QUESTION THEORY OF

BANK
MACHINES
Practice Problems
16 Years IES Conventional Questions
25 Years GATE Solved Questions

Exam Year

1 Mark Ques.

1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014 Set-1
2014 Set-2
2014 Set-3
2014 Set-4
2015 Set-1
2015 Set-2
2015 Set-3
2016 Set-1
2016 Set-2
2016 Set-3

1
1
1
1
1
2
3
2
2
3
1
1
2
5
1
2
3
2
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
1
3

2 Marks
Ques.
1
2
3
2
1
2
1
1
6
8
6
9
6
3
4
3
3
1
2
3
3
4
3
2
2
3
3
2
3

3 Marks
Ques.
-

[2]

5 Marks
Ques.
1
2
1
1
1
-

Total Marks
5
2
4
1
6
14
6
3
10
3
9
15
18
14
21
13
7
10
11
7
4
7
8
8
10
8
5
6
9
8
5
9

TABLE OF CONTENT
1. Introduction

2. Velocity and Acceleration Diagrams

22

3. Turning Moment Diagrams and Flywheel

36

4. Vibrations

46

5. Gear Trains

76

6. Governors

88

7. Balancing

92

8. Cams

97

9. Gyroscope

100

[3]

UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION

[4]

QUESTION BANK

1.

The closed chain as shown in figure is

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
2.

The closed chain as shown in figure is

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
3.

Locked chain
Kinematic chain
Unconstrained chain
None of these

Locked chain
Kinematic chain
Unconstrained chain
None of these

Find the degree of freedom for the linkage as shown in figure:

4 (wheel)
1

[5]

4.

In a crank and stotted lever quick return motion mechanism, the distance between the
fixed centers is 240 mm and length of driving crank is 120 mm. Find the inclination of
slotted bar with the vertical in the extreme position and the time ratio of cutting stroke to
return stroke. If the length of slotted bar is 450mm, find the length of stroke.

Statement for linked answer Questions 5 and 6

A quick return motion mechanism is shown in figure below. The crank OS is driven at 2rev/sec
in a counter clockwise direction.

R
Q
S

O
500 mm
P

5.

6.

If the quick return ratio is 1: 2 , then the length of the crank in mm is.
(a)
250
(b)

250 3

(c)

500

(d)

500 3

The angular speed of PQ rad/sec when the block R attains maximum speed during
forward stoke is.
(a) 1/3
(b) 2/3
(c) 2
(d) 3

7.

The dimensions of different links of the crack and slotted lever quick-return mechanism
shown in figure are given below:
O1O2 700 mm, O1B 250 mm

O2 D 1250 m, DR 350 mm
The crank O1B rotates at 40 r.p.m in the counter clockwise direction and at the present
instant of consideration makes an angle of 45o with the vertical.

[6]

Determine:
1. Velocity of the ram R which moves in a horizontal direction.
2. Angular velocity of link O2D.
R
VDO
o1

VBO 1
Vco 2

D
B on crank O1B
C on O 2 D

o2

[IES 2006: 20 Marks]

[7]

GATE QUESTIONS
1.

The number of degrees of freedom of a five link plane mechanism with five revolute
pairs as shown in the figure is

2
1

a.
b.
c.
d.

3
4
2
1
[1993 : 2 mark]

2.

Figure shows a quick return mechanism. The cranks OA rotates clockwise uniformly. OA
= 2 cm, OO = 4 cm. The ratio of time for forward motion to that for return motion is
B
A
O

a. 0.5
b. 2.0
2
c.
d. 1
[1995 : 2 mark]
3.

The mechanism used in a shaping machine is

a. A closed 4-bar chain having 4 revolute pairs
b. A closed 6-bar chain having 6 revolute pairs
c. A closed 4-bar chain having 2 revolute and 2 sliding pairs
d. An inversion of the single slider-crank chain
[2003 : 1 mark]

[8]

4.

The lengths of the links of a 4-bar linkage with revolute pairs only are p, q, r and s units.
Given that p < q < r < s. Which of these links should be the fixed one, for obtaining a
double crank mechanism?
a. Links of length p
b. Links of length q
c. Link of length r
d. Link of length s
[2003 : 1 mark]

5.

When a cylinder is located in a Vee-block, the number of degrees of freedom which are
arrested is
a. 2
b. 4
c. 7
d. 8
[2003 : 1 mark]

6.

Match the following:

Type of Mechanism
P. Scott Russell Mechanism
Q. Geneva Mechanism
R. Off-set slider-crank mechanism
S. Scotch Yoke Mechanism
Motion achieved
1. Intermittent motion
2. Quick return motion
3. Simple harmonic motion
4. Straight line motion
a. P-2 Q-3 R-1 S-4
b. P-3 Q-2 R-4 S-1
c. P-4 Q-1 R-2 S-3
d. P-4 Q-3 R-1 S-2
[2004 : 2 mark]

7.

Match the following with respect to spatial mechanisms.

Type of Joint
P. Revolute
Q. Cylindrical
R. Spherical
Degrees of constraint
1. Three
2. Five
3. Four
4. Two
5. Zero
a. P-1 Q-3 R-1
b. P-5 Q-4 R-3
c. P-2 Q-3 R-1

[9]

d. P-4 Q-5 R-3

[2004 : 2 mark]
8.

The number of degrees of freedom of a planar linkage with 8 links and 9 simple revolute
joints is
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
[2005 : 1 mark]

9.

The number of inversions for a slider crank mechanism is

a. 6
b. 5
c. 4
d. 3
[2006 : 1 mark]

10.

Match the items in columns 1 and 2.

Column 1
P. Addendum
Q. Instantaneous center of velocity
R. Section modulus
S. Prime circle
Column 2
1. Cam
2. Beam
3. Linkage
4. Gear
a. P-4, Q-2, R-3, S-1
b. P-4, Q-3, R-2, S-1
c. P-3, Q-2, R-1, S-4
d. P-3, Q-4, R-1, S-2
[2006 : 2 mark]

11.

Match the items in columns 1 and 2

Column 1
P. Higher kinematic pair
Q. Lower kinematic pair
R. Quick return mechanism
S. Mobility of a linkage
Column 2
1. Grublers equation
2. Line contact
3. Eulers equation
4. Planer
5. Shaper
6. Surface contact
a. P-2, Q-6, R-4, S-3

[10]

b. P-6, Q-2, R-4, S-1

c. P-6, Q-2, R-5, S-3
d. P-2, Q-6, R-5, S-1
[2006 : 2 mark]
12.

In a four-bar linkage, S denotes the shortest link length, L is the longest link length, P and
Q are the lengths of other two links. At least one of the three moving links will rotate by
3600 if
a. S L P Q
b. S L P Q
c. S P L Q
d. S P L Q
[2006 : 2 mark]

13.

A Planar mechanism has 8 links and 10 rotary joints. The number of degrees of freedom
of the mechanism, using Grueblers criterion, is
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3
[2008 : 1 mark]

14.

A simple quick return mechanism is shown in the figure. The forward to return ratio of
the quick return mechanism is 2 : 1. If the radius of the crank O1P is 125 mm, then the
distance d (in mm) between the crank centre to lever pivot centre point should be
Q
O1

d
O2

a.
b.
c.
d.

144.3
216.5
240.0
250.0
[2009 : 1 mark]

15.

Match the approaches given below to perform stated kinematics/dynamics analysis of

machine.
Analysis
Approach
P. Continuous relative rotation 1. D Alemberts Principle
Q. Velocity and acceleration
2. Grueblers Criterion
R. Mobility
3. Grashofs Law
S. Dynamic static analysis
4. Kennedys Theorem

[11]

a.
b.
c.
d.

P-1, Q-2, R-3, S-4

P-3, Q-4, R-2, S-1
P-2, Q-3, R-4, S-1
P-4, Q-2, R-1, S-3
[2009 : 2 mark]

16.

Mobility of a statically indeterminate structure is

a. 1
b. 0
c. 1
d. 2
[2010 : 1 mark]

17.

There are two points P and Q on a planar rigid body. The relative velocity between the
two points
a. Should always be along PQ
b. Can be oriented along any direction
c. Should always be perpendicular to PQ
d. Should be along QP when the body undergoes pure translation
[2010 : 1 mark]

18.

Which of the following statement is INCORRECT

a. Grashofs rule states that for a planar crank-rocker four bar mechanism, the sum of
the shortest and longest link lengths cannot be less than the sum of the remaining two
link lengths.
b. Inversions of a mechanism are created by fixing different links one at a time.
c. Geneva mechanism is an intermittent motion device.
d. Grueblers criterion assumes mobility of a planer mechanism to be one.
[2010 : 1 mark]

19.

A double parallelogram mechanism is shown in the figure. Note that PQ is a single link.
The mobility of the mechanism is
P

a.
b.
c.
d.

1
0
1
2
[2011 : 1 mark]

[12]

20.

A planar closed kinematic chain is formed with rigid links PQ = 2.0 Q, QR = 3.0 m, RS =
2.5 m and SP = 2.7 m with all revolute joints. The link to be fixed to obtain rocker
(rocker-rocker) mechanism is
a. PQ
b. QR
c. RS
d. SP
[2013 : 1 mark]

21.

In a certain slider-crank mechanism, lengths of crank and connecting rod are equal. If
the crank rotates with a uniform angular speed of 14 rad/s and the crank length is 300
mm, the maximum acceleration of the slider in m/s2 is _______.

[2015 : 2 Marks, Set-2]

22.

In a statically determinate plane truss, the number of joints (i) and the number of
links (m) are related by
a. j 2m 3
b. m 2j 1
c. m 2j 3
d. m 2j 1
[2014 : 1 Mark, Set-4]

23.

A rigid link PQ is 2 m long and oriented at 200 to the horizontal as shown in the figure.
The magnitude and direction of velocity VQ , and the direction of velocity VP are given.
The magnitude of VP in m/s at this instant is
VQ 1 m/s
45 0
Q
20 0
VP

a.
b.
c.
d.

2.14
1.89
1.21
0.96
[2014 : 1 Mark, Set-1]

24.

The number of degrees of freedom of the linkage shown in the figure is

a. 3
b. 0

[13]

c. 1
d. 2
[2015 : 1 Marks, Set-3]
25.

The number of degrees of freedom in a planer mechanism having n links and j simple
hinge joints is
a. 3 n 3 2j
b. 3 n 1 2j
c. 3n 2j
d. 2j 3n 4
[2016 : 1 Mark, Set-3]

26.

An offset slider-crank mechanism is shown in the figure at an instant. Conventionally, the

Quick Return Ratio (QRR) is considered greater than one. The value of QRR is ____.
20 mm

40 mm
10 mm

[2014 : 2 Marks, Set-1]

27.

A slider-crank mechanism with crank radius 60 mm and connecting rod length 240 mm is
shown in figure. The crank is rotating with a uniform angular speed of 10 rad/s, counter
clockwise. For the given configuration, the speed (in m/s) of the slider is _______.
60

90 0

240

[2014 : 2 Marks, Set-3]

28.

29.

