raised . Hoisted to the proper level, it is secured
to the base (or seetion below) by eight %" bolts
Bud flat washers.

..

The Crow', Nest

All the sections are raised in the same manner,
including the crew's nest, which is constructed
and secured to the top section, 4 feet from the
top, while st ill on the ground. It is made of angle
iron , with a wooden floor 72" x 40". An opening
is cut for admittance. On the extreme top of the
mast, a steel plat. is bolted for mounting the
motor of a rotary beam. Steps to the crew's nest
are provided by the cross st ra ps. Climbing without a safety belt should not be attempted under
any circumstances.
Two plates 18" x 7" are welded to the base section , with turnbuckles placed in the eyes on the
plates. The plates at the top, for securing the
ou triggers, are bolted to t he last section. Crossarms are bolted to t he center seetion. No guy
wires are used in this installat ion, but they may
be added if desired. If used, it is important to
break them frequently with strain insulators.

STEEL REQUIRED
T op Seetion-2 5-ioch channels 15 ft.
2 6
"13 ft. 4 in.
jj

2 7
2 8
29
Base Section-2 12

II

II

II

II

II

13 ft. 4 in.
13 ft. 4 in.
13 ft. 4 in.
11 ft .

When fully assembled, the entire structure

should be given a eoat of red lead and a top coat
of aluminum. This design, or modifications of it,
will provide a mast capable of wit hstanding t he
severest physical punishment. I t is a permanent
installat ion, inasmuch as it would be impract ical,
if not impossible to salvage the base section. The
low per-foot price for all steel construction is a
feature of this antenna support.
January, 1946

(B.low) Detai l of the outr igger lower terminal and the

l II Joining of the bale and fl n t sections

(L~ft)

Cutaway view of right angle ddve which permib usc of Rcx ible shafti ng ercund sharp lurn.
(Right) Flex ible shafting p!ovided with " cranlc
handltt for rotatio n
(Lear l nc . photograph3)

FLEXI BLE
In Amateur

has come into its own during

t he war, and even wider usefulness is indicated
when peacetime production gets under way.

in manufactu ring the shafting so that its flexi-

For amateur work, and especially beginners,

the basic consideration of any remote control
system is that it docs not affect the design requirements of the apparatus (other than advantageously). To put t his another way, we
would not want to modify a good layout to include remote control. On the cont rary, our system should permit the exact opposite. we ca n
make excellent circuit layouts, impractical for
direct dri ve, entirely feasible with remote control.
A typical example would be t he coil and condense r circuit in a multi-stage transmitter. It is
good practice to place coils at right angles to
each other, to avoid interaction between their
fields . Often this proves impractical because the
condenser shaft must emerge from the face of the
panel. The simplest remote control device is

bility is correctly tight-neither too stiff nor too

soft. It must possess the proper deflection under

brought into play at this point, by the use of a

small flexible coupling, Commercial couplings

load, as well as the proper tensile strength and

elongat ion properties.

have long been available to the a mateur in

LE X1RLE SHAITISG

Commonly used before the war for tuning car

radios (and in t ransmitting power from motor to
a dentist 's drill), flexible shafting has many new
assignments. I n amateur radio, pre-war usc of
this versatile product W lU! largely limited to
short lengths of shafting in the form of flexible
couplings. It is particularly well suited (or ex-

perimcntnl work and unusua l ham station design. Increased usc of flexible shafting in the
amateur field seems assured.
F lexible shafting is usually made of many
strands of closely-wrapped wire wound in op-posite directions. The greatest care is exercised

Remote Control

Remote control of radio t ransmitters seems to

be a desideratum in amate ur design. This is
especially true when t he simplicity of certain
systems becomes apparent. It is unnecessary to
become involved in complicated cont rol circuits
to achieve flexibilit y of a high degree. The newcomer, as well as the more advanced amateur,
will fi nd several methods of achieving remote con-

trol especially desirable. Beca use of simplicity

and effectiveness, flexible shafting is the most obvious method of remote-controlling the rig.

!2

lengt hs u p to 12 inches.

T be possibility of ex-

tending t he control of a variable circuit becomes

intri guing, especially to anyo ne who has observed the superior performance obtained under
difficult conditions by flexible shaft ing.
While there is a definite limit t o the length of
flexible shafts (up to 50 feet when properly a p-

plied), t heir versatility in short lengths more

t han cover t he amateur requirements. Flexi ble
shafts arc used in many cases with fitt ings of
various designs attached to the ends and, in
most instances, 'wi t h flexible casings. For shafting in any length longer than a coupling, a case
may be required to supply t he necessary rigidi ty.

CO

SHAFTING

RIGS

LAWRENCE LeKASHMAN. WZIOP

Round-the-Corner Couplings Contribute to

Mechanical Convenience and Efficient Layouts
The sieo of this outside housing is dependent on
the diameter of the shaft. A typical combination
is .15" diameter shaft in a flexible casing with a
minimum inside diameter of . 17 inch .
.

Applications
The usc of flexible shaft ing in the amateur
radio station falls into t hree mai n fields:
1. Pouer Drives. T o transmit power between
points so located with respect to each other that
a solid shaft cannot be used, i.e., around comers,
at various angles, and in other cases where driving and driven elements are not aligned or must
be moved with respect to each other.
. Remote Controls . To operate parts which
must be: a-rot ated a fra ction of a t urn, or onc
or more complete turns; b--both rotated and
reciprocated.
3. Coupling. To t ransmit either power or control movement between parts located within the
confi nes of a piece of eq uipment , as distinguished
from the use of flexible shafts for transmitt ing

power or cont rol movement from 8 11 extem a

point.
The different cha racterist ics of flexible shafting are evident in a number of d esign details. T he
most import.ant of these considerations are t he
grade of wire, t he m ult iplicit y of layers, number
and size of wires in.each layer, degree of pit ch or
lead of wires, and t he wind ing tension . Desirable
characteristics have also been imparted to some
shafts by heat treatment after winding. For
amateur use, the particular type of shaft is not
too important, A diameter of arou nd .15" ,,;11
prove most easily handled.
. Flexible shaft is manufactured in long lengths
which are cut to use rs' requirements. Because of
the tension in the flexible shaft wires wh ich make
up the shaft ing, t he wires tend to unwind when
the shafting is cut . Consequently before cutting,
some method must be employed for securing the
wires at the points where cuts arc to be made.
w herever practicable, sha ft ing should be obtained at exact lengths, to avoid the need of cut-

Flexible shahins, casing, and fittinss necessary for remote control of two tuned circuits. The panel fccd-throush
Is not essential in most amateur applications
lL.ar. Inc. phol<Jgraphl

January. 1946

23

ting. It may he prefera ble 10 ICl\VC a shaft a little

long to avoid cutt ing.

Cabl. Cutting
Three methods of securing t he wire and cut ting
employed commercially are as follows :
1. Suaging. T he section where t he cut is to be
made , is compressed in a d ie. T he shaft ing is t hen
cut or sheared in the center of the swaged section .
T his method is particularly suited to quanti ty
production.
t . B razing. Wit h the point at which t he cut is
to be made as 11 center, a sect ion of the shafting
is brazed while clamped in a special fixture. The
shaft is then cut apart with an abrasive wheel.
s. Electric Arc. I n this method the shaft ing is
clamped in position on a special electric arc machine which fuses and cuts in one operat ion.
Fit tings arc attached to the ends of flexible
shafts by soldering or swaging. The former
met hod is used where the volume of shafting is
not large, as in the ham shack, because it can be
done without any special equipment such as
pre ce and dies. when attaching fittipgs by this
procedure, follow these suggestions:
The shaft should fit the hole in the fitting with
a minimum clearance, and both the hole and
shaft end must be thoroughly tinned. Use a noncorrosive soldering flux and remove the superfluity. Avoid excessive heat which may affect the
temper of the shaft wires.
Swagi ng, which is considered the more desirable method of attaching fitti ngs, requires the
usc of special machinery not ordinarily availab le
to the amateur. However, a local serviceman or
garage specializing in auto radios may be
equipped to swage end fi ttings on the shaft.
Swaging is accomplished by placing the fitting
over the end of the shaft and pressing together a
part of the common sect ion with press and dies.
In the home shop, cutting and fastening flexible
shaft is sim ple to handle if the proper preparations are made. The shafting must be secured in
a vise, several inches behind the desired cut. The
shaft ing should be t ightly bound with wire in
front and behind the intended cut. The excess
shaft is then cut oft with a hack saw.
T he next step is to tin thoroughly the fresh cut
section back about an inch or 80. The end fitt ing,
which must have the in terior t inned, is then
soldered to t he cut shaft . I t is very important
that a good solde ring job be done. The wire
binding placed on the shaft before cutting can
now be removed. This "ire merely serves as a
safety in case the vise grip should slip. (If a case
is to be used over the shaft it is important t o remember to adjust the case before soldering the
end fittings. If this is not done, it will be ncccssary to start all over again, since the case fi t is too
snug for the end fittings to pass through.)

24

Short lengths of Aexible shafting formed into Au ible

couplings are available commercially. Panel Ieedthrough bushings are also standard .cceuorie s
[Bud !Wdio Co. pho>graph)

The met hods of connecting flexible casings to

the housings of the control and controlled members, are as follows : 1. I nsert t he bare ends of t he
casing into holes drilled to receive them in t he
connected mem bers and fasten with set screws.
e. By means of fittings of various designs attached t o the ends of the casing. The first of
t hese methods is used t o some extent for control
applications but seldom on power drives. The
second arrangement is widely employed for all
purposes.

Attaching End Fitting.

