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LMDS RF Engineering

Cirta Consulting LLC

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003


1. LMDS : General Topics

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 2


1. 1. Definition of LMDS
LMDS = Local Multipoint Distribution Service

„ Local : The Coverage is restricted to a limited short range,


say 8 km maximum
„ Multipoint : The service starts from a Transmitting point to
different Points (Customers). The return path is, however,
Point-to-Point.
„ Distribution : Refers to the simultaneous distribution of
signals (Voice, Internet, video, etc.)
„ Service : The Relationship between the Subscriber and the
Operator is based upon Service.

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 3


1. 2. History of LMDS and Frequency
Allotments Worldwide and in Europe
„ Coast-to-Coast Telephony in the 1970‘s

„ Broadband Systems in the Ku-Band

„ Cost shared between customers

„ First European LMDS Trial in Madrid :


‹ http://www.cableaml.com/madridtrialsystem.html

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 4


© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 5
1. 3. Regulatory Issues and Standards
„ ATM Forum
„ DAVIC
„ ETSI (European Telecommunication Standards Institute)
„ ITU (International Telecommunication Union)
„ The Majority of them use ATM Cells as the
Primary Transport Mechanism

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 6


1. 4. Concept of LMDS (1)
Central Office/ Head End
connected with fiber backbone to
many Hub base stations.

Central Office contains : Satellite,


local content, Internet and
Telephone Network Links, plus the
O&M Systems.

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1.4. Concept of LMDS (2)

Hub to Customers
(PMP)

Each Customer to Hub


(PP)

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 8


1. 5. Advantages of LMDS when
Competing with Copper
„ Lower Entry and Deployment Costs
„ Ease and Speed of Deployment : Minimal Disruption
to the Community and the Environment.
„ As a Result : Fast Realization and Revenue
„ Operators spend money only when a revenue
paying customer signs
„ No „Stranded“ capital when customers churn
„ Cost-effective Network Maintenance, Management,
and Operating Costs.
„ Small, Medium, and Large Business Customers can
be served…(including Residential customers)
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 9
1. 6. Major Emerging Actors :
Vendors and Operators in Europe

„ Vendors :
‹ Nortel, Alcatel, Ericsson, etc…
‹ Operators : FirstMark
Communications, Star One, Viag
Interkom, Formus Communications
Inc., Teligent, etc.

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 10


1.7. Business niches and Market Trends through
LMDS (Internet, Voice, Data, Video, etc.)
„ New communications service leads to
new business opportunities
„ Interactive access for wideband data
and voice, as well as video
applications.
„ Small, medium, or large business
access data are possible from 6 to 50
Mbps

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 11


1. 8. Offered Services through LMDS
„ Data
‹ Medium businesses, with data needs up to 6 Mbps
‹ Small businesses, require a low-cost data access of fractional E-1
Capacity
‹ Work-at-home, a rapidly growing market, needing low-cost access to
corporate LANs and data rates to 10 Mbps
‹ High-speed Internet, a massive market waiting for high-speed access
to release powerful and creative new applications (Multimedia, games,
etc.)
„ Telephony (voice)
‹ Business and then Residential, integrated voice communications
„ Video
‹ Broadcast and narrowcast, conferencing and other interactive video
services
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 12
1. 8. Offered Services through LMDS
„ DS-0 : Digital Service Level 0 is a 64 kbps the worldwide standard speed
digitizing one voice conversation using PCM and Sampling

„ DS-1 : Digital Service Level 1 is a 1.544 Mbps in North America (T-1) and
2.048 Mbps elswhere (E-1). T-1 is an old Bell System standard. E-1 is an ITU-
T standard.

„ 10 Base-T : Ethernet LAN which works on twisted pair wiring. The maximum
length of a 10 Base-T is 100 m running on unshielded twisted pairs

„ 100 Base-T : handle 100 Mbps, B stands for baseband and T stands for Trunk.
In short, 100 Base-T is a 100 Mbps LAN by the generic name of Fast Ethernet

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 13


2. LMDS : Technical Description I

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 14


2. 1. LMDS System RF Mask
„ BTR Tx and CTR Rx Filters
0 dB
Log Magnitude

-1.04 dB

-62.7 dB

27.5485 27.7585 28.00 Frequency (GHz)

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 15


2. 1. Exercise on In-band and Out-of-band
emissions
„ Given the LMDS RF Mask as used previously, what
amount of power is expected @ 28 GHz if an output
power of 25 dBm is used ?

„ What would be this power @ 27.5485 GHz ?

„ If we have to use two different frequencies, what is


the minimum frequency spacing to ensure a C/I of
respectively 15, 20 and 25 dB for example ? (we
assume that the same RF Mask characteristics are
used as mentioned above)
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 16
Description of FDD-based Systems
„ FDD means Frequency Division Duplex
„ Require the use of two RF carriers : One for Tx and one for Rx
„ Isolation required between Tx-Rx to prevent the Tx from de-
sensitizing or damaging the Rx
„ Frequency Duplexfilter is typically employed to provide the
required isolation
„ FDD has been used in the commercial market place at microwave
Frequencies since the Early 70‘s
„ Aiming at offering :
‹ the flexibility to support blocks of Spectrum that are either non-contiguous
or as small as 10 MHz.
‹ Ability to operate over the region of 10-40 GHz without significant
modification
‹ Support for both Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Services
‹ Reduced system complexity, and enhanced frequency reuse and planning
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 17
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 18
TDD Air Link Frame Structure

Example with 1 physical RF channel and 4 logical channels (timeslots)

ƒ Dynamic allocation of bandwidth between up and downlink occurs


on a single RF carrier with single occupied bandwidth

ƒAs a result, frequency re-use is enhanced and planning


significantly simplified
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 19
Description of TDD-based Systems

„ TDD means Time Division Duplex


„ Require the use of one RF carrier for full duplex communications
„ Tx-Rx Isolation occurs in the time-domain rather than in the frequency-domain
as in FDD Systems
„ A Repeating signal frame structure is used in which the link direction alternates
between Tx and Rx on a single RF carrier
„ Significant reduction of Radio front-end complexity with a simple 2-way
monolithic switch, which replaces the FDD Duplexer

