Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hub to Customers
(PMP)
Vendors :
Nortel, Alcatel, Ericsson, etc…
Operators : FirstMark
Communications, Star One, Viag
Interkom, Formus Communications
Inc., Teligent, etc.
DS-1 : Digital Service Level 1 is a 1.544 Mbps in North America (T-1) and
2.048 Mbps elswhere (E-1). T-1 is an old Bell System standard. E-1 is an ITU-
T standard.
10 Base-T : Ethernet LAN which works on twisted pair wiring. The maximum
length of a 10 Base-T is 100 m running on unshielded twisted pairs
100 Base-T : handle 100 Mbps, B stands for baseband and T stands for Trunk.
In short, 100 Base-T is a 100 Mbps LAN by the generic name of Fast Ethernet
-1.04 dB
-62.7 dB
In this scenario Tx-Rx separation is 700 MHz, or 1.8% of the carrier frequency
TDD Systems are more flexible in that they can be deployed with as little as one
channel of available spectrum
For example : Wavtrace‘s system uses 8.33 MHz
With TDD, the FDD problems of Tx-Rx pairing and spacing are eliminated,
letting the Operator flexibility to deploy with contiguous or non-contiguous
spectral blocks
TDD is flexible in that the symmetric and asymmetric links are both supported
with spectrum efficiency
For symmetric links, the Up and Down link duration is equivalent
With TDD, only one carrier is used. There is no need to manage the realloation
of bandwidth for the duplex carrier, as would be the case with an equivalent
FDD link
Dynamic bandwidth allocation between up and downlink occurs on a single RF
carrier with fixed occupied bandwidth
As a result, frequency re-use is enhanced and planning is significantly simplified
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 23
FDD : Duplexer
Duplexer is the element that provides Tx-Rx isolation in an FDD Radio System
Duplexer : Three Port device consisting of two bandpass (BP) and an impedance
transforming circuit to allow both filters to connect to a common antenna port
The filter in the Receive path attenuates the Transmit energy incident at the antenna port
• Prevents receiver front-end overload and/or damage depending on the Transmit level
The filter in the Transmit path attenuates the energy at the receive frequency
present on the transmit carrier
Both filters also provide suppression of out-of-band spurious signals
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 24
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 25
Frequency Re-Use and Planning
For a given spectral block and occupied Bandwidth, use of TDD provides twice
the number of channels for the re-use pool
FDD Links require two channels per link, as opposed to the TDD
A larger pool of Channels means simpler and more efficient re-use planning
Eliminates the need for high co-channel Beam Isolation within a Hub
With Asymmetric TDD Links, simultaneous Transmit and Receive operation will
exist within a Hub, thus reducing the re-use relative to the Symmetric case
WLL Sector 1
Tx/Rx
Sector 2
Tx/Rx
Frequency
O/E Translation,
Power, etc... Sector 3
E/O Tx/Rx
Analogue Fiber
Backbone Sector 4
25 km Max. Tx/Rx
Base Station
Network Microwave Equipment
Most System Operators use TDMA and FDMA Approaches for the
Upstream connection
TDM
FDMA 1
Base
Station
FDMA 2
FDMA 4
TDM
Base
Station
FDMA 1
Shared TDMA
TDMA
Large Downstream Data Requirements
Low Upstream Data Requirements
Bursty behavior in the Upstream
Multiple Customer share the same modem (or channel), for Internet
for example
Allows for bursty response, no request for slots unless necessary
Example
Operator wishes to serve 6-storey building
Each Storey contains 20 offices : 120 in total
Traffic Estimate is necessary (done by the operator)
Choice depends upon the expected burstiness of the customer
FDMA Link Modulations are rated regarding the amount of required BW for a
2 Mbps constant bite rate (CBR) connection
The Modulation Options for FDMA and TDMA access methods are almost
the same
DataRate
Maximum Number of Customer Premise Sites
64-QAM 5 bits/Hz
Solution :
) Capacity = 5 ×1.5 = 7.5 Mbps per Customer Site
) There are 250/5 = 50 Links ⇒ 375 Mbps of Total Upstream
Capacity. The Downstream Capacity is also 375 Mbps if a 4-
QAM Modulation is used
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 43
2. 8. System Capacity - FDMA Access (4/6)
Exercise
Given 1300 MHz of useable Spectrum
Reuse of 2
Assumption of Symmetric Upstream and Downstream links
Each Customer Premise Site uses 5 MHz FDMA Links at :
) 16-QAM
) 64-QAM
64-QAM used for shorter links due to the high values for the minimum
required receive power (high C/N Requirements)
64-QAM is therefore used for high bit rate requirements and for very close
customers to the Base Station
Maximum Availability
) Different customers are located within different ranges, it is interesting
to know what figure of link availability (in percent of time) they might
expect.