End fittings can be attached to casings by
solde ring-the method commonly used on metallic casings. Both the hole and the end of the
casing must be thoroughly t inned with noncorrosive flux. Care should be taken to keep the
solder from flowing inside the casing . Too much
heat should also be avoided so as not to affect
the t em per of the casing.
Ot her methods, not particularly adaptable to
most umutt-ur wor k. include swaging. crimping
[see p r1 ge 4"1

--",
,

Gear mechanism proyided to reduce backlash when

[LJ' plwlnflraph )
tuning' with Aniblc ,hafting'

CO

THE
BEA

Loren Type ANI APN4 airborne recelver (left) end

ind icat",
[U. S . Nauy PhoIol

While Loran, Rada r and Racon have little direct bea ring on amateur rad io, they
farm an important branch in th e constantly e xpand ing fi e ld of ra dio, and affer
professiona l pos sibilities to the Rad io Amateu r who is in a te ch nically strategic
position to operate and service this equ ipment
ROBERT L. ROD. WZ KV Y

unnw

few years, wartime advances

in the science of electronics have further
simplified the art of navigation to the extent
where pessengcra debarking after long aerial
flights no longer marvel at the excellent adherencc to posted schedules. Flying across great
expanses of water has become a routine experience
mainly because the air crew is at all times fully
cognizant of its posit ion in space with res pect to
the carth below.
Wheneve r eithe r the sun or the stars are visible,
a navigator may resort to the centuries-old
technique of establishing a position "fix" by
noting either the elevation of the sun above the
horizon or the configuration of the celestial
bodies. Generally most navigators are confident
to d ispense with these arduous tasks, relying entirely upon dead-reckoning and electronic aids to
navigation for their position data.
Before taking off on a long flight, generally an
overwater operation, either the navigator or
the pilot prepares a "flight plan" which will indieate the magnetic headings it will be necessary to fly to achieve a desired "true course"
(projected on the surface of the earth below)
under known and predicted wind conditions
along the route. The wind, when determining its
effects, is treated as a vector quantity possessing
both magnitude and direction (measured from
true north in a clockwise direction).1f the wind direction along the entire planned route is uniform,
for example. and is such that it is a perpendicular
bisector of the bearing between two map points
listed in the flight plan, the heeding of the aircraft must be made into the wind in order to
achieve a true course. This vectorial problem is

THE PAST

Jen.... ry , 1946

solved in flight b)' means of a small circular

computer.
Once the wind problem is solved, the navigator
estimates "expected time of arrival" (ETA) at
prominent points along the route by determining
his ground speed and true course, and combining

these figures with the clocked elapsed flyi ng time

from a previously observed ground reference or
"check" point. The entire prob lem just described is known as navigati on by "dead-reckoning," and for nccurute flight visual (or radar)
fixes must be made on all available check points.
If the wind maintain ed the same velocity and
direction over an entire route , the use of check
poin ts and fixes would not be mandatory, but in
practice the wind shifts constantly.

R.dio R.nge System

On short o verland flights, the services of a
navigator are not required, and instead the pilot
determines his own navigation requirements

while re lying heavily upon the large network of

Radio Range stations for "directions." These
ranges consist in effect of two narrow overlapping
radio beams laid down on the assigned crosscountry Dring routes. A pilot, flying down the
overlapping equal-signal-strength line of the two
beams, audibly detects a continuous s-f note of
approximately 1,000 cycles in the headphones of
the range receiver. Deviations from this center
line, or course, produce the same Dote with varying amplitude which is being keyed either as the
M orse letters N or A, depending upon the direction of deviation from the course. Since these two
Mol'5C letters arecomplemenlary (- . and . -),
the center line representing equal signal strength
from each beam produces a steady note indicating
correct course. This system of navigation is accurate and requires little in the way of airborne

25

receiving equipment bu t it suffe rs from an inability to fix definitely the plane's position and
from some inaccuracies due to signals reflected
from natural ground objects of large areas.

R.dio Direction Finder

Most aircraft in commercial or military service
nre also equipped with a loop direction-finding receiver, or radio compass, which allows t he pilot
to obtain a direct bearing on any stat ion operati ng
within certain frequency ranges . T his type of installat ion is valuable as it permits a fix to be made
in flight by noting t he int ersection of the reciprocals of bearings made on two or more ground
stations.
Many large aircraft employ in addit ion a VHF
tra nsmitter-receiver installation for usc in obt aining landing instructions at the larger airports,
and in conjunction with this type of inst allation
a number of grou nd VHF Direction-Finding
(D-F) stat ions ha ve been established . A pilot desiring a position or fix may obtain t he necessary
information by "calling-down" to the nearest
ground inst allat ion for a D-F fix. after which he
leaves the VHF transmitter on (usually tone
modulated for this purpose) for several minutcs.
The available ground VHF D-F stations within
radio runge will t hen reverse the procedure described previously for tho airborne loop directionfinding receiver, and a fix of t he plane's position
in space will be radioed baek to the pilot. Two or
more D-F stat ions must be able t o monit or the
aircraft in order t o furn ish a fix. The system is advantageous as it offe rs an addit ional method of
establishing a posit ion. but as yet t he VHF D-F

Simultan eous pulses transmitted from two stations arrive

at the same instant at any point on the ce nter line. Thus
whe n the time difference Is ze ro, the ship is so mewhe re
on th e center line
IU. S. Nary P hoto}

26

":' <

, '

-''/

'i

\","-!.o.\..

/'

"

~ 't l

,. .

, '''
'.

\"

. -.--\

\
Application of Loran to piloting in entering a landlockod harbor
I U. S. Navy Ph% )

stations have not been installed for a complete

coverage throughout the count ry.
The radio navigational systems just described
have been supplemented ill many new installations by three wartim e developments, all of which
strive to sat isfy t he I" 'W concept of elect ronic
navigat ion which calls for quick fixi ng of position
with respect to tile ea rth without resorting to
spoken communicat ion (and if possible without
resorting to the usc of ground equipment) ,

The Lor.n System

The first to be described, an outgrowth of wartime research , is t he amazing and valuable
LORAN, the LOng RAnge Navigation system,
which distinguished itself in both t he maritime
and aerona utical services. The principles of
Loran may be described by noting Fig. 1, in
which two high-powered pulse t ransmitters are
shown several hundred miles a part on a coastline
at points a and b. For explanatory purposes,
assume both t ransmitters are emitt ing synchron ized pulses on t he same frequency in unison.
A receiver tuned to t he transmitters' frequency
will, when located at point P , t he perpendicula r
bisector of the theoretical line bet ween t he two
stations, receives both pulses simultaneously due
to equal r-f t ransit t imes.
If the receiver is moved from point P to point
A , t he pulse from stat ion a will arrive at the receiver a definit e number of microseconds (for example 263 microseconds) ahead of the pulse from
station b. A difference of 263 microseconds between receipt of these two pulses also exists anywhere along t he hyperbola A A' An (a hyperbola
being defined as a line of constant t ime difference) , Similarly, a hyperbola representing a
difference of 263 microseconds may be drawn
t hrough points B B' B", where aA _ bB. Therefore, a full,family of hyperbolas may be drawn
on a map of the area anywhere within radio range
of bot h st at ions for any desired differences in

co

t ra nsit times. A recei ver, which is ca pable of

measuring t his time difference between receipt
of the pulses, when located anyv vhere in t he area,
lIlay be established on eit her one or the other of
t wu " lines of position" (I ~OP ). I n practice, if both
transmitters were pulsed simultaneously the
ambiguity between un LOI? on hyperbola A A'
A", for exa mple, and hyperbola B B' R" would
prove confusing to t he operator who could not
determine his t rue LOP. This ambiguit y is rcsolved in pract ice by delaying the pulsed out pu t
of one of the t wo t ransmitters oyer the out put of
t he other by a fixed t ime considerably greater
than the r-f transit time between the two sta t ions.
The control st at ion is referred to as the
"master," while the stat ion delaying its pulse is
termed the " slave." In Fig . 1, we will la bel station a the master and b the slave. Therefore, with
3. sufficient delay time inserted between t he
pulsing of slave and master t ransmitters, the
pulse from station a will always arrive at a ny
receiver location within radio range of both ste tiona prior to the pulse from stat ion b. No ambiguity can now exist us to on which side of the
center line (dividing t he distance between st ations) the receiver is located .
Since a fix is a bisection of two or more LOPs,
t wo pairs of Loran t ransmitters must be used to
locate a receiver anywhere in space. In practice,
t wo or more Loran pairs give com plete coverage
in all service areas, and t he charts provided with
the receivers a re over-printed ma ps having the
hyperbola families for each pair colored for easy
ident ificat ion.
The Loran picture is completed with a description of the combinat ion receiver-indicator.