A 4-bar mechanism with all revolute pairs has link lengths f 20 mm, in 40 mm,
co 50 mm and out 60 mm. The suffixes f, in, co and out denote the fixed
link, the input link, the coupler and output link respectively. Which one of the
following statements is true about the input and output links?
a. Both links can execute full circular motion
b. Both links cannot execute full circular motion
c. Only the output link cannot execute full circular motion
d. Only the input link cannot execute full circular motion
[2014 : 1 Mark, Set-2]
The number of degree of freedom of the planetary gear train shown in the figure is

[14]

20 teeth gear

arm
50 teeth gear

a.
b.
c.
d.

0
1
2
3
[2015 : 1 Mark, Set-2]

[15]

ANSWERS
1)

(c)

n 5
j 5 no. of pairs having one degree of freedom
h0
DOF 3 n 1 2j h.

DOF 3 5 1 2 5 12 10 2
2)

(b)
O
90

90-a

OA 2 cm
OO' 4 cm
OA 2
sin
0.5
OO' 4
300
180 2
180 2
180 60

180 60
240

2
120

Ratio of time of forward motion to return motion

3)

(d)

4)

(a)
Double crank mechanism is obtained when the shortest link is fixed. Here, the shortest
link is p. Therefore link of length p should be fixed.

5)

(b)

6)

(c)
(P) Scott Russel mechanism straight line motion

[16]

(Q) Geneva mechanism intermittent motion

(R) Off set slider crank mechanism Quick return motion
(S) Scotch yoke mechanism simple harmonic motion
7)

(c)

8)

(c)

P Revolute Five
Q Cylinder Four
R Spherical Three
8
h 9
h0

DOF 3 n 1 2j h 3 8 1 2 9 0 3
9)

(b)
AB

AO2

2402 160 602

260 mm

O2O4 < AB + BO 4

O2 O4 is fixed link
Hence it will acts as crank rocker mechanism.
10)

(c)
No. of links of a slider crank mechanism = 4
So there are four inversion of slider crank mechanism.

11)

(b)
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)

Addendum Gear
Instantaneous centre of velocity Linkage
Section modulus Beam
Prime circle Cam.

(d)
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)

Higher kinematic pair line contact

Lower kinematic pair Surface contact
Quick return mechanism Shaper
Mobility of a linkage Grublers equation

12)

13)

(a)
According to Grashofs law for a four bar mechanism, the sum of shortest and longest
link lengths should not be greater that the sum of the remaining two link length.
i.e.
S+LP+Q

14)

(b)

[17]

Degree of freedom is given by

N 3 L 1 2j h
Here, h no. of higher pair 0
N 3 8 1 2 10 1
15)

(d)
Q
O1

d
O2

Q2

Q1

b
O1
P1

0
90
2

Q2

P2

O1P 125 mm
Time of cutting stroke 360

Time of return stroke

0
2 360

1

2 3600
3 3600
1200

600
2
The extreme position of the crank O1P are shown in figure.

From right angle triangle O2 O1 P1, we find that

[18]

O1P1
O1O2
125 125
sin 900 600

O1O2
d
125
sin 300
d
125
d
250 mm
sin 300
sin 900 /2

16)

17)

(b)
1.
2.
3.
4.

D Alemberts principle Dynamic-static analysis

Grublers criterion Mobility (for plane mechanism)
Grashoffs law Continuous relative rotation
Kennedys theorem Velocity and acceleration

(a)
Mobility or degree of freedom for a statically indeterminate structure is always less then
zero.

i.e. F 0

Only option A is negative value, thus F 1

18)

(a)
Grashofs rule states that for a planar crank rocker four bar mechanism, the sum of
shortest and longest link length is less than the sum of remaining two link length i.e.

s pq

19)

(c)

PQ 2.0 m
QR 3.0 m
RS 2.5 m
SP 2.7 m

a. If shortest line PQ is fixed, then we will give double crank.

b. If link adjacent to shortest is fixed, then we will get crank-rocker mechanism.
20)

If we fix coupler RS, we will get double rocker mechanism.

21)
cos 2

a r2 cos
n

[19]

a a max at 0
1
a max r2 1
n

a max 2 r2 2 0.3 142 n 1

r

a max 117.6 m/s 2

22)

(c)
A simple truss is formed by enlarging the basic truss element that contains
three members and three joints, by adding two additional members for each
additional joint, so the total number of member m in a simple truss is given by
m 3 2 j 3 2j 3

where m number of members

j total number of joints (including those attached to the supports)
23)

(d)

2 2 sin 700

IP Q

VQ 1 m/s
0

45

45

2 sin 70 0 tan 45 0

20 0 2 sin 70

PQ 2m
20 0

2 cos 70 0

700
P

P.IPQ 2cos 70 2sin 70 tan 45 2.56

0

Q.IPQ 2 2 sin 700 2.66 m

PQ

V
VP
Q
PIPQ QIPQ

VP
1

2.56 2.66
2.56
VP
0.96 m/s
2.66

24)

(c)
3
2
1

6
1

F 3 6 1 2 7 0

F 15 14 1

[20]

25)

(b)

26)

(b)
Length of connecting rod (Lr ) 40 mm
Crank radius, r 20 mm
Eccentricity, e 10 mm

e
1 e
1 1
1 1
0
cos1
cos
cos cos 20.4
L

r
L

r
6
2

Time of advance stroke
QRR
Time of return stroke

1800 1800 20.40

QRR C

1.25
R 1800 1800 20.40
27)

O
60

90 0

240
90
0

Vs

L 240

4
r
60
10 rad/s
From the given configuration
sin
cos
or tan n
n
tan 1 n 75.960
sin 2

Vs r sin
2n

sin151.920
Vs 10 0.06 sin 75.960

2 4

Vs 0.6 0.97 0.0588 0.6m/s

n

28)

(a)

S L P Q

In this case, shortest link is fixed and hence, the resulting mechanism is double
crank mechanism.
29)

(c) D.O.F 3 1 2j h 3 4 1 2 3 1 2

[21]

UNIT 2
VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION DIAGRAM

[22]

QUESTION BANK
Q1

Locate all instantaneous centers of slider crank mechanism as shown in figure. The length
of crank OB and connecting rod AB are 100 mm and 400 mm respectively. If the crank
rotates clockwise with an angular velocity of 10rad/sec, find.
1. Velocity of slider A
2. Angular velocity of connecting rod AB

Common Data for question 2 and 3

An instantaneous configuration of a 4-bar mechanism, whose plane is horizontal, is shown in
figure below. At this instant the angular velocity and angular acceleration of link O2A are =
8rad/sec = 0, respectively and the driving torque (T) is zero.
B

A
160 mm

60 mm
90

O2

90
240 mm

O4

Q2

Which kind of 4 bar mechanism is O2 ABO4?

(a) Double crank mechanism
(b) Crank rocker mechanism
(c) Double rocker mechanism
(d) Parallelogram linkage

Q3

At the instant considered, what is the magnitude of angular velocity O4B?

(a) 1rad/sec
(b) 3rad/sec
(c) 8rad/sec
(d) 64/3rad/sec

[23]

Q4

A single cylinder horizontal reciprocating engine mechanism has a crank of 8 cm length

and connecting rod 36 cm length. The engine speed is 2000 rpm clockwise. Determine
the velocity and acceleration of piston when the crank is 315o from inner dead centre.
Also determine the angular acceleration of connecting rod and total acceleration of its
mid-point. Use relative velocity and acceleration method only.
[IES 2003: 10 Marks ]

[24]

GATE QUESTIONS
1.

Instantaneous centre of a body rolling with sliding on a stationary curved surface lies
a. At the point of contact
b. On the common normal at the point of contact
c. On the common tangent at the point of contact
d. At the center of curvature of the stationary surface
[1992 : 2 mark]

2.

A rod of length 1 m is sliding in a corner as shown in figure. At an instant when the rod
makes an angle of 60 degrees with the horizontal plane., the velocity of point A on the
rod is 1 m/s. The angular velocity of the rod at this instant is

1 m/s

A
1m

60

a.
b.
c.
d.

2 rad/s
1.5 rad/s
0.5 rad/s
0.75 rad/s
[1996 : 2 mark]

3.

The velocity of point B with respect to point A is a vector of magnitude

a. 0
b. rB rA and direction opposite to the direction of motion of point B
c. rB rA and direction same as the direction of motion of point B.
d. rB rA and direction being from O to Z.

[2003 : 2 mark]
4.

In the figure shown, the relative velocity of link 1 with respect of link 2 is 12 m/sec. Link
2 rotates at a constant speed of 120 rpm. The magnitude of Coriolis component of
acceleration of link 1 is

[25]

2
a. 302 m/s2
b. 604 m/s2
c. 906 m/s2
d. 1208 m/s2
[2004 : 2 mark]
5.

The figure below shows a planar mechanism with single degree of freedom. The
instantaneous center 13 for the given configuration is located at a position
2

90

a.
b.
c.
d.
6.

L
M
N

[2004 : 2 mark]

The input link O2 P of a four bar linkage is rotated at 2 rad/s in counter clockwise
direction as shown below. The angular velocity of the coupler PQ in rad/s, at an instant
when O4 O2 P 1800 , is

[26]

PQ O4 Q 2a
O2 P O 2 O 4 a

O2

O4

a. 4
b. 2 2
c. 1
d. 1/ 2
[2007 : 2 mark]
7.

There are two points P and Q on a planar rigid body. The relative velocity between the
two points
a. Should always be along PQ
b. Can be oriented along any direction
c. Should always be perpendicular to PQ
d. Should be along QP when the body undergoes pure translation
[2010 : 1 mark]

8.

For the configuration shown, the angular velocity of link AB is 10 rad/s counter
clockwise. The magnitude of the relative sliding velocity (in ms-1) of slider B with
respect to rigid link CD is
D
B

AB 250
BC 250 3
AC 500

a.
b.
c.
d.

60

0
0.86
1.25
2.50
[2010 : 2 mark]

[27]

9.

For the four-bar linkage shown in the figure, the angular velocity of link AB is 1 rad/s.
The length of link CD is 1.5 times the length of link AB. In the configuration shown, the
angular velocity of link CD in rad/s is
C

B
1 rad/s

a.
b.
c.
d.

3
3/2
1
2/3
[2011 : 2 mark]

10.

A link OB is rotating with a constant angular velocity of 2 rad/s in counter clockwise

direction and a block is sliding radially outward on it with an uniform velocity of 0.75
m/s with respect to the rod, as shown in the figure below. If O A = 1 m, the magnitude of
the absolute acceleration of the block at location A in m/s2 is
B
A
O

a.
b.
c.
d.

3
4
5
6
[2013 : 1 mark]

11.

A rigid link PQ of length 2 m rotates about the pinned end Q with a constant angular
acceleration of 12 rad/s2 . When the angular velocity of the link is 4 rad/s, the magnitude of
the resultant acceleration m / s2 of the end P is _____.

[2014: 2 Marks, Set-2]

[28]

12.

In the figure, link 2 rotates with constant angular velocity 2 . A slider link 3 moves
outwards with a constant relative velocity VQ/P, where Q is a point on slider 3 and P is a
point on link 2. The magnitude and direction of Coriolis component of acceleration is given
by
Q on 3

VQ /P
3

P on 2

a. 22 VQ/P; direction of VQ/P rotated by 900 in the direction 2

b. 2 VQ/P; direction of VQ/P rotated by 900 in the direction 2
c. 22 VQ/P; direction of VQ/P rotated by 900 opposite to the direction of 2
d. 2 VQ/P; direction of VQ/P rotated by 900 opposite to the direction 2
[2015 : 1 Marks, Set-3]
13.

