jehL muR

j
Mwh tF

lhik kjneakw braY bgUFwK MF

g fJiw

 jehL muR
Kj g - 2013
(KgUt ghl bjhF)

ghl cUthf

khy fa Muh g Wtd,

frhiy, brid - 600 006.

mrhf

jehL ghl fHf,

frhiy, brid - 600 006.

80 vv nknjh jh mlgLsJ.
iy : %.
Mbr Kiw mnlh :
ghl tiyjs :

www. textbooksonline.tn.nic.in

II

ehLg
#d fz kd mehaf #a nA

ghuj gha jhjh

grhg J F#uhj kuhlh

uhl cfy gfh

a khry aKdh ffh

cry #y jufh

jt Rg ehnk #hnf

jt Rg M[ khnf

fhnA jt #a fhjh

#d fz kfs jhaf #a nA

ghuj gha jhjh

#a nA #a nA #a nA

#a #a #a #a nA!
- kfhf uuehj jhT

ehLg - bghU
a jhna! kf g Jgfis fw na
vyhUila kdY M brwh.
Ubga grhig Jit Truij
kuhoaij uhlij xorhit tfhsij cs
s mila brwJ.
Ubga a, kakiy bjhlf vbuhwJ;
aKid, fif MWf bdh xWwJ; a
flyiyfsh tzfgLwJ.
mit dUis ntLwd; fiH guwd.
ah g Jgfis fw jhna, cdF
bt!

bt!

III

bt!

nja xUikghL cWbkh

eho cik thit xUikghil ngfhJ
tYgLj bragLnt vW cskhu cW TWnw.
xUnghJ tKiwia ehnl vW, rka, bkh,
tlhu Kjait fhuzkhf vG ntWghLfSF
rfSF Vida mua bghUshjhu FiwghLfSF
mikbeY mua mik tY W
fhng vW eh nkY cWanw.

cWbkh
ah vdJ ehL. a midtU v clwf.
vdJ ehil eh bgJ nenw. eho
gHbgUikfhf gKf ku wfhf eh bgUj
milnw. eho bgUikF jFJ sl eh
vW ghLgLnt.
vDila bgnwh, Maf, vdF ta _njh
midtiu kng; vyhlK m kahij
fhLnt.
v ehoF v kfSF ciHl KidJ
ng. mtf eyK tsK bgWtnyjh vW
k fhng.

IV

jjh thJ
uhU flYLj yklij bfbyhGF
uhU tjdbkd fguj fl
bjfzK mwj uhle UehL
jfW iwEjY jjeW yfKnk!
myf thridngh midJyF gKw
vir fkzf UjbgU

jHznf!

jHznf!

csik waJ brakwJ thJJnk!

thJJnk!

thJJnk!
- kndhka

bg. Rjudh

bghUslf

a
1

gf v

thJ

UFw

jjhjh c. nt. rh.

filtiu eif

ehyoah

22

ghuj njr

23

gwitf gyj

24

ghf

27

ehkfoif

42

Muhnuh Munuh

43

uWt

47

iraKJ

59

gHbkh eh}W

60

kf uhF neU vGa foj

61

CUHh - xU fiyHh

64

j ghl

74

sik bgah nfl dh

76

jfkhgHK NLnfhY

80

VI

bghUslf

gf v

weh}W

90

izia oJ bjUthF!

91

nja fhj brk

92

vJ bga cik?

96

UFw

109

br bjhny bjt

111

fny fiytz

112

rhjid bgk nk

115

jghl

129

mj fhy j fhy

131

jaf jnyna ngRnth

132

ehL efuK

136

Fwhy Fwt

150

kuK giHa Fil

152

vJ gghL?

153

tzf Iah!

158

bkh isahLf

169

VII

kdghl gF

a
1

br
thJ

mof
4

UFw (1, 2, 4, 7, 10)

ehyoah

iraKJ

weh}W

UFw ( 3, 5, 6, 8, 10 )

jghl

Fwhy Fwt ( 1 - 4 mof )

kdghlmof bkhj

10

10

53

( ghlY * cLFl ghlf kdghl gF )

VIII

a xW

br

thJ
UtUgh
f fyjh fU fyjhv
v fynj Uwh - g
fyjh v gho fyjh c
fyjh fUiz fyJ. *
- uhkf mofsh
ghlbghU
fUiz iwj iwt v f Uwh;
v jid fyJ Uwh; v vz
fyJ Uwh; v gho fyJ Uwh; gho
ir fyJ Uwh; mt, v c fyJ
Uwh.
Ma F

midJ kjf
ezffhf rkhf rfij,
gJa ngh kfSF cztf mwrhiyia mikjt.
mbe sf Phdrigia Wat. thoa giu flnghbjyh
thoa fUiz kd tUilaJ. tl ra jUkrhiy, gah thL
kfSF nrhl, t mW _oa mL W mizahk, bjhlJ
g J tUwJ. t thj fhy 05. 10. 1823Kj 30.01. 1874tiu.
tuJ UtUghUJ xU ghl, thJ brshf jugLsJ.
1

uhkf mofsh, UtUufhr tsyh

vD w bga bgwt. t fl khtl
kU wjt. bgnwh uhikah - dikah.
tfhUaxGf, kDKiw flthrf Ma f
t vGait. t ghlf midJ UtUgh
vD jiy bjhFfgLsd. rkur rkhf beia tHat
tnu.

UFw
milik

1.

mF cnlh milFjh Mty

f r jU.*

bghU: mig milJ itf jhgh iy; mF cat

Jgij ghjJnk m, fuhf btgL F.
(Mty - milat; f - Jg fL bgUF f;
r jU - btgL F.)

2.

myh vyh jkFa milah

v ca wF. *

bghU: myhjt vyh bghUS jkF kL caJ vW vQt;

m cilatnuh j cl, bghU, M Ma midJ wUbfd
vLt.
(v vY. F cl, bghU, Mia FwJ.)

3.

mnghL iaj tHFvg MUF

vnghL iaj bjhl.

bghU: clnghL c izJ Ugjidnghy, thif benahL

m izJ UwJ.
(tHF - thifbe; MU - mUikahd c; v vY.)

4.

m<D Mt cilik mJ<D

evD ehlh w. *

bghU: m Ugij jU.

bgUwig jU.

Ug midtlK ebfhS

(<D - jU; Mt - Ug; btWig Ugij clhF vgJ

bghU. e - e.)


5. mW mkj tHFvg itafJ

wh vJ w.
bghU: mnghL bghUa thif beia filojt cyf
k cilat Mt. (itaf - cyf; vg - vghf.)

6.

mwnf mrh vg mah

kwF m~nj Jiz.

bghU: m mwij kL rhjJ vW TWnth mahjt; uF

mjh Jiz. (kw - u; fUiz, u uoFnk mjh mogil
vgJ bghU.)

7.

v yjid btnghy fhnk

m yjid mw. *

bghU: vY yhj cfis bt tU mgJnghy, myhj

cfis mw tU mF.
(vyJ - vY yhjJ (G); myJ - myhj cf.)

8.

mgfJ yh cthif tghf

tw kuj jW.

bghU: ghiy y cs thonghd ku jfhJ. mJnghy, be

m yhj kj thif jfhJ.
(mgfJ yh - m + mfJ + yh - m cs yhj;
tghf - tgh + f - ghiy y. jjW - jJ + mW jjJnghy; twku - thoa ku.)

9.

wJW vyh vtbr ahif

mfJW m ytF.

bghU: be m yhjtF if, fh Kja cl cWfsh

vd ga?
(wJW - cl cWf; vt br - vd ga?; mfJW - kd
cW, m.)

10. m taJ ciy m~yhF

vnjh nghj cl. *
bghU: m brtJjh cl c UgjF milahs. myhjt
cl btW njhyh _lgl vYjh. mF c iy.

Ma F : UFwisaat
UtSt.
tUila fhy .K. 31 vW
TWt.
jid
bjhlfkhf
bfhnl
UtSt
ML
fzlgLwJ. tUila C,
bgnwh Fj KGikahd brf
ilfiy.
t brehnghjh, bjtyt,
ehadh vd ntW bgafshY
nghwgLwh.
F
mwJgh, bghUgh,
gJgh vd KbgU fis
bfhlJ.
133 mfhuf csd.
xnth mfhuJF 10 Fwghf
vd 1330 Fwghf csd. J
gbdfzF fS xW.
iy Kgh, bghJkiw, jkiw
vd TWt.
UFw cyf
bghJkiw vd nghwgLwJ.
UFw
milik,
ait Tw Ma mfhuf
ghlgFahf lbgWsd.

UtSt ML fzL Kiw

J ML (..) + 31 = UtSt ML.
vLJfhL : 2013 + 31 = 2044
(.. 2013I UtSt ML 2044 vW TWnth.)

ciueil

jjhjh c. nt. rh.

Iah... Iah...
bt ahnuh miHF Fu nfL LF
Uj Kat thrYF tjh. ahnuh cj
nfLjh tUgh vW idJ tjtUF
a. thr wtiu ghjh, mt bga
kjuhf ey goghahf bjjh. mt
Kf mgobahU bj UjJ.
vd ntL? vW Lfhu nflh.
jf o giHa XiyRtof iwa
Ugjhf nfgL tnj. mt, jbkh wj yaf
Ufyh. XiyRto csdtiw vyh vG jfkhf mL
tUnw. cf o cs Rtofis bfhLjh, mtiw ghJ
vGL U jJLnt. j cjia kWfhk jhf brj
ntL vW tj bgat Tdh.
jid nfl LfhuUF d tJlJ.
ehis MobgUF. oafhiy M Ltjfhf o
bfhr XiyRtof itUnw. mJ bghWfiyah ckF?
vW fdh.
XiyRtofis gofntLnk
lntL...? vW tjt nflh.

ju,

mtiw

Lfhu nkY d bfhlh. m~J ckF njityhjJ.

MobgUF eh Rtofis M lh a vgJ rhu.
mtiw vyh bfhLfTlhJ vd T, tjtiu uodh.
bgat,
Lfhul
vtsnth
bfnfL,
mt
XiyRtofis ju xJbfhsiy. tjtnuh mjfhf kd
jsuiy; mj CiuL bryiy. mj LfhuUF
bjahk, mu ntbwhU Liz gLJbfhlh.
FU g mtiu thod.

(c. nt. rh. gj knkfiy XiyRto X VL)

oafhiy nfh TaJ mj Lfhu XiyRtofSl

MWF brtjid ghjh mj bgat; mtiu bjhlJ
kiwJ kiwJ brW, xU jUF dh xJbfhL elgjid
vyh ghJbfhL Ujh.
Lfhu uhoa, XiyRtofis
ML brwh.
mt Lbrw XiyRtofis mbgat njo vLjh. mt
Uj <uij j ntoah Jiljh. mnfna Rtofis thf
bjhldh.
mt ff f bgUaJ.
mt njonjo
miyj mUj yaf y mRtof Ujd. (j f
iwa <nuhL khtl cs bfhLKo vD C eilbgwJ.)
mj bgatnu c.nt. rhehj.
mj fhy jhnsh vGJnfhnyh iy.
gid Xiyia
gFtgL, m vGjh bfhL vGJt. mthW vGjgl
XiyF
XiyRto
vW
bga.
mfhy
yafS
yfzfS XiyRtofjh vGjgld. Mah Xiy
vGJnghJ, Xiy ahk vGJj ntL. mjdh, XiyRto
vGJf UfhJ; xiwbfh, uilbfh ntWghL
UfhJ. ngu vgjid bgud vW thfyh. ngud vW
thfyh. KD D cs tfis itJ bghU bfhSj
ntL.
iH yhk vGjntL vgjfhf, c. nt. rh. btntW Rtofis
itJ gyKiw xL ghj dnu, mtiw mRF mDdh.
mthW vGjgl Rtofis thJ, ekfhf jh vG, mL
jfkhf tHdh c. nt. rhehj. eh myafis gogjfhf
mt X ciHjh. mjdh, mtiu jjhjh c. nt. rh. vW
mnghL ciknahL eh miHnwh.
FghL vD Rtoia m ggjfhf vG
bfhoUjh. mRto bjhW xgJ tifahd f bgaf
XiyRtof ghJfhfgL y lf
1. ir Rtof yf, brid. 2. muR Mtz fhgf , brid.
3. cyf jHuh Wtd, brid. 4. ruRt yf, jrh.

Ujd. mtW, bjhW MW fSila

bgaf kLnk bjthf Ujd; _W f
bgaf bjthf iy. Mdh, _nw _W
f jhnd bjaiy vd mt Lliy.
mj f bgaf bjthf cs Rto
ahlkhtJ Ufhjh vW kWgo CCuhf,
Llhf njo brwh. (FghL - gJghL
fS xW; j Ma fy) gy khjf
fJ, mt njoa f bgaf cs Rto xW
iljJ. mj wnf miy mRF bfhLjh.
vjid miuFiwahf bra Ughj RWRWghd
mj jhjh, j theh KGtJ Xyhk g
gia nkbfhlh.
mt wj C Uth% khtl cs
cjkjhdu. mtUila abga ntflud.
mtUila Ma bga kfhJth dhRju.
mtUila Ma mtUF itj bga rhehj.
mjdh mt, cjkjhdu ntflR kfdh
rhehj vgj RUfkhfnt
c. nt. rh. vW
miHfglh. 19. 02. 1855M ML wj mt,
28. 04. 1942 M ML aif vdh.
j thif tuyhiw Mdjfl j
bjhluhf vGdh. m~J v rj vD bga
yhf bttjJ.
mt bjhla jg D KGik
milaiy. mtUila nguisfshd ehK
mgia bjhlnth.

c. nt. rh.
gj f
vLbjhif
8
gJghL
10
tfjhk
1
ygfhu
1
knkfiy
1
uhzf
12
cyh
9
nfhit
6
J
6
btgh f
13
mjh
3
gu
2
Kknfhit
2
uilkkhiy 2
w ugjf
4

c. nt. rh. id
y,
cjkjhdu

w Ff
* c.nt.rh. mtf bgauh 1942 Wtgl
lhl c.nt.rh. iya W brid cs
bgr ef bjhlJ bragL tUwJ.
* c.nt.rh. mtf j gfis btehL
mPfshd ..ngh, Na nrh Mnah
bgJ ghuhosd.
* eLtzuR, c.nt.rh. mtf jbjhoid
bgUikgLJ tif 2006M ML mrjiy
btL wJsJ.

eLt muR,
2006M ML
btl
wmrjiy

Jizghl

filtiu eif
xU W cik tuyhW J. mt bga rlnfh. KG bga rlnfh
rrh. mt #gh ehL W.
#gh U lf mbkfh FL aJ. xW nuhkh;
kbwhW ehfrh. m FL uL yr #gha wjd.
nuhkhF mU rlnfh, j bgnwhUl tJ tjh. mnghJ,
mtSF uL taJ. FL mt FLg jaJ.
rlnfh g nrJ goJ tjh. mtSF 11 taJ MdJ. xUeh
g, mt isahobfhL Ujh. mnghJ, Obud ka
Gjh. kUJt mtis nrhJ ghjh. mtSF Wneh!
mQFL btojnghJ clhd fRjh jF fhuz.
rlnfhit kUJtkid nrjhf. Wneh Mis bfhY vW
rlnfh bjJ bfhlh.

W rlnfh

fhj cUtf
br fiyia
#gha `Xfh vW
TWt.

Mdh, rlnfh rhf Ugiy;

cthHnt Mirglh. xUeh
Rnfh vw njh, mtis ghf
tjh. Rnfh if iwa fhjf
vLJ tjh.
mj fhjf
rJu rJukhf btlgL Ujd.
xU fhjij Rnfh vLjh.
mgo go fhjij kl
bfhF xW brjh. #gha
tzF gwit - bfhF.
Rnfh
brhdh. rlnfh, ftiyglhnj!
eh brjJngh Mu bfhFf
br! neh FzkhF. J e ehL
eif vwh.
rlnfhF eif iljJ;
Jr wjJ. ehnjhW
bfhFf bra bjhldh.
bjhlf eh xWF UgJ
bfhFf
brjh.
nghfnghf
cl tik FaJ. mtsh,
xU ehisF _W bfhFfTl
bra ayiy. jid kuz
beUljid czjh.
MdhY, mt fhj bfhF
brtjid kL Wjnt iy.
bfhF brnghJ, mt ftiyia
kwUjh.
xUeh, mtsh xU bfhF
kLnk bra KojJ. mjwF,
mtsh vJ bra ayiy.
1955M ML mnlhg 25M eh
rlnfh wJlh.
rlnfh gLif KGtJ
fhj bfhFf Ujd. bkhj
mWW ehgJ ehF bfhFf
Ujd.
Mu
bfhFfSF
9

D KW IgjhW bfhFf ntL. njhf To KW

IgjhW bfhFf brjd; vifia Mu Md. rlnfh
Ugij iw brjd.
j theh Wtiu eifl thjt rlnfh.
bjhla braiy, mt Wjnt iy.

jh

mtSF xU idthya fl ntLbkW njhf idjhf.

mjfhf bghJkfl uodhf. nuhkh ef ika
idthya fodhf. mjD rlnfhF iy itjhf. mjF
FHijf mik idthya vW bga Nodhf.
idthya tUkhW vG itjhf.
cyf mik ntL!
~J vf fjw! ~J vf ntLj!
( ehnjhW Wfzfhd FHijf mj idthya
tUwd. rlnfh iyF fhj bfhFf brJ tzFwd. )
e: muj Fjh vGa bl o f.

10

yfzK bkhwD
1. yfz vjF?
eh ngR bkhia, vGJ bkhia Kiwahf J bfhtjF
yfz njit.
go vGJ, mgo vGJ vW flis Ltjfhf iy.
mt tjh - vW vGdh ahUfhtJ kh? tjt Mzh,
bgzh vgJ vgo bj?
eh ngRtJ vGJtJ kwtF antL; ekF antL.
mjFjh yfz njitgLwJ.
2. bkhF a
xU fliy ghnwh. xU kiyia ghnwh. vgo anwh!xU
bkhia goFnghJ mgo xU a VgL.
j Kj vGJ - m
m vD vG KJFF dh | vW xU nfhL UwJ.
cyf Wfzfhd bkhf Kj vG go xU nfhL
UwJ. m vGJ kjid Fwjh. | vD KJFnfhL
gHfhy ntil MLtjF kj KJ Rkj mTil
Fwjh; vnd, aghd br!
3. vGJfS kjfS
kjfisnghyjh vGJfS. mtWF e cL; dK
cL.
vD vGJF dh f d vGnj tU. , f uL
egf. (v.fh. ) f, jif.
mnjngh , r uL egf. uL nrnj tU. (v.fh.)
kr, mrhnj.
l, j, g, w - vGJfS egf. bgUghY it nrnj tU.
(v.fh.) gl, gj, fg, bjw.
fS y
fLof.

brhfis

brh

ghUf.

(e vGJfis d vGJf vd yfz TWwJ.)

11

vGJfis

4. ntWghL mj
1. F beo
Xnlho tjh.
bjhl kW uL bk vGJf. mtiw LJ,
j cs vGJf,
X nlh jh -

it _W beo vGJf.

o t

it uL F vGJf.

ey j vGj F, beo ntWghL mtJ mogil mthF.

g : m. beo vGJfis nfhoL fhLf.
gho fyjh.
vnjh nghj cl.
M. F vGJfis nfhoL fhLf.

wh vJ w.

m taJ ciy.

2. xiwbfh, uilbfh

br, nr vD uL brhfis ghUf.

br -

~J xiwbfh.

nr -

~J uilbfh.

xiwbfh, uilbfhgh bghU vgo khWwJ ghUf.

jid br,

jhnr eyL.

vgJ bkbaGJ, v vgJ cbuGJ.

uL nrUnghJ br. J F.
cl V nrUnghJ nr. J beo.
g : bro, nrt, bg, ngf, bto, ntl, bjid, nj, be, neik
Ma brhf bfhila vGJfis J vGJf.
xiwbfh

uilbfh

br o = + v

nr t = + V

12


3. xiwbfh, uilbfhfnshL Jiz vGJ nrUnghJ
VgL khwfis ghUf.
bfho gwF

nfhogz ilF

+ x - uL nrjh bfh. J F.
+ X - uL nrjh nfh. J beo.
g : bfh, bfho, nfh, nghit, nrhiy, brh, bgh, njh, nkh,
beho. j brhf xiw, uilbfh, JizbaGJ cila
vGJfis bjGJf.
xiwbfh Jiz vGJ

uilbfh Jiz vGJ

bgh = + x

nrhiy = + X

5. jY nrjY
1. J mj
gHj ya e brt. bghU czF Vg J gof
bjahk gHj ya mUikia eh mJbfhs KoahJ.
J goF wikia eh tsJ bfhSj ntL.
(v.fh.) jkFa

jkF + ca

mD

m + <D

HyUik

H + mUik

jnghJ btgl vGJfis fLoJOfsh? c, <, m

Ma _W c vGJfmyth? fhgdtiw J vGJf.

tHbfg

_____________

wJW

_____________

juiy

_____________

btgl c vGJfis nfhoL fhLf.

13

2. nrJ vGJj

brhfis nrJ ngR tHfK vGJ tHfK el csd.
mtbdnf vWjh nfnwh. mt vnf vW J ngRtiy.
g : nrJ vGJf.

gU + cz
fU + vnf
mt + mGjh
mt + vnf

-
-
-
-

_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________

brhf nrUnghJ kiwj vGJf vit?

mit c
vGJfjhnk! c vGJf kiwtJ btgLtJ V? f.

tFgiwwf
1. ngRj w
VnjD xU jiy _W kJ ngRf.
m. vJ m brYJgt.
M. fhzhk nghd xU bghU - mjid eh fLoj Kiw.
. v jhjh/gho.
2. vGJj w

fhQ bjhlfis F beo ntWghL mJ uf.

m. mKj _____________ Fojh. ( gh / g )

M. bjw _____________ gojh. ( gl / ghl )

. _____________ brJdh. ( iy / iy )

<. fil VG tsfS xUt _____________ . ( gh / g )

c. Ky gho _____________ TWth. ( fij / fhij )

3. gilw

rlnfh, Rnfh - U bgafS nfh vD vG KoJsd.

vD vG Ko y bgafis fLoJ vGJf.

(v.fh.) iuk

14

thifwf
at eh fw thifwf uL.
1. eif

2. Ka

it FJ nkY ngh.
g: 1. eif
m. eif jUj (ca ilia nj brf.)

1. rlnfhF eif jjt

m. kUJt

M. bgnwh

. njh Rnfh

2. Xlngho njhWnghdtl vgo ngRj ntL?

m. bkJthf Xodh.
M. , Xlngho fyJbfhshnj!
. mLjngho cWahf bt bgWth!

3. g mogltl vgo ngRj ntL?

m. V mj gf nghdh?
M. nk, to Xlhnj! elJ ngh!
. iu ey bgWj ntL.
M. eif bgWj

1. id gJ...

m. rlnfh f

. rlnfh eif

M. rlnfh go

2. _W f bgafis fLofyh vw eif c. nt. rh.

mtfSF Ujjh?

m. UjJ

M. iy

. bjaiy

3. c. nt. rh. mtf eifF fhuz vd?

m. mtUila taJ

. mtUila Mt

M. mtUila m

15

 4. gF nghF ghij KGtJ nrW rfkhf csJ. c Ko

vd?

m. j tnyna nghfyh. M. LF Ugyh.

. khWghij bryyh.

5. vyhlK rilL khztid vd brayh?

m. mojh rahth.

M. yitjh tF tUth.

. jna miHJ ngdh bfhrkhtJ nfgh.

2. Ka

Wnehw W mWW ehgJ ehF fhj bfhF brjh.

nfhol l ca brhiy vLJ vGJf.

1. KaF neh

iy. ( jil, taJ, gif )

2. vgnjG taJtiu c. nt. rh. jGfhfnt ciHjh. KaF

tu ilahJ. ( jil, taJ, gif )

3. ftiyia kwf ca t

1. bjhiyfh ghgJ

2. FtJ

3. VjhtJ xUntiy <LgLtJ

4. Ka Uid MF vd Tat

(xsitah, UtSt, ghuah)

ilf
thifwf
3. Ka
1. jil
2. taJ
3. VjhtJ xUntiy <LgLtJ
4. UtSt

16

tsu braghLf

nfl w

braghL - 1

fhQ fid gof nfL dhfSF ilaf.

kdjsuh nlgh fijia f mjJlh? ah j
nlgh? t, fdlhit nrj Tilgjhl u; Wnehah
ghfgL j tyJ fhiy Hjt; UJ kdjsuhk braif
fhiy bghUbfhL, rfu ehfh mkjthW Tilgjhl
isaho gRf gy btwt.

mtUF
X vz
xU eh njhaJ. Wnehahf
eythfhf ul vdh. mjfhf mt, fdlh rhiyf
bjhlnuhl ( khujh Xl ) XLtJ vd KobtLjh. mt cley
fU kUJt ntlhbtd Tdh. mtj miuia bghUgLjhj
nlgh
fdlh rhiyf W ehgJ _W eh Xodh.
ksksbtd ulJ. Mdh, mt thehnsh FiwayhW.
mjdh, mt, UgJ_wh tanyna kuzkiljh. mt idthf
MLnjhW brlg gidjh eh cy gy ehLfY nlgh
Wneh Xl eljgLwJ.
dhf
1. nlgh vj ehil nrjt?
2. nlgh vj isaho wJ sdh?
3. nlgh j tyJ fhiy Hf fhuz vd?
4. nlgh vbraiy bra TlhJ vd kUJt Tdh?
5. nlgh Wneh Xl veh eljgLwJ?
goj w

braghL - 2

fhQ ghliy gho Wf.

m fhL midah
Mt _L jijah
ik nrF njhHdh
<if g tsyh
cW bfhl kddh
Cf iwj kjdh

vjF mrh bedh

Vw fhQ udh
Ia F mPdh
xW gL caLth
XF ff olnt
xsit tel Lth.

17

vGJj w

bghU mj w

braghL - 3

fhQ brhf czJ bghUis bfhL brhgofil uf.

1. vyJ

1.

2. kw

2.

3. v

3.

4. tgh

4.