Both the airborne and shipborne versions of t he

Loran receiver-indicator utilize a modified A-Scan
sweep (usually on a S" C RT), us shown in Pig, 2a
in which the lower trace on t he CUT is in reality
a continuation of the upper trace "broken " in
ball, and displaced down and to the left for the
purpose of achieving u longer sweep without increasing the size of the cathode-ray tube itself.
A "pedestal" is fixed at t he left of the upper t ruce,
while a movable pedestal (adjusted by the 01>crator using two knobs, a " fine" and a "coarse"
adjuster respectively) is placed so us to slide
along the lower trace at will. The pulses from
the master and slave stations arc placed 011 these
traces for observation and time-difference unalysis. Synchronism between the pulse recurrence
frequency of the transmitter pai r and the indicator sweep, which is necessary in order to make
the received pulses stand still, is obtained by use
of a st andard-freq uency generator and a series
of counting-down multivi brators wit hin t he receiver-indicat or. A slight amount of deviation
from this synchronism is available to the Loran
operator who utili zes this Icaturo to move
effectively the mast er pulse (WI well as the sla ve
pulse) unt il the form er is placed atop the fixed
pedestal on the upper trace. In th is posit ion, the
slave pulse falls somewhere along t he lower trace.
The time, in microseconds, along the sweep
from t he leading edge of the mast er pulse to the
leading edge of t he slave pulse is the time difference between the a rrival of the pubes from stat ions a and b. I n order to measure this time
difference, t he receiver-indicat or electronically
measures not the actunl dista nce bet ween leading
edges of t he two pulses, but rat her the time in-

A ship or plane receiyins a pulse from one station

earlier than from the eth er is on the li ne of position
shown. The li ne of time difference is a hyperbola
around the nearer station
IU. S. Navy Photo)

Pos ition X is obtained by reeding on the ship's Loren

receiver the time difference of signels between mesler
stetion P and slave sta tion 0 , then the lime d ifference
for stetlons P and R
IU. S. NUIl1J Photo)

27

Jonuory,1946

- _ . _-

only t ho tops of t ho pedestals and t he mount" !

pulses. T his condition is illust rated in Fi g. 2b

where the operator ad justs t he "fine" control to

secure t he slave pulse at precisely the same rclath e position on the lower trace as t he master
pulse on the upper pedestal. T he operator
mat ches t he lead ing edges of both pulses by small
horizont al movements of the slave pulse along: the
lower trace. He further increases the alignment
accuracy by swit ching to a new presentat ion
wherein both traces are combined (Fi g. 2c) , and
where both pulses may be precisely aligned {or
leading-edge coincidence.
Since the slave and master pulses usually are
of different amplitude (and match ing the leading
edges becomes difficult under such cond itions).
a novel gain control and balancing system is incorporated into t he receiver-indicator which provides separate receiver gain control settings for
bot h pulses. In this final condition of alignment ,
t he pedestals arc spaced a distance from one
another, meas ured {rom leading edges, equal to
t he distance, again from leading edges, of the
slave pulse from the master pulse. To translate
this distance into t ime, t he operator switches
through another almost identica l set. of s weep
speeds in which the slave and master pu lses have
been omitted only to be replaced with marker
pulses interspersed by a series of t iming pips. By
merely counting up t he t iming pips between
marker pulses, t he operator is supplied with 8
numerical figure representing an LOP which may
be located on t he Loran chart. One of the hy perbolas will be labeled along it" length by a time
difference corresponding to the figure obtained by
the operator from the above procedure. I n most
inst unces interpolation between two hyperbolas
(la beled in "round" numbers) is necessary to
achieve accuracy.
To obtain t he desired fi x, the operator is requ ired to establish a second LOP by the select ion
of a second pair of Loran transmitters. Once this
rending is achieved it is combined with t he first

A"

B'

Fis. 1. High-po wered transmitten arc shown placed

several hundred miles apa rt on a coastline

terval along t he sweep between the two pedestals

when t he p ulses are correctly posit ioned atop the
ped estals,
Interpretation
When the correct pulses are atop their re-

spective pedestals (t he various system of time

delays are arranged so that the operator may
never place th e slave pulse atop the upper pedestal and secure t he master pulse on top of the
lower pedest al), the BWC<' pS arc expanded t o show

WASTE R PULSE

( MASTER PULSE

FIXEO

PEDESTAL

' GIlASS
OR RANllOM

/ NOISE

IIolAG1'O ART

""-',

AUG_,.r
AXIS

( ' WAG' NAR Y AXI S

, --

MASTER PULSE
, ,-

Jk

SLAVE PULSE

ALMOST AUGN EO

_ _ 'MOVABLE'
Jk

SLAVE

w cse

Fig. 2. (a) The master pulse is ecrrectlv placed atop the fixed pedestal, but the movable pedestal must be under
the slave/ulse before calibration can begin (b) Each sweep is in realitT. the top of pedestal (e) Both sweeps
combine . The individu al pu lse amp litudes may be controlled bV II be .ncing system to facilitate perfect .lignment of both the master and slave pulses

28

co

c -- - - - --

- -- -

Fis. 3. A PPI 'ocopc pholo

made from an airborne search
radar, sho wing the IOvthwcst
tip 0 Wal.. (B riJiah Official
Photo]

Lor to locate

the receiver in space . Loran pairs

arc identified to the opera tor by variations either
in frequency or pulse recurrence frequency. The
correct data for each pair is conveniently posted

search equipmcn ts for " observi ng' prom ine nt

la nd demarcations at ranges of up to a hu adred
miles or so. By com paring t he 'scope presenta-

on the Loran charts, and the receiver incor-

previously executed mosaics of a series of 'scope

pict ures mude over the sa me route at some pre-

porates simple switching features ennbli ng ra pid

swit ch from one pair to anot her. The enti re
Loran proced ure for obtaining a fix can he JX'rformed, after severa l hours t ra ining, in t wo 01'
three m inutes.
At the low frequencies now used in Lo ran work ,
the effect ive daytime range (of the usual ground
wave) is around 500 miles, WhCI"{'RS night skywave reflections increase the range t o approximately 1,000 miles. Corrections are indicated on
the Loran charts for readings obtained Irom skywave pulses, and skilled operators soon are able
to distingu ish bet ween ground waves and skywaves by the varying am plit udes of tbe pulses of
the laller type.
The charts used in conjunction with Loran , art'
rat her large, and due to the ext re me attention
that t his t ype of navigation requires, an addit ional member of an aircrew is necessary for operation. Loran is currently used for overwater
flying ,,;11. ground stations located along both
coasts . In its present state, Loran finds little use
for overland operations, where only simplified
navigational techniques and 8 small crew are
essential.

tion, on such a set 'with either terrain maps or

(... plUJe

41]

(COOING - 2 - SPACE-2)
\

0'"

Z70' f-+--+---,f-+ -:

/ '

' 00'

(COOING 2 -7
REMAI NI NG PULSES
ARE OUT OF RANGE)

\\
2O-MILE
RANGE
MARKER
CIRCLES

R.d.r Se.rch Systems

Shorter over-water fligh ts arc successfully
ut ilizing light weight a irborne centimeter radar

Fig. 4. Radio beacon (racon) signals as obterved on

PPI with . sweep length 01100 Miln

J.n""ry, 1946

29

HI

UTPUT

ITTER- RECEIVER

TRANS

PUTIING THE 616 TO WORK ON 144 MEGACYCLES

B. W. SOUTH WELL, W60J W

herein described
utilizes a 6LH oscillator and a 6C5 superregenerat ive detector. T he t ransmitter is
t uned wit h a scre w-driver adjusted trimmer in
t he tank circuit , which makes it a desirable fixedIrequeney rig, as the tendency for t he tuning
ca pacitor to cha nge capacity due to vi bration is
praetieally nil.
Circuit dingrum Fig. 1, outlines the complete
t ra n-m ittcr-reeeiver. Coils L 1 and L" may have

il E

T IL'S8 "IITTEIt-IU;CEI \'ER

to be pulled apart to hit the 14-l-148-megacycle

band . All r-f leads should be as short as possible,

and components rigidly mounted for better
stability.

Circuit Detail.
The 3-polc double-throw switch, in the transmit position connects the 6C5-6F6 tube combination (as a two-etege speech amplifier) to the GW
[see page S9]

6L6

6C5

,,...

O'

so.ooo

0'''"

.....-

IIII

4 .SV.

,,,
,

1500
~

500.000
0 """

""'"'

0 .1

"'d.

f O Wfd.
~

B'

2SOV.

Fi,. 1. Wirin, die,rem of the troln.mltter.Jeceivef. Indueton ere oil follow.:

LI, L..-3 tum. 114 enemel %" die. 1 1/.&" lon,
L" La-2 tum. insulated hookup wire eround centen of L I and L..

RfC-Se. fig. 3

T1- 3-wind in, mid,et IUdio transformer

30

CO

------

- - - - - --

I
RADIO AMATEUR'S
WORKSHEET
No.8.

POTENTIOMETERS; MULTI-PHASE COMM UNICATION

POTENTIOMETERS
s Fig. 1 I S REP RESE XTE U a poten t iometer and

its characterist ic impedance looking into the

input terminals. Let X re present percent of
total movement of the slider from the minimum
position and Z the resistance at any setting. or
course t he rheostat or potentiometer might have
had a tapered characterist ic as well as a linear
one.
Presume a fixed resistor of value K to be
shunted from the slider of the pot entiometer to
either end terminal . T his if' illustrat ed in Fig. t .

wOO.----,c--,.-,.--r--:

~ t---+--t-+---,,z/.--

Iii

&0

60

:>

4Q' - -I- -/ '-+ - + -j

:0

V
r-

.. 20

:V

V
'- -+- -j

IV

20

40

60

BO

. 00

x - POSITION OF SLIDER AS
'.C OF_TOTAL TRAVEL
Fig ure, 1

' Vhen tw o resistors an- connected in multiple (or

parallel) the effect ive resist ance of t he combinati on is equal t o their product divided by their
sum. Whence for the condition of F 1'g, 2 :

li.IIX
Z - li. + /IX
Su bst itu t ing:
II

A -j;'
Yields :

) li.
Z - ( 1 +AX
Ali.