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 20


Description of TDD-based Systems

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 21


FDD : Spectrum Allocation

„ Optimal FDD Channel Allocations have 5% or greater Tx-Rx Separation

„ For example : 39 GHz band consists of 14 paired, contiguous 100-MHz


channels

„ Since no allocated Tx-Rx guardband, manufacturers have divided the 1400


MHz band into 4 sub-bands of 350 MHz each

„ In this scenario Tx-Rx separation is 700 MHz, or 1.8% of the carrier frequency

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 22


TDD : Spectrum Allocation

„ TDD Systems are more flexible in that they can be deployed with as little as one
channel of available spectrum
„ For example : Wavtrace‘s system uses 8.33 MHz
„ With TDD, the FDD problems of Tx-Rx pairing and spacing are eliminated,
letting the Operator flexibility to deploy with contiguous or non-contiguous
spectral blocks
„ TDD is flexible in that the symmetric and asymmetric links are both supported
with spectrum efficiency
„ For symmetric links, the Up and Down link duration is equivalent
„ With TDD, only one carrier is used. There is no need to manage the realloation
of bandwidth for the duplex carrier, as would be the case with an equivalent
FDD link
„ Dynamic bandwidth allocation between up and downlink occurs on a single RF
carrier with fixed occupied bandwidth
„ As a result, frequency re-use is enhanced and planning is significantly simplified
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 23
FDD : Duplexer
„ Duplexer is the element that provides Tx-Rx isolation in an FDD Radio System
„ Duplexer : Three Port device consisting of two bandpass (BP) and an impedance
transforming circuit to allow both filters to connect to a common antenna port

„ The filter in the Receive path attenuates the Transmit energy incident at the antenna port
• Prevents receiver front-end overload and/or damage depending on the Transmit level

„ The filter in the Transmit path attenuates the energy at the receive frequency
present on the transmit carrier
„ Both filters also provide suppression of out-of-band spurious signals
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 24
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 25
Frequency Re-Use and Planning

„ TDD enhances frequency re-use within a Hub and between Multi-Hubs

„ For a given spectral block and occupied Bandwidth, use of TDD provides twice
the number of channels for the re-use pool

„ FDD Links require two channels per link, as opposed to the TDD

„ A larger pool of Channels means simpler and more efficient re-use planning

„ With TDD, re-use can be based on Frequency Discrimination, as opposed to


the LESS ROBUST method of Polarization Discrimination

„ Polarization Discrimination is not an effective method because rain effects are


major cause of De-polarization.

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 26


Frequency Re-Use and Planning
„ For Symmetric Links, the condition of simultaneous Transmit and Receive
operation is avoided

„ Eliminates the need for high co-channel Beam Isolation within a Hub

„ With Asymmetric TDD Links, simultaneous Transmit and Receive operation will
exist within a Hub, thus reducing the re-use relative to the Symmetric case

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 27


Interference
„ Multiple Operator interference is often cited as an issue with TDD Systems

„ Multiple Operator TDD Systems successfully deployed in Japan and in Europe


„ Japan : PHS (Personal Handyphone System)

„ Europe : DECT (Digital European Cordless Telecommunications)

„ Currently two interference-related problems associated with mm-wave bands


„ Frequency bands have not been allocated on a contiguous basis :
• Very likely that some LMDS Licence Holders will sub-licence to multiple operators
„ out-of-band spurious reception problem is solved using filters, however significant
difference in radiated power and high dynamic range amplifier technology associated
with mm-wave band remain

„ ERP is 15 dB higher for PMP mm-wave bands compared with cellular

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 28


Conclusion
„ TDD is a proven Technology with significant advantages for service provider :

„ Works in any spectral band


„ No Capacity Lost to guardband
„ Single radio kit simplifies deployment, inventory and repair
„ Simplified assymetrical services
„ High Spectral re-use
„ Simultaneous multiple band operaton from a single Hub rooftop

„ FDD offers a satisfactory solution if adequate Tx-Rx separation is made


available

„ When more flexibility is required, TDD offers the service provider a


complementary alternative

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 29


2. 3. Network Architecture
3 Channels (40 MHz BW)
US FCC Band Plan
per Tx Downstream
27.50 - 28.35 GHz Downstream
31.075 - 1100 MHz Upstream

WLL Sector 1
Tx/Rx

Sector 2
Tx/Rx
Frequency
O/E Translation,
Power, etc... Sector 3
E/O Tx/Rx

Analogue Fiber
Backbone Sector 4
25 km Max. Tx/Rx

2000-2850 MHz Downstream


950-1100 MHz Upstream

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 30


2. 4. System Equipment Segments
„ Hub (or LMDS Base Station)
‹ Medium Gain Antennas used : 15 dBi for example is
used
‹ Typical 90° Beamwidth (BW) Antennas
‹ Elevation approximately 5°
‹ Low PA output powers leading to 21 dBm EIRP

„ Customer Premise Equipment (CPE)


‹ High Gain Antennas used : 35 dBi are typical values
‹ Narrow beamwidth of about 3° pointing to the Hub
‹ Small Size and low cost
‹ Back-to-Front Ratio high enough to avoid interference
‹ CPE PA > 20 dBm @ 1 dB Compression
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 31
2. 5. Architectural Options (1/2)
„ Most common architectural type uses co-sited base station equipment

Base Station
Network Microwave Equipment

Connection Base Station Common Point for


Digital Element Cable Consolidation

„ Indoor digital equipment connects to the network infrastructure

„ Outdoor microwave equipment mounted on the rooftops

„ Typical multiple sector microwave systems are used, in which Tx and Rx


sector antennas provide service over 90, 45, 30, 22.5, or 15 degree
beamwidth

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 32


2. 5. Architectural Options (2/2)
Alternative option is to
„

connect the Base Station


„ Analog Fiber Architecture
Indoor unit to remote
microwave Tx/Rx systems
with Analog Fiber
interconnection between
the indoor and outdoor unit
„ As a result :
‹ Consolidation of digital
equipment,
‹ increased redundancy
‹ Reduced Servicing Cost
‹ Increased sharing digital
resources over large
areas
‹ Reduced Sectorization
Requirements at each Base Station
remote location Digital Equipt.
Net.
Connect. Analog Fiber