5. tHF

5.
( ghiyy, thifbe, G, u, vY )

brhtjid vGJj

braghL - 4

fhQ brhfis brhy nfL vGJf.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

XiyRto
MobgUF
vGjh
FghL
Uth%

6. dh Rjudh
7. iya
8. gogh
9. jg
10. mrjiy

uj

braghL - 5

c. nt. rh. gj f bgaf vGJf y LgLsd.

mtiw ca vGJfsh uf.

nk

iy

jh

il

18

k
nfh

it

brhfis dfhz
fhQ ciug
dfL vGJf.

braghL - 6

lbgWs

xiwbfh

brhfis

jjhjh c. nt. rh. mtf FghL vD Rtoia m

ggjfhf goJbfhoUjh. mRto, bjhW xgJ
tifahd f bgaf Ujd. mtW, bjhW MW f
bgaf kL bjthf goFgoahf Ujd. _W f
bgafis mtuh gof ayiy.
(v.fh.) bfhoUjh

eoj w

braghL - 7

fhQ ciuahliy tFgiw ehlfkhf eoJfhLf.

c.nt.rh : Iah, Iah!
Lfhu : vd ntL?
c.nt.rh. : tzf, Iah. eh giHa XiyRtofis fshf mL
tUnw.
Lfhu : mjbfd nghJ?
c.nt.rh. : jfl giHa XiyRtof Ugjhf nfgnl;
mtiw jhUfns.
Lfhu : mit ckF vjF?
c.nt.rh. : Iah, XiyRtof wj j yafS Ufyh.
mtiw goJL U bfhLJLnw.
Lfhu : ehis MobgUF myth? oafhiy M
Ltjfhf y XiyRtofis
itUnw. mJ
bghWfiyah ckF?
c.nt.rh. : Rtof gogjFjhnd Iah. mtiw V M Lf?
Lfhu : m~J ckF njityhjJ.
Mlh
vkF
akyth ilF.
c.nt.rh. : Iah, mthbwyh Twhf. ma ya VnjD
cflKs Rtof Ufyh. mtiw zh
lhf; mUTJ vl bfhLjh mtiw
ghJL jUnw.
Lfhu : ngh ngh. mtiw bfhLgjF iy. ( ehlfij bjhlf.)
19

vGJ cUthf

braghL - 8

bkbaGJl cbuGij izJ cbk vGij cUthFf.

m
M

<
c

V
X
xs

d vGJfis mj

braghL - 9

fhQ bjhlfis ca d vGJ brhfis vLJ vG uf.

1. ahidl csJ
2. bkijD UgJ

4. Fj fhW

3. eif bra gagLtJ

5. isahL bghUfS xW
6. tis UgJ

( gR, jf, bjw, eL, jj, ggu )

mfutirgLJj w

braghL - 10

fhQ brhfis mfutir fofhu RWKiw vGJf.

Rw
rF
jid
rhil
br
F
nruyhj
brhkhiy
Nshk
nrhg

F
r

20

jbHf mnth
mu
v

10

j
v

10

fwyil WkL
kbg : 10
1. J vGJf.

2X1=2

UtUgh -
vyjid -
2. bghU TWf.
ita

kw

2X1=2

3. gy bj

2X1=2

1. cyfbghJkiw vd nghwgLtJ.
m) UFw

M) ehyoah

) ehkfoif

2. jjhjh vd miHfgLgt.
m) tSt

M) c.nt.rh.

4. rah, jtwh?

) tsyh
2X1=2

1. thoa giu flnghbjyh thond vW tsyh Tsh.

2. _W f bgafis fLoJlyh vD eif c.nt.rh.
mtfSF UjJ.
5. nfhol lij uf.
1. UtUghit
2. rlnfh

2X1=2
adh.
ehil rhjt.

21

a uL

br

ehyoah

ehfh Wungh efa uhD

<fh Jiz cjthjh ebgdh

nrjhD brW bfhsntL brisF

thfh midah bjhl. *

- rkzKt
ghlbghU
eh fhuf beU UF. mjidnghy y enkhL
beUfkhf Ughf. Mdh, mtf < fh msFTl ekF
cjt khlhf. mgogltf egh ekF vd ga?
thfh, bjhiyYs iu bfhLtU; miu taYF gh
isa cj. thfhiynghy cj kjf Uwhf. vts
bjhiy UjhY mtf eig eh njobfhSj ntL.
brhbghU
ehfh - eh fh; <fh - < fh; efa - eF + ma;
ma - beU Ugt; vdh - vd ga?; nr(ik) - bjhiy;
br - ta; midah - nghnwh.
F
gbdfzF fS xW ehyoah.
, eh}W
ghlfis bfhlJ. mwfUJfis TWtJ. ehyo eh}W vD
w bgaU jF cL. , rkzKt gy ghoa ghlf
bjhF.
gbdfzF - sf
rf f vdgLgit gJghL vLbjhif. gJgho
gJ fS, vLbjhif vL fSkhf bkhj gbdL f.
tiw, nkfzF f vd TWt.
rf fSF njha f bjhF, gbdfzF
vd tHfgLwJ. bjhFY gbdL f csd. gbd
vwh, gbdL vgJ bghU. fis fzF f vd
TWt. gbdfzF fS bgUghyhdit mwfns.
22

ghuj njr
Mj brnth ey fhj brnth
Miyf itnghf rhiyf itngh
Xj brnahjiy rhj brnah
cikf brhnthgy tikf brnth.
Filf brnthcG gilf brnth
nfhf brnthU ghf brnth
eil gwKz tof brnth
Phy eLftU fgf brnth.
fha brnth ey fhL tsngh
fiy tsngh bfhy ciytsngh
Xa brnthey Cf brnth
cyf bjhyidJ ctJ brnth.
rh ublha ntiy banw
jkf brhabrh mjbkngh
beW wFj
neika nkyt; Ht knwh.
- kfhf ghuah
brhbghU
jiy rhj - XJ gLj; tik - bfhil; cGgil
- ntshik bra gagL fUf; nfh - rhF;
eil - rhiy brY tof; gw - gwF th}
Kjad; Phy - cyf; ctJ brnth - U
brnth; jkf - xsitah; nkyt - nknyh; Ht nHh; knwh - wF cj neik mnwh; beW
- mwbe W.
Ma F: ghuah jeho fbgw fP. ghLbfhU
yt ghu vW bfhlhlglt. t, Ljiy nghuhl uU
Mth.
fd fhg ghuF f ghuna.
j ghojh
vbdd fdf? mW mit fdf. W mit edth csd.
bt gkiyJ cyhnth vd bjhlF ghl xU gF,
e ghl lbgWsJ. t thj fhy 11.12.1882Kj 11.9.1921tiu.
23

ciueil

gwitf gyj

cyf KGtJ
UJ gy ehL
gwitf tJ
j UF
lJF
bgajh
gwitf fl.

Hhf vwJ ekbfyh k L

vG. Vbd, Hhf nghJ, e o glhR
btofyh.
vjid tifahd tzf
glhRf nghJ tJld.
f kjh
bjhl, thdbt ghJ tz tz
fsh btoftiu vjid aL
glhRf.
glhR btofhj kf ahuhtJ cyf
Ughfsh? Ufnt khlhf vWjh eh
idJ bfhoUnwh.
Mdh, glhR btofhj X Cnu UwJ. e
jeho Ubent khtl cs
TjFs. mj C kf glhnr btogiy.
mJ kLkW. mj C ah o Ukz
eilbgwhY, Cnfh UHh eilbgwhY,
LL x vG nksjhs lbgwhJ. ts
V? mj kf cuf ngRtJTl ilahJ.
V mgo?

ehiu
yY
ml cjik
cs Y
thG.
fL btgij
vbfhS
jik cilaJ.

Vbd, mj C cs bga V, gwitf

flkhf fwJ.
gwitf V ehLL ehL gwJ tUwd?
gUtiy khWnghJ gwitf lL l
bgawd. gUtiy vwh vd? nk khj
gfSF LKiw Lwhf. Vbd, mnghJ
bt f fLikahf UF.
bt RblF fhyij nfhilfhy
vnwh. lhk kiH bgjh, kiHfhy
vnwh.

24
24

khf khj gbg.

mjid gfhy rkbt kuf
vnwh. btY kiH g khkh tUtjid thG y gwitf
gUtiy khw vnwh.
krL,
brfhf,
RliyF,
gdfhil,
fzhFU.

cyf y gFf g ciw fhy cL.

g Todh eh nghit myJ fgah ngh
bfhL gLJbfhnwh. Mdh, gwitfSF
nghit ilahnj. Mfnt, mit g ToaJ mj
iyf thG
lijL gwJ ntW lJF brwd.
y gwitf
y lf bt TLjyhf UF. mnghJ,
bfhF,
mj lijL gwJ bry ntoaJjh. go jhiHnfh,
gwJ brtjid, tyirnghj vghf.
gtsfh,
gUtfhy khwij gwitf ekF czJ
wd. mj fhy gwitf l khWtjid
itJ, iwF kiHtU nghUnf vW,
e Kndhf TLthf.
gwitf xU eho gHfis WL
gwJbrW bdhU eho vrLwd. mj
vr k GnghJ, mgH ij mF
KisJ kukh LwJ. go cyf KGtJ
ku, bro, bfhofis gu ntiyia gwitf
brwd.
tabtf gfis jhF f,
tLfis gwitf WLwd. mj_y
gwitf cHtfSF cjwd. go gy cjf
br gwitahdJ, kjf ey eg myth?
mgogl egidg bjJbfhnth.
ekF bjj gwitf vjid? fhf, FU,
bfhF, k nghy y bgafns ekF bjwd.
Mdh, e eho kL VwjhH <uhuJ
eh}Wtif gwitf thwd. y gwitf
bgafis eh bjJbfhnth!

25
25

MW csh,
KFgh, ehiu,
mth _f,
fuotha,
Cth thJ.
kiyf thG
y gwitf
Uth,
brjiy FU,
L,
fUdh,
y beilfh,
bghKJF,
kubfh,
dFWth,
bfhil cHthu,
uhrh gUJ,
k Mij.

jeho cs
gwitf flf
1.

ntljhf

2. f
(fhu khtl)

3. fuFs
4. uFo
5. nkbrt}
(uhkehju khtl)

6. gHntfhL
(Utq khtl)

7. cjakhjhl
(Uth% khtl)

8. tL
(jrh khtl)

9. fiubto
(bgug khtl)

10. ntlFo
(tfif khtl)

11. btnshL
(<nuhL khtl)

12. TjFs
(Ubent khtl)

13. nfhoafiu
(ehfgod khtl)

gwitfis IJ tifahf fyh.

1. njid FoJ thG gwitf
2. gHij cL thG gwitf
3. ia W thG gwitf
4. ntilaho cQ gwitf
5. wj clfis cL thG gwitf
gwitfS
y,
mHfhf
TLfo
thgit. e Cf fzhFU
TLfis ghfyh. mllh, vjid mHFlD
ghJfhghf fzhFU TL fLwJ!
gogl e gwit egfis g
D iwa bjJ bfhsntL. bjJ
bfhlh kL nghJkh? mit kahf thH
cj brj ntL. gwitfSF eh
vgobayh cjtyh?
TjFs

kf
glhR
btofhkY nks mofhkY UgJ
gwitf mrkW Ufnt.
mJnghy,
gy cjfis mtWF ehK brayh.
TjFs kLkyhk, vbfyh gwitf
fl Uwnjh, mbfyh eh glhR
btof TlhJ.
cf
CUF
gfYs
flJF xUKiwahtJ brW thUf.
btehLfUJ mF tU gwitfis
fL kGf. ehnjhW oafhiyY
khiyY gwitf vG xfis TJ
nfngh. gwitfnghy xvG mtnwhL
ngRnth.
gwitf thlfshd kufis
ghJfhgnj mtWF eh br ngUjahf
UF.

26
26

Jizghl

ghf
gUJ oF tjh mKjh. jf
igia nkirJ itjh. o, bra Vnjh
vGbfhL Ujh. mtdUnf brwh.
mKjh:
mzh... vdnfh cj brthah?
(vGJtjid
WL,
vd
vgJngh J ghjh bra.)
mLjthu vf g brid
oYs gh gizF miHJ
brwhf mzh... ghig g
cdF bjjjid brhny...!
bra: ghbgwh gil eLF vW
brhthf.
mKjh:
mJjh bjnk. ntW VjhtJ...
bra: ... gh gjhnd! ghf Ctd
tifia r h j i t . b g U g h y h d
ghf KilL FR bghgd.
y ghf kL FonghL.
mKjh:
Ritahd ntW br Ujh brh!
bra: j ehj UwJ gonw, nf...
cyf KGf <uhuJ vGW IgJ
tifghf Uwdth. ah
kL UW ehgJ ehF tif
ghf Uwdth.
mKjh:
mgoah!
bra: nkY, gh tiff IguL
tifghfSF kLjh eRjik
clh.
(mnghJ, oF tj mkh Kf
mYtyf brW tj fis.)
mkh:
vd, mzD jif fLikahf
fyJiuaho bfhL Uf?
bra: ghfis
g
ngbfhL
Unwh!
mkh:
X... mgoah! Kj ghg eh xU
nf nfnw.
27

ghd, cy
kj d
njhWtjF
gJnfho
MLfSF
Kng njhaJ.

ah cs
uh#ehfjh
cynyna
eRf
f skhd gh.
15 mo sKilaJ.
TLfo thG
xnu tif gh J.
uh#ehf, kw
ghfisTl
czth
bfhS.

ghf
gf cneh
tisUF.
iuia ojh
jglhJ. ghf
iuia bkW
giy.
mgona
GLwd.

xU ghig
bfhwh, mj
iz gh
gthF vW
brhtJ cL.
~J cikaW.
bfhygl gh
cl UJ
btnaW xUtif
thrid bghU,
kw ghfis
mj l neh
tutiHwJ.
gthf, ghf
tUtJ iy.
gh, j ehif
mofo btna
L. RWw
thridia
mJbfhsnt
mthW brwJ.
eygh eR,
nfhuh (Cobrozin)
vD t
kUJ bra
gagLwJ.
njhYfhf ghf
bfhygLtjid
jLf,a
muR,tdyF
ghJfh rl
1972go, rl
iwnt csJ.

gh, gh FoFkh? Fofhjh?

mKjh:

FofhJ.

bra:

gh GFw v, jtisf cl
cs rnj mjF nghJ.

mkh:

cdF ah brhdJ, brah?

bra:

vf Ma brhdh.

mkh:

rjh. mw, ey gh jiy

khf ff i t U w b j W
brhtJ btWfLfij. gh, jDila
gf eR itUgJ vjF bjkh?

bra: JTl bjahjh? mof tUgtfis

fofjh.
mkh:

mgoiy. gh, jh oF iuia

bfhy, b r g j f h f j h
jDila gf eR itUwJ.

mKjh:

nffnt aghf Uwnj! ghF

fhJ Uwjh?

mkh:

ghF
fhJ
mtsthf
ts
milaiy. fh tU X i r f i s
ghdh
nff
ayhJ.
jiu
VgL mfis czJ, mj_y
gh Kbdrifahf UwJ.

bra:

mw vgo, ghgho kFo Xiria

nfL gh MLwJ?

mkh:

gh, kFo irF Mliy. kFo

thwtiu fzh ghwJ. kFo
mirtjid nghy gh mjid ghJ
mirjhLwJ. mtsjh.

mKjh:

gh, cHtf eg vd xU jf
gonj. gh, vgo egdhf Ko?

mkh:

ghfsh cHtfSF bga eikf

Uwd. ta cs gfis
vf mwd. vfis mg
ghfSF bgUgF cL.

(mnghJ brng k xwJ. mkh, mjid

ifigUJ vLJ ngdh. )

28

mkh:

brhYf... ... mgoah! mrnrh... eh gjh LF

tnj, rf.

bra: ahukh...?
mkh:

mghjh. cf khkh iga brtij gh

foJ ljh. kUJtkidF brWshfsh.
mgh brtij ghJL tUnw vW brhdh.

mKjh:

bghGJjh
mz,
eRghf
Fiwthf
Ugjhf brhdh. mjF xU ghfo brah?

mkh:

mgo iy.
gh, ahiu njongh fogJ iy.
kjfsh jdF VjhtJ ilW Vglhjh foF.
ghfodh wjtfisl, mrY mY
wjtfns F.

bra:

ghfoF
ntL?

mkh:

gh fojl fogl lij mirahk itJbfhSj

ntL. fogl lFnk cldoahf fLnghL
gf cs kUJtkidF iuJ miHJ brYj
ntL. eRK kUJ bfhLj ntL. Jnt Kiwahd
KjYj.

mKjh:

jid vyhU bjJbfhs ntoaJ aikahjJ.

mkh:

Kj ghig flhny moJ bfhyntL vd

idfnt TlhJ. ghdh vj bjhiy ekF ilahJ.
mJ X cjh vW JbfhSj ntL.

bra:

mkh f fisJ fhzgLwh. ehD njhlF

brnw. mLjthu RWyhF brW th. ghig g
D iwa bjJ bfhth.

mKjh:

gh mofo ehif Lwnj, V? (mkh, bjahJ

vgjhf jiyahoago vGJ brwh.)

MshdtfSF

KjYjahf

vd

brj

(bra UifiaL vGjh. ifia tisJ, ... ... vW

ghngh xbaGbfhnl njhlJ gf Xodh.)

29

yfzK bkhwD
m. bkh mnth
j cs Kj vGJf bkhj KgJ.
c vGJf guL;
bk vGJf gbdL;
Mf bkhj KgJ.
tU brhiy ghUf.

(v.fh.) mzh.
m - cbuGJ
- bkbaGJ
zh - cU bk nrJ tj cbk vGJ.
cU bk nrJ 216 (UW gdhW)
cbk vGJfis cUthFwd. Mdh, mit
midij ngY vGY gagLJtJ iy.
vLJfhlhf, , , , o, , - nghw cbk
vGJf mwhl ngY vGY gagLwd.
, , bs, bPs, bzs nghwit mthW
gagLtJ iy.
mogilahd j vGJf KgJ kLnk.
M. F beo clhtJ vgo?

m, , c, v, x - Ma IJ F vGJf.
it bk vGJfnshL nrUnghJ, cbkF
vGJf clhwd.
fl, , FuF, brid, brh
M, <, C, V, I, X, Xs - VG beo vGJf. it
bk vGJfnshL nrUnghJ, cbkbeo vGJf
clhwd.
fhis, W, Tl, nf, if, nfh, bfsjh
F beo ntWghL mJ vGJf.
g njnj.
gh Fonj.
g, gh l khdh FHg tU.

30

g: fhQ brhfis bfhL bjhlfis mikf.

1.

f _____________________________________

2. fh _____________________________________
3. Fil _____________________________________
4. Til _____________________________________
. nrJ J vGJnth.
g : nrJ vGJf.
Kj brh fil vGJ bk.
nrU brh Kj vGJ c.
nrUnghJ elF khw vd?
kz + cL

__________

y + mGth

__________

f + Hnj

__________

khw : c vGjhdJ, bk vG izJ cbkahdJ.

J vGJf.
jHHF

__________

kyuo

__________

__________

njdU

khw : c vGJ jna jJ.

<. iH j vGJnth.
tU brhfis iH vGJf.
1. gbdL -

____________________

2. ehgJ

____________________

3. mgJ

____________________

jg : vfis vG vG gHFf.
m)

13 ____________________

M) 33 ____________________
)

98 ____________________

<) 108 ____________________

31

c. ey jbrhfis mJbfhnth.
thfh, br Mait ta rhj mUikahd
brhf.
id itngh.
tik, Phy Kja brhfis eh gHfF
bfhL tUnth.
go ngRnth; vGJnth.
m) Phy bgaJ.
M) mt tik cst.
(id itf; tik vgj bghU
bfhil jik. tik vgj bghU bfhLik. )
C. vGJfS cw
1. j vGJl kL nrU vGJf
(cliy bkkaf)
vGJfSF e cL vgjid mnjh
myth?
j y vGJf j vGnjhL kL nrJ
tU.(v.fh.) gf, mr, bkhj, mg.
, , , Ma bkf j vGJfSl kL nrU
vGJf. fS thW y brhfis nrJ
ghUf.
2. j vGJl nruhJ w vGJfSl nrU
vGJf
(ntWiy bkkaf)
(v.fh.) rh, thif.
, Ma bkf j vGJfSl nrJ thuh.
w vGJfSl kLnk nrJ tU.
3. j vGJ, w vGJ
tU vGJfS csd.
(v.fh.) - Fw, nkF;

uLlD

nrJ

- md, m.

go, ntW y brhfis cfsh fLof

Kowjh? Ka brf.
32

tFgiwwf
1. ngRj w

m) VnjD xUbghU g IJ kJ ngRf.

eh U gwit eh U yF

kiygh

fhL

fl

M) dh vGf.

tU jiyfis ikakhf bfhL dhf vGf.

gh

(v.fh.) gh

gh vfsh?

ghig flh V mRnwh?

nkf

Na FU

2. vGJj w
xiwbfh uilbfh brhfis vLJ vGJf.
brhf

xiwbfh
brhf

uilbfh
brhf

ntljhf, btnshL,
bgug, ntlFo,
nfhoafiu, bfhF, nks,
brfhf, nkbrt},
brjiyFU
3. FG f
khztf IJKj VGng bfhl FGfshf JbfhSj
ntL. xbthU FG xUbghUis nj brj ntL. FG
nga fUJfis gFJ bjhFJ tF TWj ntL.

1. egf gyj.

2. kj jdyK RWNH m.

3. gh ekF gifah?

4. ey jbrhfis fLoJ ngRnth.

33

4. gil w
Xa tiuf: (v.fh.) ku gwit, TL gwit, jiu iu
bfhJ gwit, gwF gwit, Kilfis milfhF gwit. gwit
kjD ngbfhtJngh xU fhia cUthFf.
fij vGJf
k cfSF L
ku vfSF TL
J gwit ghL ghL. njngh tU brhfis Wahf itJ
uL mof fij vGJf.
1. C, nj

2. mU, fU

thifwf
1. cfl m fhLj
yah, j bgnwhUl ca fhF brwh. jdU
Jtj khid Wfyh mojh; kh kUL XoaJ. yFfis
ghJbfhnl FuFf UFlF brwt, nH Uj Fia
vLJ FuJ dh.
ntfliyia WL gwitf gF Uj k TLF
njhiy dh.
ghfis ghf brw yah, ghf itfgoUj fzho
bgofis jobfhnl tjh. Obud xU gh glbkLJ aJ.
mjid fL gaJ myago jhia foaizjh.
g : fhQ dhfis goJ ilaf.

1. yah, khid fyh mojJ Kiwah?

2. FuFfis JWjyhkh?

3. fh gwitf, yFfSF glfis juyhkh?

4. yah, ghf Uj bgoia joaJ Kiwah?

5. gwitf, yFfl eh vthW elJbfhSj ntL?

34

2. Niya jid

tU ffSfhd fhuzij flJ vGJf.

m)

kjf ahidia ntilahl fhuz _________

(u, njh, jj)

cyf btgkila fhuz __________________

M)

(tof if, vkiyFH, bt)

MWf khR mila fhuz ___________________________

(bjhrhiy f, kiHik, kz mSj)

kiH Fiwa fhuz __________________

<)

(fhLf m, k m, ku tsj)

ilf
yfzK bkhwD

<.

iH j vGJnth
1. guL

2. ehgJ

3. IgJ

jg :

vfis vG vG gHFf.

m) g _W

M) KgJ _W

) bjhW vL

<) bwL

thifwf

2.

m) jj

M) tof if

) bjhrhiy f

<) fhLf m

Niya jid

35

tsu braghLf
nfl w

braghL - 1

gHjHf U bfhYgliwf bgUks Ujd.

miwa Ubfhyf jHj u wf , nt, th, <o,
nfla vd nghfUfis jf gliwf beRuf kwtFy
kfSF toJ bfhLjd.
khLto mR, filah KjbfhL ntsh fUfshd
mth, nfhl, f, flghiu Kja bghUfisbayh cHt
bgUkfSF brjjd.
f kLjhdh fiytz UY cbld kdij ftU
fiybghUfis U gilJ jjd.
Tu eluhr br Unk, gHjH cnyhffiyF khbgU
vLJfhlh ws giwrh wJ.
iyia brJf kiyia sf cia jj mj CJ
ciyf W mizJngh btFehfshld.
rfj ytf vGjhf wj gliwf UgoF
Xir W XJnghlJ.
rhiynahuf akujo Xiywh ntagl bfhliff
atj j bjhTlf, W mbfhW bfhWkhfnt
fhzgLwd.
nfhol lij uf.
1. kwtfSF Ubfhyf toJ jjit

2. cHt bgUkfSF Ubfhyf brjjit

3. gHj ytF Ubfhyf bfhLjJ

,
.

4. gHjH br fiyF vLJfhlh sFtJ

5. iyia brJf kiyia sf gagLtJ

36

.
.

ngRj w

braghL - 2

fhQ ghliy goJ, cdf mtjfhd fhuzf FJ

tF fyJiuahLf.
bfHF btSF Knd
Y FU fhnzh
FU fJ Knd
T nrt fhnzh

bghGJ rh neu
nghl beY fLy
xdh tJ cfhU
ikdh Tl fhnzh

Git d tL
bfhF Tl fhnzh
el el nkny
elF ehiuia fhnzh

ikdhFMl fhL
kuJ Fy fhnzh
MU fQ gLnrh
mJf vf nghnrh

glh ia fhnzh
gwF Jia fhnzh
JF nkby gwF
fzh FU fhnzh

vf FyrhF
VJ bfhw neJnrh
vf CU cRbuyh
vf ngh khLnrh!

goj w

braghL - 3

fhQ ciugia Fu Vw wfJl gof.

vf C fhisia flh fhyTl fy gh. vf
C isP, mj Tikahd bfhF bfhLikahd ghitF
beir sF FsgoF mRtnj iy. ghJ tU fhis
iyoJ jf njhtikia cyFF czJt vf C
fosfhisf.
brhtjid vGJj

braghL - 4

fhQ brhfis brhy nfL vGJf.

1. tabt

6. fzhFU

2. Ubent

7. ntljhf

3. TjFs

8. fg

4. nksjhs

9. gUtiy

5. fl

10. kiHfhy

37

brh cUthf

braghL - 5

Fiy beoyh brhfis cUthFf.

f
fh

fh

f
W

il

mfutirgLJj w

braghL - 6

fhQ brhfis ffu tir vGJf.

bfhiwntj, bfil, f, u, is, ifalf, fhil, nftuF,
Tl, FHij, nfhbgUnj
f

38

gFj w

braghL - 7

fhQ ghuah ghl, tz vGYs brhf Kj vGJfis

goa tifgL vGJf.
Mj brnth ey fhj brnth

Miyf itnghf rhiyf itngh

Xj brnahjiy rhj brnah

c F

gFj

cikf brhnthgy tikf brnth.

c beo

cbkF

cbk beo

braghL - 8

fhQ gwitf bgafis thlfSF Vg goaLf.

bfhF, krL, Uth, brfhf, jhiHnfh, L, Rliy
F, bghKJF, fuotha, kubfh, gdfhil, fUdh,
fzhFU, gtsfh, Cth thJ.
t.v

rkbt kuf
thG gwitf

iyf thG
gwitf

39

kiyf thG
gwitf

uj

braghL - 9

j vGJf vifia jbHfsh vGJf.

dh

cbuGJf vif

mu v

jbH

12

bkbaGJf vif
cbkbaGJf vif
Mj vGJ
j vGJf bkhj

flj

braghL - 10

fhQ Lfijfhd ilfis flJ bghUJf.

