BloomsTaxonomyAcrossStagesofLanguageAcquisition

Levelsofthinkingand
languagefunctions
Levelofthinkingand
academiclanguagemove
fromconcreterecalltomore
complexandmoreabstractin
anyundertaking.

Creating
Appraise,argue,assess,
choose,compare,defend,
estimate,judge,predict,rate.
select,support,value,
evaluate

Evaluating
Arrange,assemble,collect,
compose,construct,create,
design,develop,formulate,
manage,organize,plan,
prepare,propose,setup
Analyzing
Analyze,appraise,calculate,
categorize,contrast,criticize,
differentiate,discriminate,
distinguish,examine,
experiment,question,test
Applying
Apply,choose,demonstrate,
dramatize,employ,illustrate,
interpret,operate,practice,
schedule,sketch,solve,use

Understanding
Classify,describe,discuss,
explain,express,identify,
indicate,locate,recognize,
report,restate,review,select,
translate
Remembering
Arrange,order,define,
duplicate,label,list,name,
recognize,relate,recall,
repeat,reproduce

Languageuseacrossstagesofsecondlanguageacquisition
Movesfromsimpletocomplexingrammaticaltenses,forms,vocabulary,etc.
Preproduction: Early

Production:
(Level1)
(Level2)

Oneword
Nonverbal
response.
response.
Teacher
Whatarethebest
mismatches
materialsforthe
animalwithits
ducktobuilda
environmentand
nest?
asks:Isthisthe
right
environment?
Findtheright
environment.
Pointtothe
Saythenamesof
animalsthatlive
theanimalsthat
inthesoil.
liveinthesoil.

Speech
emergence:
(Level3)

Phrasesorshort
sentences.

Intermediate
fluency:
(Level3)

Longerand
morecomplex
sentences.
Whatwould
happenifyou
putawormin
thedesert?

Advanced
fluency:
(Level3)

Near
nativelike.

Howcouldyou
changea
scorpionsoit
couldswim?

Whatwoulda
camelneedto
surviveinthe
desert?

Howdoesabear
useitsclawsto
catchfish?
Gatherberries?

Showmewhat
wouldhappenI
weputthefishin
thedesert.

Tellmewhat
wouldhappenif
weputafishin
thedesert.

Howare
raccoonsand
squirrelsthe
same?Howare
theydifferent?

Howcouldyou
changethebody
ofafishtomake
itfly?

Howwouldyou
protectthe
wildlifeina
forestwhere
hikingwas
popular?
Whydoyou
thinkabear
hibernatesin
winter?

Showmean
animalthatcannot
lieintheforest.

Nametheparts
ofafishthat
helpitliveinthe
water.

Showmewherea
deerlives.

Tellmewhich
Whyisatoadthe
animalseatmeat. coloritis?

Explainhowa
snakecatchesits
prey.

Whereisthe
raccoon?

Whatisthename Whatarethe
ofthisanimal?
bodypartsofa
turtle?

Givethe
definitionofa
mammal.

Whatmakesa
goodhomefora
bear?(Examine
settingsand
evaluate:Acave
makesagood
home.)

Howwouldyou
captureand
transport
scorpionstoa
zoo?

Recommenda
different
environment
foramother
ducktoraise
herducklings.
Defendyour
choice.

Howwoulda
deer
camouflage
itselfinthe
forestin
winter?Inthe
desert?
Whydofish
needgillsto
liveinthe
water?Howdo
gillswork?
Tellme
everythingyou
knowabouta
clam.

Source:Adaptedfrom
BloomsTaxonomy,HallidayslanguageFunctions

,andKrashensStagesofLanguageAcquisition.Contributors:MikeGaddisandCynthia
Bjork.AsshownontheJournaloftheNationalStaffDevelopmentCouncil,Winter2008.