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 33


2. 6. Wireless Links and Access Options (1/5)
„ Wireless Systems Designs built around :
‹ TDMA
‹ FDMA
‹ CDMA

„ Most System Operators use TDMA and FDMA Approaches for the
Upstream connection

„ Access Methods apply to the Upstream Connection (i.e. Customer


Premise to Base Station)

„ Downstream : Most operators use TDM streams

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 34


2. 6. Wireless Links and Access Options (2/5)
„ Illustration of the FDMA Access Option

TDM

FDMA 1
Base
Station
FDMA 2

CPE 1 CPE 2 CPE 3 CPE 4


FDMA 3

FDMA 4

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 35


2. 6. Wireless Links and Access Options (3/5)
„ Illustration of the TDMA Access Option

TDM

Base
Station
FDMA 1

CPE 1 CPE 2 CPE 3 CPE 4

Shared TDMA

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 36


2. 6. Wireless Links and Access Options (4/5)
„ The choice of either TDMA or FDMA depends upon the Customer
requirements :
‹ Expected Traffic (Speed, Capacity, etc.)
‹ Expected Access Service : Continuous traffic or bursty traffic
behaviors

„ TDMA
‹ Large Downstream Data Requirements
‹ Low Upstream Data Requirements
‹ Bursty behavior in the Upstream
‹ Multiple Customer share the same modem (or channel), for Internet
for example
‹ Allows for bursty response, no request for slots unless necessary

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 37


2. 6. Wireless Links and Access Options (5/5)
„ FDMA
‹ Dedicated to Large Customers with Access 24 hours a day
‹ The Customers pays for the connection regardless the status of the link :
busy or not
‹ Continuous behavior in the Upstream
‹ Each Customer uses a different channel (and has an allocated BW)

„ Example
‹ Operator wishes to serve 6-storey building
‹ Each Storey contains 20 offices : 120 in total
‹ Traffic Estimate is necessary (done by the operator)
‹ Choice depends upon the expected burstiness of the customer

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 38


2. 7. Modulation (1/2)

„ In LMDS, in general, PSK and AM Modulations are used

„ TDMA Link Modulation Methods do not include 64-QAM

„ FDMA Link Modulations are rated regarding the amount of required BW for a
2 Mbps constant bite rate (CBR) connection

„ The Modulation Options for FDMA and TDMA access methods are almost
the same

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 39


2. 7. Modulation (2/2)
„ Bandwidth Required Vs Modulation Scheme
Modulation BW for 2 Mbps
Name
Method CBR Connection
Binary Phase Shift
BPSK 2.8 MHz
Keying

DQPSK Differential QPSK 1.4 MHz

QPSK Quadrature PSK 1.4 MHz

Octal Phase Shift


8-PSK 0.8 MHz
Keying
4-
4, 1.4 MHz,
16-
16, or 64 State 0.6 MHz, or 0.4
or
Quadrature AM MHz
64-QAM

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 40


2. 8. System Capacity (1/6)
„ Capacity in LMDS is measured in terms of :

‹ DataRate
‹ Maximum Number of Customer Premise Sites

„ For Data Rate Calculations :

‹ LMDS System Capacity = Number of Sites × Capacity per


Site
‹ Site Capacity = Number of Sectors × Capacity per Sector
‹ Spectrum Efficiency required (expressed in Bits/s/Hz) : It
is a basic figure of merit for different modulation schemes
(table below)
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 41
2. 8. System Capacity (2/6)
„ Spectral Efficiencies

Modulation Spectral Efficiency

4-QAM 1.5 bits/Hz

16-QAM 3.5 bits/Hz

64-QAM 5 bits/Hz

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 42


2. 8. System Capacity - FDMA Access (3/6)
„ Example
‹ Given 1000 MHz of useable Spectrum
‹ Reuse of 2 ⇒LMDS Provides 500 MHz of useable
spectrum per Sector
‹ Assumption of Symmetric Upstream and Downstream
links ⇒ 250 MHz in each direction per Sector
‹ Each Customer Premise Site uses 5 MHz FDMA Links at
4-QAM

‹ Solution :
) Capacity = 5 ×1.5 = 7.5 Mbps per Customer Site
) There are 250/5 = 50 Links ⇒ 375 Mbps of Total Upstream
Capacity. The Downstream Capacity is also 375 Mbps if a 4-
QAM Modulation is used
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 43
2. 8. System Capacity - FDMA Access (4/6)
„ Exercise
‹ Given 1300 MHz of useable Spectrum
‹ Reuse of 2
‹ Assumption of Symmetric Upstream and Downstream links
‹ Each Customer Premise Site uses 5 MHz FDMA Links at :
) 16-QAM
) 64-QAM

‹ What is the expected Capacity per Customer Site ?


‹ What is the total number of Links within the system ?
‹ What is the total Upstream and Downstream Capacities for
each modulation scheme ? (i.e. 16 and 64-QAM)

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 44


2. 8. System Capacity - TDMA Access (5/6)
„ TDMA Systems have 80% reduced Data Rate Capacity compared to FDMA
systems. TDMA is suitable for many low data rate customers are to be
serviced.

„ TDMA Systems do not use 64-QAM, implying a reduced data rate


especially concerning the very dense rates achievable in FDMA

„ 64-QAM used for shorter links due to the high values for the minimum
required receive power (high C/N Requirements)

„ 64-QAM is therefore used for high bit rate requirements and for very close
customers to the Base Station

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 45


2. 8. System Capacity - TDMA Access (6/6)
„ Example
‹ As for FDMA example, 250 MHz Upstream BW is available
and 5 MHz TDMA channels are used

‹ Each 5 MHz TDMA channel can provide 80 DS0


connections simultaneously

‹ Total number of DS0 users per Sector on TDMA system is :


) 80 DS0s per channel ×(250/5) = 4000 !