Lfij

il

ghiytd gGjgH UrJ cs gH.

m~J vd?

Cngiu bfhl gH t w bfhl gH.

m~J vd?

Miw Iij iuJ nrJ brhdh

gz tuhJ; Mdh, gH tU. m~J vd?

kr w mHFgH Rit cs gH.

m~J vd?

KSnjhY cila gH fof

cs gH. m~J vd?

40

bjhliu uj

braghL - 11

bfhLfgLs Ff czJ XbuGJ xUbkhfis mJ

bjhliu uf.
( th, if, <, , ngh, M )

1. eh bfhLF X vGJ if .

2. eh miHF X vGJ

3. eh thiawf itF X vGJ

4. eh fG X vGJ

5. eh gwF X vGJ

6. eh t mD X vGJ

.
.
.
.
.

fwyil WkL
kbg: 10
m) ca ilia njbjLJ vGJf.

1. ehyoah Ma ah?

m) tSt

M) s ehfdh ) rkz Kt

2. jeho cs gwitf ruzhyaf vjid?

3X1=3

m) 10

M) 13

) 12

3. TL fo thG gh vJ?

m) uh# ehf

M) ey gh

) rhiugh

M) nfhol lij uf.

1. ey gh eUJ vLfgL
ahf gagLwJ.

2. jbkhfhd Kj vGJf

2X1=2

vD kUJ t
MF.

) XU brhf il jUf.

1. ehyoah fUJgo eik brnth vjid nghwt?

2. kr L vgF thG?

<) F vGJf.

ghuah fd.

41

2X1=2

1X3=3

a _W

br

ehkfoif
kidF sf klth klth
jdF jifrh jt - kda
fhj jtF fna fF
X frh cz.

- sehfdh

ghlbghU
FLg sF bgzhth. mbgQF sid
nghwtf, mt bgw g wj isf. kda mf
misfSF sid nghwJ f. mfF sfhf
sFtJ vJbtwh, mtfl cs ebyzfns.
brhbghU

klth

bg

jifrh

g wj

kda

kdJF a

fhj jt -

m kf

vJbtW brhYnghJ

frh

fiH jU

cz

ebyz

Ma F : yha bga sehfdh. s vgJ Cbga;

ehfdh vgJ yt abga.
F : ehkfoif, gbdfzF fS xW. foif
vwh mfy vgJ bghU. ehF kf bfhl mfy vgJ
jbghU. xbthU ghL ehF mwfUJfis TWwJ.

42

ciueil

Muhnuh Munuh
Muhnuh MunuhMuhnuh
Munuhfnz fkna
MuoR mGnj!
morhiu brh mG
Muhnuh Munuh...
j ghliy nffhjtf ahU Uf
Kokh? jid jhyhL ghl vnwh.
FHijia bjho L jh ghL ghL
J.
gTlnk nghfhj, vGj gof
bjahj jhkhfSF j jhyhL ghl
bjwnj! m~J vgo? mJ kL, j
ghil ahU vG jfkhf nghlJ iy.
wF vgo vyh jhkhfSF ghl
kdghlkhf bjwJ?
xUt gho bfhoUFnghJ nfL bfhoUF bdhUt
mgona kd th jhD ghogho gHLwh. go jh
vGjhj ghljh, ehLw ghl vdgLwJ. vGJ tahf tuhk
ghogho thtahf guw ghL ehLwghL. njngh vGjglhj,
vyhUF bjj fijfS cL. tiw vyh thbkh ya
vd TWthf.
Kd, ghlfis uha ghlf vW T tjhf. Mdh,
thtahf gu ghl f kLjh clh? efufY
jhkhf ghLtJ iyah? brid nghw bgUefuf kfghL
fhdh ghl Tl ehLw ghljh. flYF brW oF
dtf ghL ghlY ehLwghljh.
bfhGfil bfhGfil V ntfy?
mL vay eh ntfy.
mLng mLng V vay?
kiH bgjJ eh vay.
kiHna kiHna V bgnj?
Y tsu eh bgnj.
43

ny ny V tsnj?
khL d eh tsnj.
khnl khnl V wh?
khLfhu mJlh eh nw.
khLfhuh khLfhuh V mJnl?
FHij mGjJ eh mJ nl.
FHij FHij V mGnj?
vW forJ eh mGnj.
vWng vWng V fonr?
v ny fhbtrh, eh Rkh Ungdh?
vW FHijf kl bgUFubyLJ ghL isahL ghlY
ehLw ghljh.
j ghlfis ah vGdhf vW ahuhY TwKoahJ. Vbd,
ghlfis ahU vGjiy. kf jhkhfnt ghlntL vW
njhWnghJ ghlf ghlgLwd.
FHijia bfhrntL vW njhdh jhyhL ghL jhdhf
tJL. wjtfis ghjJ mGif tJL. mJl, xU Jau
ghlyhf xgh tJL. mgo ghLwt Vbfdnt jh vnfh nfl
ghl tfnshL jhD y tia nrJ ghoLth. gona ehLw
ghl tsJ bfhnl nghF.
xUt ghoaJnghy, mgona bdhUt ghLtJ iy. J
ehLw ghlf jw.
ehLw ghlfis fhQ
tiffshf fyh.
jhyhL ghlf
isahL ghlf
bjh ghlf
rlF ghlf
bfhlhl ghlf
tghL ghlf
xgh ghlf
wj FHijF ghLtJ jhyhL ghl. bfhr tsj isf
ghLtJ isahL ghl. fis f, ntiy brnth ghLtJ bjh
ghl. Ukz kW w ff ghLtJ rlF ghl, bfhlhl
ghl. rh FLnth ghLtJ tghL ghl. wnjhUF ghLtJ
xgh ghl.

44

jH th xbthU iyF go ghlf

cL.

vLJfhLfshf y ghlfis ghfyh.

bfhGy Tlhu - cf khkh
bfhjk ahghu (Muhnuh Munuh)
bfhjk bjLJ cf khk
bfhYR g thuhuh (Muhnuh Munuh)
kJiuny Tlhu - cf khkh
ka ahghu (Muhnuh Munuh)
ka btLJ cf khkh
khiy g thuhuh - (Muhnuh Munuh)
thW jhyhLf jhkhf, jf mz jf bgUikfis
ghLtJ tHf.
rhrhlkh rhrhL
rhana rhrhL
FJsnf rhrhL
nfh whnt rhrhL
khnd kny rhrhL
khlwhnt rhrhL...
J FHijahf UFnghJ rhjhl brhY isahL ghl.
bto mUth
V! liy is if mUth
brh aorUth ngh
RHLjo befbu...
vW mWtil bra nghF bgf ghobfhL brthf.
btSF bjh brnth:

nrh... nrh...
mGF Jna
nrh... nrh...
moR Jit...
nrh... nrh...
W
nrh... nrh...
fhanghL
nrh... nrh...
vW ntiynghJ fis bjahk Uf thW ghLwhf.
xbthU bjh brnthUF jjna ghL cL.
45

ehLw ghlf z ghlfS csd.

Cuh Cuh njhlny
xUj nghlhdh btsfh
fhRF buL f brh
fhj nghlhdh btsfhu
vw ghl, ekJ ehL Ljiy nghuhl fhy cUthd ehLghl.
cf C, cf bjU, cf o go ghlf bjj
ghof, jhjhf, mijf, f, bgakhf ahuhtJ Ughf.
mtfl nfL ghlfis vG bfhL tJ, mtf ghoaJnghynt
tF ghofhLf.
ewhf ghLgtiu tF cs vyhU nrJ ghuhLf.
braghL
xU Fl j C xnu Jrh.
buL Fl j C bunl Jrh.
J kh cf C cs isahL ghlfis nfL
vGtJ, tF isahlyh.

46

Jizghl

uWt
kf beUf FjJ bfhfjh efu. mef rhiy kf
Tlij y bfhL xU Fiuto iuthf XobfhoUjJ.
toD eLju taJila bgk xU ko gsFHij
xW UjJ.
tofhu fLgho Uj Fiu, Obud ehYfh ghr
lhf gwfyhW.
Fiuia mlf ayhj tofhu
vagL nH Gjh.
toD cfhUj bgk gjdh. mt, FHijia j
khnghL mizJ bfhL mGjh. to
kurl xwid gathW _ir
oJbfhL cfhUjh.
Inah... vW myathW
fhghWf,
fhghWf!
TFulh.

mt,
vd

mt FuYF mtna brw

vtU br rhfiy.
mtf,
jfis
fhgh
bfhS
Ka jbfL XL FiuF
m xJ bfhlhf.
mnghJ, VwjhH gidJ
taJs Wt xUt m
TFuiy nflh.
nfL,
mtis mt FHijia
vgoahtJ fhghl ntL
vd vdh.
Jof
mWt,
UJ wgl mignghy
47

ghJ rhiyF tjh. mt FiuJ jh Vw Kawh. Mdh, Fiu

J FJ, KJif beJ mtid nH jLL XoaJ. L
vGj mt, Knghynt FiuJ V cfhu Kawh.
mj bghyh Fiu, mtid L L nH jlJ.
go gyKiw Ka brjh mWt. mtDF if, fh, Kfbkd
cl KGtJ uh fhaf Vgld.
mtUJ uj fjhY, mjfhf mt J kd
tUjiy. L L KaW FiuJ Vdh. Va mWt,
mjid ml j fLghLF bfhL tjh.
toia
rhiynahukhf Wdh. cUfhf nghuhobfhoUj mbgk,
bgU_R LbfhL jnjh iHnjh vd nH wdh.
mJtiu rhiynahu xJ W ntoif ghJbfhoUj
Tl iunjho tJ toia NJbfhlJ. midtU mj
uWt kdWia thahu fjd.
Fiuia mla mWt, vtUila fbkhF kafiy.
j clY cilY xoUj Gia jolh. jh brjJ
mUbgUbra vgjid g J idfiy. jh
bryntoa ghij j eilia bjhljh.
FHijfns! cWf mj uWt ah bjkh?
mt bga enuuj. bgaiu vnfnah nflJngh Uwjh? M.
fhy cyf fH caj Rth ntfhdjnu mj uWt.
e : #hdkzhs, mit tsF mj fijf

48

yfzK bkhwD
1. ehLw j mnth
tU gHbkhfis gof.
(tiw brhytilf vd kf brhthf.)
nfha nflh Md fhRthf... ( Md - FH )
msFw ehF mfiy bjkh?
(eh - jhafis msF go; mfiy - jhaiy)
wj LF wnfh vJF? ( wnfh - rh )
Md, mfiy, wnfh Kja brhf IgJ MLfSF
Kd f aghf ngrglit. mit W kiwJ tUwd.
f goj ehLw ghl UgUg tU xU brhiy
ftfsh?
bfhGy Tlhu kJiuy Tlhu
Tlhu LtJ vwh jFtJ vW bghU.
ehLw ghlf, gHbkhf, Lfijfis gojh, j f
bgabjhU brhfsaij cUthfyh.
2. iH j vGJnth - 1
vyhU ngRnghJ, mtid ghnj, ghiy Fonj vW
Kiwahf ngRwhf. Mdh vGJnghJ,
mtid ghnj, ghiy Fonj vW jtwhf vGJwhf.
jid xWiH vnwh. xW vgJ bkbaGJ.
g
xbwGij nrJ vGJf.
ghliy + brhnd = __________________
flis + fnl = __________________
gHij + nw = __________________
fzDF + bfhLnj = __________________
kJiuF + brnth = __________________

49

iH j vGJnth - 2
brtzlgl brhf iHahdit. mtiw U vGJf.
m) z nghnl __________________
M) Rt tiunj __________________
) t gwJ __________________
j u, w; y, H, s; z, e, d Ma vGJfis vGJnghJ,
bgUghnyh iHahf vGJwd. tiw Kiwahf eh xf
gHfhjjh, j iH VgLwJ.
y, H, s _wid ntWghL yhk, xnu kh xnwh.
mjdh, vGJnghJ iH VgLwJ.
jid kabfh iH vnwh.
g
ca brhfis njbjLJ brhbwhliu uf.
1. kif ___________ aJ. (kd, kz)
2. ia ___________ tUnt. (ty, ts)
3. ___________ gJ gh. (, )
4. Kf ___________ KWt ntL. (, )
5. eh ___________ uhJ. (th, th)
3. j mogil brhf
jbrhf ehF tifgL. mit,
bgabrh, idbrh, ilbrh, cbrh.
tW Kjikahdit bgabrhY idbrhY.
br tjh vD brhbwhl br vgJ bgabrh.
tjh vgJ idbrh. id vwh bra vW bghU.
g : fhQ brhbwhlf bgaiu idia RLf.

bga

id

1. ku MoaJ ___________

___________

2. Ut ghod

___________

___________

3. br gu

___________

___________

4. Fku tUwh

___________

___________

50

fhQ brhbwhlf bghUjkhd bgabrhiy L uf.

1. ___________ dh.

2. ___________ jJ.

3. ___________ kilgJ isaho bt bgwJ.

4. ___________ mGjh.

fhQ brhbwhlf bghUjkhd idbrhiy L uf.

1. Tl ___________

2. Mij ___________

3. br ghl ___________

4. Rkh j ___________

tFgiwwf
1. ngRj w

1. VnjD xU jiyig FJ IJ kJ ngRf.

m) oj ehLw ghl

) bjj gHbkh

c) oj UHh

M) oj C
<) bjj Lfij

2. dh vGnth.

m) rfiu

(v.fh.) xU nyh rfiu iy vd?

M) bghf

fU

2. fUjhl w

uWt fgid fijah, cik fijah?

3. vGJj w

bgaUnfw idia bghU bjhliu cUthFf.

bga
ah
khL
gwitf
tst

id
nkjJ
ghodh
Xodh
gwjd

bjhl

__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________

51

4. FG f
FGfshf J f bjhFf ntoait.
1. Lfijf

4. gHbkhf (brhytilf)

2. fijf

5. ifkUJt Ff

3. C bgaf

6. cf Lf cs eiff

5. gil w

tU LfijfSF il fhf.

m) msKo Mdh, s KoahJ. mJ vd?

M) girL, t thr. mJ vd?

) c FLfhu, bfh trh btogh. mt ah?

cfSF bjj ntWy Lfijfis TWf.

thifwf
uWtlUJ fwit
m) g : thbkhahf il TWf. (M myJ iy)

m) enuuj Jr ft.

M) Fiu, tofhu fLghil aJ.

) to Uj bgQF gyU cjt Ktjd.

<)

Wtiu Wtdh Fiuia mlfKoaiy.

M) g

Wt Ka vbdd MSik gfis ma KowJ?

(_wid njbjLf: bra cW, lhKa, u, ftd, Jr)

52

) g

Wt midJ gfSF mogilahf Uj cz vJ?

(wUF cjj, jbgUik, rhjid)

___________________________________________________________

j MSik g
<) eh vd brnt?
Niy 1
egDF xU Jg. mtid ghf xU .. bjhiy elJ brYj
ntL. kiHnkf fUUwJ. onyh Fil iy. eh
vd brnt?
Ko
1. bdhU eh nghfyh vd Ko vLng.
2. wgL nghfyh, kiH bgjh Ulyh.
3. vghLgL egid brW ghng.
Niy 2
g
isahLl
isahobfhL
egDF fh gyj mo. eh vd brnt?

UjnghJ,

Ko
1. Ma ghJ bfhth; eh vd braKo?
2. eh iuthf LF brYj ntL; fhyjhJbrwh
o Lthf.
3. kUJtkidtiu eh mtDl brnt; Tlnt Ung.
Niy 3
vdF fLikahd fhr; kUJt C nghlh; kUJ bfhLjh.
Ko
1. mGnt; Kdbfhnl Ung.

53

 2. Jjh rhF vW o vyhUlD ril nghLnt;

mlong.
3. v cleynk
cbfhnt.

vdF

aikahjJ;

jaf

ilf
yfzK bkhwDiH j vGJnth - 2
m) z

M) Rt

) tW

g
1.

kz

2. ty

3.

4.

5. th

tFgiwwf
5. gilw: m) j

M)

) glhR

cdF bjj ehLw ghliy vGJf.

54

kUJ

tsu braghLf
nfl w

braghL - 1

fhQ ciugia brhy nfL dhfSF ilaf.

is g Kisnyna bj vgJ _njh bkh. xUtl
vfhy btgl Uw Mwiy stanyna fhzyh. W
ta kuJ V, egfSl isaho bfhoUj enuujij
mtna brw xUt, mku ng UwJ; w XoLf vd
gaKWdh. kw Wtf w Xl, enuuj kL vj mrK
yhk kunj Ujh. nkY mWtfl, egfns, mt ng
UwJ vd brhtjFKng eh F isaho bfhoUnjh.
Jtiu eh vj ngia ghjJ iy. mjdh, gaglhk thUf
vwh.
dhf
1. g FlgLst fft. mt ah?
2. ah vjid g TdhY Muhahk VWbfhSj TlhJ. V?
3. _leifia g cf fUJ ahJ?
4. sik f m eLa f VnjD Ujh, mjid TWf.
ngRj w

braghL - 2

glij ghJ c fUij tFgiw IJ kJ ngRf.

55

goj w

braghL - 3

fhQ ciugia ca xl thL gof.

gHjH eiff midJ VnjD xU ey nehf
mikUF. mtf tghLKiwfS utzfK xW. u
tzfkhdJ, jHilna Obud njhaJ mW. mJ beLfhy
tHUj xwhF.
nghny G gL be nt ghJ J wj ufis
jH bjtkhf nghd. mtf cUtij f brJ ehS
tgld.
brhtjid vGJj

braghL - 4

fhQ brhfis brhy nfL vGJf.

1. ehkfoif

6. bfhfjh efu

2. sehfdh

7. bgk

3. ehLw

8. gsFHij

4. thbkh

9. tofhu

5. bgUFu

10. uWt

flj

braghL - 5

ffSF bghUjkhd xF brhfis flJ bjhlfis

uf.
( glhbuW, FbkW, UblW, gblW, nrhbtW, gbrW )

1. thd d gbrW aJ.

2. kiH

3. ku is

4. FUf

gwnjhod.

5. fhr

wJ.

6. kif

kz guaJ.

bgjJ.
KjJ.

56

mfutirgLJj w

braghL - 6

fhQ brhfis mfutir vGJf.

bjho, jH, f, jhyhL, Ukz, bjU, Jau, njhl,
ijf, njL, j
jH,

uj

braghL - 7

Ffis gagL flfis uf.

FHij cwFtjF ghL ghl
tsj isf ghL ghl
ntiy brnth ghL ghl
rh FLnth ghL ghl
Ukz ff ghL ghlf
w ghL ghl
brid Kjyhd bgUefuf kf ghL ghl
J vGJj

braghL - 8

fhQ dhil ghl nfhol l bghUjkhd brhiy

bfhL ghliy iw brf.
vd gh?

nj nj

vd kh?

vd nj?

fhL

bfh nj.

vd fhL?

vd bfh?

MJ

kh

vd MW?

vd iy?

gh

thiH

.
.
.

vd thiH?
f

vd f?

vd f?

iy

Lf.

57

.
.

gagLJj

braghL - 9

fhQ nfhol l jbHfis bfhL ilaf.

1. cDila wjeh

2. cDila o cnsh vif

3. c jij brng v

4. goF tF

5. c tF gY khztf vif

.
.

.
.

fwyil WkL
kbg: 10
m) ca ilia njbjLJ vGJf.

2x1=2

1. fF sF nghwJ vJ?
m) ebyz

M) a vz

) thj brj

2. FHijia bjhoL jh ghL ghl

m) isahL ghl M) jhyhL ghl ) bjh ghl

M) nfhol lij uf.
1. Fiuia mla u Wt
2. FHijfSF ghLtJ

2x1=2

.
.

) rah, jtwh ?

2x1=2

1. vGjglhj ghlfis thbkh ya vg.

2. jbrhf guL tifgL.
<) ca brhfis njbjLJ brhbwhliu uf. 2 x 1 =2
1. kif
2. ia

aJ (kd, kz)
tUnt (ts, ty)

c) bghUJf.
1. ehkfoif

- rkz Kt

2. UFw

- sehfdh

- UtSt

58

2x1=2

a ehF

br

iraKJ

kiHna kiHna th th - ey
thd dny th th -
ita jKnj th th

jfu gj jzjz btd

jhG Tiu rsrs btd

efu bgf br Flf

ebw Ffz fzfz btd

(kiHna kiHna ...)

VFsf tgo, ehL

vF g bghgo, bgho

th fh

kuK jiH eidLgo

(kiHna kiHna...)

jiHah btg jiHf bk

jhfh btg f

cGth vyh kiyngh vUij

Xo bghnd l *

(kiHna kiHna...)

- ufP ghujhr
brhbghU
thdd - kiH; itaJ mKJ - cy mKj;
ita - cyf; jfugj - jfujh mikfgl
gj; bgho - kfuj bgho; jiH - bro; jiHah
btg - bgUF btg; Fiwahj btg vd
bghU bfhsyh; jiHf - Fiwa.
Ma F
ufP
vd,
ghntj
vd
fHgLgt
ghujhr.
tj
abga
Rud. t ghu fijJ bfhl
fhjyh, jKila bgaiu ghujhr vd
khbfhlh. ghoa gR, mH ,
FLg sF Kjad tj fij f.
t thj fhy 29. 04. 1891 Kj 21. 04.1964tiu.

59

gHbkh eh}W
f w
Mw fwh milah; m~Jilah
ehir bryhj ehoiy; mehL
ntWehL Mfh; jkntah; Mdh
MWzh ntLtJ .

- KWiw miuadh

ghlbghU
ngha fis iwthf fwt milat Mth. mtUila
f ehF irfY gu. mtUila f guthj ehL iy. mj
ehLf vyh ntW ehLf iy; jKila ehLfns MF. vdnt,
mehLfSF brYnghJ teil czit, mt vLJ bry ntoa
njit iy.
brhbghU
Mw - iwthf; ehir - ehF + ir; jkntah - jKila
ehLfns MF; MWzh -MW + czh; MW - t; czh - cz. teil
cz. jid fLnrhW vd fhy TWt. vehoF brwhY,
meho fnwhiu tuntW cz mg vgJ ghl czJ fUJ.
Ma F
Ma KWiw miuadh. KWiw vgJ Cbga.
miua vD brh, murid FF. t KWiw vw Ciu Ml
muruhf Ufyh myJ miua vgJ yt Fobgauhf Ufyh.
F
gbdfzF fS xW gHbkh eh}W.
eh}W
ghlfis bfhl J. xbthU ghlY xU gHbkh lbgWsJ.
ghl tU gHbkh, MWzh ntLtJ vgJ.
jF
fwtDF fLnrhW ntlh vgJ bghU.

60

ciueil

kf uhF neU vGa foj

ekJ a eho Ljiyfhf
ghLgl jiytfS xUt #tfyh
neU. t, e ehL Ljiy bgw
Kj Kjik mikruhf bghW
Vwh.
mtUila
m
kfjh
uhfh.
1922M MLKj
1964M MLtiu 42 MLf j
kfSF fojf vGbfhnl
Ujh.
neU
btehLF
brw
bghGJ, ah UjbghGJ
kfSF fojf vGdh. iw
rhiy milfgl bghGJTl,
mt foj vGJtjid Wjnt
iy.
jhT Rtghu f
uhfh nrjnghJ, mt vGa
foj J. Rtghu f nkF
tfhs
rhnfj
vD
l csJ.
(mfojUJ xUgF kL nf jugLsJ.)

mnkhuh khtl iwrhiy,

1935 ut 22.
brykf J!
iwrhiy eh eykhf Unw. Ugh
cjl gofntoa ghlfis Ko brJlh
nghY. k. go nguhafis jglKiw
rJ fyJiuahLtJ eyJ.
tF cfhJ
ghlfis nfgjidl, j mQFKiw eyJ.
61

nf{ gfiyfHf eh goFnghJ, mJjh

iyik. tFgiw elF ciuahlfSF ehf bga
KaJt bfhLfkhnlh;
Mafis jahf
rJ ciuahLnth; mj ciuahl vf tsF
bgJ ga cilajhf UjJ.
goF rhnfj jifa eilKiw Uwjh
vgJ bjaiy; yhlh vd? Mafis
jna rJ ciuahL gHfij filo.
thgjfhf mtnghJ jffis eh mDgyhkh
vd nfoUnj; mDg brh vG Uwh.
nghJ vdF if vdbtwh, cdF vgogl
jffis mDtJ vgJjh.
jf thgjid flikahf MFj TlhJ;
flhagLj TlhJ. mgo brjh, jf th
kia juhJ. btWng clhF. mJkL mW;
vj jfij thf Mir tuhJ. K vyh eKila
ghljffS njfS go btW clhF
isitjh brjd. nra, l Kjnah vts
mjkhd My gilghf!
xbthUtUF xbthUjkhd jf oF.
FHijah UFnghJ, xUtifahd jf oF.
isPuh UFnghJ, xUtifahd jf oF; taJ
Mf Mf Ug khW.
cdF vd jf thf oF vd brh!
cdF fij thf oFkh? myJ tuyhW, ehL
el, bghUshjhu Kja jff oFkh? c <LghL
bjj vj jf thfyh vgJ FJ, cdF
vGJnt. cJ jffis f eh Ugiy.
y jff g bghJthf ngryh. nsnlh
jff Ritahdit; jidia Lgit. nuf
ehlff e Mtij Lgit. mit RUfkhf
UF; thf vjhf UF. ehlffis g
ngRnwh. mJ r! fhjhr rhFjy ehlfij
thUwhah? mJ thf ntoa .
brw ML lhlh nghU mik vD
ehtiy thf nghtjhf brhdh. thJlhah?
cy f wj fS mJ xW. bgdhh
62

gy fis thfiy. mtUila f thf

jFjit.
vdF f ojkhdt bgu u[. mtUila
My mUikahdJ. mthj vGJ mtUilaJ.
eh V jf thj ntL? m bgWtjfhf,
k miltjfhf vd gy fhuzfis brhyyh.
mit cikjh. Mdh, jFnkY xU fhuz cL.
Mu Kff bfhlJ thif. mjid Jbfhs,
Kiwahf thH jf go aikahjJ.
jbahU kj gl f FWaJ. jff
kjf Vuhskhd gl jidfS ml csd.
mtiw thFnghJ, eh tF W _iyUJ
btnaWnwh. kiyJ VW, Jtiu ghfhj cyf
fhfis ghF czit bgWnwh.
mf,
c mgh.

nf{

yhYs gfiyfHf

nra

My ehlf Ma

My fP

nsnlh

nuf jidahs

fhjhr

tlbkh ehlf Ma

lhlh

uZa ehL vGjhs

bgdhh

My ehlf Ma

bgu u[

jidahs; fahs

mnkhuh iw

cjuhr khy csJ.