A rigid link PQ is undergoing plane motion as shown in the figure

VP and VQ are non-zero . VQP is the relative velocity of point Q with respect to point P.
Q

VQ
VP
P

Which one of the following is TRUE?

a. VQP has components along and perpendicular to PQ
b. VQP has only one component directed from P to Q
c. VQP had only one component directed from Q to P
d. VQP has only one component perpendicular to PQ
[2016 : 1 Mark, Set-3]
14.

The rod AB, of length 1 m, shown in the figure is connected to two sliders at each end
through pins. The sliders can slide along QP and QR. If the velocity VA of the slider at A
is m/s, the velocity of the midpoint of the rod at this instant is ______m/s.

[29]

VA

60 0
Q

60 0

R
B

[2016 : 2 Marks, Set-2]

15.

A slider crank mechanism with crank radius 200 mm and connecting rod length 800 mm is
shown. The crank is rotating at 600 rpm in the counterclockwise direction. In the
configuration shown, the crank makes an angle of 900 with the sliding direction of the
slider, and a force of 5 kN is acting on the slider. Neglecting the inertia forces, the turning
moment on the crank (in kN-m) is ________.
800 mm

200 mm
90

5 kN

[2016 : 2 Marks, Set-1]

[30]

ANSWERS
1)

(b)

2)

(a)

Va O'A where O' is instantaneous centre of rotation.

1 1 cos 600
2rad/s
3)

Va

(c)
Linear velocity of A and B are rA and rB respectively.

A
1m

rB rA
rB rA

velocity of B with respect to A VB/A rB rA

rB rA in the direction of motion of point B
4)

(d)
Acceleration of point B with respect to point A

a B/A VB/A

. rB rA 2 rB rA
in direction from z to o.
5)

(d)

6)

(c)

Angle O4O2P 1800

I13

3 l12l23 a

2 l13l23 2a

1
3
2 2
3 1 rad/s
7)

O2

I12 I23
I14 I34

I34
4

3
I12

P
I23

(c)

[31]

I14, I13
1

O4

VB

P
VP
Q
VQ

O
Planar rigid body.

VPQ Relative velocity between P and Q.

VPQ VP VQ Always perpendicular to PQ.
8)

(d)
As AB is perpendicular to slider for given condition, so sliding velocity of slider equals
to velocity of link AB

velocity of link AB AB
10 0.25
2.5 m/s

9)

(b)
I34

160 60
60

240
CO2
CO2 144 mm
4 I12I24
144

2 I14I24 240 144

144
4
3 rad/s
8 384
10)

3
4

A
2
C

(c)

Acceleration 2V r
d
2 2 0.75 1
dt
2 2 0.75 1 2
5 rad/s

11)

[32]

I24

I23

I12
O2

I14
1

O4

aT
ar

aT
ar

a T r 2 12 24 m/s2
a R 2 r 16 2 32 m/s 2
a a T2 a 2R 242 322 1600 40 m/s2
12) (a)
13) (d)
Q

VQ
VP

To find relative velocity direction of VP is reversed and placed at fail of VQ

Q

VP
VQP
VQ

Resultant VQP is perpendicular to link PQ.

14)
FC

F
cos

F
FT
cos
cos
r 0.2
FT F
62.83 rad/s

Turning Moment on crankshaft,

[33]

Fc

F
cos
FC

5 kN F

FC

F
cos

F cos F

800 c
mm

F
FT
cos
cos r 0.2

Fc

90 o

N 600 RPM
62.83 rad/s

F
cos
FC

F 5 kN

200 1
0.25
800 4
sin 1 0.25 14.4780
Turning moment on crankshaft,
F
T Ft r
sin r
cos
5
T
sin 900 14.4780 0.2
cos14.478
T 1 kN-m
sin

15)

P
30 0

VA

A I13

I 34

60

C
60
Q

I12

3
60

30

120 0
0

I41

I23

2
B 1

V
VA
V
B C
I13A I13B I13C
I13A Distance between I13 and point A

3 AB

I13B Distance between I13 and point B

I13C Distance between I13 and point C
V
VA
C
I13A I13C
V
2
C
I13A I13C
Applying Sine law in triangle ABI13

[34]

0.5774 m
30 o

I13

60 o
120 o
C
1m

30 o

I A
1
13 0
0
sin120
sin 30
sin 300
I13A
sin1200
Applying sine law in triangle ACI13 0.5774
I C
I A
13 0 13 0
sin 30
sin 90
I13Asin 300
I13C
0.5774 0.5 0.2887 m
sin 900
V .I C 2 0.2887
VC A 13
1 m/s
I13A
0.5774

[35]

UNIT 3
TURNING MOMENT DIAGRAMS AND FLYWHEEL

[36]

QUESTION BANK
Q1

If C f is the coefficient of speed fluctuation of a flywheel then the ratio of max / min
will be:
1 2C f
(a)
1 2C f
(c)

(b)

1 2C f

(d)

1 2C f

2 2C f
2 2C f
2 2C f
2 2C f

Q2

The mass of flywheel of an engine is 6.5 tones and radius of gyration is 1.8 meters. If is
found from turning moment diagram that the fluctuation of energy is 56KN-m. If the
mean speed of the engine is 120 rpm, find the maximum and minimum speed.

Q3

A steam engine develops 300 kW at 90 rpm. The coefficient of fluctuation of energy as

found from turning moment diagram is to be 0.1 and fluctuation of speed is to be kept
within 10.5% of mean speed. Find the weight of flywheel required, if the radius of
gyration is 2 meters.
(Note: 1 cycle is completed in 360 in steam engine and 2 stroke IC engine and 1 cycle is
completed in 720 of crank rotation 4 stoke IC engine)

Q4

A shaft fitted with a flywheel rotates at 250 rpm and driver a machine. The torque of a
machine varies over a period of three revolutions. The torque rises from 750 N-m to 3000
N-m uniformly during 1/2 revolution and remains constant for the following revolution.
If than falls uniformly to 750 N-m during next half revolution and remains constant for
one revolution, the cycle being repeated there after.
Determine the power required to drive the machine, percentage fluctuation in speed and
maximum angular acceleration of flywheel, if the driving torque applied to the shaft is
constant and the mass of flywheel is 500 Kg with radius of gyration of 600 mm.
Determine the suitable dimension of a rectangular flywheel rim if the breadth is twice is
thickness when flywheel attains its maximum speed. Let density of flywheel material to
be 700 kg/m3 and permissible normal stress of the flywheel material be 6MPa.

Q5

A single cylinder two stroke vertical engine has a bore of 30 cm and a stroke of 40 cm
with a connecting rod of 80 cm long. The mass of reciprocating parts is 120 kg. When the
piston is at quarter stroke and moving down, the pressure on it is 70N/cm2. If the speed of
the engine crankshaft is 250 rpm clockwise, find the turning moment on the crankshaft.
Neglect the mass and inertia effects on connecting rods and crank.
[IES 2001: 15 marks]
The turning moment of an engine is given by
T 10000 2000 sin 2 1800 cos 2

Q6

N 250 rpm, L 80 cm, r 20 cm, m r 120 kg

[37]

Assuming load is constant, Find

(1)
Power of the engine
(2)
Moment of Inertia of the wheel if the speed variation from the mean speed is not
to exceed 0.25% .
(3)
Angular acceleration of the wheel at 450 .
[IES 2001: 15 marks]
Q7

The crank length of a petrol engine is 50 mm and the connecting rod is 175 mm long and
the crank rotates at a uniform speed of 400 rpm. Calculate the velocity and acceleration
of the piston at different positions of the piston along its stroke and plot the two curves.
Also find the crank position at which the pistons acceleration becomes zero.
[IES 2005: 20 marks]

Q8

A steam engine develops 300 kW at 1200 rpm. The coefficient of fluctuation of energy as
found from the turning moment diagram is to be 0.1 and the fluctuation of speed is to be
kept within 1% of the mean speed. Find the mass of the flywheel required, if the radius
of gyration is 2m.
[IES 2011: 10 marks]

Q9

The crank and connecting rod of a steam engine are 0.3 m and 1.5 m in length. The
crank rotates at 180 r.p.m. clockwise. Determine the velocity and acceleration of the
piston when the crank is at 40 degrees from the inner dead centre position. Also
determine the position of the crank for zero acceleration of the piston.

Q10

During a trial on steam engine, it is found that the acceleration of the piston is 36 m/s2
when the crank has moved 30o from the inner dead centre position. The net effective
steam pressure on the piston is 0.5 N/mm2 and the frictional resistance is equivalent to
a force of 600 N. The diameter of the piston is 300 mm and the mass of the
reciprocating parts is 180 kg. If the length of the crank is 300 mm and the ratio of the
connecting rod length to the crank length is 4.5, find:
1. Reaction on the guide bars,
2. Thrust on the crank shaft bearings, and
3. Turning moment on the crank shaft.

Q11

A vertical petrol engine 100 mm diameter and 120 mm stroke has a connecting rod 250
mm long. The mass of the piston is 1.1 kg. The speed is 2000 r.p.m. On the expansion
stroke with a crank 20o from top dead centre, the gas pressure is 700 kN/m2 . Determine:
1. Net force on the piston
2. Resultant load on the gudgeon pin,
3. Thrust on the cylinder walls, and
4. Speed above which other things remaining same, the gudgeon pin load would be
reversed in direction.

Q12

A horizontal cross compound steam engine develop 300 kW at 90 r.p.m. The coefficient
of fluctuation of energy as found from the turning moment diagram is to be 0.1 and
flywheel required, if the radius of gyration is 2 metres.

[38]

Q13

The turning moment curve for an engine is represented by the equation,

T (20 000 9500 sin 2 5700 cos 2) N-m, where is the angle moved by the
crank from inner dead centre. If the resisting torque is constant, find:
1. Power developed by the engine;
2. Moment of inertia of flywheel in kg-m 2 , if the total fluctuation of speed is not to
exceed 1% of mean speed which is 180 r.p.m; and
3. Angular acceleration of the flywheel when the crank has turned through 45o from inner
dead centre.

Q14

A certain machine requires a torque of (5000 500 sin ) N-m to drive it, where is the
angle of rotation of shaft measured from certain datum. The machine is directly coupled
to an engine which produces a torque of (5000 600 sin 2 ) N-m. The flywheel and the
other rotating parts attached to the engine has a mass of 500 kg at a radius of gyration of
0.4 m. If the mean speed is 150 r.p.m., find:
1. The fluctuation of energy
2. The total percentage fluctuation of speed, and
3. The maximum and minimum angular acceleration of the flywheel and the
corresponding shaft position.

Q15

A multi-cylinder engine is to run at a speed of 600 r.p.m. On drawing the turning moment
diagram to a scale of 1 mm 250 N-m and 1 mm 3o , the areas above and below the
mean torque line in mm2 are : 160, 172, 168, 191, 197, 162
The speed is to be kept within 1% of the mean speed of the engine. Calculate the
necessary moment of inertia of the flywheel. Determine the suitable dimensions of a
rectangular flywheel rim if the breadth is twice its thickness. The density of the cast iron
is 7250 kg/m3 and its hoop stress is 6 MPa. Assume that the rim contributes 92% of the
flywheel effect.