‹ Total Number of DS0 per Site depends on the Number


of Sectors in the Site

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 46


2.9. Link Budgets

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003


2. 9. Link Bugdets : Definition (1/16)

„ Quantitative Description of a Link : Gains, Losses, and Levels are taken


into account for both Up and Downlink Directions. All sources of noises
are also considered.

„ Link Budgets help design Networks to fulfill quality requirements

„ Three Key measures of a link : Range, Capacity, and Availability (given a


BER performance)

„ Link Budgets allow determine the tradeoffs between the three

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 48


2. 9. Link Bugdets : Purposes (2/16)
„ Link budgets are used to determine the following :

‹ Maximum Path Length (or Range)


) Given a target link availability, the Range is computed for both Up and
Downstream directions. The Downstream is the most limiting path !

‹ Maximum Availability
) Different customers are located within different ranges, it is interesting
to know what figure of link availability (in percent of time) they might
expect.

‹ Power Requirements
) Link Budgets help define what amount of power reduction (or
increase) on a given link is necessary to keep a balanced availability.

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 49


2. 9. Link Bugdets : Microwave Propagation (3/16)
„ Free Space Loss is the predominant effect in LMDS :
‹ FSLdB = 32.4 + 20 Log(FMHz)+ 20 Log(Dkm )

) @ 28 GHz, FSL = 121 dB for D = 1 km


) FSL = 127 dB for D = 2 km and FSL = 133 dB for D = 4 km

„ Rain
‹ By far, the additional attenuation due to rain is the controlling factor for
Frequencies > 20 GHz, even for short ranges
‹ Extensive Rain Effects investigations published by the ITU-R
‹ Rain affects Polarization of Microwaves : Horizontal Polarized waves
experience slightly higher losses than vertically polarized waves

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 50


2. 9. Link Bugdets : Microwave Propagation (4/16)
„ The ITU-R Published a Table of Regression Coefficient to
calculated the Specific Rain Attenuation :
‹ AdB/km = aRb
‹ a and b are frequency, polarization and rain temperature
dependent parameters (see Table enclosed)
) R is the Rain rate (mm/h) Depending on the World Atlas Region
‹ Example
) Suppose we want to compute the Rain attenuation for a link
availability of 99.9 % of the time in The Netherlands (Region E) @
25 GHz. We assume a Vertical polarized waves option. The Specific
Attenuation would be :
) A = 0.113 × (6)1.030 = 0.715 dB/km
) For 99.99 %, A = 0.113 × (22)1.030 = 2.7 dB/km
) And for 99.997 %, A = 0.113 × (41)1.030 = 5.2 dB/km
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 51
2. 9. Link Bugdets : Microwave Propagation (5/16)
„ Precise Values for a and b parameters for intermediate
frequencies can be obtained by Linear Interpolation

„ Statistically, the rain does not affect the entire path. We


introduce the following correction factor to account for a
realistic path length :

‹ r = (90)/(90+4D)
‹ If the D = 2 km, then Dreal = D×r = 2 × 90/98 = 1.836 km
‹ The Attenuation due to rain is : Arain = AdB/km × Dreal
) Numerical Result : Arain = 0.715 × 1.836 = 1.31 dB

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 52


2. 9. Link Bugdets : Microwave Propagation (5 /16)
„ Polarization Scaling (ITU-R Report 338)

‹ If we wish to compute the Rain effect Attenuation for V Polarization


given the H Polarization result or vice-versa, we should apply either
equations :

300 AH 335 AV
AV (dB) = AH (dB) =
335 + AH 300 − AV
‹ We can easily notice that : AH > AV

‹ Example : Suppose we compute AH = 30 dB then AV= 24.6 dB !

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 53


2. 9. Link Bugdets : Rainfall Intensity Exceeded (5 /16)
„ Recommendation IU-R PN. 837-1: Percentage of Time vs Rain Zone

% A B C D E F G H J K L M N P Q
1.0 0.1 0.5 0.7 2.1 0.6 1.7 3 2 8 1.8 2 4 5 12 24

0.3 0.8 2 2.8 4.5 2.4 4.5 7 4 13 4.2 7 11 15 34 49

0.1 2 3 5 8 6 8 12 10 20 12 15 22 35 65 72

0.03 5 6 9 13 12 15 20 18 28 23 33 40 65 105 96

0.01 8 12 15 19 22 28 30 32 35 42 60 63 95 145 115

0.003 14 21 26 29 41 54 45 55 45 70 105 95 140 200 142

0.001 22 32 42 42 70 78 65 83 55 100 150 120 180 250 170

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 54


2. 9. Link Bugdets : 25 GHz Ranges by Rain Region (5 /16)
„ LINK BUDGET PARAMETERS :
„ 25 GHz DOWNLINK
„ 3 CARRIERS, EACH 10 MHz BW
„ 99.99% Availability (combined Rain & Multipath)
„ Transmit Antenna 15 dBi Gain (90° Sector)
„ Receive Antenna 36 dBi Gain
„ Vertical Polarization
„ Receive Noise Figure 6.0 dB at Flange, 27 dBm at Flange, Noise Floor –98.0 dBm

B D E F K M N CNR CTB
Modulation

4-QAM 6.6 5.9 5.5 4.9 3.9 2.9 2.3 12.5 dB 32 dB

16-QAM 4.1 3.6 3.4 3.0 2.5 1.9 1.5 19.4 dB 38 dB

64-QAM 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.0 25.6 dB 44 dB


© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 55
2. 9. Link Bugdets : Microwave Propagation (6 /16)
„ Exercise
‹ Assumptions
) Country : The Netherlands (Region E)
) Required Link Availability : 99.999 %

) Frequency : 27.2345 GHz

) Desired Range : 4 km

) Polarisation : Vertical

‹ Question :
) Compute the FSL in dB
) What is the expected rain attenuation ?

) What would be the real path length ?

) If we assume 99.99 %, what would be the attenuation due to rain ?