Ugh
-

Rtghu gj
nguha.

63

UHh
vwh,
Cnu
mUgoahd
nksrj
nfF.
thzntoiff, jjkhd Mlf eilbgW. cf CUHh
Y itbayh cL myth?
mjifa xU UHhF Xa xUt brUjh. mt oa
tzgl, jh ghj UHh fhfis cnuhlJl tiujh.
mj gljh Kgf csJ.
vts mHfh UwJ ghfsh? bfhrneu
ghJbfhnl Uf... vd, ghJOfsh?

glij

nghJ tFgiwYs khztfsha f IJ FGfshf

J bfhSf. Gs dhfSF xbthU FG mtut FG
cWdf fUJfis nfL vG bjhFj ntL. thUf,
fyJiuahlyh.
1. gl vjidjkhd fhfis fhz KowJ?
2. bkhj vjid Mlfis gl fhf?
3. gl lgfnk MQ bgQ irF fU bga
vd?
4. lgf MLw Ml bga vd?
5. iyF Kghf MQ bgQ MLw Ml bga vd?
6. gl tygf gF bgf vd brJbfhL
Uwhf?
7. vjid jkhd tzf gl l bgUwd?
8. gl cfSF VgLa vzij _W tf vGJf.
9. cf C eilbgW Hhfis goaLf.
10. cf CUHh ntW vbdd Mlf eilbgW?
FGf nkfl dhfSF fyJiuaho fUJfis
bjhFf. xbthU FGUJ FGjiyt KtJ, jh bjhFj
brfis tFgiw Tw. vj FG wghf fUJfis bjhFJ
tHFwnjh, mjFGit miHJ ifbah vG, midtU
ghuhLj ntL.

braghL
c C eilbgW VnjD xU Hhitg,
c vz Xlij bjhFJ vGJf.
65

yfzK bkhwD
1. bkhF a
xUbrh gybghU
ghujhr ghl _W lf, jiH vD brh lbgWsJ.
kuK jiH - vD bjhl jiH vgJ, brobfhoia FjJ.
F jiH vgJ bgabrh.
jiHah btg jiHf - vD bjhl jiH vgJ idbrh.
jiHj - vgjF TLj vd, Fiwj vd bghU cL.
(v.fh.)
ehL jiHf - ehL tsf.
nriyia jiHa jiHa cLdh- nriyia jhH gokhW
cLdh vgJ bghU.
J aghd brjhnd!
gHbkh eh}W bris ghUf.
MWzh - MW + czh
MW vgJ tia FwJ.
MW vD brhYFjh
vjid bghUf?
MW

- X v (6)

MW
- aifahf
UfiufSF il XL gu
MW

MW

g
ca bghUis fLoJ vGJf.
girFHij
girg
girbgh
girj
66

2. fzfz; jzjz
xia czJ brhf uL ulhfnt nrJ tU. mthW
tUbghGJ, m~J xFig btgLJ. jid jh bghU
juhJ.
ghujhr ghl kiH gyjkhd xfis vGwJ.
jzjz
fzfz
rsrs
yfz jid uils vg.
uil vwh uL; s vwh brh.
g
ca uils brhfis uf.
m. glhR vgo btojJ?
M. FHij vgo XoaJ?
. RUfkhf ngR;
<.

vW ngrhnj!

ituf

vW aJ.

3. gHbkh br tU tU brhfis J vGJf.

milah
ehoiy

=
=

m~Jilah =

xiwbfh, uilbfh id UwJ myth?

xiwbfh - F

bro

( + v = br )

uilbfh - beo

nt

( + V = nt )

xiwbfh + Jiz vGJ - F

bghU ( + x = bgh )

uilbfh + Jiz vGJ - beo

njhL

( + X = njh )

tz cs brhf cs iHfis flJ U vGJf.

1.

brt TaJ.

2.

MQ ngQ rk

3.

VoF bgho bgrhnj.

4.

mt vbf nrwh
67

tFgiwwf
1. ngRf

m. neU goj gfiyfHf bga vd?

M. ghlgFahf mikJs fojij neU vUJ vGdh?

. uhfh goj gfiyfHf vJ? m~J vFsJ?

2. dh vGf
tU brhfis ikakhfbfhL dhfis cUthFf.
iw
jf
tFgiw
(v.fh.) iw - iw iffSF vd rhghL bfhLghf?
3. fUjhl brf
oY gY gojjidl neU Fahf gojJ iw
rhiy. jF fhuz vd?
4. vGJf
I.

XU brhf il vGJf.

m. neU U goj f vj bkh Ujd?

(, My, j)

M. neU kfSF vGa foj vjid g mf TWwh?

(cz, cley, f)

. cy f wj ehtf xW vd neU FLtJ vjid?

<. rhFjy vD ehlf Ma ah?

II. XU bjhlf il vGJf.

m. tFgiw fgjidl vJ wjJ vwh neU?

M. cyf vD bghU tU jbrhf ytiw
flf.

68


. nkf vD bghU czJ jbrhf ytiw
flf.

<. murid ntW vbjj brhfsh Flyh?

III. ehF tfSF fhk F vGJf.

m. neU, j kfl gof brh gJiuj f vit?

M. fis eh V thj ntL?

5. gil w
m. Ffis J fia vGJf.

jij - kf - UHh - bry;

Tl - kf - fhziy; jij - gjw;

gfil - lhfil - njl - iy;

jij - ftiy; fhty - tUif - rhj;

kf - uhod - ntoif - fLo;

jij - k - L Ug.

M. dW ghl vGJf.

thngh vd bjhl nengh vd Kof (myJ)

jf vd bjhl nghth vd Kof.

thifwf
1. neUl fwit

m. g (thbkh il TWf.)

1. vjfhf Mnya neUit iw miljd?

2. iw trf UFkh?

3. iw cwdfS cl Ughfsh?

4. iwrhiy neU egdhf UjJ vJ?

5. iw trf iy vgjfhf neU jf gogjid
Wdhuh?

69

M. g

1. Jgkhd neu mwnt ifl ntoaJ vJ?

(jf thgJ, clg brtJ, bjhiyfh ghgJ)

2. bgJ U l vJ?

(tFgiw, L, isahLl, iu muF)

3. c o jf thF gHf cst ah?


4. ghljf ju, U thF ntW jf/brjh
g vGJf.

. g

1. neU foj_y fw thif g vJ?

tU brhbwhliu udh mJ ilF.

vts
gHfij

neuY, jf
TlhJ.
ilf

yfzK bkhwD

2. fzfz jzjz

m. glgl

M. FLFL

. tsts <. gsgs

tFgiw wf - 4. vGJf. ( II )

M. Phy, y, yf.

. K, v, bfhl, kR.

<. kd, ntj, bfhwt.

thif wf
. g

1. vts Jgkhd neuY,

ifl TlhJ.

70

jf goF gHfij

tsu braghLf
nfl
braghL : 1

ciugia nfl

fhQ fUJiuia gof nfL, dhfSF il TWf.

fufhl

ehLw
fJ
fiyfS xW fufhl.
~ J M b g
UtUnk ML fiy
ahF.
CUHh
rh Cty myJ
njnuhl
ff
jid fJt. bgnahKj nahtiu midtU U fahf
fufhl csJ. jiy fuf itJ ehfRu irF Vg mobaLJ MLtJ
fbfhsh fhahF. fufhlfhd fs mfykhd beLbjUfns
MF. fhnghiu clnrJ MlL msF fufhl fiyPf
MLthf.
dhf
1. ehLw fJ fiyfS fufhlK xW.
[cik / bgh]
2. fufhlij bgf kLnk MLthf.
[cik / bgh]
3. Knahf kLnk fufhlid Uthf.
[cik / bgh]
4. fufhlfhd fs nkilahF.
[cik / bgh]
5. ehfRu irF Vg mobaLJ MLtJ fufhl.
[cik / bgh]

ngRj
braghL : 2

dhfSF ilaj
neU, j kf uhl nfl dhfis
cfl nfwh; il TWf.
1. c Mafis rJ ciuahL

eilKiw c g csjh?
2. cdF fij thf oFkh?
3. ehlf f VnjD thJshah?
4. tuyhW,
ehLel,
bghUshjhu

nghwt vjid U gogh?
5. eh V jf thj ntL?
71

braghL : 3

gl ghJ ngRj

gl ghJ ngRf.

vGJj
braghL : 4

brhtjid vGJj

brhtjid vGJf.
1. ehL
6. kiy

2. d
7. fij

3. jfu
8. mKJ

braghL : 5

4. efu
9. cyf

5. V
10. gj

ca ilia bjbrj

m. caJ gJ ______________ . (kiy, kiH)

M. thd UJ bgtJ ___________ . (kiH, kiy)
. cHtf Mof _____________ Lt. (bghnz, bghnd)
<. kiH iu ______________ vg. (thdd, thzz)
c. ghujhr aa ____________ . (ghoa gR, ghoa gR)
braghL : 6

bghUJj

ca uils brhfis bghU ghliy iw brf.

(ksks, rlrl, lklk, gsgs, jkjk)

nkf ____________ vd uoL

d ___________ vd L
o __________ vd oL
kiH _________ vd bgL
bts _________ vd bgUL.
bgUa btsij ehS nrf
kiH jid k njFnth!
72

braghL : 7

tifgLJj

xiwbfh, uilbfh brhfis tifgL vGJf.

bfho, nt, nfho, btis, nghit, brf,
bghf, nrW, bty, ntif, nfhil, bfil.
xiwbfh brhf

uilbfh brhf

bfil

nfhil

bjhFj
braghL : 8

bral

yghl, fufhl, ahl, bghfh Fiuahl Ma glfis uo

mtWfhd Ffis vG glsf bjhFngL xwid cUthFf.
fwyil W kL
kbg : 10
I. fhQ TWf rah, jtwh?

6x1=6

1. ghujhr ghuah fijJ fhj bfhlt.

(r / jtW)

2. ghntj abga Rud.

(r / jtW)

3. fwtDF fLnrhW ntlh.

(r / jtW)

4. jhT Rtghu f jeho csJ.

(r / jtW)

5. fhjhr My ehlf Ma Mth.

(r / jtW)

6. CUHh jjkhd Mlf eilbgW.

(r / jtW)

II. bjhlf cs iHfis U vGJf.

1. nrfiy bfhL L fLt. (br/brh/)

2. bt toJ bfhLgJ bfhyF flnd. (nt/nth/th)

3. cyfbgJkiw UFw. (bgh/ng/)

4. njna bt Kjgo. (bj/njh/ij)

73

4x1=4

a IJ

br

j ghl

itnjhiu Tl itahnj - j

bta idf brahnj - fiy

gwitf vahnj!

ghid g Mlhnj - cw

g khfis gJ fhlhnj!

ntid cy Clhnj - cw

wh jid sf ehlhnj!

nghW rlif ezhnj - cid

fJ gy fy xzhnj!

rhWK thit vzhnj - w

jhG goF jhit gzhnj!

fs ntl idahnj - gy

ita KGJ bghjhY bghahnj!

fifny cfl eidahnj!

bfhis bfhs idahnj - e

bfhL J nfhKidahnj!
- fLbt j

74

ghlbghU
cid itjtiuTl itahnj; j cyf vyh bghahf
nghdhY bgh brhyhnj; wF Jg jUbrafis brahnj;
fbyJ gwitfis JWjhnj!
ghnghL isahlhnj! bgfis gJ ngrhnj! wl frghd
brhfis ngrhnj! c Wkhig wF fhlhnj!
w bfhlho br rlFfis brahnj! cid fJ
ngr, w LfSF bryhnj; c thit ngh bgjhf vzhnj!
wUF it clhF jhthd brafis brahnj!
ngh ntlfis nghlhnj! a MWfis njonjo ngh
KGfhnj! ahUila bghUis Ul idfhnj! xUtndhL ebfhL
wF mtid J, mtid g wl nfh_o ngrhnj!
brhbghU
btaid

- Jg jU bra

nt

- frghd brhf

wh

- Wkh

gy

- gy + , gyUila Lf

fy xzhnj - bryhnj
rhW

- fahf ngRtJ

fl

- cl

ghl F
VwjhH eh}W MLfSFK
thjtf jf.

jHf

fhL

kiyf

ghgho j, Fjig j, mGF j vgd vyhnk

fhuz bgaf.
e ghlgF ghl Ma fLbt j.
t, cUt tghL brahk btlbtiana flshf tglt;
va brhf miufis Tat.

75

ciueil

sik bgah nfl dh

uhkrh FWfhu Wt. ah vjid brhdhY V, vgo,

vjF vW dh nfgh. mtDF aitgJ vjhd brayhf iy.
mikgLJtJ bgnwhuhd ntflgUF - djhakhSF
bgUghlhf UjJ.
uhkrh JLfhf nfw dhfsh vr milnjh gy;
bfofhu Wt vW jobfhLnjh y. jhdhf J
Jbfhs idwh uhkrh; mjdh, j xW iyna vW
y ghuhod.
uhkrhF guL mfit. <nuhL mtdJ C. mF uhkehj
vgt fil uhkrh cfhUjh. elw vj xU braYF
kj jiyjh fhuz vW brhbfhnl Ugt mj
uhkehj.
uhkehj jiyFnk bjhbfhL Uj juhRjil, mt
ftfhj neu ghJ bky jolh uhkrh. uhkehj jiy
jL `klhbud' tJ GjJ. V jnl? vW uhkrhia
dJl uodh filfhu. jiygojh vyh elwJ vW
brhf myth? vid V uLf? vW brhagona
uhkrh Xo kiwjh.
76

uhkrh bgnwh mt gF brYnghJ, ehnjhW

X miuia brh mDt. gF brY t cdF
eh tw VgL. mnghJ kw khztf Lf ngh nffhnj.
mtf rh kf. mtf bjhl vjid eh cznth Fofnth
TlhJ vgJjh mJ.
uhkrhF J aiy; of iy. jhnd Fonwh, ah
o Fojh vd vW mtDF njhaJ.
xUeh, uhkrhF ntif VglJ; L bfhr bjhiy
UjJ. oF brYtiu Fofhk Uf ayhJ.
mtdJ tF Ma L, mt brY t UjJ. mF
brW nflh. mUj bg Ftis bfhLtJ bfhLjh;
uhkrh Fojh.
mt Foj FtisJ bjj wnf mbg mjid
LF bfhL brwh. uhkrhF mt bra aiy.
oF tjJ mkhit nflh. mtf nkrhfhuf. eh
bjhl bghUfis ik brJLjh L gagLJthf
vwh uhkrh mkh. uhkrhF mkh brhdJ aig mjJ.
mtDila bgnwh yiu rhduhf idwd; ntW ynuh
mtid, mtDila bgnwhiu rhduhf elJwd.
kjf V go xUtiubahUt jhthf idwd vW uhkrh
jh.
ah ahiubayh rhfhuf vW j lh fUJwhfnsh,
mtf L FHijfSl isahLtJ vW uhkrh Ko brjh.
mjgo vyh FHijfSlD isahl bjhldh.
m~J, mtDF oJ UjJ; ahU ahiu bjhlyh; ahU ah
oY rhlyh vgjid cWbrJ bfhlh.
ah vjid brhdhY, mjid mgona VWbfhs TlhJ vW
jjidl Uj uhkrh, ah? dhnk dh nfL vyhiu
f brj mj Ro iga, ah?
cf C eLnt bga jhol, fzho mj xU jhjh
iyia f ghUf. y lf ifjoia ojthW,
ntWy lf cfhJ jf gojthW mtuJ iy mikfgL
UF.
mj jhjhjh uhkrh. jHf fbga jidahs mt;
V, ah khbgU jidahsUTl. bgah <. nt. uh. vW
mtiu miHghf.
77

Wt uhkrh, bgah uhkrhahf tsJ caj fij f

RitahdJ. mt tsJ bgatuhd wF dhf nfgjid Wjnt
iy. kwtfis dhf nff gHfntL vW mtUF
njhaJ. mt, jh thj fhy KGtJ mnf Kjl bfhLjh.
mit gagL vJ r, vJ jtW vW J Jbfhl dnu
braglntL vwt mt.
gy W MLfshf gwgL tU tHfkhdhY r; mjid
brjh vdthF; brahlh vdthF vW nj KobtLf
ntL vwh mt.
Jnghw mthj brafsh bgah gyiu <jh; mofo
Tlfis eldh; rh cajhfis kj ntWghil mfw
ntL vwh; mjfhf xU rfK mikjh; mjF gFjths
rf vgJ bga.
sikny bgah, kfhkh fh bjhluhdh;
fhuR
f nrjh;
fSfil ka <Lglh; f wFtjid
jLgjfhf jDila njhUj bjid kufis vyh bto
rhjh. fj ma ntL vW guiu brjh. mJkL,
j njh fjJfis RkJ wh. wdh tU rh nkrh vD ntWghLfis mf, kf midtU kjrh vD
Xdkhf vzntL vwh.
wiu kj ntL, mJ kahij. jidjhnd kgJ, j
kahijia jfitJ bfhStJ Rakahij. W FHijia
thf, nghf... vW kahijl miHJ ngRtJ bgah g.
bgah kahijia - Rakahijia jU fzhf fUdh.
nfush itf vD C jhjgl kf, nfh
RWbjU elgjF jil UjJ. mjid vJ nghuho bt
bgwjdh, itf u vW miHfglh.
rh - nkrh ntWik, lhik bfhLikf mfy, vyhUF
f njit; vyhU f bgWj ntL vW bgah Tdh. j
fUJf isPfis <jd. mjdh, Rakahij af tYtiljJ.
kjfis kjfshf kfntL vgjid Vf. mJnghy,
kjf rghahf cs bgfis kj ntL. Mf
br vyhtiw bgfS brj ntL; mtfsh bra
aY. bgfSF eifnah mHfhd cilnah Ka iy; m
Rakahijjh f Ka.
uhkrh thW ngaJ bgfSF f oUjJ.

78

mtfS J bgW nkilna ngdhf.

jhkhfjh uhkrhF bgah vW gl tHdhf.
bgLjiyF Kjgoahf bgf vyhU f ffntL
vgjid bgah tWdh. bgf JlD eiflD
sFj ntL vwh. kngh, FJril Kja isahLfis
fWbfhSj ntL vwh. muRg, uhQt, fhtJiw
KjatY bgfis nrj ntL vwh.
FzY mY MQF bgQF ilna ntWghL
iy; UtU fuhdtfns vgjid LL tWdh. j
bjhiwJ mfitYTl a jidfis vLJ Tdh.
m vgJ tsJbfhnl UF; vdnt, adtiw Vw
ntL vwh. beLeh thjtuhd bgah, ekJ rKjhaF brj
bjhLf vzwit. bgah bgUikF fhuz, jjid
jjid brhd JrYjh. eh, mtiw bgahlUJ
fWbfhnth; eik nkY tsJbfhnth!

bgah ifbahg

w Ff
17.09.1879 wJ, 24.12.1973 kiwj
bgah, j theh 8600 eh, 13,12,000
nyh l bjhiy gaz brJ, 10,700
Tlf 21,400 kneu kfSfhf
ciuah rKjha bjhL Mdh.
1970M ML rKjha Uj
braghLfSfhf Ia ehLf mit
bdnfh UJ bgahUF tHfglJ.
eLt muR 1978M ML bgah
cUt bghj mrjiyia btL
wJsJ.
79

Jizghl

jfkhgHK NLnfhY
(ehlf)
fh - 1
l

mukid

ghuf
:

mur, mur nehw jh, mikr, i t a f ,

nrtff.

mur
:

(tUjJl) mukid itanu... vid <w

m jhah cliy nghJ vgo csJ?

mukid
:
ita

bghWjUSj ntL. munr! ehoia oJ

ghj
jf
jhah
iHgJ
fod
vW bjwJ; D y ehns Ugh. Mfnt,
mt Uajid brJ mtiu kfyh.

mur

mgoah...!

(jhah mUnf brwh mur.)

jhna! jf Ugij
iwntw fhUnw.

brhYf.

mjid

(mur jhah bky Kdago Vnjh brhwh.

Jbfhl mur MizLwh.)
mur
:

mikrnu! v mid, khgH rhl Uwh.

Jnt mtj Ug.
clnd mjF VghL
brf!

mikr
:

bghWjUSj ntL, munr!

iy.

mur
:

vUjhY r, milehL brwhtJ khgH

bfhL thUf. nrtffns! clnd wgLf.

nrtff

mgona MfL... munr!

J khgHfhy

(nrtff gy irfY brW miywhf. Mdh, khgH bfhL

tUtjF mtUila jhah c JLwJ. mur bgUftiy
bfhwh.)
80

fh - 2
l

murit

ghuf

mur, mikrf, bjdhuhk.

mur
:

v mid W Ugij iwntw

Koaiyna vw Fw cz vid mJ
bfhwJ. mtUila kd mik milahkny c
Jlnj!

mikr
:

tUj ntlh, munr! mjF gfhu brayh.

j Fw cz UJ f jf t
UwJ, munr!

mur

vd t, brhYf!

mikr
:

brhnw, munr! bwL JwfSF jf

khgH brJ, jhdkhf bfhLJ UJ itjh,
cf jhah kd mik mil.

mur
:

MfL, mikrnu!
brf.

mikr

mgona MfL, munr!

81

iu J elf VghL

(d,
jllyhd
UJ
elwJ.
midtUF jf khgHfis mur
tHFwh. mneu murit flf
bjdhuhk mF tUwh.)

bjdhuhk : ( j t h W )

m~bjgo,
tfSF

jf khgH bfhLjh

mur wJnghd jhah

kd vgo mik mil?

vts
bghU
bry?


J bghUjkw brayhf

csnj! tfSF ey
ghl fLnw.

(xU KonthL bjdhuhk brwh.)

fh - 3
l

mukid

ghuf

jfkhgH bgwtf, bjdhuhk.

bjdhuhk :

egfns!
brw ML v jhah wjJ
cfSF bj.
v jh W Miria
iwntw ayiy vw Fw cz
Unw. Wkhiy v y gfhu Hh
eilbgw csJ. midtU juhk tUj ntL.

jfkhgH
:
bgwtf

(jfkhgH l eF ntiy brwnj vd

vago) uhkh! ftiy ntlh, ehf cWahf
tJLnwh.
fh - 4

bjdhuhk y

ghuf

bjdhuhk, jfkhgH bgwtf

(khiy neu - bjdhuhk o bwL ngU miwF brwd.

midtiu Fa brJ KJ gGf fha fah bjdhuhk
NL nghLwh.)
xUt

mnah... vnj!
82

kbwhUt

mkh... NL jhf Koaiyna!

(NLgltf t bghWfhk myWwd.

vLwJ.)

br muritia

fh- 5
l

bjdhuhk y

ghuf

mur, bjdhuhk, NLgltf.

mur
:

bjdhuhkh, xGfhf brh. tf KJ NL

itjhahnk! vd bra J? V go brjh?

bjdhuhk :

munr, v jhah tneh tJ fhykhdh.

itaf NLnfhiy gGf fh, mtUF
NLnghlh t U vwhf. Mdh,
NLnfh
NL
VWtjF
jhah
c
JlJ! jhahUF brahk l kUJtij,
bwL JwfSF brjh, v jhah kd
mik mil vgjdh, go brnj, munr!

mur
:

bghUjkW ngRwhna! tfSF NLnghlh,

wJnghd c jhah kd vgo mik mil?

bjdhuhk :

tfSF
jfkhgH bfhLjh, khgH
rhlhk wJl jf jhah kd mik
miltjid nghyjh, J munr!

(bjdhuhk fUJ muriu f itjJ. jKila jtiw mur

czwh. mur Kf KWt wJ.)
mur
:

_leifah, MuhJ ghfhk eh brj

jtwhd braiy, c mdh bja itj uhkh,
c mit bkRnw, thf!
(NLgltf jiyfJ w.)

-iu-

83

yfzK bkhwD
1.

iH j vGJnth.

rhiy f ghF iHfis U vGJf.

I.

xWiHf

m. flikia br; gyid nf.

M. ku bghUf thlifF ilF.

. iugl fhz tUf.

II. F beo iHf

m. rhgL jhah

. gFl mU csJ.

M. xW tdh xW ythr.

III. JizbaGJ iHf (b, n, i, h)

m. kUJtkd ghF t.

M. fhty ehf.

. F gL rh jughL.

IV. kabfh iHf

m. U rfu tof gYJ ghfgL.

M. ehnjhW gf fh cL.

. twjU ehaf nfh.

2. vfis vGjh vG gHFf.

17

20

32

48

51

3. c vjF?

uhk ij yFt fhL brwd vgjid, uhkD

ij
yFtD
fhL
brwd
vWjh
vGJnth.
xWF nkgl kjf, gwitf, yFf, bghUf nrJ
tUnghJ c nrJ vGJnwh.
g (c nrJ vGJf.)
1. yF fh f fuo Ujd.
2. RF sF ey kUJ bghUf.
3. L gTl gf Uwd.

84

tFgiwwf
1. ngRf.

m. <.nt.uh. vgj vd?

M. gFjths rfij bgah mikjj nehf vd?

. jfkhgH bfhLj mur jjid cilatuh, wbrh

nfgtuh?

<. bjdhuhk fijfis gof cfSF Ug Uwjh?

2. dh vGf.

tU jiyf bjhlghf cdF njhW dhfis nff.

m. u

(v.fh.) vJ u?

M. Vwwf

. _leif

3. fUjhl brf.

m. bjdhuhk jfkhgH thatfSF NLnghlJ Kiwah?

M. uhkrhF bgah vW jhkhf gl bfhLJ ghuhoaJ

V?
4. vGJf.