Power Requirements
) Link Budgets help define what amount of power reduction (or
increase) on a given link is necessary to keep a balanced availability.
Rain
By far, the additional attenuation due to rain is the controlling factor for
Frequencies > 20 GHz, even for short ranges
Extensive Rain Effects investigations published by the ITU-R
Rain affects Polarization of Microwaves : Horizontal Polarized waves
experience slightly higher losses than vertically polarized waves
r = (90)/(90+4D)
If the D = 2 km, then Dreal = D×r = 2 × 90/98 = 1.836 km
The Attenuation due to rain is : Arain = AdB/km × Dreal
) Numerical Result : Arain = 0.715 × 1.836 = 1.31 dB
300 AH 335 AV
AV (dB) = AH (dB) =
335 + AH 300 − AV
We can easily notice that : AH > AV
% A B C D E F G H J K L M N P Q
1.0 0.1 0.5 0.7 2.1 0.6 1.7 3 2 8 1.8 2 4 5 12 24
0.1 2 3 5 8 6 8 12 10 20 12 15 22 35 65 72
0.03 5 6 9 13 12 15 20 18 28 23 33 40 65 105 96
B D E F K M N CNR CTB
Modulation
) Desired Range : 4 km
) Polarisation : Vertical
Question :
) Compute the FSL in dB
) What is the expected rain attenuation ?
MFM
−
0.0001× ctFD 310 10
T=
3600
Receiver
Noise Figure
) Overall RF Receiver Sensitivity is established by the Noise Figure
) Typical value of 6.5 dB @ 28 GHz is quite common
45°
90°
45°
15°
No Coverage No Coverage
45°
F1 F2 F3 F4
F1, F3 F2, F4
H V
H V
F2, F4 F1, F3
Downlink Shown :
N ≥2
Uplink Opposite
?
H
H V
F2, F4 F1, F3
Downlink Shown :
N ≥2
Uplink Opposite
F2, F4 F1, F3
Downlink Shown :
N ≥2
Uplink Opposite
H V
V H
Downlink Shown :
N ≥1
Uplink Opposite
RANGE
REDUCTION
F1, F2, F3, F4
F1, F2, F3, F4
H V
V H
F1, F2, F3, F4
F1, F2, F3, F4
RANGE
N ≥1 REDUCTION
H V H V
V H V H
Range Reduction due to
Horizontal Polarization
H V H V
V H V H
V H
V V
N ≥2
V V
F2, F4 F1, F3
Downlink V
Uplink H
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 79
3. 3. Frequency Planning : Expansion of Uniform
Sector Polarization
Sector Split for
F2, F4 Growth or Capacity
Expansion
F1, F3
V
V V F2, F4
N ≥2
V V
F2, F4 F1, F3
Downlink V
Uplink H
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 80
3. 3. Frequency Planning : Expansion of Uniform
Sector Polarization
Sector Split for
F2, F4 Growth or Capacity
F1, F3 Expansion
F1, F3
V „Rule of Odds“
V
V V F2, F4
N ≥2
V V
F2, F4 F1, F3
Downlink V
Uplink H
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 81
3. 3. Frequency Planning : Expansion of Uniform
Sector Polarization F2,F4 Sector Split for
Growth or Capacity
F1, F3
Expansion
F2,F4
F1, F3
V V „Rule of Odds“
V F1, F3
V
V F2,F4
V
N ≥2
V V
F2, F4 F1, F3
Downlink V
Uplink H
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 82
3. 3. Frequency Planning : Expansion of Uniform
Sector Polarization
Sector Split for
F2 Growth or Capacity
+QAM Expansion
F1, F3
+QAM
V
V V F4
N ≥2
V V
F2, F4 F1, F3
Downlink V
Uplink H
© Cirta Consulting LLC 1999-2003 83
3. 3. Frequency Planning : Physical vs Logical Sectors
2:90° PHYSICAL
F1, F3 F2, F4
2:45° LOGICAL
* Allows Distribution
Of Frequencies throughout
F1, F3 the Sector for planning with
Obstacles
In LMDS :
Noise Level > Interference Level (Range-Limited or Noise-Limited Syst.)