Q16

A punching press is driven by a constant torque electric motor. The press is provided with
a flywheel that rotates at maximum speed of 225 r.p.m. the radius of gyration of the
flywheel is 0.5 m. The press punches 720 holes per hour; each punching operation takes 2
second and requires 15 kN-m of energy. Find the power of the motor and the minimum
mass of the flywheel if speed of the same is not to fall below 200 r.p.m.

Q17

A machine punching 38 mm holes in 32 mm thick plate requires 7 N-m of energy per sq.
mm of sheared area, and punches one hole in every 10 seconds. Calculate the power of
the motor required. The mean speed of the flywheel is 25 metres per second. The punch
has a stroke of 100 mm.
Find the mass of the flywheel required, if the total fluctuation of speed is not to exceed
3% of the mean speed. Assume that the motor supplies energy to the machine at uniform
rate.

Q18

A riveting machine is driven by a constant torque 3 kW motor. The moving parts

including the flywheel are equivalent to 150 kg at 0.6 m radius. One riveting operation
takes 1 second and absorbs 10 000 N-m of energy. The speed of the flywheel is 300

[39]

r.p.m. before riveting. Find the speed immediately after riveting. How many rivets can be
closed per minute?

[40]

GATE QUESTIONS
1.

A flywheel of moment of inertia 9.8 kg m2 fluctuates by 30 rpm for fluctuation in energy

of 1936 joules. The mean speed of the flywheel is (in rpm)
a. 600
b. 900
c. 968
d. 29470
[1998 : 2 mark]

2.

Which of the following statements is correct?

a. Flywheel reduces speed fluctuations during a cycle for a constant load, but flywheel
does not control the mean speed of the engine if the load changes.
b. Flywheel does not reduce speed fluctuations during a cycle for a constant load, but
flywheel does control the mean speed of the engine if the load changes
c. Governor control a speed fluctuations during a cycle for a constant load, but governor
does not control the mean speed of the engine if the load changes.
d. Governor controls speed fluctuations during a cycle for a constant load, and governor
also controls the mean speed of the engine if the load changes.
[2001 : 1 mark]

3.

For a certain engine having an average speed of 1200 rpm, a flywheel approximated as a
solid disc, is required for keeping the fluctuation of speed with 2% about the average
speed. The fluctuation of kinetic energy per cycle is found to be 2 kJ. What is the least
possible mass of the flywheel if its diameter is not to exceed 1 m?
a. 40 kg
b. 51 kg
c. 62 kg
d. 73 kg
[2003 : 2 mark]

4.

The speed of an engine varies from 210 rad/s to 190 rad/s. During cycle the change in
kinetic energy is found to be 400 Nm. The inertia of the flywheel in kgm2 is
a. 0.10
b. 0.20
c. 0.30
d. 0.40
[2007 : 2 mark]

5.

A flywheel connected to a punching machine has to supply energy of 400 Nm while

running at a mean angular speed of 20 rad/s. If the total fluctuation of speed is not to
exceed 2% the mass moment of inertia of the flywheel in kg-m2 is
a. 25
b. 50
c. 100
d. 125
[2013 : 2 mark]

[41]

6.

Maximum fluctuation of kinetic energy in an engine has been calculated to be 2600 J.

Assuming that the engine runs at an average speed of 200 rpm, the polar mass moment of
inertia (in kg- m2 ) of a flywheel to keep the speed fluctuation within 0.5% of the
average speed is _____.
[2014 : 2 Marks, Set-2]

7.

Torque and angular speed data over one cycle for a shaft carrying a flywheel are shown in
the figures. The moment of inertia (in kgm 2 ) of the flywheel is _______.
Torque
3000 Nm

1500 Nm

p/2

3 p/2

2p

Angular speed
20 rad/s
10 rad/s
0

/2

3/2

[2014 : 2 Marks, Set-4]

8.

The torque (in Nm) exerted on the crank shaft of a two stroke engine can be described as
T 10000 1000 sin 2 1200 cos 2 , where is the crank angle as measured from
inner dead center position. Assuming the resisting torque to be constant, the power (in
kW) developed by the engine at 100 rpm is ______.
[2015 : 2 Marks, Set-3]

[42]

ANSWERS
1.

(a)

I 9.8 kgm2
N 30 rpm
2p(N)

60
E Imean
2p 30
mean
60
mean 62.88 rad/sec
2pNmean
mean
60
2 3.14 N mean
62.88
60
Nmean 600 rpm

1936 9.8

2.

(a)

3.

(b)

4.

(a)

Nmax Nmin 0.02 Nmean

N Nmin
max
0.02
Nmean
CS 0.02
p Nmean p1200
mean

125.66 rad/s
60
60
mR 2
2
E Imean CS
mean 2 CS
2
m 0.52
2000
125.662 0.02
2
m 50.66 kg 51 kg

1
K.E I 12 22
2
1
2
2
400 I 210 190

2
400 4000 I

[43]

 I 0.1 kg-m2
5.

(a)

E 400 N-m
mean 20 rad/s
Cs 2% 0.04
E Imean 2Cs
400 I 20 0.04
2

I 25 kg-m2
6.

E 2600 J
Naverage 200 rpm
I?
Cs 0.5%
0.5
2
0.01
100
E I2Cs
2

2p

2600 I 200 0.01

60

2600 I 438.6491 0.01

2600
I
592.73 kgm2
4.3865
7.

E 3000

p
1500p
2

E I2Cs
1500p I 2mean 0.67
2

20 10
1500p I
0.67
2
1500p
I 2
31.26 kg/m2
15 0.67
8.

T 10000 1000 sin 2 1200 cos 2

[44]

N 100 rpm
2p100

10.472 rad/s
60
2p
1
Tmean
10,000 1000sin 2 1200cos 2 d
2p 0
Tmean 10,000 2p 0

1000
2 p 1200
cos 2p0
sin 202p
2
2

1
10,000.2p 500.cos 4p cos 0 600 sin 4p sin 0
2p
10,000 2p 500 1 1 600 0 0

Tmean

Tmean

10000 2p
10000
2p
Power 10000 10.472 104.719 kW

Tmean

[45]

UNIT 4
VIBRATIONS

[46]

QUESTION BANK
1.

Determine the time in which the mass in a damped vibrating system would settle down to
1/50 of its initial deflection of the following data:
m = 200 kg, = 0.22, s = 40 N/mm
Also find the number of oscillations completed to reach his value of deflection.

2.

In a single-degree damped vibrating system, a suspended mass of 8kg makes 30

oscillations in 18 seconds. The amplitude decrease to 0.25 of the initial value after 5
oscillations. Determine
(i)
The stiffness of the spring
(ii)
The logarithmetic decrement
(iii)
The damping factor and
(iv)
The damping coefficient

3.

A machine mounted on springs and fitted with a dashpot has a mass of 60kg. There are
three springs, each of stiffness 12 N/mm. The amplitude of vibrations reduces from 45 to
8mm in two complete oscillations. Assuming that the damping force varies as the
velocity, determine
(i)
The damping coefficient
(ii)
The ratio of frequencies of damped and undamped vibrations, and
(iii)
The periodic times of damped vibrations

4.

A body having a mass of 15 kg is suspended from a spring which deflects 12 mm under

weight of the mass. Determine the frequency of the free at a speed of 1 mm/s?
If, when damped, to this extent, a disturbing force having a maximum value of 100 N and
vibrating at 6 Hz is made to act on the body, determine the amplitude of the ultimate
motion.

5.

A machine of mass 500 kg is supported on helical springs which deflect by 5 mm due to

the weight of the machine. The machine has a rotating unbalance equal to 250 kg-mm.
The speed of the machine is 1200 rpm. Determine the dynamic amplitude. The damping
factor of the viscous damper is 0.4. Now this machine mounted on a larger concrete block
of mass 1200 kg. The stiffness of spring is changed such that static deflection is still the
same with same viscous damper as in earlier case. Determine the change in the dynamic
amplitude.
[IES 2007: 20 marks]

6.

A vertical steel of 15 mm diameter is held in long bearing 1m apart and carries at its
middle a disc of mass 15 kg. The eccentricity of the center of gravity of the disc from the
centre of shaft is 0.30 mm. The modulus of elasticity for the shaft material is 200 GPa

[47]

and the permissible stress is 70 MPa. Determine the critical speed of the shaft neglecting
the mass of the shaft and the range of speed over which it is unable to run the shaft.
[IES 2008: 20 marks]
6.

A machine supported symmetrically on four springs has a mass of 80 kg. The mass of the
reciprocating parts is 2.2 kg, which move through a vertical stroke of 100 mm with
simple harmonic motion. Neglecting damping, determine the combined stiffness of the
springs so that the force transmitted to the foundation is 1/20th of the impressed force.
The machine crankshaft rotates at 800 rpm.
If, under actual working conditions, the damping reduces the amplitudes of
successive vibrations by 30%, find,
(i)
The force transmitted to the foundation at 800 rpm\
(ii)
The force transmitted to the foundation at resonance, and
(iii)
The amplitude of the vibrations at resonance
[IES 2010: 20 marks]

[48]

GATE QUESTIONS
1.

A mass of 1 kg is suspended by means of 3 springs as shown in figure. The spring

constant K1 , K2 and K3 are respectively 1 kN/m, 3 kN/m and 2 kN/m. The natural
frequency of the system is approximately

k1
k3
k2
m = 1 kg

a.
b.
c.
d.

46.90 Hz
52.44 Hz
60.55 Hz
77.46 Hz
[1996 : 2 mark]

2.

As shown in figure, a mass of 100 kg is held between two springs. The natural frequency
of vibration of the system in cycles, is

20 kN/m
100 kg
20 kN/m

1
2p
5
b.
p
10
c.
p
20
d.
p
a.

[2000 : 2 mark]
3.

A flexible rotor-shaft system comprises of a 10 kg rotor disc placed in the middle of a

massless shaft of diameter 30 mm and length 500 mm between bearings (shaft is being
taken massless as the equivalent mass of the shaft is included in the rotor mass) mounted
at the ends. The bearings are assumed to simulate simply supported boundary conditions.

[49]

The shaft is made of steel for which the value of E is 2.11011 Pa. What is the critical
speed of rotation of the shaft?
a. 60 Hz
b. 90 Hz
c. 135 Hz
d. 180 Hz
[2003 : 2 mark]
4.

A vibrating machine is isolated from the floor using springs. If the ratio of excitation
frequency of vibration of machine to the natural frequency of the isolation system is
equal to 0.5, the transmissibility ratio of isolation is

1
2
3
b.
4
4
c.
3
a.

d. 2
[2004 : 1 mark]
5.

A uniform stiff rod of length 300 mm and having a weight of 300 N is pivoted at one end
and connected to a spring at the other end. For keeping the rod vertical in a stable
position the minimum value of spring constant K needed is
150 mm

150 mm

a.
b.
c.
d.

300 N/m
400 N/m
500 N/m
1000 N/m
[2004 : 2 mark]

6.

A mass M, of 20 Kg is attached to the free end of a steel cantilever beam of length 1000
mm having a cross-section of 25 25 mm. Assume the mass of the cantilever to be
negligible and Esteel 200 GPa. If the lateral vibration of this system is critically
damped using a viscous damper, the damping constant of the damper is

[50]

a.
b.
c.
d.

1250 Ns/m
625 Ns/m
312.50 Ns/m
156.25 Ns/m
[2004 : 2 mark]

7.