I. XU brhf il jUf.

m. fl vD brh bghU vd?

M. bgah njhWj af bga vd?

. nfus elj nghuhl bgahUF ilj w gl

vd?

II. XU bjhlf il jUf.

m. fbyJ JWj TlhjJ vJ?

M. if vLJ isahl TlhjJ vJ?

. vtiw jU fzhf bgah fUJwh?

III. ehF tfSF fhk il jUf.

m. fLbt j TW miuf wghd _wid TWf.

M. bgahU bgLjiy.

5. gilw

bjdhuhk fijia tF ehlfkhf eoJ fhLf.

85

thifwf
1. VWbfhlhuh, kWjhuh? (thbkhahf il TWf.)
m. vyh jiy vW brhdjid bgah VWbfhlhuh,
kWjhuh?
M. nkrh, rh vW jjid bgah VWbfhlhuh,
kWjhuh?

. lhik vD beLfhy gHfij bgah VWbfhlhuh,

kWjhuh?

<. Mf mfhu brtjid bgf ml lgjid

bgah VWbfhlhuh, kWjhuh?
vyh dhfSF il, kWjh vgJjhnd! mgoahdh,
bgah lUJ eh fWbfhl w kWj w (Refusal Skill) MF.
F
kWj vgJ brUF iy.
kWj vgJ gahik mW.
jtwhd fUJfis kWjhjh eh tsuKo.
Jr milahs jtwhdtiw kWgJ.
_leiffis kWgJ Kndw.
kWgJ - bgQF ghJfh.
kWj miuFiwahf UJ ga iy; cWahf Uj
ntL.
g

vJ cWahd kW?

khztfSF

m. Niy

clgY khzt y nrJ, cdF ofhj gHf xwid

bra miHwhf. mgHfnkh, cdF iy. vthW kWgh?

kW

1. mghF bjjh Lth.

2. vdF mrkhf UwJ.

3. KoahJ! ~J vdF ofhJ.

86

M. Niy

c eg xUt ntW rhfhu. mtndhL nruTlhJ vwh,

cmgh. mt vzij vthW kWgh?

kW

1. egfl eh rh ghfkhnl.

2. eh nruiy. mtjh tJ vDl nrwh.

3. njtiu nrJ
nrfkhnl.

Ungh

mgh!

mw,

mtid

. Niy

gfJ bjU eg, cf bjUF tJ isahLwh.

mtid isaho nrfTlhJ vwhf c bjU egf.
mjid vthW kWgh?

kW

1. ght, mt mgh!

2. W xUeh kL isahoL nghfL.

3. mtD vDila eg. mtndhL nrJjh isahLnt.

ilf
yfzK bkhwD
2. vfis vGjh vG gHFf.
gndG
UgJ
KguL
ehgbjL
IgbjhW

87

tsu braghLf
ngRj
braghL : 1

fyJiuahLj

e th, eh filoF _leiffis goaL,

jgjfhd tKiwfis FGf mikJ fyJiuahLf.
v.fh: m. id FWnf brwh vLJbfhl ntiy wgilahJ.

M. e Cislh eyJ elF.

. fGij Kf jh eyJ elF.

mtiw

goj
braghL : 2

fUJiuia csthW goj

bgLjiy

bgah bg Ljiyfhf bgJ ghLglt. y nghwjf Fzf
MfSF kLjh cL, bgfSF mFzf iy vgjid
monahL kWjh. bghWik, mik, ngQw Kjad bgfSF kLnk
cait vd d, u, MSw Kjad MfSF kLnk cait
vd TWtjid Vf ayhJ. go TWtJ bgfis MLF Mfis
F xghf TWtJngh myth csJ. bgfSF J, u,
MSw Kjad cL vgjid midtU VWbfhSj ntL.
mJnt bg Ljiy vd uKHflh.

vGJj
braghL : 3

ca vGij bj brj

bjhl bghUjkhd xW vGJfis Lf. [ , , , ]

m.
M.
.
<.
c.

if cleyF__ nfL.
ku tsngh; kiHia__ bgWnth.
beigia__ wfngh; beLeh thnth.
iwtid__ bjhGnth; gKl thnth.
aif cunk ntshikF__ wj cu.
braghL : 4

iH Fj

ghl cs Fbeo iHfis vGJf.

jehL jehL J
ju f jf jehL
bru brhH ghoah - ik

88

bgf Mol gj ehL

kaKj Fktiu - <L
izaw uf eL.
braghL : 5

iH Fj

ghl monfhol brhf cs kabfh iHfis vGJf.

CUF btna xiwf klg kf
ciu Fofjh Xuhu nglh
Mw fiujny mHfhd klg kj
ciu bfhsjh Xuhu jKlh
Mykuny Mij myW bghny iyfis
ofjh Forhjh gy clh.
fho thG ahidF eho thG izF
Xuhu ngj tbfyh VJL?
bflhfhuD FsefhuD - Fig
Figah bfho itj bghbayh
eKila uij mUny mfjhnd enyh
mitbayh Fnjho ijfjhnd!
fwyil W kL
kbg : 10
4x1=4

I. nfhol lij uf.

1. cUt tghL brahk btlbtia flshf tglt

2. itf u vW miHfglt

3. bgf
Kja isahLfis fWbfhSj
ntL vd bgah Tdh.

4. jfkhgH bgw Jwf vif

II. ca xWvGJfis vGJf.

1. fia

2. jhia

3. eyij

3x1=3

fngh.
nghWnt.
brnth.

III. c nrJ vGJf.

1. UFw ygfhu gof ntoa f.

2. UtSt fg ghu jjh jiykffsht.

3. khkyu fhu fhgjFa fiy efuf MF.

89

3x1=3

a MW

br

weh}W
ehlhF xnwh; fhlhF xnwh;
mtyhF xnwh; irahF xnwh;
vt eyt Mlt
mt eiy; tha ynd! *

- xsitah

bghU
ynk! ehlhf Ujh vd? fhlhf Ujh vd? gskhf
Ujh vd? nklhf Ujh vd? vnf Mf eytfshf
Uwhfnsh mF eyjhf Uwh, ynk, thf!
brhbghU
xnwh - bjhlU brh. ehlhF xnwh - ehlhf Ujh vd
myJ ... vd bjhlU. mt - gs; ir - nkL; Mlt - Mf;
F kjfis bghJthf FjJ. eiy - eyjhf Uwh.
F
weh}W = w + ehF + W. vLbjhif fS xW weh}W.
, yt gy aa ghlf bjhF. vLbjhif gJghL
rf fsh. rf ya <uhu MLf giHik cilaJ.
jHf tuyhW, gghL Matiw ma cj yhf weh}W
fwJ.
Ma F
xsitah rf yt; makh eg. ma befia
makhl bgwt. rf fhy bg fP gy Ujd. mtfS
Fahd ghlf ghoat xsitah. rfghl ghoa xsitahU,
MNo ghoa xsitahU xUt my; ntW ntwhdt.

90

Jfij

izia oJ bjUthF!
cfh egh, eyjhdh? -
xJ thtJ rjhdh?
RL u RUFtjh? - c
Ragy cdF xLFtjh?
yh wnj ehbdW -
yg ntlh; beTl
dij nrjJjh - mJ
gia nghfiy?
fl ehxU JbaW -
fiuJ nght gabdd?
fl ehxU KbjW -
fhL; cj jiyF!
tjJ ahUF bjahJ -
thjij cyf mahJ;
rj Tl kwJL - c
ru ahUF idtU?
iz jhdh cnjr? - c
bjUbth nwah cDyf,
izia oJ bjUthF - c
bjUit nkY thF!
vjid cau kakiy! - m
bdhU fu cdJjiy!
vjid Pha wj jiu -
tfis l vdjil?
gJ vdiy? - c
fiH jJ thFiy!
eh bghGnj wgLnth - th
eyij v bragLnth!
- jhuhghu
Ma F : fP jhuhghu vGf fijf vGJt
tyt. Mauhf gaha t, jHf mu eyha
UJ bgwt. a oaf, J vf HF, jhuhghu
fijf Kjad tj fS y. t thj fhy
26.02.1947Kj 13.05.2000tiu.
91

ciueil

nja fhj brk

gRbgh KJuhkf
ghuj ehL gHbgU ehL.
ehL mayt MF moik
glJ. moikjis FtjF
fU brU d gy.
jHf Ruka th,
t.nt.Ruka,
fgnyhoa
jH t. c. jgu, thehj,
U
Fku
Kjnah
LjiyF ghLgld. tfS
xUt gRbgh KJuhkf.
w ts
uhkehju
khtl
gRbgh vD C 1908M
ML mnlhg f Kgjh
eh
wjt
KJuhkf.
tUila
jijah
cu
ghoadh,
jhah
uh
mikah.
t midia
sikny Hjh.
jhnahL
mWRit co nghW. vD,
KJuhkfUF
Ryha
bgk xUt jhah gho
tsjh. ghoah mgiz
t tsjh.
gho o
tsj ehf tUF fj
Ma Fiwtw thjh vgt
Mth.
gf
KJuhkf j bjhlf
fia fK cs bjhlf
g jt ghahfl
92

bgwh; gRkiy caiy g y MLf gwh. d, t

Ia jt g gojh; uhkehju muR caiy g
gjh tF gojh. t uhkehju goJ bfhoUFnghJ,
mef ns neh guaJ; mjdh, tUila f wJ.
gJiw m
ggo whY nfait glit Fahf bgwh
t. j, My Ma UbkhfY tyik bgwh; mbkhf
brhbgh MW w bgwh; yg, Fiu Vw, Jgh RLj,
nrhl, kUJt Madtiw fwjh; siknyna mua
Mtbfhlh.
bghJbjho ehl
KJuhkf, sik Kjbfhnl bghJbjho <LghL fhodh.
t KguL f jkF brhjkhf Uj yfis cGj
jhjgl kfSF gL bfhLJ kjh.
t yHh xY, Mya EiH nghuhlY Kw u
Mth; rkg KiwF Cfkj bgUkfdhth. t fhy My
muR, Fw gugiu rl a kfS yiu xJ itUjJ;
md Ja fisa mUghLglh; mtfSila thif cafhf
nghuhodh; mjdh, Fw gugiuUJ mtfis Ljiy bgw
brjh.
jhjgltbfd t gy bjhLfis brJsh. t,
rhia wij ghJ kjid kj jhgLJtJ bgU
bfhLik;
Mlt kj Fyijjh giljhnd ju rhia
wij my; rh wK muaYF iy; MfF iy
vd rhia g Tsh.
ehLgW
KJuhkf sikgUt ah, Mnya MF
cgoUjJ. t, j ehL Ljiy bgwntLbkd jah ntif
bfhoUjh.
tf fkhd nejh RghZ rungh mtfis j mua
tfhoahf bfhlh; jHf fkhdh. tUila ngY
_Y Ljiy cznt jJ.

93

Ljiyngh fLikahf Uj ehf My muR, tlah

yfUF bjah KJuhkfUF thL rl nghlJ.
kfilna Ljiy ntifid Coat t. nja fhj brk
vd U. . fahz Rjudh tiu ghuhosh.
t gFbgw Ljiy nghuhlf gy. j nlh tsnjh;
fuh fhnjh vgJ ghu thF. jid bkFkhW, t gy
dfis VW LjiyF ciHjh. jh <LgL Ljiy nghuhl
gfSF ywth ilwhF vd fUdh. vdnt, Ukz
thid jjh.
mua thif
j mua thifY KJuhkf nkik bgUjh. njj
nghol IJKiw btthifna Nodh.
1937, 1946, 1952, 1957, 1962 Ma MLf eilbgw njjf
Kof t bgUj kfbrthif fhod. bjhL brtjnf
t, j bjhFF brWsh; njj sguF brwh y.
gyU nghW gghs
bjf, nja Ma uil U fzhf nghat
gRbghdh. t, `u yhj th ntfyhj uK
zhF vd vLJiujt. t rka rhnwhuhf fUjglh.
ntjhj ghf, uzt nfr, rkhf rlkhUj, J j rka
nkij vd gythwhf ghuhl bgwt. t midJ kjdlY
m g fhodh.
ntfhdj
juhf,
nejh
jsgahf,
rayuhf,
KUfgjuhf, Mf uuhf, jghL juhf, bjgho ik
KoNlh kduhf, tGth neikahsuhf, yik fyuhf, tik
ffhydhf, bfhil fzdhf, g gukAruhf, a jh
ekfdhf thjt KJuhkf.
rka, rKjha ga tUila jidf kjFyF
tfhLtd.
w vgJ vtifY tuyh.
jidna t,
gidkuUJ GJ iHjtD cL. ta tu tG GJ
wjtD cL vd Tsh. kj kdiyia U, kU,
bjU, mU vd FLwh.

94

kiw
IgijJ MLf thJ kf Kndwfhf ghLgl
bgUkfdh, 1963M ML mnlhg Kgjh eh aif vdh.
mjdh, t wj eh midt idY F ehshW.
idd
jehL muR, bgUkfdhiu nghWtif brid khef
tUila cUtiyid WsJ. miy WtgLs rhiyF
t bga NlgLsJ.
gRbgh KJuhkf thif tuyhW, ehLgid kj
ezfij kjneaid czJtjh sFwJ.

w Ff
KJuhkf
UgF
zf
06. 09. 1939 kJiuF nejh RghZ ru ngh
tUif jjh.
eLt muR 1995 KJuhkfUila
mrjiyia btL wjJ.
KJuhkf, j brhJf KGtij
17 ghffshf J, xU ghfij kL jdF
itJbfhL 16 ghffis 16 ngUF
dh rhrdkhf vG itjh.

95

Jizghl

vJ bga cik?
m~J xU ; xU
fhy brghf UjJ.
W, iyik khngh
lwJ; gr twL
lwJ. mj
nfho xU Foir.
ahnuh
thJL
nghd Foir mJ. nghJ
mj Foir, UtUF
milfy
jJsJ.
mUt xUt ghit
mwt;
kwt
fh
yhjt.
mtfSF
iHf t vJiy.
khiy
filbjU
_LnghJ
mtf
brthf. a fh, f,
cz bghUfis kf
mtfSF
jUthf.
mjid czth, mtf
cL thjd.
Mdh, gr tjwF,
filbjU
bgUghY
milgnl
lwJ.
vnghjhtJ wUjhY
j
UtUF
vJ
ilgiy.
vdnt,
UtU bgUghY go
ljd.
bjhlJ
IJeh
vJ ilfhk go
UjnghJ, UtU xU
KoF tjd.
mUtU j ciu
fhghbfhs vjid
96

bra Jjd.f bjahjtuh vts bjhiy jLjLkh

nghfKo? fh yhjtuh CJ vts bjhiytiu nghfKo?
gfUj taf vyh twL ljd.
bjhiy UjJ Cjiyt njhl. mtUbfW jgl
j tr! njhl, grY brUjJ. mnf brtbjW Ko
brjhf.
fh yhjtiu f Hjt RkJ brYj ntL. fh
yhjt tfhl f Hjt eljY ntL. ~J mtf
VghL.
tfhLtJ vaJ; Mdh, mjgo elgJ fod. f Hjt
_R thf eljh. vgonah Cjiyt njhlJF tJld.
CUF ahU beUf mR njhl mJ; oglh, mo cij cW!
njhl gHfS fhffS FJ ljd. fh yhjtiu
tunyna wL, f Hjt jLjLkh ngh ifF
mfgljid vLJ tjh.
ghit mwt, fh yhjtiu RkJbfhL FoirF Udh;
vLJ tjit uL _W ehSF nghJ.
beLehSF wF, mWjh mtf twhu cL cwdhf.
fhiy vGnghnj bgUTr mUtUF nflJ.
C Kr W, jiyt fbfhL Ujh, ahulh, v
njhl w Uodt?
Cnu iffo gaJ eLaJ. vd elFnkh? vW maJ.
ahU Uil xbfhs K tuhjjdh, Cjiyt,
njtij nfhYF ngh koL nto, njtijia CUF
miHJ tjh.
xbthUtU njtijK tJ cikia brhYj
ntL.
Uoatiu njtij fLoJL; bgh brhdhY
fLoJL; jtW brjt fGij beJ bfhWL.
C kf xbthUtuhf tJ, jh Uliy vW thF_y
mjd. ahiu njtij bfhyiy.
Ungh ghitawtU fh yhjtU kLjh. Kj
ahUF mtf id tuiy; rblW idtu, Cjiyt
fdh.
mj buL gafis GJL thflh!
UtU jLjLkh tjd. C kfSF f fyaJ.
97

 njtijK, Kj f Hjt W brhdh: njtijna!

eh wFUl; vjid fbfhL ghf Koahjt. jiyt
njhlij eh ghjJ iy vwh.
njtij mtiu vJ
braiy.
mLJ fh yhjt tjh. mkh! eh wnyna Klt;
elf khlhjt; jiyt njhl v fh glnt iy vwh. fh
yhjtiu njtij vJ braiy. mgoahdh, UoaJ ah?
C kfSF a! njtij, nfhiyL btna tj,
Fwthia jofhk U nghFkh?
mnghJ, vghuhj f xW eljJ.
iff Cjiyt fGij bejd.

fQF bjahj U

Cjiyt RUL GJ wjh.

mgoahdh, Cjiytjh Uluh? bjd a!
MdhY, vyhF cSF k!
C kf njtijia beU, Cjiytiu bfhwJ V?
vW nfld.
njtij Fu cWah vbuhjJ.
a cikia g vdF mfiw iy. cikfnyna
bga cikiajh eh njLnt.
Ulfisl Ul
oatfisna eh jong. C kf go lFnghJ, bkhj
cz bghUfis FJ itUgtjhnd bga Ul. Mfnt,
Fwthia jonj.
Mkh. mJ rjh... vwJ kf Tl.
(ehLw fij)

98

yfzK bkhwD
I. xnth vGJF xU g
ah jid ciljJ?
t
-j ciuahl e LF mofo elwJ.
mt, mt, mt, t, t, t, mJ, J, mit,
it vD brhf, Fl kjiunah bghUisnah
Rofhl cjwd. go Robrhy cj
vGJf uL. mit m, .
tiw RblGJf vnwh. gHfhy
c vgJ RblGJjh. c vGJ, gy gfis
brjJ.
cJfh vwh, rW bjhiy gh vgJ
bghU.
cgf vwh, KJFgf vgJ bghU.
cg vwh, nkny vgJ bghU.
bghGJ, Robrhy
gagLJtJ iy.

eh

vGij

mt, t, mJ, J vd RLtJ xUKiw.

miga
bg

L
vW RLnth. vd ntWghL? mt, mt
vw RLbrhf Mzh, bgzh vgjid Ro
brhLwd.
m, RblGJf jna W RLnghJ, M
bg midtiu bghJthf RLwd.
W mJ, J, mj, j, mF, F vD
RLbrhfns bgUtHfhld.
mjgf
jL

99

g
dhfSF RLbrhf L, il vGJf.
vJ c L?
v L.
ah c mz?
v mz.
c gTl vF csJ?
v gTl

gf csJ.

II. v, ah, M, X, V.
mt brjh.
mtdh brjh.
uL bjhlfSF vd ntWghL?
Kj bjhl, xU br kLnk.
ulhtJ bjhl xU dhit vGwJ.
bria dh Ma vGJ vJ?
M
eh Vuhskh nffis nff M cjwJ.
ah? ehdh?
W gah? LKiwah?
dh vGtjF ntWy vGJfS csd.
mit: v, V, ah, X.
il vd?
V tjh?
ah mnf?
nah brjh?
III. V vGJF DbkhU g

V vGJ, dh nff kL gagLtJ iy.

mGj bfhLJ brhy gagLwJ.

mt brjh.

mtnd brjh.

ulhtJ brhbwhl
fhuzkhdJ, V.

mGj

100

Vgl

ijna wjt.

cznt kUJ.

bghGJ, VF khwhf jhgagLJ tHfK

UwJ.

mtjh Kj tUth.

ijjh wjt.
IV. gf

1. tU brhbwhlfis dh brhbwhlfshf
khWf.

m.

ghoa eyt.

M.

mJyh LF tJlh.

fl bgaJ.

2. bghUjkhd dhbrhfis vGJf.

m.

M.

RWyhF
?

cdF oj bghU

v dhF il
bga

?
bfhLUgtf
?

V. mfuKj fhQ g
mfuKjia ghJ vGJf tiria
eh mj ntL.
m bjhlF j
cbuGJf tir cfSF bj myth?
mgoahdh, fhQ brhfis tirgL vGJf.
ViH, cyf, xsit, m, vUJ, Mir, Xa, <o,
isP, xW, Cf, IgJ.
1. m

7.

2.

8.

3.

9.

4.

10.

5.

11.

6.

101

12.

tFgiwwf
1.ngRf.

jhuhghu fij tUbrhf it. tW

xW FJ E fUij IJ kJ ngRf.

m. Ragy

M. jiyF

. iz

<.

c. fu

bjU

2. fUjhl brf.

ghit mwtU fh yhjtU njtijl

brhdJ cikah? bghah?

3. vGJf.

I. XU brhf il vGJf.

m. xsitah ghl mt vgj bghU

vd?

M. xsitah ghl lbgw bga vd?

. _W RblGJf W eh gagLjhj

RblGJ vJ?

<. brhYF mGj jU cbuGJ vJ?

c. miHjh njtij

eifah? cikah?

tU

vgJ

C. KJuhkf wj C vJ?

II. XU bjhlf vGJf.

m. vF y eyjhf UF?

M. g iy vd?

. bga Ul ah? V?

III. ehF tfSF fhk F vGJf.

m. xsitah ghl fUJ.

M. jhuhghu fij cdF oj fUJf.

. Fw gugiu

nghuhlK.

rlK

102

KJuhkf

4. vGJ isahLf
m. Ma X vGij brhYj ntL.

(v.fh.) f vd Ma brhdJ clnd khztf f bjhlF

brh xwid jf Vo vGJj ntL. (v.fh.) fg.

xnu brhiy Utnuh uLF nkgltnuh vGUjh,

mtf isahoUJ btnaWj ntL.
ahU vGjhj brhiy vGatf isaho bjhluyh.
mLJ, Ma ntW X vGij brhYj ntL.
W, bt bgWgtiu fLofyh.
vGJ brhf bgabrhfshf Uj ntL.

(J
JJ
brhfis
vGJ
isaho milahs fhzyh.)

khztfis

Maf

M. khztfis W FGfshf j ntL.

FGf _tUFnk Uj TlhJ.

FGfSF m, j, g vgJngh vGjh bgaLj ntL.

vLJfhlhf, Ma xU FGF `m vw vGij brhdJ,

mj FG cWdf jf FG `m vG bjhlF
brhfis xU lF iuthf brhYj ntL.

njngh xbthU FG brhYj ntL.

_W RWf tiu isahil bjhlUj ntL.

vj FG Fahd brhfis Tanjh mjFG btbgw

FGthf fUjgL.
I. bgabrhfisjh TWj ntL.
II. Ta brhiy L TWj TlhJ.

III. m FG vwh, m bjhlF brhfis kLnk
brhYj ntL.
m FG Mir vd Tdh jtW.
j FG jhtu vd Tdh jtW.

103

thifwf
jhuhghu fij btgl fUJ. jdif bfh
vgJ. jdif bfhtj Kjgo, jid mtJ MF. cid
mJshah?
g - 1

c wikfis goa Lf.

vdF bj.

(v.fh.) to Xl bj, mHfhf vGj bj... dw.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

(cl cs WW wikfis juhk FLj ntL.

njitba, jjhis gagLjyh.)
g - 2

fWbfhs U wfis goaLf.

eh Unw.

(v.fh.) nkilngR, f, eo...

1.

2.

104

3.

4.

5.

6.

g - 3

cl cs Fiwfshf fUJtjid goaLf.

eh Uj idnw.

(v.fh.) rbld dbfhtJ, mGtJ, My ngr jaFtJ....

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

g - 4

c vfhy fdf vbdd? goaLf.

eh fd fhnw.

(v.fh.) brid ntiy brj ntL, mkhF eiff th

jUj ntL, kGJ thFj ntL... vgd nghy)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

105

tsu braghLf
ngRj
braghL : 1

fyJiuahLj

kf nghW jiytuhtjF ca jFf vd vgjid c egfSl

fyJiuahLf.
braghL : 2

dhfSF ilaj

vJ bga cik? - Jizghl fhQ TWf ahUilait?

m. ahulh, v njhl w Uodt?

[Cjiyt / njtij]

M. mkh! eh wnyna Klt; elf khlhjt; jiyt njhl v

fh glnt iy.
[ghit Hjt / fh Hjt]
. njtijna! eh wFUl; vjid fbfhL ghf Koahjt;

jiyt njhlij eh ghjJ iy. [ghit Hjt / fh Hjt]
<.

a cikiag vdF mfiw iy. cikfnyna bga

cikiajh eh njLnt.
[Cjiyt / njtij]

eoj
braghL : 3

gnfW eoj

vJ bga cik? Jizghl tU ffS VnjD xwid

khztf ehlfkhf eof brf.
l : Foir L

gFbgWnth : ghitawt, fh Hjt

ghit mwt : D vjid ehjh go gah tho bfhoUgnjh...!

fh Hjt : vd brtJ? Cnu mgojh UwJ. vF ghjhY
fhJngh lwJ; jiyt njhl ju.
ghit mwt : m~bjgo? jiyt njhl kL gRikahf csJ?
fh Hjt

: vgonah, mt njhlF kL j tr clh.

ghit mwt : mgobawh,

mnjhl
Fahd
fhff
UFnk...... njhlF brW gJ tuyhkh?
fh Hjt

: Inah...... jiytUF bjjh joghnu...!

106

ghit mwt : jofLnk.....

gnahL
cLL wfyh.
fh Hjt

wjiyl,

tW

iwa

: r nghnth. elgJ elfL!

vGJj
braghL : 4

brhtjid vGJj

brhtjid vGJf.

1. vLbjhif
4. nkLgs
7. <uhu
10. gghL

2. xsitah
3. gJghL
5. rf ya
6. bef
8. MNo 9. bgfP

braghL : 5

brhyhw

ghliy iw brf.

kiy fuij bjhLtJ oF

khiy futid

F Fuiy

nfhit

khiy

elgJ oF

rhiy

kgJ oF

Fj

nrJ

oF
oF
RitgJ oF

braghL : 6

FgJ oF
vWnk oF
flj

fhQ dhf cs dh vGJfis flJ vGJf.