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 56


2. 9. Link Budgets : Microwave Propagation (7 /16)
‹ Answer
) FSL = 133.14 dB

) Applying Linear Interpolation leads to values for a and b :


• a(v) = 0.137
• b(v) = 1.016

) For Region E, R = 70 mm/h for 99.999 % link availability


• A = 10.3 dB/km

) The Real Path Length is :


• Dreal = 4 × 90/98 = 3.673 km
• ARain = 3.673 × 10.3 = 37.8 dB
) If the link availability was 99.99 %, we would apply R = 22 mm/h
• A = 3.18 dB/km and ARain = 3.673 × 3.18 = 11.68 dB !!!

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 57


2. 9. Link Budgets : Microwave Propagation (8 /16)
„ Gases
‹ Water Vapor and Oxygen can cause severe attenuations at resonance
frequencies (i.e. 22 and 60 GHz respectively).

‹ Losses due to Gases are computed by the following equation :

) GLdB = ALdB/km × Dkm with ( ρ = 7.5 )


 6 . 09 4 . 81 
AL =  0 . 00719 + +  × 0 . 001 × F GHz
2
+
dB / km

 F 2
GHz + 0 . 227 ( F GHz − 57 )2
+ 1 .5 

 3.6 10.6 8.9  ρF 2


0.05 + 0.0021ρ + + +  GHz
 ( 2
) ( 2
) 2
(
FGHz − 22.2 + 8.5 FGHz − 183.3 + 9 FGHz − 325.4 + 26.3  10000)

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 58


2. 9. Link Budgets : Microwave Propagation (9 /16)
„ Multipath
‹ Multipath Terrain losses can be significant at lower microwave
frequencies and long path lengths

‹ LMDS Frequencies suffer less Multipath effects, especially that typical


ranges are shorter than in VHF-UHF

‹ Annual Outage Time (Complement of Availability) is given by :

 MFM 
− 
0.0001× ctFD 310  10 
T=
3600

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 59


2. 9. Link Budgets : Microwave Propagation (10 /16)
„ Multipath
‹ Where the parameters are defined as follows :

‹T = Annual outage time (in hours)


‹ c = Climate-Terrain Factor
‹ T = Annual Average Temperature in °F (°C ×9/5 + 32)
‹ F = Frequency (in MHz)
‹ D = Path Length (in km)
‹ MFM = Minimum Fade Margin, otherwise described as the thermal
(or flat) fade margin

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 60


2. 9. Link Budgets : Equipment Considerations (11 /16)
„ Transmitter
‹ Output Power :
) 1 dB Compression Point (P1) power is used
) Typical power P1 = 30 dBm but optimal operation use 20 dBm per Digital
Carrier

‹ 3rd Order Distorsion :


) IP3 (or 3rd order Intermodulation Products) appear when P1 is exceeded
(nonlinear behavior)
) IP3 have a typical value of 8 dB above P1

‹ Inter Carrier Beating :


) When more than 1 carrier is applied to modulate the Tx, individual carriers
beat together. Distorsion Products are generated.
) The effect is called Carrier to Carrier Triple Beat (C/CTB)

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 61


2. 9. Link Budgets : Equipment Considerations (12 /16)
„ Antennas
‹ High Gain and Narrow Beamwidth for CPE Antennas
) Typical values of 36 dBi are encountered

‹ Low Gain relatively wide beamwidth for the Hub Antennas


) Typical values of between 15 and 23 dBi are commonly used

„ Receiver
‹ Noise Figure
) Overall RF Receiver Sensitivity is established by the Noise Figure
) Typical value of 6.5 dB @ 28 GHz is quite common

) Since LMDS is Range-Limited, the Noise Figure is thus a critical


parameter

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 62


2. 9. Link Budgets : Equipment Considerations (13 /16)
„ Receiver
‹ Demodulator Efficiency
) BER

• Values are typically between 10-8 and 10-6,


• Higher values imply reduction in the working range due to higher C/N
Requirements
) C/N
• For proper demodulation, Minimum C/N is required for each modulation
scheme
• Typical values, for a BER = 10-6, are given as follows :
– 13.5 dB for 4-QAM
– 20.5 dB for 16-QAM
– 26.4 dB for 64-QAM

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 63


2. 9. Link Budgets : Signal Characteristics (14 /16)
„ Number of Carriers
‹ For 1 carrier, generally, the Tx Upstream Power is “backed-off” from the
P1 Power Level of :
) 3 dB for a 4-QAM
) 6 dB for a 16-QAM
) 9 dB for a 64-QAM
„ Bandwidth per Carrier
‹ LMDS bandwidth, Customer data load, growth plan are considered
when configuring a Link Budget
‹ Applied data rate is a combination of Customer data and LMDS System
overhead
„ Modulation Encoding
‹ When more than 1 carrier modulates an LMDS Tx, individual carrier
power levels are set based upon C/CTB values :
) 32, 38, and 44 dB values are used for 4, 16, and 64-QAM respectively
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 64
2. 9. Link Budgets : Signal Characteristics (15 /16)
„ For one or more than one carrier used to digitally modulate a
single transmitter, the following power back-offs (dB) are
used :
@ 24 GHz 4-QAM 16-QAM 64-QAM
1 carrier -3 -6 -9
2 carriers -8 - 11 - 16
3 carriers - 10 - 13 - 16
4 carriers - 12.5 - 15.5 - 18.5
5 carriers - 14.1 - 17.1 - 20.1
6 carriers - 15.2 - 18.2 - 21.2

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 65


2. 9. Link Budgets : Design Procedure (16/16)
„ The Link Budget is done in two steps :

‹ Determine the optimum Output Power per carrier based on C/CTB


Objectives

‹ Calculate either the Range or Link Availability using the following


parameters :
) Rain Zone, Number and Bandwidth per carrier, Modulation Encoding
(4, 16, or 64-QAM), Antenna Gains, Sectorization, Terrain Type,
Carrier, etc.

„ We usually achieve Link Budget Calculations by either :


‹ Setting the Availability to a given value and compute the range or
vice-versa.