In a spring-mass system, the mass is 0.1 kg and the stiffness of the spring is 1 kN/m. By
introducing a damper, the frequency of oscillation is found to be 90% of the original
value. What is the damping coefficient of the damper?
a. 1.2 N.s/m
b. 3.4 N/s/m
c. 8.7 N.s/m
d. 12.0 N.s/m
[2005 : 2 mark]

8.

The differential equation governing the vibrating system is

x

k
c

a. mx cx k x y 0

b. m x y c x y kx 0
c. mx c x y kx 0

d. m x y c x y k x y 0
[2006 : 1 mark ]
9.

A machine of 250 kg mass is supported on springs of total stiffness 100 kN/m. Machine
has an unbalanced rotating force of 350 N at speed of 3600 rpm. Assuming a damping
factor of 0.15, the value of transmissibility ratio is
a. 0.0531
b. 0.9922
c. 0.0162
d. 0.0028
[2006 : 2 mark]
Linked Answer Questions 10 and 11

[51]

A vibratory system consists of a mass 12.5 kg, a spring of stiffness 1000 N/m, and a
dashpot with damping coefficient of 15 Ns/m.
10.

The value of critical damping of the system is

a. 0.223 Ns/m
b. 17.88 Ns/m
c. 71.4 Ns/m
d. 223.6 Ns/m
[2006 : 2 mark]

11.

The value of logarithmic decrement is

a. 1.35
b. 1.32
c. 0.68
d. 0.66
[2006 : 2 marks]

12.

For an under damped harmonic oscillator, resonance

a. Occurs when excitation frequency is greater than undamped natural frequency
b. Occurs when excitation frequency is less than undamped natural frequency
c. Occurs when excitation frequency is equal to undamped natural frequency
d. Never occurs
[2007 : 1 mark]

13.

The natural frequency of the system shown below is

k/2
k
m
k/2

a.
b.
c.
d.

k
2m
k
m
2k
m
3k
m
[2007 : 2 mark]

14.

The equation of motion of a harmonic oscillator is given by

d2 x
dx
2n
2n x 0
2
dt
dt

[52]

dx
0 =0.
dt
The amplitude of x t after n complete cycles is
and the initial conditions at t 0 are x 0 x,

a.

2np

12
Xe

b.

2np

12
Xe

12
2np

Xe

c.
d. X

[2007 : 2 mark]
15.

The natural frequency of the spring mass system shown in the figure is closest to
m = 1.4 kg
k1 = 4000 N/m

a.
b.
c.
d.

k1 = 1600 N/m

8 Hz
10 Hz
12 Hz
14 Hz
[2008 : 2 mark]

16.

The rotor shaft of a large electric motor supported between short bearings at both the
ends shows a deflection of 1.8 mm in the middle of the rotor. Assuming the rotor to be
perfectly balanced and supported at knife edges at both the ends, the likely critical speed
(in rpm) of the shaft is
a. 350
b. 705
c. 2810
d. 4430
[2009 : 1 mark]

17.

A automotive engine weighing 240 kg is supported on four springs with linear

characteristics. Each of the front two springs have a stiffness of 16 MN/m while the
stiffness of each rear spring is 32 MN/m. The engine speed (in rpm), at which resonance
is likely to occur, is
a. 6040
b. 3020
c. 1424
d. 955
[2009 : 2 mark]

[53]

18.

A vehicle suspension system consists of a spring and a damper. The stiffness of the
spring is 3.6 kN/m and the damping constant of the damper is 400 Ns/m. If the mass is 50
kg, then the damping factor and damped natural frequency, respectively, are
a. 0.471 and 1.19 Hz
b. 0.471 and 7.48 Hz
c. 0.666 and 1.35 Hz
d. 0.666 and 8.50 Hz
[2009 : 2 mark]

19.

A mass of 1 kg is attached to two identical springs each with stiffness k = 20 kN/m as

shown in the figure. Under frictionless condition, the natural frequency of the system in
Hz is close to
x
k
1 kg
k

a.
b.
c.
d.

32
23
16
11
[2011 : 2 mark]

20.

Critical damping is the

a. Largest amount of damping for which no oscillation occurs in free vibration
b. Smallest amount of damping for which no oscillation occurs in free vibration
c. Largest amount of damping for which the motion is simple harmonic in free vibration
d. Smallest amount of damping for which the motion is simple harmonic in free vibration
[2014 : 1 Mark, Set-1]

21.

In vibration isolation, which one of the following statements is NOT correct regarding
Transmissibility (T)?
a. T is nearly unity at small excitation frequencies
b. T can be always reduced by using higher damping at any excitation frequency
c. T is unity at the frequency ratio of 2
d. T is infinity at resonance for undamped system
[2014 : 1 Marks, Set-2]

22.

Consider a single degree of freedom system with viscous damping excited by a harmonic
force. At resonance, the phase angle (in degree) of the displacement with respect to the
exciting force is
a. 0

[54]

b. 45
c. 90
d. 135
[2014 : 1 Marks, Set-3]
23.

A point mass is executing simple harmonic motion with an amplitude of 10 mm and

frequency of 4 Hz. The maximum acceleration m/s2 of the mass is _________

[2014 : 1 Marks, Set-4]

24.

A rigid uniform rod AB of length L and mass m is hinged at C such that

AC L/3, CB 2L / 3. Ends A and B are supported by springs of spring constant k. The
natural frequency of the system is given by
k

k
O

B
L/3

a.
b.
c.
d.

2L/3

k
2m
k
m
2k
m
5k
m
[2014 : 2 Marks, Set-1]

25.

What is the natural frequency of the spring mass system shown below? The contact
between the block and the inclined plane is frictionless. The mass of the block is denoted
by m and the spring constants are denoted by k1 and k2 as shown below
k1

m
k2

a.
b.

k1 k 2
2m
k1 k 2
4m

[55]

c.
d.

k1 k 2
m
k1 k 2
m
[2014 : 2 Marks, Set-2]

26.

The damping ratio of a single degree of freedom spring mass damper system with mass of
1 kg, stiffness 100 N/m and viscous damping coefficient of 5 Ns/m is _____.
[2014 : 2 Marks, Set-3]

27.

A mass-spring-dashpot system with mass m = 10 kg, spring constant k = 6250 N/m is

excited by a harmonic excitation of 10 cos (25t) N. At the steady state, the vibration
amplitude of the mass is 40 mm. The damping coefficient (c, in Ns/m) of the dashpot is
_______.
F 10 cos 25t
m

[2014 : 2 Marks, Set-3]

28.

A single degree of freedom system has a mass of 2 kg, stiffness 8 N/m and viscous
damping ratio 0.02. The dynamic magnification factor at an excitation frequency of 1.5
rad/s is _____
[2014 : 2 Marks, Set-4]

29.

In a spring-mass system, the mass is m and the spring constant is k. The critical damping
coefficient of the system is 0.1 kg/s. In another spring-mass system, the mass is 2m and the
spring constant is 8k. The critical damping coefficient (in kg/s) of the system is _____.
[2015 : 1 Marks, Set-2]

30.

Which of the following statements are true for damped vibrations?

P. For a system having critical damping, the value of damping ratio is unity and system
does not undergo a vibratory motion.
Q. Logarithmic decrement method is used to determine the amount of damping in a
physical system.
R. In case of damping due to dry friction between moving surfaces resisting force of
constant magnitude acts opposite to the relative motion.
S. For the case of viscous damping, drag force is directly proportional to the square of
relative velocity.
a. P and Q only
b. P and S only
c. P, Q and R only

[56]

d. Q and S only
[2015 : 1 Mark, Set-3]
31.

Considering massless rigid rod small oscillations, the natural frequency (in rad/s) of
vibration of the system shown in the figure is
m 1 kg

k 400 N/m

1kg
r

a.
b.
c.
d.

2r

400
1
400
2
400
3
400
4
[2015 : 2 Marks, Set-1]

32.

A precision instrument package (m = 1 kg) needs to be mounted on a surface vibrating at

60 Hz. It is desired that only 5% of the base surface vibration amplitude be transmitted to
the instrument. Assuming that the isolation is designed with its natural frequency
significantly lesser than 60 Hz, so that the effect of damping may be ignored. The stiffness
(in N/m) of the required mounting pad is ______.
[2015 : 2 Marks, Set-1]

33.

A single-degree-freedom spring-mass system is subjected to a sinusoidal force of 10 N

amplitude and frequency along the axis of the spring. The stiffness of the spring is 150
N/m, damping factor is 0.2 and the undamped natural frequency is 10 . At steady state,
the amplitude of vibration (in m) is approximately
a. 0.05
b. 0.07
c. 0.70
d. 0.90
[2015 : 2 Marks, Set-2]

34.

Figure shows a single degree of freedom system. The system consists of a massless rigid
bar OP hinged at O and a mass m at end P. The natural frequency of vibration of the system
is
k
O

Q
a

m
a

[57]

1
2p
1
b. f n
2p
1
c. f n
2p
1
d. f n
2p
a. f n

k
4m
k
2m
k
m
2k
m
[2015 : 2 Marks, Set-3]

35.

A single degree of freedom mass-spring-viscous damper system with mass m, spring

constant k and viscous damping coefficient q is critically damped. The correct relation
among m, k, and q is
a. q 2km
b. q 2 km

2k
m
k
d. q 2
m
c. q

[2016 : 1 Mark, Set-2]

36.

The static deflection of a spring under gravity, when a mass of 1 kg is suspended from it, is
1 mm. Assume the acceleration due to gravity g 10 m/s 2 . The natural frequency of this
spring mass system (in rad/s) is ________
[2016 : 1 Mark, Set-3]

37.

A single degree of freedom spring mass system with viscous damping has a spring constant
of 10 kN/m. The system is excited by a sinusoidal force of amplitude 100 N. if the damping
factor (ratio) is 0.25, the amplitude of steady state oscillation at resonance is _____mm.
[2016 : 1 Mark, Set-1]

38.

The system shown in the figure consists of block A of mass 5 kg connected to a spring
through a massless rope passing over pulley B of radius r and mass 20 kg. The spring
constant k is 1500 N/m. If there is no slipping of the rope over the pulley, the natural
frequency of the system is ______ rad/s.
B
r

[2016 : 2 Marks, Set-2]

[58]

39.

A single degree of freedom spring-mass system is subjected to a harmonic force of constant

3k
amplitude. For an excitation frequency of
, the ratio of the amplitude of steady state
m
response to the static deflection of the spring is ____________.

F sin t

[2016 : 2 Marks, Set-3]

40.

A solid disc with radius a is connected to a spring at a point d above the center of the disc.
The other end of the spring is fixed to the vertical wall. The disc is free to roll without
slipping on the ground. The mass of the disc is M and the spring constant is K. The polar
Ma 2
moment of inertia for the disc about its centre is J
2
M,J
k
d
a

The natural frequency of this system in rad/s is given by

a.
b.
c.
d.

2K a d

3Ma 2
2K
3M
2K a d

Ma 2

K a d

Ma 2
[2016 : 2 Marks, Set-1]

[59]

ANSWERS
1.

(b)

k1 and k 2 are in series, therefore k eq' will be,

1
1 1 1 1 4


k eq' k1 k 2 1 3 3
Now, k eq1 and k 3 are in parallel arrangement, thus equivalent stifness becomes
k eq k eq1 k 3
n
2.

k eq
m

3
11
2 kN/m
4
4

11103
52.44 Hz
4 1

(c)

For parallel arrangement,

k eq k1 k 2 20 20 40kN/m
fn
3.