1. be Figf bgUFtjF fhuz vd?
2. be Figf gaghil jLgJ ah?
3. be igfis vgjdh clhF ikfis eh czuhjJ V?
4. be igfSF khwhf Jigfis gagLjyh, myth?
5. be bghUfis gagLjhj Cf cnlh?
6. be bghUf gaghil FiwgJ vthW?

107

dh v

dh vGJ

1
2
3
4
5
6

fwyil W kL
I.

bghUJf.

1. xsitah
- nja fhj brk
2. jhuhghu
- weh}W
3. KJuhkf - izia oJ bjUthF

kbg : 10
3x1=3

II. ca ilia njbjLJ vGJf.

3x1=3

1. fl vJthf Uj ntL vW jhuhghu TWwh?
m. J
M. KJ
.

2. eLt muR KJuhkfUila mr jiyia btl ML
m. 1990
M. 1939
. 1995

2. njtijah jofglt
m. Klt
M. Cjiyt

. ghitawt

III. fhQ bjhlf cs dh vGJfis vLJ vGJf.

1.
2.
3.
3.

nklhf Ujh vd?

eyha UJ bgw fP ah?
RghZ rungh tUif jj C vJ?
Cjiytjh Uluh?

108

4x1=4

a VG

br

UFw
ait Tw
(ik gaF brhfis ngRj)

1.

brhyh <u mis goWyth

brbghU flhth brh.

bghU: m fyJ trid yhj bkbghU fltf thbrhf

brhfshF.
brhbghU: <u - m; mis - fyJ; goW - tr; brbghU - bkbghU.

2. mfdkJ <j enw KfdkJ

brhy Mf bg.
bghU: cs U xUtUF bfhLJ cjtJ eyJ; Kf kyJ xUtiu
ghJ a brhfis TWj mjidl eyJ.
brhbghU: mf - mf, cs; mk - Ug; mkJ - U;
Kf - Kf; brh - abrh; brhy - a brhfis ngRgt.

3.

Kfjh mkJ neh mfjhdh

brh nj mw. *

bghU: Kfjh U ikl neh cs fyj brhfis TW

jik csnj mwkhF.
brhbghU: mkJ - U; mfjh M - cs fyJ; brhnj a brhfis ngRjny.

4.

Jc Jthik yhF ahkhL

c brh ytF.

bghU: vyhlK g jU a brhfis ngRnthl, Jg jU tWik

mQfhJ.
brhbghU: Jc - Jg jU; Jthik - tWik; ah khL - vyhlK;
c - g jU.

5. gila brhy Mj xUtF

may kW w. *

109

bghU: g cilatdhf brh ngRgtdhf sFtnj xUtDF

cikahd mfy MF. cl mHFfhf m w vyh cikahd
mfyf Mfh.
brhbghU: xUtF - xUtDF; m - mHFfhf m eiff.

6.

myit nja mwbgUF eyit

eho a brh. *

bghU: wF eikahdtiw U ik cila brhfis brhdh,

ghtf njJ Fiw; mw tsJ bgUF.
brhbghU: myit - ght; eho - U.

7.

ea<W e gaF ga<W

g jiyah brh.

bghU: wF eikahd gaid jJ, ey gUJ fhj brhf,

tHFnthDF g jJ eik gaF.
brhbghU: ea<W - ey gafis jJ; e - eik; gaF - bfhLF;
jiyah brh - fhj brhf.

8.

Wik a brh kWik

ik g jU. *

bghU: wF Jg isF WikUJ a a brhf

kWwF wF tHFnthDF g jU.
brhbghU: Wik - Jg; kWik - kWw; ik - w.

9.

brh w fhgh vtbfhnyh

tbrh tHF tJ.

bghU: a brhf g
fLbrhfis ngRtJ Vndh?

clhFtjid

flD,

xUt

brhbghU: w - J + <w; <w - jUj, clhFj;

tbrh - fLbrh; vtbfhnyh - Vndh?

10. a csthf dhj Tw

fUg fhft jW. *
bghU: g jU a brhf UFnghJ, Jg jU fLbrhfis
ngRtJ, ff UFnghJ fhfis U cgjid nghwJ.
brhbghU: ftj - Efj; mW - mJnghwJ. (K gojJ id
Uwjh? tghf tw ku jJ mW.)

110

br bjhny bjt
br bjhny bjt - mj
wikjh ekJ brt
if fhYjh cj - bfhl
flikjh ekF gj

(br...)

giu tsjh gydhF - mJ

ciu fhF czthF
btny ekF JizahF - j
ntitf vyh ijahF
d ntiyL Fy khdKL
tUfhyKL mij eLnth

(br...)

fh xUeh fahF - e
fd xUeh edthF
fh f iyahF - e
fd id iyahF - cl
thodhY g dhY - t
khlhkny thLnth.

(br...)

- gLnfhil fahzRju

Ma F
kf fP vd miHfgL gLnfhil
fahzRju, va j midtUF
go
fijfis aat;
iuir ghlfis
ash.
ciHF kf Jaufis
bghJilik jidfis jKila ghlft
gutyhdh.
gLnfhil
mUnf
cs
brfgLjhfhL vD C wjt. t thj
fhy 13.04.1930Kj 08.10. 1959 tiu.

111

ciueil

fny fiytz
nkny cs glij ghUf. J f brJa g.
cWnehdh, j g cs aW cUtf btgL.
... bjwjh? vnf brhYf ghngh. lgfUJ
ghjh, fhis cUt bjwJ. tygfUJ ghjh,
ahid cUt bjwJ.
ewhf brhf. vts mUikahf UwJ!
fiyPf JnghW gy gfis brJUwhf. mit
vnf Uwd vWjhnd nff! thUf... brhnw.
fh gh nrhHts ehL. mJ fiyf isy. afitF
fllfiy gfiy bfhF C Fgnfhz.

bjw myhW* ghwJ. j bjfiu jhuhRu vD C

mikJsJ. nfjh IuhtRtu nfh csJ. ~J VwjhH
vW MLfSF K ulh uhruhr nrhHdh flglJ.
W nfhfSF brW fl gf nguHif ghJ kj
mDgtij j xnu nfh ekF jUwJ. tshf vF
gka. nfh gf eik RoGF.

* fhy muryhW vd tHfgLwJ.

112

xbthU gY xU fijnah
fhankh
bghUwJ.
Ku
vjt (uhjf) fij xU g;
ahidia bfhW mj njhiy jJ
cLbfhS ahid c nghjt
(f#rAhu _) fij bdhU g;
moKo
njlitF
mzhkiyah
(nfhgt) fij kbwhU g. go
fijbghj gf gy csd.
uhkhaz, kfhghuj fijf, u
kkj fijf, tuhz fijf
vd v mlfhj fijf eik
<wd. mtWl gujehoa mlfS
wghf brJfgLsd.
md ghF mj mdu,
iwa fjhdJF mnw vLJ
fhlhf mikj fzg, gwit, yF,
kj vd fyitah mikj XUl
gf vd, nfh gf jHf
gfiy wF xU nrhWgjkh
sFwd.
xbthU ehF gilfY
mikj nwhaf mJ mHFkh
Mdit. nfh EiHth mikj
VG fUf gof rfkgj vD
VG
ehjgofshf
tofgLsd.
nrhH klyJF EiHjhny, vF
irbah, jhjl jl vD
kjs ya x, iz blh,
yhFH fhd x, ehfRu ebyh...
vd irkiH eid mDgt ekF
ilwJ.
jhuhRu nfh Ta khd
njhwK,
mjF
nH
UwK
ahidfS
FiufS
oa
ujngh mikj klgK thbt
ufaij fhLtjhf fh nrf
(Carl Sagon) vw thda mP TWtJ
FljfjhF.
113

rj fUfgof

XUl gf

mgj, mkah, agifah,

irPhah, vgj,
Vdhehadh Kja mWgJ_W ehakhf fijfis TW
fbtL vGJ jiyfSl Toa il gf fQF
bgUUjhf csd.
jir mukidF brhjkhdJ nfh. mHF thj j
giHikia jnghJ ka bjhbghU Jiwd ghJfhJ tUwd.
jid ku milahs dkhf bdnfh (UNESCO) mik mJsJ.
xiwt jid fiyf fl vdyh.
braghL - 1
nfhilfhy Fsfnsh fkhfnsh MWfnsh ta iy
fk vLJ bghikf br bra kahdJ. j k
cfSF VglJ clh? kugh bghikf lij W be
(Plastic) bghikf oJbfhld. milf, beof (bjkT),
bgof, kufilf, fk, gaghlw fhj bragl
fhjT Matwh mHa cUtf brJ ghfyh; ffSF
UJ mfyh; gilghfij tsfyh.

braghL - 2
gHfhy gfiyfis g fsgaz brW mJbfhS
Mt clh? Uth%, jrh, fifbfhl nrhHu, jhuhRu,
kJiu, Utuf, khkyu Kja Cf cs mukidf, tuyhW
Mtff, mUfhaff, bjhbghUJiw fhghaff
Matiw fhz gaz nkbfhsyh. njngh Uka, jufgho,
br, gFo (rkz nfh) Ma CfSF, bgsj jyfSF
gaz brayhnk! jt, Ryha fll fiyf Mad FJ
ma gaz bjhluyhnk!

114

Jizghl

rhjid bgk nk
mikah nghyJ eho 1867M
ML wjh. tUila bgnwhUF
IJ FHijf. tnu mtfS isat.
tj jij X ma Ma.
MdhY FLg tWik.
jkif
kUJt f gy Udh. Mdh,
ngha tr iy.
isat nk,
FHijfSF w ghl brh
bfhLjh;
brngh
gilf
brjh. mj_y bghU <o j jkif
f gy cjdh.
nk, ma f ff Udh.
Mdh, bgQF ma f njit
iy. rika fiyna nghJ vd f
Uthf TaJ. mjid Vf nk kWjh.
nk, uhR ehL brW f nrjh. j th yfhd
ma fia gwh. jKila tWikia ahU mahtz
f ehfis fjh. xUKiw _W eh cz cbfhshjjdh
kaf milJ nH Gjh. mtiu M brj kUJt ey cz
X juntL vd TanghJ, clgY khztf m milJ,
gytifY cjd.
ma nkij ia, nk Ukz brJbfhlh.
mtUl nrJ ma Muh <Lglh. kzthif
kdiwl xUbg FHijia bgbwLjh. Mdh, xUthu kLnk
XbtLJbfhL jKila ma Muh gF Udh.
jKila tUth bgUgFia MuhF bryljdh,
Lntiyfis fzt-kid UtUnk nrJ brjd; vikahfnt
thjd.
illhJ brj Muh gadhf fzt-kid UtU
Kj bghnyha vD jkbghUis fLojd. mj wF,
uL MLf illhJ Muh brJ nuoa vD jk
bghUis fLojd.
uL ma fLofSfhf
nkF, mt fztuhd F 1903M ML nehg gR
tHfglJ.

115

nuoa cjah kj FyJF

nfL isF Wneh kW gytif
njhnehfis
Fzkhfyh
vd
fljd.
mikah, jKila cleyij
gza itJ fLoj nuoaij
jah
Wtd
xW
50
yr
lhyfSF iyF thf KtjJ.
Mdh, jKila fLoig ma
cyfJF bfhilahf tHdh .
mtUila fzt vghuhjjkhf
g
wjwF,
buR
muR,
mikahUF mtUila bg FHijf
UtUF bghUSj mf KtjJ.
MdhY nk, mjid Vf kWjh.
mjwF, mtUila fzt Ma nguha g mtUF
mfglJ. mgia mt wghf brjh. mt nknkY
Muhf gy brJ nuoa mQ vilia fLojh. mtUF
ulhtJ Kiwahf 1911 M ML nehg gR tHfglJ.
mjwF, mt gy ehoduhY miHfgL ghuhlglh;
glfis gRfis bgwh.

gy

brafa brj mikah 1934M ML aif vdh.

mikahUF, mt kf ID kUkf n#ha
bjhlJ ma Muh <LgL braif fR ga
nta Muhfhf 1935M ML nehg gR bgwd.
xnu FLgij nrjtf _W nehg gR bgw rhjid
Wtiu vj FLgduhY Kaofgliy.

braghL
bghnyha, nuoa, mQvil, braif fR Kja ma
brf FJ, ma Mal nfL mJbfhf.

116

yfzK bkhwD
1. br bkh

vt bfhnyh?

UFw lbgW brhf jU bghU vd? Vndh?

vd gafUnah? vgJ bghU. br Xirfhf mGj
jUtjfhf gagLjgLs brh - bfh.
J bgUghY IabghU tU.
xU bgiz ghJ, kh bfh? k bfh? vwh, t khndh
knyh vd TWtjhf bghU.
J br tHF.
2. msbgil
c... c... vW ahuhtJ c whfsh?
cccc... vW Tthf.
myJ cnghxxx.... c vghf.
njngh khmmmgH vW T whf. thW o xgjid
msbgil vg yfzjh.
cccc - vgJ c msbgil. Vbdwh, c vD c vGJ
L xjJ.
bgh... vgJ xwsbgil.
(xbwGJ) L xjJ.

Vbdwh, vD bk vGJ

cf ngUJ fS y vLJfhLf juyhnk!

3. iH UjK
nH fhzgLgit iHahd brhbwhlf.

1. f tjh.

2. uhk mGjh.

3. gwitf ghoaJ.

4. mt tnj.
Vbd, brhbwhlf cs idbrhf iHahdit.
vgo Ujh Kiwahf UF?

m. tjJ

M. mGjh

. ghod

<. tjh

iHf neuhk Uf eh iz, gh, v, l g mj ntL.

4. iz
caiz, m~iz vd iz UtifgL.
kj caiz Mt.
117

kj myhj cUsit cuwit m~iz MF.

bgabrhfis caiz bga, m~iz bga vd nwh.
u, mkh, eof, fz - caiz bgaf. , ku, id, FU m~iz bgaf.
g
Gs g tzlgl brhf caiz bgabrhfis
m~iz bgabrhfis vLJ vGJf.
mur ntilahLtjF fhL brwh. mtDl ufS
brwhf; gahsf yU brwhf. fho khf Xod;
kiygh CjJ. ObuW fhW fLikahf aJ; kuf Kjd.
mjid ghJ FuFf mr bfhld; Mijf myd.
mukid mu ftiyl Ujh. mikr, jsg MnahU
ftiyl Ujd.
5. gh
gh vgJ kbwhUtif .
bgabrhfis idbrhfis IJ ghfshf nwh.
mit
Mgh

mt, mz

bggh

mt, mu

gygh

mtf, isPf

xwgh

mJ, Fiu

gygh

mit, khLf

Mgh bgabrh Mgh idKoitna bgW.

mt

tjh.

(bga)

(id)

mt tjh vnwh, mt tjh vnwh vGJtJ iHahF.

njnghjh, w gh brhfis vGJj ntL.
bga

id

mt

tjh

mtf

tjhf

mJ

tjJ

mit

tjd

118

g
tU ciugF cs iHfis Rofho iHU
vGJf.
njhl f J UjJ. ggjF fkyh tjh. Tlnt
uh nt tjh. mnghJ njhl xU gh Xod. fkyh
fdh. uh kL ga ghig beUdhf.
6. mfuKjia ghngh

mfuKj cbuGJ bgW tiria mnjh.

cbuGJ tir : m M < c C v

I x X xs

bghGJ bkbaGJ tirg mnth. Kj bkbaGJfis

vGJnth.

bkbaGJ tir :

td

bkd

ild

gbdL bkbaGJfS mfuKj tir thW tJsd.

tbyGij bjhlJ mj dkhd bkbyGJ tUtJ
nehfjfJ. mLJ, ild vGJf tUwd.
, kL W tUwd.
mgoahdh, mfuKj mfh vD brh Kj tUkh?
mz vD brh Kj tUkh? bkbaGJ tiria ghUf.
mfh vD brhjh Kj tU.
mkh, mgh, m, mfho, md vD brhfis mfuKj
tir vGJtjhdh mfho, m, mgh, mkh, md vWjh
vGJj ntL.
g
fS Ka brayh.
mfuKj tir vGJf.
Mik, Ma, ML, ML, Mu, Mu, Mt, Miy, MW, Mt.

119

tFgiwwf
1. ngRf.
gLnfhilah ghl lbgw
IJ kJ ngRf.
m. ntit
M. tUfhy
2. dh vGf.
tU bghUfis ikakhf itJ,
vGf.
m. g
M. fLbrh

brhfis ikakhf itJ

. rh

<.

cdF njhW dhfis

. fd

<. f

3. fyJiuahLf.
m. a brh ngRnthl tWik mQfhJ - cikah?
M. br bjhny bjt - j bfhif Kiwahdjh?
4. vGJf.

I. XU brhf il vGJf.

m. vj M bjfiu jhuhRu csJ?

M. IuhtRtu nfhiy foat ah?

mikah vj ehil nrjt?

<.

mikah, j fztUl nrJ Kj fLoj

bghU bga vd?

c.

mikah FLg vjid nehg gR bgwJ?

C. Jthik vD brh bghU ahJ?

v.

vnghJ mw bgUF?

II. XU bjhlf il vGJf.

m. cs U bfhLgjidl wjJ vJ?

M. jhuhRu nfh khdK klgK vjid fhLtjhf

fh nrf TWwh?

nuoa cjah kjFyJF ilj ga vd?

<.

xUtUF cikahd mfyfshf ftd vit?

120

 III. ehF tfSF fhk vGJf.

m. V brh ngRj ntL?

M. mikah rhjid.

IV. tU Ffis bfhL xU fLiu tiuf.

jiy : cley fhngh.

1.





2.



3.

cl ik gHff
m. rhLtjF KD D if, th fGj.
M. fhiy u g JyFj.
. ef btLj.
<. ehnjhW Fj.
c. mGfw cil cLJj.
cz gHff
m. giy bfLF bghUfis jj.
M. iu, fhffis ehnjhW cz nrJbfhs.
. < bkhj, goj bghUf thFtjid jj.
isahL
m. khiy ehnjhW isahLj.
M. elj, to XLj.
. btFneu bjhlJ bjhiyfh ghgjid jj.

thifwf
1. ngRw (ait Tw)
btF mogilahdJ ngRw.
ngRw gy tf
btgL. ikahf ngRtJ xUt. a ngR - ekF bt jU;
wUF bt jU.
m. tU brhf wiu Kf kyu itF brhfis flf.

1. Mfh!
4. e
7. rfiy

2. ml, nr!
5. eW
8. mUik

3. X!
6. Rkh
9. nkhr
M. ehfhJ VW nH FJfhL Wt, mghl

vghF ngR vJ?

m. nl, vrif!

. mUik mUik!

M. ehfhia cilJlhnj!
121

mLJ vnghJ ghfyh vW cwd nfwh. ah ngRtJ a

ngR?

m. iHR ljh ghfyh!

M. ehk idwJ vnf elFJ?

. flha u rngh.

<.

a ngRF ghrhF ngRF ntWghL cL. aJ vJ?

ghrhF vJ? flf.

m. c ngR wghf UjJ.

M. cidnghy ngRtjF cyf Mns iy.

. ngho bt bgWth.

<. cndhL ngho nghlh kakiyna MF.

2. vGJf.
uL %ghF xUbghU thFj ntL. filfhul UgJ
%ghjhis Lwh. filfhu Kf RJ yiw iyah vd
nfwh. filfhu kdij khW a il vJ?
3. uj
gfis ghJ ufsh?
gilgJ xU fiy.
ugJ kbwhU fiy.
uf
bjjtf
k
ftfshf
Uwhf.
iuglfis, iugl ghlfis ugtf gy Uwhf.
Mdh, mJ kLkh? ir, Xa, g vd ugjF gy fiyf
Uwd. thd, , KGy vd gy aif fhf
Uwd.
m. vjidKiw ghjhY cdF rfhj aiffh vJ?
mJg _W tf vGJf.
M. dW F myJ kiy V guj fhfis fl
mDgt clh? Ujh, mJ FJ _W tf vGJf.
. e ghlgF cs gfhf cid ftj gfh
vJ? V?

122

tsu braghLf
ghLj w

braghL - 1

fhQ ghliy Xirl ghLf.

brh
mHF Kiy mUj
mH kz fkGnk!
gHF j ngo
mjh vW Fnk!
w ber gl
ngRw nghny!
cw bfL nghL
cs mjdh thoL
fia L frL
fhia fognjh?
a brhf Uif
j brhiy ciugnjh?

nfl w

braghL - 2

Gs ciugia Ma gof, khztf cWnfL

ilaf.

dhfSF

kjDila kd czfis vG mHif gij mw

g mHFfiyfSF cL.
mHFfiyf, kdny czia vG mHF fhia g
czia bfhLJ kwgodhny, ehff gilj kf mHF
fiyfis nghWwhf; ng tswhf; JJ W kwhf.
mHFfiyF fiy vW ffiy vW efiy vW ntW bgaf
cL. tHF fiyf IJ. mit, fllfiy, gfiy, Xafiy,
irfiy, fhafiy vgd.
kiy . ntflrh, jH tsj mHFfiyf

123

dhf
1. ehff gilj kf vjid nghWwd?
2. mHFfiyfhd g ahJ?
3. mHFfiyfhd ntW bgafis vGJf.
4. mHFfiy vjid tiffshf fgLsJ?
5. ciugF bghUjkhd jiyLf.

goj w

braghL - 3

Gs ciugia Funyw wfJl goJ fhLf.

tsK ytsK cila jeho gilfhyKj gbjhny wj
bjhyhf fUjgL tUwJ. Kfhy jH, bjhGJL thH Udh
my; cGJL thHnt Udhf. iu njo Viu njL vwh xU yt.
Vbjh J eilbgWtjF kiH aikahjJ. jh Kffhzh is,
kiH Kffhzh gU brgiltiy. Mfnt, jehlh thdny jtG
nkfijna neh thjhf. X caj kiyf kiHnkf jtH flh
jH cs jiHF. fhnkf ilna d r flh, mt cs
J kG.
MWuhY kiHuhY cz bghUfis isw cHtiu jehL
ghuho kjJ. cHt VuoF Wnfhny muruJ brnfhiy elJ nfh
vW ghodh fg. fUij kdbfhL, cHF bjhYF tjid
brnth - cL fUnghiu jid brnth vwh ghuah.
uh.. nrJis, j UJ

fyJiuahl

braghL - 4

fhQ ciuahliy goJ tF cdJ fUij _W kJ ngRf.

Ky : ah! iwa yakwHh ngRngho eh
ngr
nghtjid idjh vdF mrkhf csJ.
a : V mthW TWwh? IJ l ngRtjF ehF k neu
ciHf ntL vghf. ehF ehfshf jfhf ciHJ
bfhoUwh myth?
Ky : Mkh. Mdh, ahidF mo rWF vghf. vdF rW
gjwkhfnt csJ.
a : Kyh, Ka UidahF vD tSt thF vW
bghfhJ; cWl U; bt cdnf!

124

brh cUthFj

braghL - 5

FfisbfhL brhfis cUthFf.

1.

KjbyGJ, jf _whbkGJ;
ulhbkGJ, Kjt _whbkGJ;
_whbkGJ, gj _whbkGJ.
m~bjd?

2.

KjbyGJ, jF KjbyGJ;
ulhbkGJ, ir ulhbkGJ;
_whbkGJ, mj _whbkGJ.
m~bjd?

3.

KjbyGJ, gz KjbyGJ;
ulhbkGJ, ju KjbyGJ;
_wh vGJ, iy KjbyGJ.
m~bjd?

yfij gagLJj

braghL - 6

glYs ma mPf fLofis yf thyhf mJ vGJf.

Ir l

r... uhk

125

brhynfL vGJj

braghL - 7

fhQ ciugia brhynfL vGJf.

nk, uhRehL brW f nrjh. jth yfhd ma
fia gwh. jKila tWikia ahU mahtz f ehfis
fjh.

vLJ vGJj

braghL - 8

vbrh mJ vGJf.
( eyit, f, kWik, ed, Jg, btis, , gf, nkL, fr )
fh

ik

fW

myit

gs

nk

fd

kabfh vGJfis vGJj

braghL - 9

bfhLfgLs kabfh vGJfisbfhL brhfis iw brf.

H, , , , , s
k

iy

vyh

KHbth
bjh

= kHiy
=

yh

yhFH =

mF

126

bghUJj

braghL - 10

v gh brhiy flJ bghUJf.

1. khzt

mu

mJbfhSf

2. cHt

njh

gh gfh bgaf

3. Wt

khz

FHij

ngij

4. ghl

mth

5. njhH

gho

ViH

nkij

6. mur

cH

mikr

nehah

flJ vGJj

braghL - 11

fhQ bjhlf cs wbkh brhfis flJ vGJf.

(F : jFiy mLJ ufu xW () tjh mJ wbkh brh)
1. mRd ij wjt Mth.
2. jk jiyfhF vgJ gHbkh.
3. wj th vd ghntjid midtU ghuhod.
4. fu V iwtid tgLtJ a.
5. v Jf fk vgJ tSt thF.
6. RWyh jh fl aiffhfis fiyau tJ Tdh.
7. jhf flgl mj oF neWjh tz rglJ.
8. rgid flJ, is mjid jhf KglJ.
9. ngRt mj vdF aiy.
10. jh, j FHijfhf nfh mrid brJ iwtid tglh.
(v. fh.)1. mRd
2.

5.

8.

3.

6.

9.

4.

7.

10.

127

brh cUthFj

braghL - 12

vGJ FafUJ iu kW iw vD vG Ko brhfis

cUthFf. mbrh bghUis FG fyJiuahLf.

iu

iu

fiu

fiw

c
m

fwyil WkL

kbg : 10

1. bghU TWf.

2X1=2

m. goW

M. mk

2. Gs bjhlf lbgWs ebgGJ brhfis tlLf.

2X2=4

m. mikah FLg tWikl UjJ.

M. mikah j fLoig ma cyFF bfhilahf

tHdh.
3. uf.

2X1=2

m. kf fP vd miHfgLgt

M. iwa fjhdJF mnw vLJfhlhf fjt

4. brhbwhl fhQ iHia UJf.

m. mt gojJ.

M. mt ghodh

128

.
.
2X1=2

a vL

br

jghl
*

fiyjh kizjh fhjh

Fofjh f jhdh?
iyjh bghidjh vdFjh
bfhLJjh u jhdh?
miyjh brhjh Miujh
nehtjh Inah vF
giyjh wfjh gJkjh
jh g dhnd.

tzftU yneu Fku fl

ttU yneu ta bra
fzFtU yneu ntil ehngh
foftU yneu fat bfyh
zftU gojiH gho gho
vjideh JJ cHnt Iah!
Fzflny mUflny mRu uhd
Fiufliy btwgu FW shnd!