I t is immediately evident t hat the ratio of the

variable to the fixed resistor determines the shape
of the cha racteristic curve. Likewise it is evident
that t he value of the fixed resistor for large values
of A determines the total resistance Z . If a maximum value for Z of 1000 ohms is desired, t hen by
substitut ion in the above formula we can find K .
F or a characterist ic such as that for A - 10, we

tj
~ 100

;;;80

VI

'"'

60

~ 4Q

:0

./

"20

....-..
.-.
"

000

RX

,,/

x-

20 40 60 eo tOO
POSITlON OF SUDER AS
" OF TOTAL TRAVEL

Figura 2

find li. - 1100 ohms. Obviously this arrangement might he used with a. tapered variable potentlomctcr to modify the degree of taper. The
degree of modification of the taper call be ({(.termined by multiplying the appropriate values of
the setting of the tapered potentiometer by the
approximate ordinate of Fig , 2. For th is purpose
t he appropriate absc issa of Fig , should be ro nsidercd us percentage of total resist an ce rather
th1111 percentage of slider travel. Such combinations of resistance arc frequently used to cha nge
compensations in radio receivers and phonographs.
MULTI-PHASE COMMUNICATION

in the technical press of

the past few years several references to mult iple phase communication-parti cularly
t hree-phase broadcasting.
In these systems
modulati on was accomplished by varying t he
phase of one component in a three-phase circuit.
An outstanding advantage of this type of modulati on was improved efficiency which is of considerable importance m high-power broadcasting where the power bill is an importa nt item
of operating cost . Three-phase modulation was

HE RE lIAVE A PPEARED

..

e, (f si" wt
...... . - E 5j"W't

T ',- E, ",(wt+ ~ )
Figure 3

"

Janua ry, 1946

31

. (w/ +3"
ir)
. (wt - s2r)
e5 - E sm
e. - It stn

Figule 4

This is shown vectorally in Fig. 6. It is signifieant t hat if the t hree voltages of Fig. 6 are
added vectorially, the result will be zero. Therenever generally adapted because of the complication of the circuits involved, but this objection
may in t ime be removed; hence we may hear
more of this type of communication in the future.
It is worthwhile to investigate briefly some of the
better known principles of three-phase communication .
If a voltage e - E Bin wt is impressed across
an impedance consisting of a resist ance and a
capacitance in series, the voltage across each

"

"

,,,

"

RESULTANT

~
"

RSULTANT - .

Figule 7

'.
'5

"
Fig ule 5

component of the impedance will differ in phase

by ... Ie radians. This of course assumes zero
power loss in the capacitor and no distributed
capacitance in t he resistor. If, as in Fi g. 31

R -we

t he t wo voltages will be equal in magnit ude.

..

'.

fore if these voltages had been applied to identical transmitting antennas locat ed at the same
spot, t he resultant radiated field would also be
zero. If, however, t he phase of one voltage is
changed t hey no longer add up to zero and a
definite field would result. T he greater the
change in phase of the one vector the greater t he
radiated field. Consequently, if the amplitude
of a modulating voltage could be made to control
the phase of one vector, then t he magnitude of
the radiated field will be proportional to t he magnitude of t he modulating voltage. This is the
basic principle of t hree-phase broad casting somr-what simplified . A future worksheet will deal ill
more det ail with this type of broadcasting.
How changing the phase of one voltage produces a resultan t vector, the magnitude of which
is dependent on the phase excursion, is shown in
Fig. 7, while Fig. 8 illustrates some simple types
of t hree-phase fil ter circuits. One fil ter is of the
high-pass va riety t another of the low-pass type
and t he t hird is a band-pass filter.

-I
"
If the t wo quadrature voltages t hus produced

are applied to a Scott connected t ransformer,

three voltages differing in phase by r IS rad ians
will result. The t ransformation ratios of the
Scott connected transformer will be

I_

"-1---rlI'W-

-II-If----<~.I_

VSI
if equal three-phase voltages are to result. A
Scott connected transformer is shown in Fig. 4.
How t he circuits of Fi gs. 3 and 4 may be combined in a simple two-tube single-stage amplifie r,
or in a four-tube t wo-stage amplifier is shown in
Fig. 5. The three equal output voltages would
bear the following relat ions :
63 - E sin wt

32

'000

--il-;::r::;-- i r' ...... 000'

Figule 8

co

N.U. SAV-A-SHAFT
Volume Controls

,~.

o
Two sim p le operation s g ive you
eight big advantages
1. Cut ahah off old conl.ol
2. Insert .I,,;.h in buaMng of new Sav __ .h.aft
conttol
No ..tock p.obl....

Try Sav-a-Sbaf an d see for yo urself how much

easier the)" are to install. Leam about their
velvety smooth operation, quietness, long life.
Note the convenience and profit in handling
practically all replacements with only 10 t)'pn .
O rder an assortment today fro m your N . U.
D istrib utor. Pro mpt delivery assured.

No "910c.m ' h.udach..

EliminOI.. .hah and "iI:.

C1 nd

knob fhri""lll

poblem.
A.ny .tandard ..hoft adaptable to theM (0"",01,

Eoeh control campi... with Switch (tow rtch . . .

.,.Dt. .

only when lug i . ,.,_Md j

Easil.,. i" " o lI_

in tho hordto-g"_t dw..ai"

All m idg. . .in for s impl icity

Givn you lopped control. wh _ _ .......d

NATIONAL UN ION RAD IO CORPORAT ION

January, 1946

33

1,

CALLS

LOGGED

STEPHENVIL~~l

NEWFOUNDLAND-

w210PNO

B~trT~RIiE
III

" easil,T
,

I .'

,I

1' 1

~o II 0111 ~~. r :l

W it h a Mallory Portable Batte ry Charger it's a cinch

10 charge baueries in ve hicles, laboratories or etal io ns. JUlIl plug the DC cord in to the co n ve n ien t
d ash rece pt acle and pl ug the AC co rd i nto t h e nea rest
out iet -c-that' s all t here ill to it!

TYPE 107

Th e j umbo /'ob for ~u i cker charging. Initia cha rging rate: 10

amperes taperi n g to 7 amperes
as th e battery build.. ti p. Size :
9 W ' high , 6 1. " wide. 5 ~i " deep.
Weight. on ly 11 pounds.

28 me-Noy, 16th 1945

AS.

W~AJI ,

W~ GFE ,

W~GIY ,

W~HIL ,

W4NY , \HDWZ , WOADV, W6Ql\C , WSSTZ,

W4GCA /O, WOARI , WOOIl, WODIB, WODDN,
WODJ U, WOFBI / O, WOFOl , W9FIJ , WooRV,
WOIlAQ,
WOKFQ / O, W9LF, W9LKL/9,
W9LKR, WOLTR, WONKl\, W9:\IHJ, W90KR,
W9Q:\IN, WOSQIl, WOVLS and W9WZO.
AI . Vr>4R O, W6BXL/ 6, WSSEY / S, W9LR19
and WOMQT.
Nev. 17th 1945
AS. W4lIIL, W4IDW / 4, WMAT, W5ESV,
W6CHE, W6AOE, W6l\IBD, W6WN, W6PVD,
WSE1\lD,
WSBCJ /S,
WSLFE,
WSSTZ,
WSII01\I /O, WOLF, W9II'O/O, WOEDR /O,
WOAI / 9, WOIILW, WO:\IRJ, WOCCW, W9LIn,
W911B!, WOKLC , W9LRI, WOOZZ, W9:\IJl1\I,
W9 ESO /0,
WOIlWF, WOQUV, WOl\IVZ,
WOVRP, WOKKT, WOBLL, WOFST, WOIlAQ,
WOCVU and W9I AW.
AI. W4BXI', W6AN:\I /~, W6NLI, WOAKQ,
WOJNX, W6F1\IIl, W7BYP and VEtEl'.
Full details may be obtained by dropping a
line to CQ Magazine, CALLS LOGGED dept.

- SHORTSTYPE 5535 B
J\.f ellor y'''. 111 ed i II II I-!' i zed c h ~ rr ~r

T ype 55.\5 B.

h a .~

a n init ial

ch a rj!;ill'; ra te of 6 a rnI"' res,

taperi ng to 4 as th e batt ery, builds

111)' Sill": 7W ' high ,

4 ~ " llttp, \\'cif(hl ,
pounds .

4~

.....

(l n l)

ide.
734

TYPE 3C
~I a ll ll n ' "
B....
i ll

"It;

Ty pe 3C

Hatt ery

th e smalle.. 1 of the
famil y, wit h a cha rging rate o f -l
aml't'res initial, taperin g to 2
amJ't'rt~. S rze : 6" hi
.IJ?: h . 3 1"."' ' '
wille'. 3~ " dee p. We i~ h t : 4 ~
pound.. .

Mallory Baltt"ry Ch llq:::t"r are available from ~" our

au thorind .\ fa lln n lJi"'lributo r. See him for d etail ..
ah"ut lli t" ('o lll 1'It" It" .\ f allo ry line.

P. R. MAL LO RY & CO., Inc.

INDIANAPOLIS 6

INDIA NA

Wat ch your IG-meter rig! Im pro perly adjusted, the 28-megaeycle transmitter puts out a
niee signal on 20 meters which is not yet open (or
Twenty-meter "QSL'S"
amateur operation.
have already been received from FCC monitori n ~ stat ions! If there is no neighboring amateur
to co-operate, move your receiver a few miles
away for a check on doubler power getting
t hrough to t he a nten na.

_. . .