1 40 103 10

2p
100
p

(b)

For shaft loaded at center with mass m

Deflection

mgL3
48EI

Moment of inertia I =

p 4 p
d 30 103
64
64

3.976 108 m4

10 9.81 500 103

mgL3

3.06 105 m
11
8
48EI 48 2.110 3.976 10
g
9.81
n

566.24 rad/sec

3.06 105

Natural frequency f n
4.

n 566.24

90.11
2p
2p

(c)

0.5
n
Since no dampers are present, 0

[60]

1 2
n

2
2

1
2
n n

1 0.5

2 2

1
1 0.25
4

5.

(c)
Let the weight be displaced from equilibrium position, then

ka

150 mm
b

a
b

300 150
Taking moment about hinged point 'O'

k.a. 0.3 W.b

k. 0.3 300 0.150
2

300 0.150

0.302

500 N/m

[61]

150 mm

6.

(a)

4
1
25 103 3.25 108 m4
12
WL3
Deflection at free end of cantilever beam ()
3EI

Moment of inertia of the shaft I

20 9.81 1

0.01 m
3 200 109 3.25 108
g
9.81
n

0.01
Critical damping constant
cc 2mn 2 20 31.32 1250N s/m
7.

(c)

d 0.9n
d n 1 2

0.9n n 1 2
0.436
c

2 sm
c 2 0.436 1000 0.1 8.71 N- s/m
8.

(c)

Differential equation governing the above vibration system is given by

d2x
dx dy
m 2 c kx 0
dt
dt dt
mx c x y kx 0
9.

(c)

Excitation frequency
2p 3600

377 rad/s
60

[62]

Natural frequency
k
100 1000

20 rad/s
m
250
377
r

18.85
n
20

1 2r

10.

1 r

2 2

1 2 0.15 18.85

2r

1 18.85 2 0.15 18.85

2

0.0162

(d)

Critical damping constant 2 km 2 1000 12.5 223.6 N-s/m

11.

(*)

c
15

0.0671
2 sm 223.6

Logarithmic decrement

2p
1 2
2p 0.0671
1 0.0671

0.422
12.

(c)

13.

(a)

14.

(a)

15.

(b)

For springs in parallel connection

K eq K1 K 2 4000 1600 5600

16.

5600
4000
1.4

fn

4000

10
2p
2p

m = 1.4 kg
k1= 4000 N/m

(b)

[63]

k1= 1600 N/m

s
g

Hz
m

If Nc is the critical or whirling speed in r.p.m. then

c n

2pNc
g

60

2pNc
9.81 m/s2

60
1.8 103 m
Nc 705.32 rpm 705 rpm
17.

(a)
m = 240 kg
m = 240 kg
Auto
mobile
K1

Auto mobile

K2

K3

K2

K1
K4

K1 K 2 16 MN/m 16 106 N/m

K3 K 4 32 MN/m 32 106 N/m
All the springs are in parallel combination.
Therefore
Keq K1 K 2 K3 K 4
16 16 32 32
96 MN/m
At resonance
n

K
m

2pN
K

60
m

2pN
96 106 N/m

60
240 kg
N 6042.5 rpm 6040 rpm
18.

(a)

[64]

Stiffness of spring K 3.6 kN/m

c 400 N/s/m
m 50 kg
mx cx Kx 0
c
c

cc 2 km
400

2 3.6 103 50
0.471
K
3.6 103

8.485 rad/sec
m
50
Damped natural frequency,
Natural frequency,

d n 1 2 8.485 1 0.471

2p fd d 7.48 rad/sec
fd 1.19 Hz
19.

(a)

Since springs are in parallel hence

K equivalent K K 2K
Frequency

1 2K
2p m

1 2 20 103
2p
1
31.83

20) (b)
The system with critical damping returns to equilibrium in fastest time without any
oscillation. In critically damped free vibrations, the damping force is just sufficient to
dissipate the energy within one cycle of motion. The system never executes a cycle, it
approaches equilibrium with exponentially decaying displacement.
21)

(b)

22)

(c)

[65]

m2 X

cX

kx

F0

Phase diagram for

1
n

X : Displacement
F0 : Excitation force
cX : Damping force
kX : Spring force
m2 X : Inertia force
23)

n
2 p
n 2pf 2 3.14 4 25.12 rad/s
fn

a max n2 x 25.12 10 103

2

6.31 m/s2
24) (d)

yA

L/3

2L/3

[66]

ky B
B

yB

yA
y
B
L 2L

3 3

2L L
I0 IC m

3 2
I0

mL2 mL2 mL2

12
36
9

mL2
IC

12

Taking, M0 0
L
2L

kyA kyB I0 0
3
3

2
L
2L mL
k k
0
9
3
3
mL2 5kL2


0
9 9
5k
0
m
5k
2n
m
5k
n
m

25) (d)

k1x

k 2x

mx k1 k 2 x 0
k k
x 1 2 x 0
m
Comparing it with equation
x x 0
n

mx
&&

k1 k 2
m

26) Damping Ratio,

[67]

C
5
5

0.25
2 km 2 1100 20

27)

F0

k m c
F
k m c
X
2 2

2 2

F
c 0 k m2
X

10
2
10
c
250
6250 10 625
0.04
0.04
250 250
c

10 Ns/m

25
28)

1.5 rad/s
k
8
n

2 rad/s
m
2
1.5

0.75
n
2

0.02

MF

2 2
1 2
n n
MF

1
2

1 0.752 2 0.02 0.752

1
1
MF

2.28
2
2
0.1923
0.4375

0.03

29)

[68]

C 2 mk

C2 22 m2k 2

C1 21 m1k1

C2 2 1 2m 8k

0.1
2 1 m k
C2 0.4 kg/s

30) (c)
P,Q, R are right option.

S: for the viscous damping, drag force is dirctly proportiaonl to the relative velocity
f D CV
31) (d)

I m 2r 2 1 4r 2

k
r

1kg

2r

Let be change in angular positions of rod in anticlockwise direction.

Restoring torque Kr r will act in clockwise direction

t Kr 2
I Kr 2
Kr 2

I
Kr 2

0
I
Kr 2
n
I
n

400 r 2
400

10 rad/s
2
4
1 4r

32)

[69]

m 1 kg
2pf 2p 60 120p
FTR

F0

1 2r

1 r

2 2

2r

For no damping, 0
0.05

FTR

0.05

F0

1
r 1
2

r 2 1 20
r 21

21
n
120p

21
n
n 82.266
K
82.266
m
K 6767.72 N/m

33) (b)
F0 10 N

s 150 N/m

r 0.1
n
0.2
F0 /s
A
2
1 r 2 2r 2

10 /150
A
0.07 m
2
2
2
1 0.1 2 0.2 0.1

34) (a)

k
P
a

[70]

 moving mass m by angle

m
Restoring Torque t kx a k a a
Restoring Torque Inertia Torque

k a m 2a
k a 2 I
2

k 4m
4m k 0
k

0
4m
k
n
4m

2p
k

T
4m

T 2p
fn

4m
k

1 1
k

T 2p 4m

35) (b)
k

q
m

q 2 mk
For 1,
q 2 mk
36)

g 10 m/s 2

[71]

 1mm
g
10

100 rad/s

1103

n
37)

Forcing function F0 sin t, where F0 100 N

Damping factor, 0.25
k 10 kN/m 10000 N/m
F0 /k
A
2 2
2
1 r 2r

At resonance, r 1
100
0.01
A 10000
0.02 m 20mm
2
2 0.25
38)
r

r
x r

Total energy of system

1
1
1
E mv2 kx 2 I2
2
2
2
2

2
1 d 1
2 1 Mr
d
E m r k r

2 dt 2
2
2 dt

2 1
2
1
Mr 2
E mr 2 kr 22

2
2
4
Since total energy remains constant with respect to time
dE
0
dt
Mr 2
mr 2 kr 2.
0
2
Divide both sides by r 2

[72]

 m k

M
0
2

m k 0
2

k

0
M
m

2
K
2n
M
m
2
2k
2 1500
3000
n

100 10 rad/s
M 2m
20 2 5
20 10
39)

M.F

F0 / k

A
1

F0 / k 2
1
n
Given,

1
2

1
2
n n

3k
m
Also we know that

k
m

3k
m

3
n
m
k
A
1
1

2
F0 / k
3 1 2

40)

[73]

k
d
a

a d
a d

Fspring K a d

Total energy of system

1
1
1
E mv2 kx 2 I2
2
2
2
2

2
2 1 ma
1
d 1

d
E m a k { a d }

2
dt 2
2
2 dt

1
k
ma 2 2
2
E ma 22 a d .2

2
2
4
Since energy of system remains concerned with respect to time.
dE
0
dt
ma 2
2
ma 2 k a d .
0
2
3
2
ma 2 k a d 0
2
Dividing both sides by
3 2
2
ma k a d 0
2
3
Divide both sides by ma 2
2

[74]

k a d2

3 ma 2
2
Comparing the above equation with 2n 0
2n

2k a d

3ma 2
2k a d

3 ma 2

[75]

UNIT 5
GEAR TRAINS

[76]

QUESTION BANK
1.

Six gears of equal modules (A, B, C, D, E and F) are in meshing as shown in figure.
P
E

a A

C D

A is driving gear. A and B forms compound gear train.

Number of teeth on A = 52
Number of teeth on B = 56
Number of teeth on E and F are 36.
Find the speed of gear A, B, C, E & F if arm is given 200 r.p.m in clockwise direction.
2.

Two bevel gears A and B (having 60 teeth and 40 teeth, respectively) are rigidly
mounted on two co-axial shafts X and Y shown in below figure. A bevel gear C (having
50 teeth) meshes with A and B and rotates freely on one end of an arm. At the other
end of the arm is welded a sleeve and the sleeve is riding freely loose on the axes of the
shafts X and Y. If the shaft X rotates at 120 r.p.m. clockwise and the arm rotates at 120
r.p.m anticlockwise, find the speed of shaft Y.
Arm
C
Shaft Y
Shaft X

Sleeve
B
A

[IES 2011: 10 marks]

3.

An intermediate parallel shaft Z is used for gearing to gather two shafts X and Y
which are co-axial to each other. The gear wheel connecting X and Z have a module

[77]

of 2 and those connecting Z and Y a module of 3. The speed of Y is to be about, but

less than, 1/12 that of X. If the two pinions have 24 teeth each, find suitable numbers of
teeth for the gears and pinions, the actual velocity ratio and the corresponding distance of
shaft Z from shaft X.
Y

Z
3

[IES 2006: 20 marks]

[78]

GATE QUESTIONS
1.

Gear 2 rotates at 1200 rpm is counter clockwise direction and engages with Gear 3 and
Gear 4 mounted on the same shaft. Gear 5 engages with gear 4. The numbers of teeth on
Gears 2, 3, 4 and 5 are 20, 40, 15 and 30, respectively. The angular speed of Gear 5 is
20T

5
4

40T

a.
b.
c.
d.

15T

30T

300 rpm counter clockwise

300 rpm clockwise
4800 rpm counter clockwise
4800 rpm clockwise
[2014 : 1 Mark, Set-3]

2.