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 66


3. Frequency Planning

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 67


3. 1. Frequency Reuse
2 3
* Uses Highly Directional Antennas
1
7 4 to minimize Multipathing and Cross-
6 5 Polarization
Traditional re-use Plan
N=7
* Maximize the Directivity of the
Cell antennas by Sectorizing the
1 1 Distribution system
1 1 1
1 1
* Maximize the Isolation amongst
Re-use Plan the Adjacent Sector by Polarization
N=1
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 68
3. 2. Reuse and Frequency Planning
„ In Theory, LMDS system can achieve a Frequency reuse of N=1

„ Allocated Spectrum to the LMDS Operator, Technical and Operational


considerations are the main Parameters for a Practical Frequency Plan

45°
90°
45°
15°
No Coverage No Coverage
45°

45° Regular Sectorization Mixed Irregular Sectorization

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 69


3. 3. Polarization Deployment in Sectorized Cells
V H V H • Vertical and Horizontal
H H V V H H V V
V H V H Polarization
H V H V
V V H H V V H H
• Isolation Against the
H V H V
V H V H
Adjacent Sector
H H V V H H V V
V H V H
• Improved Frequency
H V H V
V V H H V V H H Re-use Plan
H V H V

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 70


3. 3. Frequency Planning
„ Example :
„ Spectrum Licence : 80 MHz
„ Downlink : 40 MHz, Uplink : 40 MHz
10 MHz 10 MHz 10 MHz 10 MHz

F1 F2 F3 F4

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 71


3. 3. Frequency Planning : Semi-Alternating
Sector Polarization

F1, F3 F2, F4

H V
H V

F2, F4 F1, F3

Downlink Shown :
N ≥2
Uplink Opposite

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 72


3. 3. Frequency Planning : Semi-Alternating
Sector Polarization
?
GROWTH ?
F1, F3

?
H
H V

F2, F4 F1, F3

Downlink Shown :
N ≥2
Uplink Opposite

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 73


3. 3. Frequency Planning : Semi-Alternating
Sector Polarization
„Rule of Odds“
F2, F4
F1, F3 F1, F3
V
V F2, F4
H V
H V

F2, F4 F1, F3

Downlink Shown :
N ≥2
Uplink Opposite

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 74


3. 3. Frequency Planning : Alternating Sector Polarization

F1, F2, F3, F4 F1, F2, F3, F4

H V
V H

F1, F2, F3, F4 F1, F2, F3, F4

Downlink Shown :
N ≥1
Uplink Opposite

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 75


3. 3. Frequency Planning : Alternating Sector Polarization

RANGE
REDUCTION
F1, F2, F3, F4
F1, F2, F3, F4
H V
V H
F1, F2, F3, F4
F1, F2, F3, F4
RANGE
N ≥1 REDUCTION

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 76


3. 3. Frequency Planning : Alternating Sector Polarization

H V H V

V H V H
Range Reduction due to
Horizontal Polarization
H V H V

V H V H

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 77


3. 3. Frequency Planning : Expansion of Alternate
Sector Polarization
Sector Split for
F1, F2, F3, F4 F1, F2, F3, F4 Growth or Capacity
Expansion
V or H ?
F1, F2, F3, F4
H
V or H ?

V H

N ≥ 1 F1, F2, F3, F4 F1, F2, F3, F4 Downlink Shown :


Uplink Opposite
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 78
3. 3. Frequency Planning : Uniform Sector Polarization
Recommend
Sets 1,3 and 2,4
Vs 1,2 and 3,4
F1, F3 F2, F4

V V
N ≥2
V V

F2, F4 F1, F3

Downlink V
Uplink H
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 79
3. 3. Frequency Planning : Expansion of Uniform
Sector Polarization
Sector Split for
F2, F4 Growth or Capacity
Expansion
F1, F3
V

V V F2, F4
N ≥2
V V

F2, F4 F1, F3

Downlink V
Uplink H
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 80
3. 3. Frequency Planning : Expansion of Uniform
Sector Polarization
Sector Split for
F2, F4 Growth or Capacity
F1, F3 Expansion
F1, F3
V „Rule of Odds“
V
V V F2, F4
N ≥2
V V

F2, F4 F1, F3

Downlink V
Uplink H
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 81
3. 3. Frequency Planning : Expansion of Uniform
Sector Polarization F2,F4 Sector Split for
Growth or Capacity
F1, F3
Expansion
F2,F4
F1, F3
V V „Rule of Odds“
V F1, F3
V
V F2,F4
V
N ≥2
V V

F2, F4 F1, F3

Downlink V
Uplink H
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 82
3. 3. Frequency Planning : Expansion of Uniform
Sector Polarization
Sector Split for
F2 Growth or Capacity
+QAM Expansion
F1, F3
+QAM
V
V V F4
N ≥2
V V

F2, F4 F1, F3

Downlink V
Uplink H
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 83
3. 3. Frequency Planning : Physical vs Logical Sectors

2:90° PHYSICAL
F1, F3 F2, F4
2:45° LOGICAL
* Allows Distribution
Of Frequencies throughout
F1, F3 the Sector for planning with
Obstacles

* Provides Possible Overlap


F2, F4 between Adjacent Antenna
Patterns

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 84


3. 3. Frequency Planning : Theoretical Minimum C/N

BER Exp 4-QAM 16-QAM 64-QAM


3 10 16,1 22,5
6 12,3 19,5 25,6
8 13 20 26
10 13,9 21 27
12 14,2 21,5 27,5

Most Vendors and Operators use a BER of 10-6

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 85


3. 3. Frequency Planning : Thermal Margin and
Adjustment for Interference
„ Co-channel interference Modeled as Broadband Noise
‹ This implies that N+I is modeled as a pure thermal noise

„ The amount of interference degrades the system performance


can be expressed as System Loss

„ In LMDS :
‹ Noise Level > Interference Level (Range-Limited or Noise-Limited Syst.)