NEW " LIGH THO USE" TUBE

E itel -~ lcCu llough, Inc., of San Brun o, California, announce the 3X lOOAll/2Cag t ransmitting tube. T he t ube is a miniature externa l
anode t riode, of the " light house" variet y, and
o ffers except ional performance in a pplications requiring up to 25 watts of power at frequencies to
above 500 megacycles , Its rugged construction,
unusually high transconductance and 100 watts
of plate dissipation ma ke it useful over a very
wide range of frequencies, either in fixed or
mobile equipment. It has an indirectly heated
cathode with a 6.3 volt heater. The overall
height is 2 ~ inches and the diameter is 1X
inehe.'!.-GQ, J an. 1946.
-

34

_ .-

' "

_ .-

co

Job bers lo ld us, even before the fi rs '

" VO M A X" had been shipped , that

"VllMAX"

its unmatched specificc tio ns had insta nlly es ta b lis hed it o s the sta nd ard of

Measures EVERY Voltage

c ompar iso n

am on g

thei r

cl ients.

It s

ha s be en p urcha sed b y the milita ry ,

unive rsitie s, atom ic bomb resea rch lcb oeo to rie s, great industrial o rga ni za tions
a nd b y th o usand s 01 wide a wa ke
service techn icians.

1 . Brand new POll-war desig n . . . positively not a

"wormed .ever" cre -w e- model.
2 . Mor ~ '''on an "electronic" volt met e r, VOMA X is a
trlle va cuum tllbe voltmeter in every voltage / resistance/db. Iuncncn .
3. Complete visual sig nal tra cing fro m 20 cycles t"rough
over 100 megacycles b y wi thd rowoble d. d .cde
probe .
... 3 t"roug" 1200 volts d c . full scale in 6 ranges 0 1 S1.
and in 6 added ranges 10 3000 volts 0 1 126 megohms
inpu t resrstcnce . Plus minus polar ity reversing sw ireh .
S. 31hrough 1200 volts c.c . full sca le In 6 ranges 01 hones'
ttffeCl,ve CHCU II load ing 01 66 mego"ms and 8 mmld .
6 . 0 .2 t"roug" 2000 megohms in soc easily read ranges .
1 . - 10 throug" + SO db. (0 db .
1 mw . in 600 ohms)
in 3 ranges .
8 , 1 .2 ma through 12 amperes full scale in 6 d c . ranges .
9 . Abso lutely stcble cne zero ad justment sets a ll
I..:.nges. No probe shorlmg to set a mean ingless zero
w " ic" S" lftS as soon cs crcbes are separated . Gild
current errors completely e lim inated .
.10. Honest, factual accuracy : 3% o n d .c., :l:: 5% on a e j
2O V'l throuoh 100 megocvc!e1 ; ~ 2 % of lull scc te ,
1% of IndIcated resutcece vc lce .
11 . Only five cclcr -d.Herenncted scotes on 4 5 ., " OAnon .
vol meter for 51 ranoes ( Including d .c . volts pOlarity
reversal) eliminate confu~lon .
12. Meier 100% protected aga inst overload burnout on
volh/ohms /db
13. Substantial leather carrying handle . Size only 12 ~ 8" x

D esig ne d lor precis ion laboratory use ,

tremendo us sa le s en able us to still keep

Senel postco,eI 10' I,ee catalog 01 meos!',ement

and communication equipment.

o utsta nd ing superiori ty is its complete n e ss.

" V O M A X" ma k e s you mo ste r

. . . no lo ng e r v i ct i m . . . by at la st

g iving y o u th e a b il ity to mea sure d irectl y

a c cu ratel y

. . e very o pera ti ng

- anc/ signal- vo lta g e in rad io re ce ive rs.

N ot only d oes " VOM A X" measure
eyery vo lta g e . .. d .c., a .c., 0 .1., c .v.c. ,
limite r, d isc rim inat or, p ower output , W ith
i l you can 01 lo st mea sure r.I. signal
vo ltag e s up b e yond 100 me so in a ctua l
receive r o pe ra tion! H ere is true visu al

dynam ic sig nal trac ing .

Read the b rie fed specifica tions at th e

right and you 'll see why " V O M A X"

::I

e-

H ""xS }ij".

" V O M A X" price well below O PA

ce iling . " V O M A X " measures every
voltage d irectly _ . . ma kes you th e
maste r . .. for oo ly $5 9 .8 5 .

J.nu.ry, 1946

O VER 14 YEA IlS O F RADIO ENG INEE RI NG AC H1EVEtr.4ENT

"..

.....

../FIr
Co . ... ' CtlCVf

35

"1
STANCOR BROCHURE

" Engineering a Transformer"

by Stancor
covens lamination size, grade, gauge and mag.
net ic performance; wi re size, type and gauge;
winding design ; transformer-reactor physical and
elect rical aspects; electrical-mechanical considerstioll,' of core laminations ; impregnation, assem-

Gn tt.1 Electric CrystAls

Manu'actur~d to U. S.

N.... y

Toler.nces .nd Specifications. Vacuum Sealed to

Insure Minimum Frtqu~ncy Drift.

Available in the following Frequencies.

2500 KG
5300 KG
2604 KG
6200 KG
3500 KG
f>835 KG
4000 KC
7000 KG
4600 KG
SOOO KC
9100 KG

$1.00eech.

ECLIPSE - PIONEER
DYNAMOTERS

'Elul
II

hling a nd cnsing ; po t ting 3 1111 sealing. ThOBe wishiug to delve deeper into the theoretical a nd engincering principles of t ransformer construct ion
and design will find a highly-informative 40-page
tech nical section . Engineers and technicians will
appreciate the clear-cut information of this section, invaluable in the a ppro ximat ion of t ransforme r or reactor final design.---eQ, Jan. 1946.

...

- .-

MYKROY BULLETIN

D . E. Replogle, fou nder a nd President of

Electronic Mecha nics I nc., manufacturers of
l\I ykroy , glass-bonded mica ceramic, pioneered
in the tw in fie lds of radio and electro nics . His
professional career started in 1916 when he
(I'( (~ t ('( 1 11 two-kilowatt wi reless sta t ion at Noor-

Oulpul

14 v,
3 a.
14 v,
5 a.
14 v,
8 a.
14 v. 6.2 a.
28 v. 3.1 a.
28 v.
4 a.
Av.i1.bl. now . t

Ell
220 v. .080
345 v. .135
425 v. .163
330 v. .170
330 v. .170
425 v. .163
$10.00 .

Write to Dept. (1

DAVID-ELLlS, INC.
64 Fulton Street
New York 7, N. Y.
36

D. E. R.plo.l.

co

ALL AMATEUR
TRANSMITTER CONTEST
Inaugurated by

WIN YOUR "DREAM TRANSMITTER" PLUS $1125

IN VICTORY BONDS WITH YOUR IDEA OF THE
"IDEAL HAM TRANSMITTER"
TWO FIRST PRIZES

TWO EXTRA BOND PRIZES

Prins in eec h 01 two po we r class divisions

will be a compl ~t ~ ,adi o u.nsmiUer designed
by the winner, b ui lt by Taylor Tubes, Inc.
and pres ented to him with "II accessories
except a ntenna.

In addi tion to receivi ng com pl etely bu ill trans,.

mitten of their own d esign, the wi nners in each
pO WeT classdivi sion will divid e the total of $2 250
in V ictory Bonds vol unteered by the partici pa nt
ma nufacturers sponsoring the contest.

Here A re the H ighlights of the Contest

Entries must be postmarked on o r before February 15,
1946-the official contest closing dete. Trensmitter designs in either of two power classes m~y be entered.
Class 1-input power ~o the final transmitter stage up to
2~O watts. Class 2-Input power to the Final transmute r stage of fro m 251 to 1000 wetts. Contestant
must submit entry blank, full schemetlc d i" gram end
front penel draw ing, with sufficient d"t" necessary to
build his "Dream Trensmitter." Eech entry must be
eccompenled with a 150-250 word statement by the
contestant 4S to why he believes his transmitter design

is outstanding and shou ld w in. The prize winn ing

transmitters in eech power class will be built by the
engineering department of Taylor Tubes, Inc. and
presented to the winning contestants as soon as precticeble after all entries have been judged and the
. . d esi
I
d Th $
V
B d
wlnnl~g eSlgns se ected.
.e 1125 icto ry on
pr!ze In ~ach ~we r class will ~e present!d to the
winners Immediately after the winning d esigns have
been ermcunced. See the official entry blank for
complete pertlculers.

Participating Sponsors
Aerovox Corporation, New Bedford(...Mdss., American
Phenolic Corporation, Ch icago il L, Berker 8: Wi 11i4m
son, Up per Darb:r.c Pd., Bltlev Electric ce., Erie, Pa'r
G o thard MIg. Co., SpringField, ilL, lntematlcne

Resistance Co., Philadelphia, Pa., E. F. Johnson C c .,

Wasek4, M inn., Solar Mfg. C o rporettoo, New York,
N . Y., United Transformer Corporatio n, N ew York,
N. Y.

CONTEST JUDGES
Fred Schnell, W9UZ - Former Communiations Manas cr of A .R.R.L. and now Chief of Radio
Dept., G ia so Po lice} O liva Read W9ETI - Editor, Radio N ews} Cyrus T. Reed, W9AA Former Assistant Secretary of A .R.R.L., John Potts - Editor CO and Radio} Frank J . Hajek,
W9ECA - Prcsidcnl, Ta.yl_or Tubes, Inc., Rex Munscr, W9LIP - Sarcs MSt., Taylor Tubes,
Inc., Katl A . Kopch:ky, W9QEA - FOt'mcr Managing Editor, Radio N ews.

Secure Your Entry Blank at Your Radio Parts Distributor

or Write Directly to Taylor Tubes, Inc.

January, 1946

37

Books that
tel you how

vik, AI:LSku-a transmitter that is st ill perking!