In the gear train shown gear 3 is carried on arm 5, Gear 3 meshes with gear 2 and gear 4.
The number of teeth on gear 2, 3 and 4 are 60, 20, and 100, respectively. If gear 2 is fixed
and gear 4 rotates with an angular velocity of 100 rpm in the counterclockwise direction,
the angular speed of arm 5 (in rpm) is
2
5

a.
b.
c.
d.

4
3

166.7 counterclockwise
166.7 clockwise
62.5 counterclockwise
62.5 clockwise
[2016 : 2 Mark, Set-1]

3.

A gear train is made up of five spur gears as shown in the figure. Gear 2 is driver and gear
6 is driven member. N2 , N3 , N4 , N5 and N6 represent number of teeth on gears 2, 3, 5
and 6 respectively. The gear (s) which act (s) as idler (s) is/are

[79]

N5

N3
N2

N6

4
Driver 3

6
Driven

N4
a.
b.
c.
d.

Only 3
Only 4
Only 5
Both 3 and 5
[2015 : 1 Mark, Set-3]

4.

The sun gear in the figure is driven clockwise at 100 rpm. The ring gear is held stationary.
For the number of teeth shown on the gears, the arm rotates at
R ing 80T
Arm
Sun
20T
Planet
30T

a.
b.
c.
d.

0 rpm
20 rpm
33.33 rpm
666.67 rpm
[1993 : 2 Marks]

5.

The arm OA of a epicyclic gear train shown in figure revolves counter clockwise about O
with an angular velocity of 4 rad/s. Both gear are of same size. The angular velocity of
gears C, if the sun gear B is fixed is
A

O
B

a.
b.
c.
d.

4 rad/s
8 rad/s
10 rad/s
12 rad/s
[1995 : 2 Marks]

Common Data for Questions 6 and 7

[80]

A planetary gear train has four gears and one carrier. Angular velocities of the gears are
2 , 3 , and 4 , respectively. The carrier rotates with angular velocity 5 .
Gear 2
45T

Gear 3
20T

Carrier 5
Gear 1
15T

6.

Gear 4
40T

What is the relation between the angular velocities of Gear 1 and Gear 4?

1 5
4 5
4 5
b.
1 5
1 2
c.
4 5
2 5
d.
4 5
a.

6
6

2

3
8

9
[2006 : 2 Marks]

7.

For 1 60 rpm clockwise (CW) when viewed from the left, What is the angular velocity
of the carrier and its direction so that Gear 4 rotates in counterclockwise (CCW) direction
at twice the angular velocity of Gear 1 when viewed from the left?
a. 130 rpm, cw
b. 223 rpm, ccw
c. 256 rpm, cw
d. 156 rpm, ccw
[2006 : 2 mark]

8.

An epicyclic gear train is shown schematically in the adjacent figure. The sun gear 2 on the
input shaft is a 20 teeth external gear. The planet gear 3 is a 40 teeth external gear. The
ring gear 5 is a 100 teeth internal gear. The ring gear 5 is fixed and the gear 2 is rotating at
60 rpm CCW (CCW counterclockwise and cw clockwise)

[81]

5
2

The arm 4 attached to the output shaft will rotate at

a. 10 rpm CCW
b. 10 rpm CW
c. 12 rpm CW
d. 12 rpm CCW
[2009 : 2 Marks]
9.

A compound gear train with gears P, Q, R, and S has number of teeth 20, 40, 15 and 20
respectively. Gears Q and R are mounted on the same shaft as shown in the figure below.
The diameter of the gear Q is twice that of the gear R. If the module of the gear R is 2 mm,
the centre distance in mm between gears P and S is
Q
S

P
+

a.
b.
c.
d.

+
R

40
80
120
160
[2013 : 2 Marks]

[82]

ANSWERS
1)

(a)
Gears
2
Teeth on
20
gears
Speed of
1200
gears in RPM
Angular speed of gear 5
20 1200 15

300 RPM
40 30
300 RMP {Counter clockwise}

2)

40

15

30

20 1200
40

20 1200
40

20 1200 15

40
30

(c)
Gears
Number of
teeth

60

20

100

Speed in rpm

N
(clockwise)

N 60
20
anticlockwise

N 60 20
20 100
(anticlockwise)

Let speed of
arm be y rpm (+
y clockwise)

Ny

N 60
20

N 60
y
20

Given : Gear 2 is fixed

Ny 0

N y

Gear 4 rotates 100 rpm is counter clockwise.

N 60

y 100
100
y 0.6 y 100
100
y
62.5
1.6
Hence, angular speed of arm is 62.5 (counterclockwise).
3)

(c)

4)

(b)

[83]

1
3

80

20
30

Gear
No. of teeth

1
80

Speed of (RPM)

Speed after adding speed of arm y (clockwise)

Ny

Given:
Ny 0

2
30
N80
30
N80
y
30

3
20(sun)

20(sun)
N80 30
y
30 20

.... 1

y N
sun gear means "3"
N 80 30
y0
30 20
4N N 100
5N 100
N 20
y N 20 rpm
5)

(b)
To check
A

Gear
No. of teeth

B
TB

Speed N in rpm

N
Positive sign means clockwise

C
TB TC
N.TB
N
Tc

Speed after adding speed of arm,

let speed of arm be y clockwise

Ny

N y

[84]

Given : y 4

counter clockwise direction

Ny 0
N y

[sun gear B is fined]

{4} 4 rad/s
Speed of gear C 4 4 8 rad/s
6)

(a)
Gear
No. of teeth

1
15

Velocities

N1

Velocities after
adding
velocity of arm
y
Therefore
1 N1 y

N1 y

2
45
15.N1
45

3
20
15N1
45

4
40
20 15N1
40 45

15N1
y
45

15N1
y
45

20 15N1
y
45 40

15N1
N1
y
y
45
3
15N1
N1
3
y
y
45
3
20 15 N1
N
4
y 1 y
45 40
6
5 N1 y y
N
1

1 6
N
4 5
1
y y N1/6
6
2

7)

(d)
Given :
N1 y 60

1 60

Also
N1
y 2 N1 y [4 21 ]
6
N
1 y 2N1 2y
6

[85]

N1
2N1 3y
6
13N1
3y
6
N1 60 y from Eq. 1
13
[60 y] 3 y
6
780 13 y 18 y
780 18y 13y
780 5y
780
y
156 rpm
5
Negative sign represents counter clockwise direction.
8)

(a)
3
5

4
2

Gear
No. of teeth

2
20

Velocity

Adding speed of arm y

Ny

N
y0
[Gear 5 is fixed]
5
N y 60
[counter clockwise]
N
N 60
5
6N
60
5
N 50
50
y 10 rpm
5
9)

(b)

[86]

3
40
20N
40
N
y
2

5
100
20N 40

40 100
N
y
5

Q
S

P
+

+
R

Centre distance between P and S.

Radius P Radius Q Radius R Radius S

DQ 2 D R
MR 2 mm
D
MR R
TR
DR T M R
15 2 30 mm
DQ 2 30

60 mm
and TQ 40
MQ

DQ
TQ

60
1.5
40
Since Q meshes with P, module of gear Q is equal to module of gear P.
DP MP TP
1.5 20
30.0 mm
Since S meshes with R module of S and R will be same
Module of S 2mm.
DS MS TS 2 20
40 mm
Centre distance
15 30 15 20
80 mm

[87]

UNIT 6
GOVERNERS

[88]

QUESTION BANK
1.

The arms of a Porter governor are each 250 mm long and pivoted on the governor axis. The
mass of each ball is 5 kg and the mass of the central sleeve is 30 kg. The radius of rotation
of the balls is 150 mm when the sleeve begins to rise and reaches a value of 200 mm for
maximum speed. Determine the speed range of the governor. If the friction at the sleeve is
equivalent of 20 N of load at the sleeve. Determine how the speed range is modified.

2.

The arms of a Porter governor are 300 mm long. The upper arms are pivoted on the axis of
rotation. The lower arms are attached to a sleeve at a distance of 40 mm from the axis of
rotation. The mass of the load on the sleeve is 70 kg and the mass of each ball is 10 kg.
Determine the equilibrium speed when the radius of rotation of the balls is 200 mm. If the
friction is equivalent to a load of 20 N at the sleeve, what will be the range of speed for this
position?

3.

A Proell governor has equal arms of length 300 mm. The upper and lower ends of the arms
are pivoted on the axis of the governor. The extension arms of the lower links are each 80
mm long and parallel to the axis when the radii of rotation of the balls are 150 mm and 200
mm. The mass of each ball is 10 kg and the mass of the central load is 100 kg. Determine
the range of speed of the governor.

4.

A Hartnell governor having a central sleeve spring and two right-angled bell crank levers
moves between 290 r.p.m. and 310 r.p.m for a sleeve lift of 15 mm. The sleeve arms and
the ball arms are 80 mm and 120 mm respectively. The levers are pivoted at 120 mm from
the governor axis and mass of each ball is 2.5 kg. The ball arms are parallel to the governor
axis at the lowest equilibrium speed. Determine:
1. Loads on the spring at the lowest and the highest equilibrium speeds, and
2. Stiffness of the spring.

5.

In a spring loaded Hartnell type governor, the extreme radii of rotation of the balls are 80
mm and 120 mm. The ball arms and the sleeve arm of the bell crank lever are equal in
length. The mass of each ball is 2 kg. If the speeds at the two extreme positions are 400 and
420 r.p.m. Find:
1. The initial compression of the central spring, and
2. The spring constant.

6.

In a spring loaded governor of the Hartnell type, the mass of each ball is 5 kg and the lift of
the sleeve is 50 mm. The speed at which the governor begins to float is 240 r.p.m., and at
this speed the radius of the ball path is 110 mm. The mean working speed of the governor
is 20 times the range of speed when friction is neglected. If the lengths of ball and roller
arm of the bell crank lever are 120 mm and 100 mm respectively and if the distance
between the centre of pivot of bell crank lever and axis of governor spindle is 140 mm,
determine the initial compression of the spring taking into account the obliquity of arms.
If friction is equivalent to a force of 30 N at the sleeve, find the total alteration in speed
before the sleeve begins to move from mid-position.

7.

Figure below shows schematic diagram of a centrifugal governor. The masses m are
directly connected to one another by two parallel and identical close coiled springs, one on

[89]

either side. In the position shown, with the mass arms parallel to the axis of rotation, the
equilibrium speed is 900 r.p.m. Given ball circle radius = 70 mm; length of ball arm = 85
mm and length of sleeve arm = 50 mm.
1. When the speed is increased by 1% without any change of radius for the given position,
an axial force of 30 N is required at the sleeve to maintain equilibrium. Determine the
mass of each ball.
2. Find the stiffness and initial extension of each spring, if the rate of sleeve movement,
when in mid position is 20 mm for 480 r.p.m. change of speed.

8.

In a spring-controlled governor of the Hartung type, the length of the ball and sleeve arms
are 80 mm and 120 mm respectively. The total travel of the sleeve is 25 mm. In the mid
position, each spring is compressed by 50 mm and the radius of rotation of the mass centres
is 140 mm. Each ball has a mass of 4 kg and the spring has a stiffness of 10 kN/m of
compression. The equivalent mass of the governor gear at the sleeve is 16 kg. Neglecting
the moment due to the revolving masses when the arms are inclined, determine the ratio of
the range of speed to the mean speed of the governor. Find, also, the speed in the midposition.