„ (N-I)dB = Thermal Allowance

„ The System Loss can be derived for different Thermal Allowance


values
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 86
3. 3. Frequency Planning : Calculation of Required C/N

„ C/N + THERMAL = Total C/N

„ BER =1.00E-6
) 4-QAM 13.5 10 23.5 dB
) 16-QAM 20.5 10 30.5 dB
) 64-QAM 26.5 10 36.5 dB

„ BER =1.00E-8
) 4-QAM 15.0 10 35.0 dB
) 16-QAM 21.8 10 31.8 dB
) 64-QAM 28.2 10 38.2 dB

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 87


3. 3. Frequency Planning : 64-QAM C/I Requirements
„ C/N (@ BER=1E-06) = 26.5 dB
„ Thermal 10.0 dB
„ 3 Interferers 05.0 dB
„ Total C/I Required 41.5 dB

„ „5R“ -14 dB or „3R“ -9.5 dB

Required Additional Isolation for in-line Interference Control


27.5 dB or 32.0 dB
„ Mitigation : Earth Curvature
Blocking of interference by natural and man-made obstructions
Significant antenna tilt when low CPE Antenna are considered

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 88


3. 3. Frequency Planning : Intereference
Hub 1 Hub 2 Hub 3

3R Interfering CPE
5R Interfering CPE

Note : Interfer is same Polarisation


© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 89
3. 3. Frequency Planning : C/I Reduction by Distance
„ 3R => 9.5 „ C/I Computation Method :
• +4.5 dB ‹ @ 5R the I = K(5R)-2

„ 5R => 14 ‹ @ R the C = K(R)-2

• +3 dB ‹ Hence the C/I = 10log10(25) =


13.97 dB (approaches 14 dB)
„ 7R => 17
• +2 dB
„ Conclusion : Distance Alone is not
„ 9R => 19 Practical due to Diminishing Returns
• +2 dB and Rapidly Increasing Frequency
„ 11R => 21 Re-used
• +1 dB
„ 13R => 22

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 90


3. 3. Frequency Planning : Antenna Front-to-Back Ratio
HUB 1 HUB 2

CPE1 CPE2

Required C/I (for 64-QAM) = 36.5 dB = Minimum Antenna


Front-to-Back Ratio

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 91


3. 3. Frequency Planning : N=2 Mirror
* Uniform Sector Polarization is
1 2 2 1 1 2 assumed

2 1 1 2 2 1 * 3R Distance :
Co-channel C/I = 9.5 dB

2 1 1 2 2 1 * Nearest Interferers
are marked in Blue
1 2 2 1 1 2
* CPE Antennas are of
1 2 2 2 Narrowbeamwidth : 1.7-2.5°
1 1
2 1 1 2 2 1 * Currently F/B = 40 dB and
sidelobes better than 40 dB

(Also Applies to 8 Sectors/Hub


Site)
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 92
3. 3. Frequency Planning : N=4 Mirror
* Uniform Sector Polarization is
1 2 2 1 1 2 assumed

4 3 3 4 4 3 * 5R Distance :
Co-channel C/I = 14 dB

4 3 3 4 4 3 * Nearest Interferers
are marked in Blue
1 2 2 1 1 2
* CPE Antennas are of
1 2 2 Narrowbeamwidth : 1.7-2.5°
1 1 2
4 3 3 4 4 3 * Currently F/B = 40 dB and
sidelobes better than 40 dB

(Also Applies to 8 Sectors/Hub


Site)
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 93
3. 3. Frequency Planning : Co-channel Deployment
„ Based on field experience, the following are recommendation
to be applied :

„ 1. Deployment of a 64-QAM can be achieved using a minimum


frequency reuse of N=4 and no Polarization Isolation between
sectors

„ 2. Deployment of a 64-QAM can be achieved using a minimum


frequency reuse of N=2 and no Polarization Isolation between
sectors

„ 3. Field conditions may require additional consideration by RF


engineering personnel
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 94
3. 3. Frequency Planning : Adjacent-Channel Interference
„ In addition to co-channel, the Frequency Plan must also combat adjacent-
channel interference

„ Because the modulator has not a sharp cutoff, out-of-band radiation exists

„ Within the same sectors, if adjacent channels are used, a significant amount
of energy spills into adjacent channel (mutual interference)

„ The „Over-the-air“ bandwidth is 4.224 MHz, the occupied BW is 5.28 MHz

„ Noticeable emissions extend out to 8 MHz from the carrier center frequency

„ As a result, about 10.5 MHz of carrier spacing is required to control adjacent-


channel interference
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 95
3. 3. Frequency Planning : LMDS Modulator Performance

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 96


3. 3. Frequency Planning : Adjacent-Channel Interference
„ Bandwidth Terminology
0 dB
Log Magnitude

4.224 MHz

Over The Air


Bandwidth
5.47 MHz
Channel Spacing
Bandwidth

5.28
MHz
Occupied Bandwidth
Frequency

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 97


3. 3. Frequency Planning : Adjacent-Channel Interference
„ Over-the-air Bandwidth (OABW)
‹ OABW = Symbol Rate = 4.224 MHz Upstream

„ Occupied Bandwidth (OCBW)


‹ OCBW = Symbol Rate*(1+Rolloff)
‹ OCBW = 4.224 Mps*1.25 = 5.28 MHz Upstream

„ Channel Spacing Bandwidth (CSBW)


‹ CSBW = OCBW + Carrier Tolerance
‹ CSBW = 5.28 MHz + 8 ppm*24 GHz = (5.28 + 0.192) MHz
‹ CSBW = 5.47 MHz Upstream

„ Actual Channel Spacing Bandwidth


‹ ACSBW = 5 MHz Upstream

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 98


3. 3. Frequency Planning : Adjacent-Channel Interference
„ Deployment of an N >=2 Hub without considering Adjacent Channel
Interference
„ C/I = 41.5 dB (for 2 interfering channels)
„ Calculated with all carriers of equal level
„ 16 frequencies are spread over the 4 sectors