Celebrating a decade of serv ice to the electronics
ind ustry, Electroni c Mechanics has published
several informative engineeri ng bulletins showing
the many uses in which Mykroy serves . Copies
can be secu red by writing to Electronic M echanica, Inc., 2GS2 Clifton Blvd ., C lift-on, i\ . .1.CQ. J an. 1946.

_..

, -

T he FCC announced Xovember 9th, 194t),

several minor modificat ions in its proposed plan
of freq uency allocations, only one of which affects
the a mateur. The a ma teur band of 114!")-1245
megacycles is shifted to 1215-1295 megacycles .
We lose 20 megacycles.

WHY

- .,. - . -

1. Introduction to Practical
Radio
By D. J. Tu<kw

SOS lor Literalure

T e Dches M/ b . sic principl ~ wlr h the clari tY a nd thoroUlt h neu needed for complete" m aste ry o f t hese esseo l ia ll. b p lains . U the neces sary ma t he-malia a t the point'
where it i. used. S how, in h undreds o f exam ples ho w
to a p p ly theory in the cons truction a nd o peration o f
radio p art1 a nd circuiu a nd in the solution of tY pi cal
n.olio p roblems. Wrinen b y t he c hief e ngi nee-r o f WRR,
KVP. KVPA, D allas. a nd o w ne r o f t he famouI b am .la
cion WSVU. La rl e print. M an y iII USfrations.
' 3. 00

2. Principles of Radio for

By Ralph Arh" ,to"
Operators

Ve ry clear, easyto-u nderstand C'J: p lana tions o f the oper DtlDg princi pl es of every parr o f radio, w it h f ull m arc-rial
on a ou,"n nas. Uses t he C'ffective instruction m ethods and
m aterials d evetcped for Navy Communiatioos and SiJC>
na l Corps traio lDlt. Teachn all fund _menra ls o f rhe
consrrucrioe, toervlong a nd operation of radio equif.'
menr, M uch p ractical reference da,a i n appendi:ll. N ear r
500 ilIultrauom.
$3.7 S

3. An Introduction to
By II. G. Hum."
Electronics

I
I
I

Com ing
~I orc dope on 28-mrgacycle rigs.

AL"O the

FREE EXAMINArlON COll IES

Wanled

Pleese fi ll my o rder for rhe book, checked by num .

bee below. w.irh rhe uDdenl&Dd.i':'4 that m,. bill will
be cancelled If I return rbem wltbin 7 da,...

I.

2.

3.

Si."d

A dd , . "

.
B

- . . . - .data you want on 20, 40 and 8O-the ABC'8 that

make QSO's out of CQ's !

I
I
I

The Radio C lub of New York is requesting

radio magazines for European amateurs, engineers
and technicians who have had no opportunity to
reud upon radio during the last five years and who
ure necessarily unaware of t he adva nces made in
this science. I n t hese bundles for E urope, t he
N YC club particu larly wants past numbers ofC Q,
QST, the H AN D BOOK, RADI O, RADIOC RAFr, R ADI O NEWS and data published by
tube and radio manufacturers. Arrangements a re
being made for distribution, and all publications
should be forwarded to Post Office Box 48,
Station C, New York 14, N Y-or if you lend this
copy of CQ and forget the QRA, just mail to C Q.
We'll do the rest.

A simple bur complete e:llrlanarion of the underlyio&

Ihcory, ~..irh d t'SCriptions 0 Ihe consrruction of the b a,
l ie erectrcet c devi ces a nd rheir Utc1l in IOUnd aod p icture rep rod uction. cc e ero r appararus, power aod mao y
crbee fields. lII us .
U .(.O

r------ -------- - - - - - - - - - - -~
I The M acmillan Company, 60 Fifth Ave., N . Y. II
I

The first post-war edit ion of t he amateu r call

book is sc hed uled for pu blication with the
"spring' copy, a vaila ble about t he first of March.
The price will be .. 1.50. we're crossing our
fi ngers for cross-indexing !

--------- ---------------- ---I

38

... - .-

C lub news and wha t gives at Hamfests, C<l

holds its pa ges open each month for photos.
personalities a nd da tes of future get-together .
R USTY HIGS features photos a nd description;
of old t ime shacks, but we st ill like to show our
rea ders how the 1946+ versions a re developing.
READERS ' LOG welcomes gripes as well ".'
bouq uets. As they My in the army (we' re st ill
technically at war), ZCF-we'll be seei ng you.

CQ

"

close to the ca pacitor and coil as possible.

Ra dio-frequency circuits are wi red with 114
solid copper win' .
lWl

HIGH OUTPUT
If rom page 801

The A-F End

oscillator, opens the lead to the receiver and connects II separate 4.!+volt C battery for the microphone. In the receive position, the switch connects the loudspeaker, opens the lead to the transmitter, and inputs the detector to one of the
primary windings of the transformer T I . The
6C5--6F6 stages now act as a t we-stage audio
amplifier. In the receive position, the 50,000 ohm
potentiometer provides a variable control of
plate voltage on the 6C5 detector. H iss level is
held down to a minimum, and maxi mum sonsit ivity is thus realized.
The receiver employs a t wo-plate variahie
tu ning capacitor, made by removing one stater
plate from a three-plate midget . T Us ~1II111 11
capacity provides better bandspread. The nC5,
tu ning capacitor and coil are mounted on It
vertical sub-panel made of bakelite or polystyrene, 2M " x 5" x 3/16" , mounted on the
chassis parallel to the front panel. (Fig. 2). The
t uning capacitor must he insulated from the
chassis and is tuned from the front panel with a
J{-inch diameter bakelite rod coupling: it to the
dial. The 6C5 should lx- mount ed horizontally,

The audio circuit offers no complicat ions. The

parts can be mounted in any convenient chassis
location and th is portion of the circuit is ....-i rcd
wi t h ordinary hook-up wire. The ground leads
often cause t rouble on 144 megacycles and should

2-PLATE
..... CONONSE.R

.000t

.- Mfd .

s'

c ....~_R(AR
OF6CS

.'\.

OCTAL

SOCKCT

Fo, mOte tho n yeo' o x C,y,Iol,

ho.e bee n oulomo locolly deep .
elehed by

n.w

p,oce.l. Both

the ",.thod o nd "'oe......' we,e

penee'ed by OX

E n~ '''' .'' 00

rho. oil OX Xlo l. cOn ho.e th

nt+.' de<;l,e. 01 lIob""y ond . ....
d....onc. necellO,., 10 won,,,,.

o""OllOn
Thin. Oboul OX f'rod",eu lor yo""
new , ee. ;.... ond lTon,mi,..,.

Janu ary , 1946

39

be located with care, as the out put may be in-

IMMIWIA1'I, IJELIJ 'EIO':

Signal Corps

TI';LI;m&A I-..

KI<;"

Genuine U. S. Sirnal Corpl lr.ey with .wild. t o d .-e COn'

lactlo. poIi.bed dur.ble enameled met.1 hue mounted
on a bahlit e b..e. I.e)' lever i- nid...,I-pla ted.' br....
..I.-ef .....Iactlo ; ~c"ed in new . ori,:i na J 00:"""&. Shippi...
wei.. ht, I lb.
10 for SII.00

SL29

creased by changing the length nf these lends.

A G,3-volt pilot lamp coupled with a 2-tum
loop, J+inch in diameter, made of insulated win',
serves as an r-f a nd modula tion indicator. The
lamp should increase in brilliancy when spea king
into t he microphone. The audio output is sufficient to operate a permanent magnet loudspeaker
which is mounted behind a wire-screen grill on
the side of the fr ont panel.
The antenna coupling loops, ~ and La, should
be self-supporting and rigidly m ounted. the r-f
cho kes, (Fi g. S) art' wound with 50 t urns of

Army- Navy Type

ilEA It 1-1I0NE S

BAKElITE
, ROO

Type HS-23

s.Ye up

70% on pnuine U. S.
Siena.! Co.... b_dpho-.. TheM
al. lhe bettet' $10.00 b-dpLone.
for only $2.95. L-ther-co_red
b-dbe.ncI. detachable rubber
eu...io.... li.. hl"~ eorult~
to

s:..i~~~

$2. 95

.. . . .
Plua S h l p pln t Ch_raN
tOn ier from your jobber or ,.,.ite dirtlCt

- - - - - - HOQK- UP ""~E -- - -
LEADS

Write lor our lIIus'r.f.J 'it.,.t.".

I turing .11 types 01 r.dio p.,ts.

FI,. 3. The r-l chokes-50 turns of #34 OSC closewound, single I.yer

DEPT. I\.

ARROW
2205 W. Division St.

RADIO

CO.

Chicago 211:, III.

HI, GANG!
To the ham who i. t.buildiJlS! now. Why
not let UI punch up your chassi., p.lnc:l"
abincb de 10 your own speciFic.tion,?
This i, " new service which we off.r to you
81 " teesceeble cost. Send in your "Specs"
fOf estim.te. Possibly you would like to
han your ris essembled eed wired by our
s.ns, either way our m.nul.during .nd enginnong divition has shown their qu.1i6cations In this work for the past four yean of
w.r service, in the produdion of communi.
cation end "dar equipment used by Out
.,rned forces. K.ep your eyet open
new products .nd ge'r which we will
Introduce 'rom time to time. 73 's

'Of

ELECTRONIC
SPECIALTIES MFG. CO.
Dj~aion-

40

Radio Eledronic Sal.. Co.