- uhkru fuha

129

ghl 1 - bghU
fiy kiz fh Fof iwt brh juiyna!
bghbghU bfhLJ vid fhf iyna! jfhf ahiu Fw
brh vd ga? vF, vyhlK giyfho iHFkhW iwt
vid gilJlhnd!
brhbghU
ujhdh?

- fhghdhdh?

miyjh

- mJ myhk

Miujh

- ahiujh

gJkjh

- jhkiu cs uk

- cyf

ghl 2 - bghU
ghL gho gR thf gz giljtfis ghf nghFnghJ, y
neu mtf tzf brh tuntwhf. yneu vid flJ
mtfSF Fkufl t tUwJ. Kfij U bfhwhf.
y neu, vid VL ghfhk ntLbknw fzF jfij
uLwhf. yneu ehfisnghy fof tUwhf. gogl
fatfl jiH ghogho gR thf D vjid eh, eh J
miynt? xF flyhf Uj muffis btwtnd! Ugu
Fw sF KUfh! TW.
brhbghU
Fkufl t

- xUtif tneh

zftUgo

- mtf kd fgo

Fzflny! mUflny!

- KUfid thW miHwh

Fiufl
- xF fl; mRuf fl to
tjhf vgJ fij
guFWsh

- UguFw cs KUf

F
yt gy, mtnghJ ghoa gy ghlf bjhFfglhk Ujd.
mtiw jghl uL vD bga bjhFJsd. bgUghyhd
ghlf UWKj KW MLfSF ghlglit. ghlgF
lbgWs ghlfis ghoat uhkrufuha; Jgij
eifRitnahL brht tyt t.
130

mj fhy j fhy
bedrij vyh vG trJ
mj fhy - vij
ne ghnj rgJ
j fhy Mkh... j fhy
kiHtU vnw ku brrJ
mj fhy - mJ... mj fhy
kiHia bgha itfnt vu tjJ
j fhy Mkh... j fhy.
Fy vnw dij btWjJ
mj fhy - kfis
izJ mizf Ka gQtJ
j fhy Mkh... j fhy
nuhgij jid J crJ
mj fhy bgiz
bjhL ghjh RLLth
j fhy Mkh.. j fhy
rhu gogJ mj fhy
ru gogJ j fhy
nfhu ghgJ mj fhy
Fzij ghgJ j fhy
g Ka mj fhy
go Ka j fhy
f LtJ mj fhy
LtJ j fhy
bgiz ngbad ng mizrJ
mj fhy - th
f xwh v elgJ
j fhy Mkh... j fhy.
- cLkiy ehuhazf
Ma F : cLkiy ehuhazf j iuglghl
MaU ehlf vGjhsU Mth.
ghku kfilna
zit VgLJ tif rKjha ghlfis vG
Uj fUJfis guat.
gFj fuha
vd jHf kfsh miHfgLgt. t thjfhy
25. 09. 1899Kj 23. 05. 1981 tiu.
131

ciueil

jaf jnyna ngRnth

L
ky...
mgh miHjh.
vdgh? vwh ky. ky, Mwh tF gowh.
ngh M tiuF bfhr nghL tah? vwh mgh.
ky, mtiu Kiwjh.
mr iyaD brhy bjahjh cfSF? vW nflh.
bjkh. Mdh, brhy jafkh UF. ahU ghfnshD
gakh UF vwh mgh.
jF ngU jhkdghikD vf Ma brhdh vd
btLbfd brhdh, ky.
ngh Mn[ gH nghR vwh mgh, kWgo.
gHf UJ LglQ. ehbkd moikahD vf Ma
nfwh! vd fUjhliy bjhljh ky.
gogoah kh bfhnw. rah? vwh mgh.

bj. Mdh, ngrkhnlh. V?

o

bjhiyfh

blngh - bjhiyng

nuonah

thbdh

~ng

og

Wo

nr

- ehfh

nj

iy

sF

fu

rhu

js

Ftis

132


(mgh kfS ngbfhnl elwhf.)
mgh
ky
mgh

:
:
:

ky... iuth th! gi[ ofQ.

mgh! f brhdJ kwJ nghrh?
vd brhnd?

ky
:

cfSF gJ taR UFnghnj kJiu, bgah

ngUJ iyaD bga gyif gonrD brhf.
g cfSF taR ehgJ.

mgh
:

brhtJ rjh. KgJ ehgJ MLfSF Kd

ngUJD brhdh ahUF ahJ. Mdh, g
vyhUF J. mjdh, ngUJnd brhyyh!

ky

obuid u toD brhtJ, rjhndgh!

mgh
:

bjhlf iftoD brhndh. tof fah

Xoa fhy mJ. ifia fbfhL XL. iwF
mgo brht jiy.iftoDbrhYnghJ,
mj tuyhW idF tU. uiy bjhlto
vd brhY tHfK UwJ. nghnlhit ifgl
vWjhnd brhnwh!

ky

mgh! ngUJ tjhR.

bj. Mdh, ngrkhnlh. V?

ir

to

nuhL

rhiy

shghu

eilnkil

is

th}

mYtyf

ng

kh

iugl

nal

iuauF

jlRbgh

Mg

kUJtkid

iliul -

133

tFgiw
ky!
Ma Tlh. ky vGjh.
nghil m vwh.
fUgyifiajhnd! vwh ky mlfkhf.

mllh! ehnd kwJnl. eh

gHnghd brh! vwh Ma.

fnghy

xolF

f vgo nghF? vd nflh, ky.

vyhU czJ ngr ngr f fiu vwh, Ma.
mLj eh...
(tUif gnghJ ntbwhU fUjhl eljJ.)
Ma bga thjh :
M. myh... v. m... v. a... v. ky
thJ KojJ ky vGJ nflh.
ky
:

bga KbdGij (a) MyY bgaiu

jY Ubkh fyJ vGJnwhnk, J Kiwah?

Ma
:

KiwawJjh! bkh FJ ekFs mfiwikjh

jF fhuz. VnjD xU bkhjh bgaiu
KbdGij vGJj ntL. j khwij ekJ
tFgiw Unj bjhlfyh. nk, bgaiu
KbdGij
jnyna
vGJtJ
vd
eh
cWbfhnth.

khztf :

cWbkh vLJbfhnth!

mLj eh tUif g go eljJ...

uh. myh...

R. m... kh. a... eh. ky

(tFgiw bfhlhl)
bj. Mdh, ngrkhnlh. V?
fl
fhny{
to
blynfh
bjkhl

-
-
-
-
-

f
f
gfiyfHf
bjhiyneh
btgkh

lbe
T
r
ikuhnfh
eg

134

-
-
-
-
-

iza
g
ma
Enzh
v

L L
ky

: mgh! gHf khWkh? khw tUkh?

mgh :








ky

: wbkhbrhf gy thW khwiyna, V?

mgh :







ky

khW. v mgh fhy, xUtiu xUt ghJbfhlh,

ekfhu vd brhthf. W mHfhf j, tzf
brhwhf. bjhiyngia vLjJ tzf brhwhf.
$uhk, $k vd vGJ tHf bgUghY nghlJ. U.,
Uk vWjh vGJnwh. rtfyhrhiyia gfiyfHf
vW, ftdiu, MSe vW brhtJ eilKiw MlJ.
lh nghJ gf MlJ. o iy
thlifF ilF vD bgagyif, FH sF
ilF vd kh UwJ.
kf VWbfhSj ntL. mJ f aikahjJ
ngUJF ilj Mju,kGJF (fh) ilfiy.
njUF (O) ilj Mju Fs UF (fh) ilfiy.
iris <UU vd mKfgLj mP y Ud. kf
eh <UU xliy. to xoaJ. to iya
vD bga gyiffis f aghf fhz KowJ.
mPf
bkhbgaJ
jUtdtiw
kfS
VW
bfhSj ntL.

: jbrhfis cUthF Ka bjhlwjh?

mgh : Mkh! Ka bjhlwJ. be (sho), Clf (oah)

vd fiybrhf mHfhd j tjgo csd. bt
bgWwd. cikahd Ka bt bgwhk nghFkh...?
Kj a... d gil
KjKjyhf ngUJ, rhiyf XoanghJ jH kiyJ ngh
ghodh.
nkhlhU toah
Kgf vukh
khoyhk XLjo
kha btisfhu to.
W jHDF ngUij af bj; cUthf bj.
jhf fLofgL fUfSF aufSF izahd
j brhfis gilF Ka xU gf elwJ.
j KaF ehK xJiHngh. ehS j tsngh.

135

Jizghl

ehL efuK
ehL
ehL vD brh M kf thG yij FgjF tHfglJ.
mjKiw jH thj ehL jehL vd bga bgwJ. _ntjf
MF cgl jeho gFf mtut bgauhnyna nruehL, nrhHehL,
ghoaehL vW miHfgld. bgaf f bjhik thj j
yaf fhzgLwd. ehsil KehLf cfS
ehL vd miHfgld. bfhFehL, bjhilehL Kjad jF
rhwhF.
Wghikahf y j CfS ehblW bga bgW tHFj
cL. Kdh KuehL vgJ gho klyij nrj ehLfS
xW. bghGJ, mbga bghUieah fiuYs xU
bgauhf ywJ. mjF vnu M kWfiu cs kbwhU
tyehL vD bga cilaJ. d, ehL vD brh Ciu FF
Kiwid nrhH ehoY fhzyh.
khatuF mjhf cs X% bfhuehL vd tHfgLwJ.
TiwehL vgnj bfhuehL vd kUW. gLnfhil tl fhdhL,
kJuhjf tl bjhdhL csd.
ehL vD brh bghU tHfh ew jikia
bgaf czJwd.
efu
wj Cf, efu vD bgauh tHF. eho jiyikrhw efu
jiyefu vdgL. Kdh C vW, go vW tHa y lf,
fhy wW efuf Md.
Mthf wj ekhth wj l FUT vD gHbgaiu
JwJ, MthUefahf fwJ. gho ehoYs UJgo,
thfjh nkgL W UJefuhf sFwJ. fhy njhW
136

fS efu vD bgaiuna
bgJ ehLtdthf bjwd.
brid gFahd ahfuha
efuK, fh efuK, jguF
mik
mikJ
UF
mzhkiy
efuK,
jir
njhs fzg efuK jF
rhWf MF.
brid

braghL - 1
nfL mf.
cf CUF mU ehL vd
Ko Cbgaf csdth?
cf o bgatfl
ehL vgjhd Cbgafis
nfL bjJbfhs.
braghL - 2

fhy jeho jiywJ

sF efu brid khefu. KW
MLfF
Knd
brid
xU
godkhf fhzgliy. flfiu
JiwKf iy; nfhil iy.
bgUghY
nkLgskhf
ljJ
ml.
brid gFfshf W
sF kyhU, Utnf
flfiu fshf meh fh
mjd.
kyh
cs
fghRu
vD thya f giHik thjJ.
UPhdrgj mjid ghosh.
UkiyF
mUnf
cs
Utnf, Kj Mthfsh ghl
bgwJ. m bga mnf
vgjhF.
mnf
vgJ
mFs.
m kyf mHFw
kyJ fid ftj nf
mUnf vGj C mnf vd
bga bgwJ. mnf bgUkh, nfh
bfhlikah U vD milbkh
bgW Utnf MW.

137

cfSF bjkh?
bjhfsh wgil
Cf ngil vd bga
bgW. nryF mU
brthHikf
rij eilbgW X C,
brthngil vdgLwJ.
ngil vD bga
mikj ntW Cfis
bjJbfhs.
braghL - 3
mJbfhsyh.
cf C kW mU
cs y CbgafSfhd
fhuzfis mJbfhs
Ka brayh. yf
J bjhlghd fis
goJ bjJbfhsyh.
braghL - 4
tiugl ghJ vGJf.
jHf tiugl ef
vD bga bgw Cfis
fLoJ vGj.

UtnfF tlnf nkLgsKkhf gy lf Ujd.

mtW xW enkL.
W kzo vd tHF l xU nko mU bgUgskhf
meh fhzglJ.
(uh..nrJis, CU ngU vD UJ
vLjhsgl gF.)
u
u vD brh, wj Cfis FgjhF. M fh vd
bga bgw C d, u vgJ nrJ fhu MW. gytu
(gyhtu), fifbfhl nrhHu, jUku Kjait nkY y
vLJfhLf MF.
god
flfiu cUthF efuf god vd bga bgW.
fhgod,
ehfgod,
fhagod,
Fynrfugod,
rJufgod Mait god vd bga bgw Cf MF.
ghf
flfiu f ghf vd bga bgW. godghf,
nfhlghf, dghf, Efghf, nrghf go ghf vd
bga bgw Cfis Flyh.
y
y vD brh yij FF. vLJfhlhf, khy,
jhkiuy, Fuity Kjatiw Flyh.
Fg
bej y mikj thlf, Fg vD bgauh
tHfbgW. fhLFg, behFg, krFg, kjhuFg
Kjatiw Flyh.

138

yfzK bkhwD
1. khiu
yfz khiu vgJ vGJf x msit FF
brh. khiu vgJ a xas.
f L neu myJ u brhLF neu
msthF.

khiu fhy

j vGJfSfhd khiu msit bjJbfhSf.

bkbaGJ

miu khiu

cbuGJ (F) -

xU khiu

cbuGJ (beo) -

U khiu

cbk (F)

xU khiu

cbk (beo)

U khiu

j msit jhL xasit msbgil vnwh.

K ghl eh msbgil g goJ mnjh.
2. v
xUik, gik vd v UtifgL.
xwid FgJ xUik; xWF nkgltiw FgJ gik.

- xUik

- gik

khzt

- xUik

khzt

- gik

bga xUik Ujh, idKo xUiknyna Uj ntL.

(v.fh.) Ul oglh.
bga gik Ujh, idKo giknyna Uj ntL.
(v.fh.) Ul ogld.
3. l
jik, Kiy, glif vd l _whF.
eh, mt LF nghnd. V tuiy?
brhbwhl,

139

eh - jik,

- Kiy,

mt (mt, mJ) - glif.

gik tUnghJ ehf - jik.

f - Kiy, mtf, mit - glif.
jik vgJ jid FgJ.
Kiy vgJ Kdh Ugtiu FgJ.
glif vgJ jik, Kiy myhj kwtiu FgJ.
xnth lK mjnfg idKoig bgWj ntL.
g
jikFa idKWf jugLsd. Kiy, glifF ca
idKWfis vG uf.
I.

eh brnw.

II.

ehf cnlh.

III.

eh Gnj.

mt
mtf

mt

4. mfutiria mJbfhnth.
cbk vGJ tiria ghngh.
f, fh, , , F, T, bf, nf, if, bfh, nfh, bfs vd cbkbaGJ
tir tU.
Wt, rhghL, br, r, nrhs vD brhf mfutir
r, rhghL, Wt, br,nrhs vD tir tU.
j tir brhf y nH csd. mtiw mfutir vGJf.
iz, jf, Jiz, njhH, bjU, jhgh, , , bjh.

140

5. foj vGJj ( cwKiw foj )

foj lbgw ntoait
foj vGJnth KG Kft
foj vGJ eh
bjf ntoa br
foj ciw foj bgWgt KG Kft (mr FpL vQl)

kh foj
(bt cs egDF/ njhF vGJ foj)
6/2m, behugfhL,
mHfhu bga ,
nry - 636 016.
20. 10. 2011
mUiknjh rhF,
eh F ey. eykh? c bgnwh eykh? CUF
brwUJ F vdF bghGnj nghfiy. eh, e
njhf fa, fyh, rhjh, mjh, fha, nrhah, b#g,
, mjh, ukhnj, Rk, rjh vyhU c tufhf
fhUnwh.
ehis KGk eh.
tjh kahf
isahlyh.
ml,
uk
(ifbahg)
ciwnk Kft
bgWe
br kh. rh,
ehnfhgo,
ea} - 636 458,
nk^ khtl.
g :
c eg/njh y ehshf gF tuiy. gUJ
WjgL ntiyF mDggl br tUwJ. L gF
tUkhW c egDF/njhF xU foj tiuf.
141

tFgiwwf
1. dh vGf.
bghU
m. ga
M. jaf
. gHf
<. jh kdghik
c. khw
2. fUjhl brf.
m. vGJnghJ gagLJ
jaff vbdd?

jbrhfis

ngRnghJ

VgL

M. j fhy elJs khwf vbdd?

3. FG f
W FGfshf J cf C cs bjUbgafis bjhFf.
Ciu Rs f bgafis bjhFf. cfSF
bjj bga fhuzfis TWf.
4. vGJf.
I. XU brhf il jUf.

m. sho vgjF izahd jbrh vJ?

M. shghu vgjF izahd jbrh vJ?

. UJef Kija bga vd?

<. ghf vD bgaUila f vj mU csd?

c. mj fhy vJ Ka? j fhy vJ Ka?

II. XU bjhlf il vGJf.

m. ytiu ghjJ brtfSF y neuf tU neh vJ?

M. jik vd gQkhW gJkjh gilJlh vW yt

tUJwh?

142

. obuid vbdd bga eh TWnwh?

<. ehL vD brh Ciu FFkhW mikj Cbgaf

ytiw TWf.

III.

ehF tfSF fhk il jUf.

m. brtf ytfl elJbfhSKiw.

M. KW MLfSF Kija brid.

5. Ffis brJ xUgf ms fLiu tiuf.

jiy : v C
F

m. vDila C bga

M. bgafhuz

. kfbjhif

<. Lf tiff - Foir, XL, fll

c. bjUf vif mt bgaU

C. gf vif

v. kUJtkidf

V. ngUJiya

I. iu muF

x. yf

X. eilbgW UHhf

xs. C vdF ojit

6. L g
1. o cs bgatfl fhy bry bry VgoUF
khwfis, ma JizfUf gaghil nfL
vGj.
2. cf jh, jij, jhjh, gho MnahnuhL cfhJ jeho
gL vd Ko Cbgafis bjhFJ, kWeh tF
gof.

143

thifwf
kyl UjJ KKa. KKa cstf w Vsd brthfns
vd idJ jaFtJ iy. w eKl tUwhfsh vd ghgJ
iy. Kj Mshf eljhY ftiynah mrnkh yhk elwhf.
jh kdghik cstfl KKa UfhJ.
f vgo elJbfhf?
1.

cwd L HhF brf. ahU cfSl fyfyghf

gHfiy. vd brf?

m. clnd v Kf thoL.

M. iu LF bry id tU.

. ehnd ta brW fyfyghf ngRnt.

2. tFgiw kahd xUeh. Ma, xU ghL ghl brh

cfis nfwh. f vd brf?

m. vdF ghl tuhJ vng.

M. vJ ngrhk vGJ jiyia Fjgo ng.

. vdF bjj ghl uL monah ehF monah ghLnt.

3. cf njhwijnah cf cilianah cf goignah ahuhtJ

cf KJFF dh Vsdkhf jh,
m. f tU.
M. kdJF Lnt.
. vJ nfng.
4. Jtiu f fWbfhshj xU g: fWbfhwhah?

nrJ Lnw vd mgh nfwh. vd brhf?
m. ntlh, vdh KoahJ vng.
M. m~J vdF xJtuhJ vng.
. fWbfhs Mtkh xJbfhnt.
vyh dhfSF jh il vgJ cfSF bj.
fUid btgLj Kiwahd braiy bra f
xUnghJ jaFj TlhJ.

144

tsu braghLf
nfl w

braghL - 1

fhQ fijia Ma gof, khztf cWnfL, dhfSF

ilaf.
kiy thJ tj a, ntiyyhk zhf bghGJngh tjh.
mt iyiafL mtDila jh f tUdh. xUeh aid
miHJ, cqjh ntiy bra Ugiy. gfJ CUFbrW ntiy
ilwjh vW ghJL th vW Tdh. jh kd tUjTlhJ vd
va a, fLnrhW _ill wglh. gf KGtJ ntiyia
njo miyjh. Mdh, mt vghjgo vj xU ntiy mikaiy.
f fisgilj a, mUUj tuR ku H cfhJ XbtLjh.
d, fLnrhW _ilia mJ twhu nrhW clh. cl kaf
u ifia jiyF itJ mnfna gLJlh. cwf vGj a,
kuij cW nehdh. j tuRku f bgajhf csnj, j kuijna
bto wF wh vd? iwa gz tUnk vW vdh. mLj eh
fhiy, if nfhll tjh. mj tuRku isfis btl
bjhldh. fis Fah mku Hnyna gLJwdh. thW
XbtLgJ kuisia btLtJ khiy neukhdJ wFfis xwhf
nrJfo jiy RkJ brtJkhf Ujh. eh brybry tuRku
KGikahf btlgL mj l btWikahf khaJ.
y eh fJ L ntiy njo miyj a tHfngh ku H
XbtLf Udh. Mdh, mF tuRku yhjjdh, bt mtid
RbljJ. H jj kuij btoaikfhf f kd tUdh.
dhf

1. fij ikafUJ ahJ?

2. fij lbgW ku bga vd?

3. a tuRkuij btl fhuz ahJ?
4. tuRkuij btlbjhlaJ a xbthU ehS vthW
fjJ?
5. fij thyhf mJbfhtJ vd?

goj w

braghL - 2

fhQ ciugia thL gof.

eh g Mf nghnwhkh? j G ffshf nghnwhkh?
gkhfjh Mj ntL. mjF Ka brj ntL; KLfilfis
cilbjj ntL.
145

cF ma f gkhf KoahJ; Jislglhj _ yhFHyhf

KoahJ; Rlglhj jf Rll KoahJ; mofglhj U Mjkhf KoahJ;
cUshj ff cUilahf KoahJ.
tuyhiw gogJ KakW; tuyhiw gilf ntL. cyfij
ghJ eh agJ KakW; cyfnk eik ghJ aj ntL.

vLj w

braghL - 3

fhQ ghl lbgWs Cbgafis vLJ vGJf.

Utzh kiyfh Ufh s

fh jgubj dh% fh

FUehL nfjhu nfhy bfhil

nfhfuz brfehj Fg nfhz

ma uf Uth idfh

mlfYngh jid njo f

tUuh gL kJiu njo

kbfhlh Tl vflhnd.

- UFwhy Fwt

Utzhkiy

vGJj w

braghL - 4

flYs xUik brhfSF gik brhf vGJf.

f F nrJ gikahFf.
kiy

- kiyf

is

m -

146

iy

fij -

ehL

fiy -

eh

MW

fl -

flJ vGJj

braghL - 5

fhQ ghliygoJ ebgGJ (dbtGJf) brhfis flJ

vGJf.
sfhiy bghGny
brfnuh vGUf. . .
bfhil nrtbyhW

f - 1.

2.

r - 1.

gwit Tlbkyh

j - 1.

glglnj gwUf . . .
sbjw fhWtJ

2.

fh fhQnghnj
nrhg ber FU.

w - 1.

braghL - 6

ca vGij u ghliy iw brf. ( U / W )

U U UL - ehS

iy gof

ignghy ikah - kd
fUij tsJ caL
nghy jaij - vW
c

ahf brL

mUgh UF nghny - ey

4.

2.

ghliy iw brj

3.

g - 1.

bjkhF ghoirf . . .

4.

l- 1.

Tiunkny T f . . .

3.

mit tsJ cu bg

147

vGJj

braghL - 7

cbk vG bjhlF brhfis vGJf.

fhiy

ghl vGJj

bfil

braghL - 8

ghliy iw brf.
(nfh, njhif, Jif, xWik, eif, ntWik)
kYF mHF
kJiuF mHF
ahidF tik
kjDF tik
ehLF ntL
vW ntlh

148

bkh isahL

braghL - 9

U flY xUJ vfis bjhlJ brwh gHbkhf ilF.

mtiw flf.

jh

10

lh

11

16

15

14

lh

12

13

fh

ngh

16

15

14

13

17

18

19

20

10

25

11

24

nj 12 bfh

23

22

ah

21

ij

id

fwyil WkL
kbg : 10
1. ca jbrhiy vGJf.

3X1=3

m. nghL -
M. T -
. obu -
2. uf.

m. yt tWikia ghoat

M. gFj fuha

. CU ngU vD Ma
3. v gh brh jUf.
m. kf

3X1=3

.
2X1=2

M. jij X
4. mfuKj tir vGJf.
mil, mfh, mr, mfho, mr, ml

149

1X2=2

a xgJ

br

Fwhy Fwt
Fwhy kiy ts

thduf fbfhLJ kbahL bfhR

kJ ffSF thff bfR
fhdtf vJ thdtiu miHg
fkdj tJtJ fha isg
njdU iuvG tht xGF
brfnuh gfhY njfhY tGF
Tds iwKoj nt myfhu
Fwhy Tl kiyvf kiyna!

Xl fhgJ d bts
xLf fhgJ naha cs
thl fhgJ dh kUF
tUj fhgJ Ncis rF
nghl fhgJ J
yg fhgJ bfhJ
njl fhgJ eyw
UF why bj Ma ehnl!

- Tl uhrg fuha

150
150

ghl-1, bghU
tisj siwia j ril mj tbgUkh UF
kiy Fwhykiy. mJjh vf kiy. j kiy M FuFf
bg FuFfSF gHfis gJbfhL tJ jU. cQnghJ
bg FuFf gHfis jtwL L. mit J gHfis nfL
njtf bf ghf. caj vf kiy cs fhdtf thd
UF njtfis fo miHghf.
jf, wig F _iffis vf kiy tsJ tUthf.
mU miy caJ vG thdijna bjhL. mj miy fut
nj oa Fiuf fhfS nj rfufS tGG.
ghl-2, bghU
Fwhyehjuha tbgUkh thG ehL vf ehL. vf eho
kf m XonghtJ iy; btsjh XL. kf F xL
Ugiy; jt brnth csjh xL UF. kf F
neh, tWikah thLtJ iy; bgf bkil kLnk thL. kf
F tUJtJ iy; KJfis <D rFf kLnk tUJwd.
F ga mwit vd vit nghlgLtJ iy; ijf
kLnk k nghlgLwd. kf nf Jg ytJ iy;
FHijf fh m fns yg x vGwd. kf
nf brtfis njo miytiy; mw, bgUik uil kLnk
kf F njLthf. thW Fw, j kiytsK ehLtsK
FJ TWwh.
brhbghU

1.

thduf - brh, bghJthf FuFfis FF.

F M FuFfis FjJ; k - bg FuF;
thff - njtf; fkdj - thtna idj
lJF brY jf; fha - kj wig
fhF _if; gfh - Fiufh; Td - tisj;
nt - ril.

2.

dh - bgf; kUF - il; Ncis - fUitjhF

Jg.