4 1
Sectors 1 & 3 Sectors 2 & 4

F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8

3 2
Carriers are separated by 5 MHz Frequency

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 99


3. 3. Frequency Planning : Adjacent-Channel Interference
„ Deployment of an N >=4 Hub without considering Adjacent Channel
Interference
„ C/I = 41.5 dB (for 2 interfering channels)
„ Calculated with all carriers of equal level
„ 16 frequencies are spread over the 4 sectors

4 1
Sectors 1 Sectors 2...etc

F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8

3 2
Carriers are separated by 5 MHz Frequency

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 10


0
f2 f4 f1 f3 f1 f3 f2 f4 f4 f2 f3 f1 f3 f1 f4 f2
f6 f8 f5 f7 f5 f7 f6 f8 f8 f6 f7 f5 f7 f5 f8 f6

f1 f3 f2 f4 f2 f4 f1 f3 f3 f1 f4 f2 f4 f2 f3 f1
f5 f7 f6 f8 f6 f8 f5 f7 f7 f5 f8 f6 f8 f6 f7 f5

f1 f3 f2 f4 f2 f4 f1 f3 f3 f1 f4 f2 f4 f2 f3 f1
f5 f7 f6 f8 f6 f8 f5 f7 f7 f5 f8 f6 f8 f6 f7 f5

f2 f4 f1 f3 f1 f3 f2 f4 f4 f2 f3 f1 f3 f1 f4 f2
f6 f8 f5 f7 f5 f7 f6 f8 f8 f6 f7 f5 f7 f5 f8 f6

f6 f8 f5 f7 f1 f3 f6 f8 f8 f6 f7 f5 f7 f5 f8 f6
f2 f4 f1 f3 f5 f7 f2 f4 f4 f2 f3 f1 f3 f1 f4 f2

f5 f7 f6 f8 f6 f8 f5 f7 f7 f5 f8 f6 f8 f6 f7 f5
f1 f3 f2 f4 f2 f4 f1 f3 f3 f1 f4 f2 f4 f2 f3 f1

f5 f7 f6 f8 f6 f8 f5 f7 f7 f5 f8 f6 f8 f6 f7 f5
f1 f3 f2 f4 f2 f4 f1 f3 f3 f1 f4 f2 f4 f2 f3 f1

f6 f8 f5 f7 f5 f7 f6 f8 f8 f6 f7 f5 f7 f5 f8 f6
f2 f4 f1 f3 f1 f3 f2 f4 f4 f2 f3 f1 f3 f1 f4 f2

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 10


1
f10 f12 f1 f3 f1 f3 f12 f10 f12 f10 f3 f1 f3 f1 f12 f10
f14 f16 f5 f7 f5 f7 f14 f16 f16 f14 f7 f5 f7 f5 f16 f14

f9 f11 f2 f4 f2 f4 f9 f1 f11 f9 f4 f2 f4 f2 f11 f9


f13 f15 f6 f8 f6 f8 f13 f15 f15 f13 f8 f6 f8 f6 f15 f13

f9 f11 f2 f4 f2 f4 f9 f1 f11 f9 f4 f2 f4 f2 f11 f9


f13 f15 f6 f8 f6 f8 f13 f15 f15 f13 f8 f6 f8 f6 f15 f13
f10 f12 f1 f3 f1 f3 f10 f12 f10 f12 f3 f1 f3 f1 f12 f10
f14 f16 f5 f7 f5 f7 f14 f16 f16 f14 f7 f5 f7 f5 f16 f14
f14 f16 f5 f7 f5 f7 f14 f16 f16 f14 f7 f5 f7 f5 f16 f14
f10 f12 f1 f3 f1 f3 f10 f12 f12 f10 f3 f1 f3 f1 f12 f10

f13 f15 f6 f8 f6 f8 f13 f15 f15 f13 f8 f6 f8 f6 f15 f13


f9 f11 f2 f4 f2 f4 f9 f11 f11 f9 f4 f2 f4 f2 f11 f9
f13 f15 f6 f8 f6 f8 f13 f15 f15 f13 f8 f6 f8 f6 f15 f13
f9 f11 f2 f4 f2 f4 f9 f11 f11 f9 f4 f2 f4 f2 f11 f9

f14 f16 f5 f7 f5 f7 f14 f16 f16 f14 f7 f5 f7 f5 f16 f14


f10 f12 f1 f3 f1 f3 f10 f12 f12 f10 f3 f1 f3 f1 f12 f10

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 10


2
4 SECTOR HUB
4 F1 f3
1 N ≥ 2 (4/16QAM)
f8
f6 f5 C/1=54 dB(2 Interfering Channels)
F4
f7
f2 C/1=47 dB(10 Interfering Channels)
F2
F7 Symbol Rate =4,224 Ms/s
f4
Note:Calculated with all carriers of equal level
f5 f6
f3 f1 f8
3
F1 F3 F5 F7
2

Sectors 1&3 Frequency

F2 F4 F6 F8

Sectors 2&4
Frequency

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 10


3
4 1
f10 F1 f3
4 SECTOR HUB
f12
F14 f5
f7 N ≥ 4(64 QAM)
f16 C/1=54 dB(2 Interfering Channels)
F2
F9 C/1=47 dB(10 Interfering Channels)
f4
Symbol Rate =4,224 Ms/s
f11 f15 f6
f8 Note: Calculated with all carriers of equal level
3 f13 2
Sector 1 f1 f3 f5 f7 f9 f11 f13 f15
Sector 3

Sector 2 f2 f4 f6 f8 f10 f12 f14 f16 Sector4

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 10


4
Selectivity deploy the carriers at the edge of the sector.

Set frequencies such that short hops in the overlapping


region have adjacent carriers to those of long hops in sector 1

Sector Set receive levels at minimum for availability.


f1 1
This technique ensures higher wanted to unwanted RSL.
f3
This technique is used only when C/I for the interfering hop
f5 in the overlap region is not significantly degraded
by reducing its receive signal level.
Future sector deployment must be considered.
f7
Sector
f1
1
f2

f8 f2
f6 f4 Sector 1 90 degree Sector
Antenna pattern 2
Sector Falls into Sector 2
2

© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 10


5

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