134 DSC wire on }i-inch diameter bakelite o r

lucite rods. H oles a re d rilled through the rods at
each end end a piece of bare hook-up wire insorted, bent over and soldered . The t wo ends of
the ra dio-freq uency wi nding should he soldered
to these leads so that the chokes can be mounted
solidly. Ohmite high-frequency r-f chokes, t ypl'
Z- l , may be used instead of the home-ma de
chokes if desired.
O perating Technique
I n the transmit posit ion, the 6L6 function!' hS
lU I ultra-audion circuit and is modulated by the
()C5-6F6 stages, connected as a class A, constant
current, I1cising type modulator. The coil I",.
should be tightly coupled to the plate tank L I , to
provide maximum power transference t o t he
antenna . On the othe r hand, La, is coupled just
tightly enough to enable the detector to su perregenerate over the ent ire band. The shield of the
6C5 detector should not be connected to ground ,
hut the rest of the tubes in the circuit have t heir
shields grounded.

Antenn.
The physical dimensions of the antenna offer
a n excellent o pport unit y for the construction of
effective directive systems. The range a t 144
megacycles is line-of-sight plus 10% , and a
vert ically polarized antenna results in better
signal st rength than one horizontally polari zed.
A vertically polarized antenna transmits a low

co

radiat ion angle wa ve pa rallel with the earth and

the signal is broadcast equally in all directions
from the antenna. At ultra-high frequencies.
tN:."CS, hills a nd buildings will reflect or attenuate
the transmitted wave often preventing recept ion
a t d istant points when the obstruct ions lie bet ween the transmitter and t he receiving stat ion.
M cnsuremcn t of frequency in t he .l-l l-mega'Cycle band may be det ermined by observing
st anding waves on a t wo-wire parallel transmission line or lecher wire system. At ultra-high
freq uencies, it is possible actually to measure the
wa velengths generated as described in standard
texts.

ow
Bud me t al
wall t q p e
.speaker cabinets
IVltlr ~U.?(lt;ot
tonal u.alltl(l~

ON THE BEAM
(from page fa]

vious date with the sa me type radar, the radar

operator is effec tively gu ided by a form of
pilotngc, regard less of weather cond itions. The
I)} )! (Plan Position Indica tor) is t he most suitable
cathode-ray tube presentation for airbo rne work,
as most prominent ground features show u p at
their relat ive positions with respect to the headinp; of the plane in a fai rly accurate projection.
Fig. !i is a typical PPI 'scope photograph. Slant
ra nge from plane to ground "targets" is measured
ns the d istance on t he P P I from the center of tube
to t he echo representing each target. Concent ric
range circles are applied by circuits within t he
radar to facilit ate slant range measu rements. The
most modern airborne PPIs automatically orient
the presentation so that true north, rather than
t he plane's heading, is at the top of t he 'scope
with the plane's heading being shown as a line at
the correct bearing measured from nort h. T his
more complex indication is most suited for bombing-through-ovcrcast and entails the usc of a more
complex radar than is normally required for
pilotage. Whllo discussing the newest equipment,
it may be ment ioncd t hat t he most modern
search a pparatus is now sim ple enough in operat ion to allow t he pilot himself to perform all
necessary adjustments. For daytime usc, the
PPI is shielded from random light by n long visor ;
. a t nigh t, wit h t he 'scope brilliance kept at a low,
t he pilot may orient himself without experiencing
impaired vision or "night blindness." I n addition
to being simple in operation, the newer equipmenu are lighter in weight one weighing slight ly
more t han one hundred pou nds complete with
antenna.

'0

Reproduction equol
the f inest wood
ho usin g s - 'hot is what yo u find in th e
n ew SUO metal wall-type speaker ca se s.
Now off.r.d after months of r e~earch and
testing by SUO eng inee rs. ,his new lin e of
wa ll.typ. speaker cas.s is truly outstond.
ing for its fidel ity of tone reproductio n.
Mod ern ity of d e ~ign and ea se of i n~ t ollo.
l ion a re other featu r.s which pla ce these
spea ker caus for ahead of a nyt hing on
th e marke t today. Mad e in ,in' 10 hou' e
4 " to 12" , pe o ke rs a va ilable for
immediate d elivery.

Chokes, Coils, a nd Condense rs

to mee t
you r needs
IUD molte ,

on OUhtCllnd ,ng line of chokes.

, oil, . ,and "." and olher rad io and elee.
Ironic po ,tl - e ng i ~ r.d a nd l elted fO'
l ..periol' FM, form an ce . . You ouur. yo un.elf of
th e lot. " d . velop ments in th. f i.ld whe n y ou
'fl., ify BUD. Get o,quoint.d by w rit in9 fol'
fr. e n ew 6O-page BUD catol09.

,ft.

Rada, B.acons
I n conjunction with ground radar beacons, or
racona, the search set becomes even more of a
dist inct aid to navigation. 1\1 08t a irborne search

January,1946

41

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I
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seta are equipped for beacon operation by the

throwing of a single switch. When on beacon operat ion, the r-f pulse width output of the airborne radar's transmitter is lengthened by several
m icroseconds while t he radar's receiver frequency
is shifted into what is known as the " beacon
band." Raeons, now located at many ai rports,
receive wit hin radio range, all search pulses from
airborne (and ahipborne} radars in the vicinity.
However they express interes t in only those
pulses (i.e. beacon pulses) t ha t have been
lengt hened by several microseconds.
Upon
receipt of a beacon interrogat ion pulse of the correct length , the raccn t ransmitter receives a
triggering pulse from its receiver and immediately emi ts a series of pulses in the beacon band .
In effect, the beacon interrogation pulse is detected, amplified and retransmitted almost instantaneously bac k to the radar by the action of
the racon . Whereas some earlier raco na replied
to each interrogat ion pulse by one pulse in retum, modem beacons reply to t he query by
transmitting a series of pulses (usually up t o a
maximum of five) in order to identify the particular racon being interrogated. COOing is accomplished by varying the number of reply
pulses as well as the spacing between the pulses.
Because t he start of t he PPI sweep of the airbo rne radar coincides wit h the transm ission of a
burst of r-f energy, both for search and beacon
operation, and since the racon repli, to a beacon
interrogation pulse with little or no internal time
lag, the recon'a output pulse arrives at t he radar
in the form of an amplified echo at an ind icated
PPI range equal to the slant distance between
radar and racon . On beacon operat ion the det uning of the radar receiver from the radar
t ransmitter's frequency impairs the normal search
functio n, and hence only beacon pulses (from
those racons within radio range) are visible on
the P P J. T h ese pulses however, will be displayed
on the PPI at positions corresponding to the locat ion of the various ground beacons with respect
to t he radar. Fig. -' shows the PPI of a r adar on
beacon operat ion with a racon reply at 300 -60
miles and another at 195 0 - 92 miles. The top of
t he 'scope, or zero degrees, is the heading of t he
plane in this case.
Racons have a useful range of nearly 200 miles
when aircraft are flyin g a t considerable height,
and they olTer the radar operator a signpost of
great value during those adverse moments when
the terrain below, as viewed through the radar, is
an unfamiliar ID.88S of bright and dark patches.
I n conjunction with Loran) the beacon-equipped
search radar tends to remove any doubts as to
the locat ion of a plane anywhere in space,doubts that are usually in the mind of a pilot
flying on luck and a prayer.

co

FLEXIBLE SHAFTING
(f rom pari<

t4J

find staking, and Tolling. (Special tools are f('qulred in most of these processes.)
A good craftsmen could handle the first procedurc, which consists of placing the fitting over
the end of the casing and pressing together the
common section between dies. A mandrel should
be inserted in the bore of the casing to prevent
distortion in the swaging operation.
Various adapters for flexible shafts arc available. While most of them are designed for special
applications, they can be used for similar purpOSCH within their size range. Typical of these
adapters arc those designed for close clearance
connections where space limitation does not permit a direct connection without bending the shaft
too sharply. T here is a T-type coupling which
pennits the branching of two shafts from onc,
and 80 on.
Direet eoupling between the shafting and controlled unit is not always satisfactory because of
torque. I n these cases it is necessary to install a
gear or gear-and-pinion arrangement. This can
be a simple 1:1 ratio gear, or if vernier tuning is
desired, a higher ratio of drive-to-driven.
T he applications of flexi ble shafting in amateur radio nrc many-fold. Some possible uses are
illustrated- but coun tless others will suggest
t hemselves, such as remote control, coupling,
unusual mcchanical designs, rotary antenna indicators, and even t urning small beams. \Vartime
surpluses and automo bile fittings will supply
sufficient quantities of shafting and accessories
until such t ime as t he special product is again
available commercially.

COMPONENTS
CERAMIC
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WIRE WOUND
RESISTORS
CHOKE COILS _

ELECTRICAL REACTANCE
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Get FIRST Dellv.ry Fro," Leo!

TRANSMITTER KITS

KNOW YOUR METER

(from P"9' 19 )

microampere meter is used, it will permit a 0 to

1 megohm range with only 4.5 volts of battery.

Thermocouple Mete rs
It is .not po ible to usc iron-vane, rectifier or
dynamometer instruments for the measurement
of radio-frequency currents. One of the early
types of r-f measuring devices was known as the
"hot-wire" ammeter. This consisted of an alloy
wire drawn taut between posts through which
the radio-frequency current was passed. A thread
was attached to the center of the wire, wound
around the pointer shaft and thence to a tension
spring. As r.f. flowed th rough the wire it became
hot and thus expanded, pennitting the tension
spring to take up the slack, thereby pulling the

January,1946

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~I
thread which in tum revolved the pointer shaft
causing the meter to indicate.
The modern and more efficient method of highfrequency current measu rement uses the thermocouple. The principle of operation is based on the
fact t hat if t wo dissimilar metals are joined a nd
the junct ure heated, a voltage will be developed
ucro..ss the metals, the value depending directly
upon the te mperat ure at t he bond . If the t wo
free ends are connected to a D' Arsonval meter,
an indication will be obtained which may be
calibrated in t erms of t he amount of heat in the
couple which is di rectly relat ed to t he t-i current.
Since the heat (power) is proportional to the current squared (12), the meter scale is not linear but
is crowded at the lower end. The met er is t herefore referred t o as a current-squared meter.
A regular D'Arsonvnl movement is used hut
the internal resista nce is kept as low as poss ible
in order to transfer a maximum of power from the
thermocouple to the mete r. T he thermocou ple
may be located in the meter or 1IL.1.Y be external
so that it can he placed directly in the r-f circuit
with the me ter perhaps a long distance away.