F : KGbga UFwhy Fwt. Ma Tl

uhrgfuha Mth. Fwt vD ya tifia rhjJ .
Xireaf ghlf iwJ fhzgLwd.
151

nyilghl

kuK giHa Fil

R lF bgUkiHF jhfhJ
r mjD btxGF - jrvnwh
ntlJmU KJRth Jiuuh nruhnf!
nfhLku w Fil.
- mHa brhfehj yt
ghlbghU
milfy vW tJ miljt Uajid mF kdnd!
(KJrhJiu) nfghahf!
isfis cila ku, s fhfis cilajhf UF; f kiH
bgjh jhfhJ G; mjilna mikj ilbt tahf bt tU.
giHa FilahdJ, UF; bgUkiHia jhfhJ; Jisf
tahf bt cns brY. vdnt, jifa fhuzfsh, w Fil,
kuJF xghdjhF.
brhbghU: nfhL ku - isfis cila ku; w Fil - j Fil.
Ma F
mHa brhfehj yt Ubent khtl cs jre
wjt. UgijJF nkgl jghlfis aat. tj
fhy .. 19M whL.
F
jghl uo lbgWs nyilghl xW ghlgFahf
jugLsJ.
xU brhnyh bjhlnuh UbghU jUkhW ghLtJ nyil vdgL.
jid, uLwbkhj vd TWt.
uL + cw + bkhj uLwbkhj. UbghUgl ghLtJ.
(v.fh.) MW

MW vgJ XLw Miw FF.

v Mwid (6) FF.

brY tia FF.

152

ciueil

vJ gghL?
(To ngRnth thf...)

f - 1
briy ghUfsh? Mwh tF gowh; mt gLRo;
X l fkhlh; vnghJ XlK eilkhfjh Ugh.
mtl xU gHf cL. elFnghnj tbayh viy
Jth. ahuhtJ nflh, cdbfd? vgh.

jonflh, mtDF d tU. Mdh, v Jtjid kL

Wjnt khlh.thW v Jtjdh, fh neh cf gu,
kwtfSF nehtu thf cL vd T Jwh.
153

To ngRnth
br brtJ Kiwah?
bghJ lf v Jdh vbdd bfLj tU?
viy vnf Jdh vd? vd nfF brYF cf
g vd? cDl tUnth v Jdh, mtfSF vthW
vLJiugh?
f - 2

Rju mgh bga gH. Mdh, vyhUF e gH vwhjh

clnd bj. m~bjd... e gH...? ahl vd ngdhY, vd
brjhY clnd e brhw gHf cilat gH.
xUehisF Mu
gagLLth.

jlitahtJ,

vD

brhiy

ngU elJe gazL bfhLgh; gH e vgh.

mrfhu gHl foj bfhLgh, mjF e Iah vgh.
Rju, mghF j bfhLgh; mjF e brhth gH.

154

To ngRnth
vjbfLjhY, e
ghUfsh?

brhw

gHf

cilatfis

e vgJ btW brhjhnd, mjid

brhyhlh vd vW idfsh?

brhdh

f
vd,

ahUfhtJ f e brhdJ clh?

k' vD brhiy vbfF vyh gagLjyh vd
egfSl fyJiuahLf.
f - 3
mj tir oUjJ. xnu Tl.
MfS bgfS fyJ xnu tir Ujhf.
nkUJ ghjh bga kiygh gLUgJngh tir bj.
fj wfL vd vyhU fhUjd.
KJ mnf tjh; M ey cau; ifia fobfhL Jneu
ntoif ghjgo wh.
mt tir fiy.

155

fj wjJ iuth Kdh Xodh, KJ.

Tl Uj y brhdhf.
ahugh mJ? ehf tiry nwhnk, bjayah!
KJ, Kiwjgo Tlij ghJ brhdh:
cf ntiyia ghUf. vyh vdF bj.
D y brhdhf.
ekF vJF t? nghdh nghL nghwh.
xUt cuf brhdh.
gona twtf Kdhy nghdh, ehk vngh nghwJ?
jid ahjh nfgJ?
To ngRnth
KJ brjJ Kiwjhdh?
kf tir Ujh f vd brf?
M, bg vd jj tir njitah? vbfF vyh
tirKiwia gWj ntL? V? tirKiwia brgtiug
vd idwh?
f - 4
brgf mgh vyhiu mt, t vWjh miHgh.
rhiy nghF fhffhuiu, V, fhf vW miHgh.
oF tU njhlfhu khfij, njhlfhuh...nf th!
vW mgh TLth; ehnjhW oF brjh nghLgtiu,
nggfhu vWjh brhth.
mghF ne vuhdt mkh.
thf, nghf vWjh brhth.

ta FiwjtfisTl

br bjhiy itJ xUtiu kahij Fiwthf TLtJ

mkhF ofhJ.
mgh wiu TLtjid ghj brgfK xUeh khfij,
njhlfhuh... nf th! vW Tlh.
mkh mjodh. bgatfis mgo Tl TlhJ, bjjh?
brgf gYF nflh. mgh kL mgo Tlyhkh?

156

To ngRnth
xUtiu bga brh miHfyhkh?
ta bgatfis th, ngh vd xUik ngryhkh?
cfis bga brh miHjh, kahf Uwjh?
V... nf th vd bga Twhk miHjh kahf Uwjh?
F
khztfis FGfshf f. MW myJ VG khztf
xU FG UfL. nkfl nffis FGf To ngr
brhYf. vJ Kiw? vJ KiwawJ? vgjidl, khztf kd
gl fUij fyJiuahl brhYf.
FGF xU jiytiu mtfns njbjLfL. mj
FG fUij mj jiyt bjhFJ TWgo brhy.thW
rKjha fG g KiwnfLfis goaLf. mgoa cs
gnfLfisg, xbthU ehS xwidg fUjhl f.
rKjha vgJ ehjhnd. eh xbthUtU gl elFnghJ,
rKjhank gghLf rKjhakhf khL. ehjh ey gghil
cUthFj ntL. mjF, ekF cWahd ey kdghik ntL.
filongh; ey gf rKjhaij cUthFnth.

157

Jizghl

tzf Iah!
rij To UjJ. tiftifahd bghUfis F gntW filf.
TT bghUfis F tff. Ua gf vyh kf
Tl. fhf, gHf, kghlf, Jkf... go gy bghUfS
F filfSF eLnt khWgl xU Fu xjJ.
brh thfnah .... brh!
ehFy ey brh UF; bfl brhY UF.
brh thfnah... brh...!
mnf nghwtf, tUwtf vyhU al U ghjhf.
bgat xUt nflh: j Crij f ffJ. f lyfh
UJ, JJtiuF vyh thfyh. Mdh, brhiy whna!
J J thfkhf Unf...?
mj tf brhdh: J thfjhf... thif fhagl
kfSF ftiygLw kfSF MWj brh ntL. FHgJy
jw nfhlhDnfho kfSF brh ntQ... mjdhjh brhiy
nw...
gf Vnjh rj cuf nflJ. mghahf njhw mj
xUt U iffis o thdij ghJ RR tjh. gf
Ujtf vdgh go, cidna R bfhwhna vd nfld.
mkh ehD rijF tnjh. mkhit fhnzh; R R
njl brh xUt brhdh. mjdhjh RWnw. vwh, mj
mgh.
rahd Klh vwh X M. jid nfLbfhoUj brh
tf, y Klhfis mthahf brh vl UwJ...
vW brhdh. mgh, mtl tJ, vd f? vW
nflh. brhfis nw. fhR Ujh bfhL. cdF brhf
njitgL...vwh, tf.
vl fhR iyf... ehisF jnwnd... vw mj mghl,
r, cid ghjh ghtkhf UF. eh xU brhiy jnw...
vyhlK mjidna brhY. tzf... mJjh, eh cdF
bfhLF brh.

158

mgh mtl, tzf brhL mw brwh.

rWbjhiy brtjF btehL ga xUt vnu tjh. mtiu
ghjl, tzf vwh mgh. mtuJ Kf ngh kyjJ.
kah mghia mizJ bfhlh; jo bfhLjh.
fhiyUJ V vW nfgh yhk tnfL miynj.
tjtfis kf bjjt jh... tzf vD brhiy vts
ml, mHfhf brhwh. mUik... mUik.. vd ghuhodh. mJl
fiy; bghfhRfis tHdh.
mgh Fj kl brh tfl ngh eljjid
brhdh.
mtl bghfhRf midij bfhLjh. mtnuh,
jdF gh kL nghJ; ia na itJ bfh vd brhdh.
tfl, jdF ntW a brhfis fW jUkhW mgh nflh.
mt, clnd U brhfis brh bfhLjh. kah Uf.
j brhfis ahiu ghjhY brh, rah? vd, mt brhdJ
mgh kl sdh.
efu bjU mgh brwh. vnu tj xbthUtiu ghJ
kah Uf vd brhbfhnl brwh.
vnu bgU Cty xW Muthukhf tjJ. myffgl glJ
ahidf tjd. Fiugil uf tjhf. KuRf mu, bfhof
gwf tjhf. vd br...? ntilahLtjfhf brUj mur
ehL U bfhoUjh.

159

mgh mjid ghjh. fhtyf jLjhf. Mdh, KoaoJ

bfhL mur Kghf brWlh. gt tj mur vnu W,
kah Uf vwh.
mur d bfhlh. vd ! j eho mur eh. vid
t kJ thJwh xU bghoa vW fdh. fhtyfis
miHjh. mghia iw milFgo Mizlh.
clnd mgh, kah Uf. vwh.
murDF D d FjJ. t vid nf brwh;
VsdgLlh. tid bfhiyfsF bfhLbrW jiyia
btLf. vW Mizlh. mghnah, kah Uf
vwh.
mghia bfhiyfsF GJ brw uflK kah
Uf vwh. jiyia btLtjF jahuhf thSl w Kulf
UtlK mnj brhfis brhdh. KulfSF aiy. jiyia
btl this Xdhf. mnghJ mgh kah Uf vwh.
KulfSF f fyaJ; btl Xa thfis mtf nH
nghLlhf.
bfhiyahf ehf! bfh^ukhd Kiw fGij btLnwh.
vfis ghJ, kah Uf vW brhd Kj kj tjh.
t brhf fUiz UwJ. vfsh tid btl KoahJ. mur
vfis mthsh TWnghlhY r; ehf mjid VWbfhnth
vwhf.
vyhU murlnk brW mtdJ Koit khbfhs brh
nflhf. eljtiw vyh brhdhf. mur FHg miljh.
mnghJ btehL ga muritF tjh. mghia ghjJ
fo bfhlh. munr! tjh cf ehL gghil vdF
a itjt vwh. kd k miljh. mghia Ljiy
brjh. mtDF bghD bghUS if iwa tHdh.
bghbghU Kjyhd gRfSl mgh, mkhl Udh.
kfid k bghf mizJbfhlh, mkh. tzf... kah
Uf! vW mkhl brhdh, mgh.
(ehLw fij)

160

yfzK bkhwD
1. iH UjK
m. eh neW iuglF brnw.
M. mt ehisF tjh.
. j jfij uL MLfSFK eh thFnt.
j brhbwhlfis gojJ, t cs iHf vd vgJ
cfSF UF.
idbrhf fhy iHahf tUwJ.
vgo Ujh Kiwahf UF.
m. brnw

M. tUth

. thnd

2. fhy
wjfhy, ffhy, vfhy vd Kfhyf UgJ cfSF
bj.
fhyij FF ca idbrhiy gagLJj ntL.
gh vD idbrh fhyF Vwgo tUkhW khWwJ.
ghnj ( wjfhy )
ghnw ( ffhy )
ghng ( vfhy )
g - 1
tU brhbwhlfSF vnu mit vj fhyij Fwd
vd vGJf.
ghkh ewhf nj vGdh
fhu filF nghf kWjh
gf Ugtid ghJ ghJ vGJwh
Ma tjJ nf nfgh
g - 2
mil FF UF idbrhiy fhyJF Vwgo kh
vGJf.
(v.fh.) mW elj ngRngho eh xU kneu ngnd. (ngR)
161

1. neW u j ghlij eh

(go)

2. c L UJF flha eh
3. mgh tjJ

(th)

(L)

4. nghJ eh j

(go)

3. cL, iy
cL, iy vD U brhfis eh Fahf gagLJnwh.
cL, iy vd Ko brhf fhy btgilahf iy.
Fghfjh eh JbfhSj ntL.
(v.fh.)
ghkh njit ewhf vGjiy. (wjfhy)
mz tjJ cdF gR cL. (vfhy)
4.mfuKj ghngh
tU brh bjhF mfuKj Kj tuToa brhiy
flJ vGJf.

m. jr, jf, jfu

M. gU, d, gyif

. Rt, Rf, N

<. njit, bjh, bjid

c. mkh, mgh, mz

C. kj, kif, kHiy

5. Jtiu eh gojtiw bjhFJ ghngh.

1. mogil
vGJ, brh, brhbwhl vd _W bkh mogil cWf.
m - vGJ.
m - brh.
mng bjt - brhbwhl.
brh vgjid bkh, gj, s, thij vd brhnth.
brhbwhliu tha vd brhnth.

162

2. vGJ
m. vyh vGJfSF mogilahdJ x.
mut, th vLJ rilF nghdh vd vGJtJ jtW.
ngRtJ jtW. xnth vGJF X x cL.
vGij Kiwgo xf eh g vLj ntL.
M. xnth vGJ xU gia brwJ.
m, , c - RL vGJf (RblGJf) (c- gagho iy.)
v, ah, M, X, V - Mait dh vG vGJf. (dh vGJf)
V - vgJ brh KjY WY W dhbghUis jU.
. vGJfSF ilna e cL. mjid Jbfhlh

bgUghyhd iHfis fyh.

bkd vGJ, mj e vGjhd td vGJ mLjLJ

tUtJ a.

f; r; l; j; g; w j aig Jbfhltf,
clh vd, wh vd Kiwahf vGJwhf.
ahjtf wh vd iHahfnt vGJwhf; ngRwhf.
<. iH netJ vnghJ?
I. xWiH

ghliy J go. (iH).

ghliy J go. (Uj)

II. F beoiH

m) j Fojh. (j)

M) filF ngh bto ril thdh. (nto)

) vd nfhLik J! (bfhLik)

III. JizbaGJ iH
m) mghF bgD bgUS iljJ. (bghD bghUS)
M) nrht ril ghnj. (nrt)

163

IV. kabfh iH
ghij fS KY ljd. ( fY KS)
3. brh
bgabrh, idbrh, ilbrh, cbrh vd brh
ehtifgL. bgabrh, idbrh Ma Ubrhf g j
tF mJbfhnlh.
bga brhiy caizbrh, m~izbrh vd ulhf
fyh.
bga, idbrhfis Mgh, bggh, gygh, xwgh,
gygh vd nwh.
4. brhbwhl
brhf izJ brhbwhliu cUthFwd.
brhbwhliu mikFnghJ gntW iHf VgLwd.
xUik gik iHfS, fhyiHfS mofo VgL iHfsh.
I. xUik - gik
iH

Uj

m. fhW d; kuf mirjJ. fhW aJ; kuf mirjd.

M. jfgD brygD
gF brwh.

jfgD brygD
gF brwhf.

II. fhy

iH

Uj

m. ehisF eh CUF
ngh nrnj.

ehisF eh CUFngh
nrnt.

M. neW gh bghFwJ.

neW gh bghaJ.

5. foj vGJ g (mYtyf foj)

mYtyf foj vGJnghJ y Kiwfis filoj ntL.

164

kh foj
mDe

eh. bkfUrh ,
17, rhiy,
fyit - 632 506,
nt khtl.

bgWe

tl tHf mYty,
tlha mYtyf,
MfhL,
nt khtl.

Iah,
bghU: FLg mil Jj - bjhlghf.
-----

FLgJl ehf bt brUjjdh, vf FLg

milia Jf ayiy. FLg mil xefiy Jl

izJns. FLg milia JJ ju ntLnw. e.
fyit,

jf ciks,

20.01.2012

eh. bkfUrh

ciwnk Kft
bgWe




g :

tl tHf mYty,
tlha mYtyf,
MfhL,
nt khtl.
efuh/csh cs Rfhjhu mYtyUF cf
bjU bfhRkUJ bjf nto foj tiuf.
165

tFgiwwf
1.ngRf.
IJ kJfSF Fiwahk ng gHFf.
m. vid ftj kj

M. vdF ojkhd gHf

. v L

<. v bjU

c. v egf
2. dh vGf.
tU jiyf cdF njhW dhfis bjhLf.
m. fgid
<. maha

M. cik

. aha

c. bgh

3.FGf
IJng bfhl _W FGfshFf. xbthUtU aghf ehF
tf ngRf. vbghU gahtJ ngRf. (v.fh.) vdF oj iugl.
xbthUtU vjid My brhfis fyJ ngRwhf vd
fzLf. Fiwthf My brhfis fyJ nga FGit btbgw
FGthf m brf.
4.fUjhl brf.
m. Tlf, nfhf, iu muFf f elFnghJ,
brng ngRnth elJbfhS Kiw.
M. tzf Iah fij fWbfhLF gf.
5. vGJf.
I.

XU brhf il jUf.

m. yg fhgJ

M. UFwhy kf njLtJ

. U bghUgl ghLtJ

II.

ehF t il jUf.

m. Tl kiy wfis vGJf.

M. nfhLkuK w Fil xghF. vthW?

ghlYs gghL ff flhakhf

ntoabjd vjid fUJwh? V?

166

gw

III. WW fLiuf vG gHFf.

m. v L

M. v egf

. v ya

<. v njitf

c. v Ugf

C. tzf Iah fijia ehlfkh eoJ fhLf.

IV. isahLf.
njit : _W FGf; FGF _t.
isahL Kiw:
ah bt bgWthf? xbthU FGF X vGJ jUj ntL.
mj vGJ cbkahf Uj ntL.
(v.fh.) f

Ma VjhtJ xU FGFa vGij cuf brhth.

vLJfhlhf, f. KgJ dhofSF mj FG f bjhlF
xU brhiy brhYj ntL.
mbrh vjid vGJ csnjh mjid kbg mj
FGF.
(v.fh.) fg brhdh 4 kbg.
flfiu brhdh 5 kbg.
flfhu brhdh 6 kbg.
iwa vGJf bfhl brhfis J brhYj ntL.
xnu tir nffhk khkh nfl ntL.
IJKiw j isahL eilbgWj ntL.
mf vGJfis bfhl brhfis brh, mf kbg
bgWw FGnt bt bgw FGthf mj ntL.
(xnu xU fLghL: bgabrhfisjh brhYj ntL.
idbrhfis brhYj TlhJ.
fnl, jtnd, gonj
nghwit idbrhf)

167

thifwf
gFjh w

vjid gojhY vjid nflhY mgona VWbfhSj TlhJ.

gFJ MJ ghj ntL.

Vf ntoajid VWbfhSj ntL; js ntoajid

jSj ntL.

gFjh w thifF njitgL w.

1. Fwhy Fwt ghl MFuFfS bgFuFfS bfh

isahL fh g MuhJ TWf.

m. elf ToaJ; aifahdJ.

M. elfKoahjJ; fgidahdJ.

2. fhdtf njtfis fo miHF fh

m. elf ToaJ; aifahdJ.

M. elf KoahjJ; fgidahdJ.

3. mU miy, thdij Ko Na ghijia tGf itwJ.

J

m. elfToaJ; aifahdJ.

M. elf KoahjJ; fgidahdJ.

4. FHijF fhr, UZo Rnghlyh vwh gho. vd

idwh?

m. gho brhtJ rahfjh UF.

M. cldoahf kUJtl miHJ brYj ntL.

5. ru ufz vgo fwJ?

m. bga gh tJ ruid GFwJ.

M. NaDF ruDF ilna tUtjdh clhtJ.

168

bkh isahLf
1.brh isahL
mltiz cs brhfis fLoJ vGJf.
2. brh isahL

gh

iz

th

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

169

ehnd cUthFnt

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

170

Kont bjhlf
brh W Ko vGij KjyhtjhfbfhL kbwhU brhiy
vG brhgofL cUthFf.

if
ifR

Rzh

aku

Jisj

ehnd brnt

171

ehnd brnt

itJ

3. brh isahL
njitahd vGJfis btW fl u brhfis cUth vGJf.

bg

ah

ik

172

ehnd brnt

4. brh isahL
mfutirgo vG gHFf.
rhW : gyhL, KJ, MkzF, mur, bfh.

mfutir : mur, MkzF, bfh, gyhL, KJ.

mfutirgLJf.

1. e, m, k, g, isahL, L, njhl.

mfutir

2. gir, njfh, tl, njf, kiP.

mfutir

,
173

gilghw
ifbaGJ j cUthFj
(vifF Vg khztfis FGfshf J ifbaGJ j cUthFj)

( m Rl V myij btf! )

fij

bghf

tsbkyh bghf!

(bfhlhL fhuz)

Lfij

cHt eg
gl tiuj (khL)

gHbkh mJbfhnth!

1.
2.
3.
il : 1.

2.

3.

eif J

kwbr

(fbgwtf jdif tf)

j kw khj
ff

174

ytr gaz mil zg got

I. uf.
1. khzt bga

2. goF g bga :
3. tF

4.

5. wgL l

6. nrU l

bgnwh ifbahg

khzt ifbahg

jiyikaha ifbahg

bjhlto Kg zg got
II. uf.

1. bga

2. M/bg

3. bjhlto v

4. gaz eh

5. wgL l

6. nrU l

7. Uif vif

zgt ifbahg.

175

tsu braghLf
gl ghJ ngR w

braghL - 1

fhQ glfis ghJ c fUij tFgiw _W kJ ngRf.

1

176

goj w

braghL - 2

ca Funyw wfJl cz btgLkhW thL gof.

mF atfns! MU egfns! mwyj jhkiungh J
FYF v nghw whfns! nghuhu brJ Xuhu ahidfis bfhw
Fynjhnu! khil cyf ehisa kdfns!
ju jHuh wnjhnk! jiHna jhbkhah bfhnlhnk!
m, miw jH u isahLfS VnjD xwidahtJ iw
jHuha eh fnwhkh? if fbgLJ ML yghl bjjt e
vjid ngnuh? njh tikia fhL knghiu kwfhjt e vjid
ngnuh? nghfiy Egfis csla njtuhlij mjt e vjid
ngnuh? _rl Mfl _ KbjLf Koahk nghdhY kzyhtJ vLf
ntlhnth?
jifa u isahLf <LgL, e cl tikia bgUf
ntlhnth? Rt Ujhjhnd u tiua Ko vgjid mjt eh
jhnd! mUJ cley fhg Ug bfhshjJ Vndh? cl eyjhnd
c ey. mjdh mnwh, cl tsnj c tsnj vwhnu U_y.
jHuh ejH u isahLfis ehS fW isaho knthnk!

vGJj

braghL - 3

fhQ UbghU jU brhfis bjhlf mikJ vGJf.

t.v

brh

bghU
jhkiu - ky

1.

jhkiu
jh+ kiu
- jhw kh
gyif - kugyif

2.

gyif
gy + if
- gy iff

177

bjhl
Fs jhkiu kyUjJ.
ca fh jhkiuia
fnl.

3.

vgh

4.

5.

khku

MWjiy

vgh
- kWJ Tw
v+ gh
- vghd
khku
- xU tif ku
kh + ku
- bga ku
MWjiy
- njWj
MW + jiy
- MW jiyf

vGJj

braghL - 4

vJ gghL? vD ciueil lbgWs fijkhjf gfis

flf uf.

gH

br

Fzeyf

brgf
mkh

178

KJ

brh UJ brh cUthFj

braghL - 5

FfisbfhL xJs brhfis flJ vGJf.

mU

brh xUgJ eg;

ulh vGij dh mJ ilF.

2.

MSik

brh xUgJ Y yY
thG yF; ulh vGij dh mJ
ilF.

3.

ef

brh xUgJ xU yF; ulh

vGij dh mJ ilF.

4.

thik

brh xUgJ ngR cW; _wh

vGij dh mJ ilF.

brh xUgJ iuthf XL

yF;
_wh vGij dh mJ
ilF.

1.

5.

brh UJ brh cUthFj

braghL - 6

bfhLfgLs vGJfis nrJ brhfis cUthFf.

bfhF
F

bfh

bfhF

ehnd cUthFnt

179

tifgL vGJj

braghL - 7

flYs brhfis tifgL vGJf.

gonj, tUnt, nw, tnj, gonw, ng, gong, tUnw,
nw, ngRwh, brnw, eowh, eogh, brnw, ngRth,
eojh, ngdh, brnt
wjfhy

ffhy

vfhy

1. gonj

1. gonw

1. gong

2.

2.

2.

3.

3.

3.

4.

4.

4.

5.

5.

5.

6.

6.

6.

LfijF il fhz

braghL - 8

LfijF ca ilid vLJ vGJf.

(fU, y, C, brf, thiH)
t.
v

Lfij

1.

NLgL tjt, Lfl cjth.

2.

F, uhil mW; Mil be, j mW.

3.

Mid U, nrid U,
mojh tF, fojh F.

4.

ku Vdh tGF; fh wh JtF;

gH wh F.

5.

xahd kj, xnu fhJ kj, mt fhJ nghdh,

VJ ga?

180

il

j vfis mnth.

braghL - 9

mu
v

10

j
v

10

nkfl mltizia gagL jbHfis uf.

1. bjhyhs eh

nk 1

2. fhaof wj eh

mnlhg 2 -

mnlhg

3. cyf jf eh

Vu 23

Vu

4. FHijf eh

etg 14

etg

5. RWNH eh

#] 5

#]

6. FoauR eh

rdt 26

rdt

7. bfho eh

org 7

org

8. kf eh

kh 8

kh

etg 19

etg

org 10

org

9. nja xUikghL eh -
10. kj cikf eh

181

nk

fwyil WkL
kbg : 10
2x1=2

1. bghUJf.
m. Td

- j

M. w

- tisj

2. bghUjhj izia tlLf.

m. wjfhy

- vGJnt

M. RL vGJ

- m, , c

3x1=3

. ebgGJf - g, l
3. bfhLfgLs brhf < Vfhu mikJ vGJf.

3x1=3

m. egf
M. bgnah
. rhnwh
4. bjhlf cs iHfis UJf.
m. iy go.
M. neW tUth.

182

2x1=2

x g

183

vdh Ko, ehnd brnj

( I can, I did )
khzt fw braghLf gntL
ghl :
t.v

eh

ghl v

ghljiy

184

braghL

Fiu