BER =1.00E-6
) 4-QAM 13.5 10 23.5 dB
) 16-QAM 20.5 10 30.5 dB
) 64-QAM 26.5 10 36.5 dB
BER =1.00E-8
) 4-QAM 15.0 10 35.0 dB
) 16-QAM 21.8 10 31.8 dB
) 64-QAM 28.2 10 38.2 dB
3R Interfering CPE
5R Interfering CPE
CPE1 CPE2
2 1 1 2 2 1 * 3R Distance :
Co-channel C/I = 9.5 dB
2 1 1 2 2 1 * Nearest Interferers
are marked in Blue
1 2 2 1 1 2
* CPE Antennas are of
1 2 2 2 Narrowbeamwidth : 1.7-2.5°
1 1
2 1 1 2 2 1 * Currently F/B = 40 dB and
sidelobes better than 40 dB
4 3 3 4 4 3 * 5R Distance :
Co-channel C/I = 14 dB
4 3 3 4 4 3 * Nearest Interferers
are marked in Blue
1 2 2 1 1 2
* CPE Antennas are of
1 2 2 Narrowbeamwidth : 1.7-2.5°
1 1 2
4 3 3 4 4 3 * Currently F/B = 40 dB and
sidelobes better than 40 dB
Because the modulator has not a sharp cutoff, out-of-band radiation exists
Within the same sectors, if adjacent channels are used, a significant amount
of energy spills into adjacent channel (mutual interference)
Noticeable emissions extend out to 8 MHz from the carrier center frequency
4.224 MHz
5.28
MHz
Occupied Bandwidth
Frequency
4 1
Sectors 1 & 3 Sectors 2 & 4
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8
3 2
Carriers are separated by 5 MHz Frequency
4 1
Sectors 1 Sectors 2...etc
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8
3 2
Carriers are separated by 5 MHz Frequency
f1 f3 f2 f4 f2 f4 f1 f3 f3 f1 f4 f2 f4 f2 f3 f1
f5 f7 f6 f8 f6 f8 f5 f7 f7 f5 f8 f6 f8 f6 f7 f5
f1 f3 f2 f4 f2 f4 f1 f3 f3 f1 f4 f2 f4 f2 f3 f1
f5 f7 f6 f8 f6 f8 f5 f7 f7 f5 f8 f6 f8 f6 f7 f5
f2 f4 f1 f3 f1 f3 f2 f4 f4 f2 f3 f1 f3 f1 f4 f2
f6 f8 f5 f7 f5 f7 f6 f8 f8 f6 f7 f5 f7 f5 f8 f6
f6 f8 f5 f7 f1 f3 f6 f8 f8 f6 f7 f5 f7 f5 f8 f6
f2 f4 f1 f3 f5 f7 f2 f4 f4 f2 f3 f1 f3 f1 f4 f2
f5 f7 f6 f8 f6 f8 f5 f7 f7 f5 f8 f6 f8 f6 f7 f5
f1 f3 f2 f4 f2 f4 f1 f3 f3 f1 f4 f2 f4 f2 f3 f1
f5 f7 f6 f8 f6 f8 f5 f7 f7 f5 f8 f6 f8 f6 f7 f5
f1 f3 f2 f4 f2 f4 f1 f3 f3 f1 f4 f2 f4 f2 f3 f1
f6 f8 f5 f7 f5 f7 f6 f8 f8 f6 f7 f5 f7 f5 f8 f6
f2 f4 f1 f3 f1 f3 f2 f4 f4 f2 f3 f1 f3 f1 f4 f2
F2 F4 F6 F8
Sectors 2&4
Frequency
f8 f2
f6 f4 Sector 1 90 degree Sector
Antenna pattern 2
Sector Falls into Sector 2
2