A ll phases of

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Multi-Meter Circuits
T hree basic multi-meter circuits that may be
const ructed from readi ly available parts, arc
shown in Figs. 9, 10 and 11. They are self-explanatory in t hat the ranges provided are listed
with the parts list for each. Note that there are
fo ur parts lists. Circuits C and D having two
parts lists due to different ranges for each. T he
constructor is thus given a choice of four mu ltimet er arrangements. Circuit B features the
shu nt type ohmmeter outlined above. Four

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$15. Lee Dubin , W2AQN, 147 Elm Ave., Me. Vernon,
N. Y.
FIRST CHECK seventeen dollars takes INSTR UCTQ
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RECEIVERS IN SIOCK. Conklin Radio, Bethesda ,

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CQ-RAD IO MAGAZ INES, INC.

342 MAD ISON AVE.. NEW YORK 17, N. Y.

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J anuary, 19 46

45

meter scales for these multi-meter circuits are

illustrated in Fig. tz, 13, 14 a nd 15. These scales
are available in various radio parts stores and are
furn ished for West on, Tri plett and J ewell threeinch meters.

You did a lJrand Job .

It iI ,ood to ,rut old friends and we invile

eew enes.
Malec Ihis slore your hcadquartcn wh~n in
and around Seattle.
Browse around our Complele Library , Inspect
the new lrquipmlrnt. MUI your friends here, in
a room just fOf Hams.

HAN DlE TA LKI E

IJrom pag< 11 1

SEATTLE RADIO SU PP LY, INC.

il17 Second Ave, SE.2345 Seattle 1, Wash.
Headquarters for Ha ms

In t he Ilocky

~I ounlain

R egion

it'8

Radio &Television Supply Co.

808 EUC LID AVENUE. P UEBW. COW.

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In No r thern C.lif orni.

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SAN FRA NCISCO RADIO & SUPPLY CO.

Public Address Equipment

Short..Wa.,. Receivers & Tr.n,mitten

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'

-=-ELECTRONIC SPECIALISTS-=-FDRT DRANGE RADID DISTRIBUTING CDMPANY

UNCLE DAVE' S RAD IO SHACK

356 Br<Mdway
Allwny 7, N ew Yo&:
Phofoel 3--2109, 3--2100

FILTER CONDENSER BARGAINS!

BIO NEW CATALOO! W RITE FOR usn
,_I t

because you do not know whether or not you have

the correct harmonic. The signal generator is
tuned to 18 megacycles, which is the 8th subhannonic of 144 me. T o verify t his I checked
with the 6th and 9th sub-harmonics and found
the pointe on the 144-mc band to be the same.
The signal generator calibration was slightly
different from the Lecher wire measurements but
the la tter is close enough in most cases.
The a ntenna should be adjusted to a length
which permits smooth regeneration over the entire dial. This will be found to be slightly above
and slightly below tbe exact U eleetrical wavelcngth a t 146 megacycles. A l OO,OOO-<>hm optimum-valve resistor is substituted for the usual
regeneration control in this Walkie T alkie.
The external battery connection is very convcnient 88 it permits saving the small internal B
battery when extended portable service is required. Ninety volts of external ,B,battery works
very wcll, providing more power and tends
slightly to charge the internal B battery.

Conclusions
The writer hes used t his H andle Talkie withou t
mnny of its prescnt improvements, on 112 m e for
over two years. D istances up to 6 miles have been
easily covered over level ground, while t he
record is 35 miles from a high location in New
J ersey to New York City. Of course if the QRM
is very bad don't expect to communicate across
these distances without considerable trouble.
The power input to the oscillator is only .4 watt,
but since there is ample modulation, reasonably
good results can be expected.
From the photographs one can sec that one's
major effort will be expended in the construction
of the cabinet and the ot her metal details. Wi thout these parts closely duplicating those described in the text, the utility of the set may be
greatly reduced. The wiring job on the average
radio gear is rather sim ple as hard and fast rules
a pply to most wiring problems. H owever, in the
construction of a portable radiotelephone which
must be light in weight , compact , and dependa ble,
the choice a nd layout of parts is a most im portant
factor. T he writer t rusts t his H andle Talkie will
go a 10nK way toward offering the a mateur and
t he civilian what they are looking for in 8 highfrequency porta ble radio-telephone.

CO

If/52

/956
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lWo W3YS your face can qrow

in the next few years
U

SUALLY,

our faces show what's happening

to us.

For instance, suppose financial matters are

constantly o n your mind.
Suppose you know that there's practically
DO cash reserve between you and trouble.
It would be surprising if your face didn't
show it,

But suppose that. o n the contrary, you've

managed to get yourself on a pretty sound
fin ancial basis.

Suppose that you're putting aside part of

every thing you earn that those dollars you

save are busy earning extra dollars for you
that you have a nest egg a nd an emergency
fund.

Naturally. your face will show that, too.

There's a simple and pretty accurate way to
tell which way your face is go ing to go in the
next few years:

If )'00 are bu)'ing. regular) '. and holdins: as

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Your face will be among the ones t hat wear
a smile.

Buy all the Bonds you can... keep all the 80nds yOIl our/
CQ

M A G A ZI NE

77r;J ;J all officilJl U. S . Treasury ad~t"I;Jt'",..nt -p't'pa,t'd under auspices

of Trt'aslU}' lHpa'tn~nl and War Ad~t'rtjJ;ng Council

Jenuery, 1946

47

Advertising Index
ALLI ED RADIO CORPORATION

42

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DAVID-ELLIS. INC.
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H AM M AR LUN D MANUFACTUR ING CO., I N C

Communica tion. Equipment

MALLORY, P . R . &. co.. I N C.
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McELROY MANUFACTUR ING COR P
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N EWARK ELECTR IC CO
Ca paci lor.
PLYMOLD CO R P. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ant"nnaa-M..t.
RADI O AND TELEVIS ION S UPP LY CO
6
H.m Pari. a nd Equipment
R ADI O fJ..ECTRON lC SALES CO
40
Ham Part* and Equipment
RADI O MFG. ENG IN EERS. INC. . .
. Cover I
Communica tion. Equipment
RA DIO PRODUcrs SA LES COM PA NY . . .. .
42
H am Pari . and Equipment
RADIO SH ACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
Ham Part. a nd Equipment
RA DIO W IRE TELEVISION. I N C.
48
Ham Part. and Equipment
R ADI ONI C .EQU IPMENT CO.. . . . .
. ... ..
Ham Part. and Equipment
RA YTHEON MANUf:ACTUR ING COR P
.
EJ""nonie Tube.
S AN FRANC ISCO RADI O 6; SUP PLY CO
46
Ham Part. and Equipment
SEAlTLE RA DIO SUP P LY. I N C.
46
H am Pa rt. and Equipment
SOLA R CAPACITOR SAL ES CO RP................... .
CaJ>&citor.
STAN DA RD TRANSFORMER COR P. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . .
T r. nafor mer.
S YLVAN IA ELECTR IC PROD UCTS. IN C.
..
Electronic Tubn
TAYLOR T UBES
37
E1edronic Tube.
U. S. T REASURY D EPT
47
Victory Bond.
WHOLESALE RADI O LABORATOR IES
3
H am Pari. a nd Equipment
An a. t" ri." (. ) ap~.rin, alter an ad ve rti.., na me ind ica t...
that no ad ve rti..,ment .ppca,. in the current i..ce.

co

RfC DEPARTMENT 51 5 HAl liCRAn[i~

5025 We5' 65th Stree' Ch icogo 38, Illino il
S.nd lurlh... delo ill on lIIerchond il. ducribed
gboy.
S.nd 1;lling5 01 other oya ilable ilellli
bp.cig lly ;n' e re 5te d in
_

STATE

NAME

CITY
ADORES':: _

ZONE

,
I

Be on the lookout for Typ e AX2

when it shows up on your d istributo r's counter. It's new and

o long and intima te ocq ucintcnce with the ne e d s o f erne-

te ur radio, translated into the

requiremen ts o f today.
Blil e y crysta l unit Typ e AX2
ha
, s been designed specificall y

a worthy successor to the lon g

line of q ua lity crysta ls suppl ie d

b y Blile y to th e a mateur fr ate rnity ove r the post 15 years.
Th e re 's a hug e b ac kg ro und
of cr eat ive ex perience and
a d va nce d e ng inee ring pocked
into this littl e unit. It repre se nts

for amateur fre quencies in the

80- 4 0- 20 me ter b o nd s.
Your Blile y distrib uto r will ha ve
com p le te e ngineering an d de -

sia n d at a .

This new BlI LEY crystal

ty pe AX2 , will be

ava ilable soon.

Keep in louch wilh your BL/lE Y di, tribu tor.

BLILEY

ELECTR IC

COMPANY

U N IO N ST ATION

BUILD IN G . ER IE.

PENNSY LVA N I A