9.

A Porter governor has equal arms each 250 mm long and pivoted on the axis of rotation.
Each ball has a mass of 5 kg and the mass of the central load on the sleeve is 25 kg. The
radius of rotation of the ball is 150 mm when the governor begins to lift and 200 mm when
the governor is at maximum speed. Find the range of speed, sleeve lift, governor effort and
power of the governor in the following cases:
1. When the friction at the sleeve is neglected, and
2. When the friction at the sleeve is equivalent to 10 N.

10.

A porter governor has equal arms 200 mm long pivoted on the axis of rotation. The mass of
each ball is 3 kg and the mass on the sleeve is 15 kg. The ball path is 120 mm when the
governor begins to lift and 160 mm at the maximum speed. Determine the range of speed.
If the friction at the sleeve is equivalent to a force of 10 N, find the coefficient of
insensitiveness.

[90]

11.

The total sleeve movement in a Hartnell governor is 3 cm. The mass of the rotating balls
is 1.5 kg each. At the mid position of sleeve arm, which is 6.5 cm long, is horizontal. The
ball arm has a length of 7.5 cm. At the mid position of the sleeve, the balls rotate at a
radius of 10.5 cm. Due to mal adjustment of spring, the equilibrium speed of governor at
top position is 415 rpm and its lowest position it is 430 rpm. Determine
(1)
Stiffness and initial compression of spring
(2)
Required initial compression in spring which qives equilibrium speed at the top
most position, which is 10 rpm more than the lowest position. Neglect obliquity.
[IES 2002: 15 marks]

[91]

UNIT 7
BALANCING

[92]

QUESTION BANK
1

The bearings of the shaft A and B are 5m apart. The shaft carries three eccentric masses
C, D and E which are 160, 170 and 85 kg respectively. The respective eccentricity of
each masses measured from the axis of rotation is 0.5 cm, 0.3 cm and 0.6 cm and
distance from A is 1.3m, 3m and 4m respectively. Determine the angular position of
each mass with respect to C so that no dynamic force is exerted at B and find the
dynamic force at A for this arrangement when the shaft runs at 100 rpm.
[IES 2002: 15 marks]

A single cylinder engine and a 4-cylinder inline stroke engine (both horizontal) are
running at speed of 1500 rpm. Crank radius and connecting rod for both are 100 N and
500 mm respectively. Reciprocating parts for the single cylinder engine weight 160 N
and for each of the four cylinders of the four-cylinder engine weigh 40N. Resolving
masses for both single and four cylinder engines workout to 160 N with a net eccentricity
of 0.1 mm, Compute the following for both the engines:
(1)
Magnitude, frequency and direction of the predominant unbalanced force due to
the reciprocating parts.
(2)
Magnitude, frequency and direction of the unbalanced force due to the revolving
parts.
(3)
If a vibration pick up is used to measure the vibration signals on the frame of the
engine, direction in which the signals will be predominant.
[IES 2004: 18 marks]

A rotor is balanced by attaching two 2kg trail masses in each of the planes A and B
as shown in figure below at a radius of 15 cm. Complete dynamic balance is
obtained with angular positions as shown in same figure. Determine the position and
mass of the material to be removed from each of the planes C and D at a radius of 10 cm
in order to balance the rotor when the trail masses are removed.
[IES 2008: 20 marks]

A two-cylinder uncoupled locomotive has inside cylinders 70 cm apart, the cranks are at
right angles and are each 0.3 m long. The mass of the revolving parts per cylinder is 160
kg and the mass of the reciprocating parts per cylinder is 180 kg. Whole of the revolving
and 2/3rd of the reciprocating path are to be balanced and the balance masses are to be
placed in the planes of rotation of the driving wheels at a radius of 80 cm. The driving
wheels are 2m diameter and 1.5 m apart. Find the position of the balance masses. The
driving crank speed is 300 rpm.
[IES 2011: 15 marks]

A single cylinder reciprocating engine has speed 240 r.p.m., stroke 300 mm, mass of
reciprocating parts 50 kg, mass of revolving parts at 150 mm radius 37 kg. If two third of
the reciprocating parts and all the revolving parts are to be balanced, find:
1.
The balance mass required at a radius of 400 mm, and
2.

The residual unbalanced force when the crank has rotated 60o from inner dead
centre.

[93]

An inside cylinder locomotive has its cylinder centre lines 0.7 m apart and has a stroke of
0.6 m. The rotating masses per cylinder are equivalent to 150 kg at the crank pin, and the
reciprocating masses per cylinder to 180 kg. The wheel centre lines are 1.5 m apart. The
cranks are at right angles.
The whole of the rotating and 2/3 of the reciprocating masses are to be balanced by
masses placed at a radius of 0.6 m. Find the magnitude and direction of the balancing
masses.
Find the fluctuation in rail pressure under one wheel, variation of tractive effort and the
magnitude of swaying couple at a crank speed of 300 r.p.m.

The following data refer to two cylinder locomotive with cranks at 90o : Reciprocating
mass per cylinder 300 kg; Crank radius 0.3 m; Driving wheel diameter 1.8 m ;
Distance between cylinder centre lines 0.65 m; Distance between the driving wheel
central planes 1.55 m.
Determine:
1. The friction of the reciprocating masses to be balanced, if the hammer blow is not to
exceed 46 kN at 96.5 km. p.h. ;
2. The variation in tractive effort; and
3. The maximum swaying couple.

The following particulars relates to a two-cylinder locomotive with two coupled wheels
on each side:
Stroke
650 mm

Mass of reciprocating parts per cylinder

Mass of revolving parts per cylinder
Mass of each coupling rod
Radius of centre of coupling rod pin
Dis tan ce between cylinders
Dis tan ce between wheels
Dis tan ce between coupling rods

240 kg
200 kg
250 kg
250 mm
0.6 m
1.5 m
1.8 m

The main cranks are at right angles and the coupling rod pins are at 180o to their
respective main cranks. The balance masses are to be placed in the wheels at a mean
radius of 675 mm in order to balance whole of the revolving and 3/4th of the
reciprocating masses. The balance mass for the reciprocating masses is to be divided
equally between the driving wheels and the coupled wheels. Find:
1. The magnitudes and angular positions of the masses required for the driving and
trailing wheels, and
2. The hammer blow at 120 km/h, if the wheels are 1.8 meter diameter.

[94]

GATE QUESTIONS
1.

A slider crank mechanism has slider mass of 10 kg, stroke of 0.2 m and rotates with a
uniform angular velocity of 10 rad/s. The primary inertia forces of the slider are partially
balanced by a revolving mass of 6 kg at the crank, placed at a distance equal to crank
radius. Neglect the mass of connecting rod and crank. When the crank angle (with respect
to slider axis) is 300 , the unbalanced force (in Newton) normal to the slider axis is
_______.
[2014 : 2 Marks, Set-1]

2.

Two masses m are attached to opposite sides of a rigid rotating shaft in the vertical plane.
Another pair of equal masses m1 is attached to the opposite sides of the shaft in the
vertical plane as shown in figure. Consider m 1 kg, e 50 mm, e1 20 mm,
b 0.3 m, a 2m and a1 2.5 m. For the system to be dynamically balanced, m1 should
be _____ kg.

m
e
e1
m1

e1
e

a
m
a1

[2016 : 2 Marks, Set-3]

[95]

ANSWERS
1.

10 rad/s
300
Stroke Length
r
0.1 m
2
1
Unbalanced force mr2 sin 300 6 100 0.1 30 N
2
2.
1 kg

m1

50 mm

20 mm

0.3m

20 mm

2m

50mm
1 kg

m1

a1 2.5

2 m1 0.02 2.5 1 0.05 0.3 2 m1 0.02 0 2 1 0.05 2.3 2

m1 2 kg

[96]

UNIT 8
CAMS

[97]

GATE QUESTIONS
1.

Consider a rotating disk cam and a translating roller follower with zero offset. Which one
of the following pitch curves, parameterized by t, lying in the interval 0 to 2p , is
associated with the maximum translation of the follower during one full rotation of the cam
rotating about the center at x, y 0,0 ?
a. x t cos t, y t sin t
b. x t cos t, y t 2sin t

1
cos t, y t 2sin t
2
1
d. x t cos t, y t sin t
2
c. x t

[2014 : 2 Marks, Set-3]

[98]

ANSWERS
1. (c)

[99]

UNIT 9
GYROSCOPE

[100]

QUESTION BANK
1.

A uniform disc of 150 mm diameter has a mass of 5 kg. It is mounted centrally in

bearings which maintain its axle in a horizontal plane. The disc spins about its axle with
a constant speed of 1000 r.p.m. while the axle precesses uniformly about the vertical at
60 r.p.m. The directions of rotation are as shown in figure. If the distance between the
bearings is 100 mm, find the resultant reaction at each bearing due to the mass and
gyroscopic effects.

2.

A ship propelled by a turbine rotor which has a mass of 5 tones and a speed of 2100 r.p.m.
the rotor has radius of gyration of 0.5 m and rotates in a clockwise direction when viewed
from the stern. Find the gyroscopic effects in the following conditions:
1. The ship sails at a speed of 30 km/h and steers to the left in a curve having 60 m
radius.
2. The ship pitches 6 degree above and 6 degree below the horizontal position. The bow
is descending with its maximum velocity. The motion due to pitching is simple
harmonic and the periodic time is 20 seconds.
3. The ship rolls and at a certain instant it has an angular velocity of 0.03 rad/s clockwise
when viewed from stern.
Determine also the maximum angular acceleration during pitching. Explain how the
direction of motion due to gyroscopic effect is determined in each case.

3.

A rear engine automobile is travelling along a track of 100 m mean radius. Each of the four
road wheels has a moment of inertia of 2.5 kg m 2 and an effective diameter of 0.6 m.
The rotating parts of the engine have a moment of inertia of 1.2 kg m 2 . The engine axis
is parallel to the rear axle and the crankshaft rotates in the same sense as the road
wheels. The ratio of engine speed to back 0.5 m above road level. The width of the track
of the vehicle is 1.5 m.
Determine the limiting speed of the vehicle around the curve for all four wheels to
maintain contact with the road surface. Assume that the road surface is not cambered
and centre of gravity of the automobile lies centrally with respect to the four wheels.

4.

A four-wheeled trolley car of total mass 2000 kg running on rails of 1.6 m gauge, rounds a
curve of 30 m radius at 54 km/h. The track is banked at 8o. The wheels have an external
diameter of 0.7 m and each pair with axle has a mass of 200 kg. The radius of gyration for
each pair is 0.3 m. The height of centre of the car above the wheel base is 1 m. Determine,
allowing for centrifugal force and gyroscopic couple actions, the pressure on each rail.

[101]

GATE QUESTIONS
1.

A car is moving on a curved horizontal road of radius 100 m with a speed of 20 m/s, The
rotating masses of the engine have an angular speed of 100 rad/s in clockwise direction
when viewed from the front of the car. The combined moment of inertia of the rotating
masses is 10 kg-m2 . The magnitude of the gyroscopic moment in (N-m) is ____.
[2016: 1 marks]

[102]

ANSWERS
1. I 10 kg m2
100 rad/s
20
p V / r
rad / s
100

Gyroscopic moment I p 10 100

[103]

20
200 N-m
100