Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Class-XI
Sanjeet Singh
IIT(ISM), Dhanbad
Sanjeet Singh
IIT(ISM), Dhanbad
1
SL. No.
Contents
Page No.
7
1.
2.
Vectors
3.
4.
5.
6.
Friction
7.
8.
9.
10.
Gravitation
11.
Properties of Matter
12.
13.
Waves
8-9
9-10
11-14
15-16
16
17-20
21-23
24-26
27-29
30-38
39-45
46-51
52
53
Dedicated to my parents to
whom I am an integral part
Mechanics
Units, Dimensions and Measurements
(i)
SI Units:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(ii)
n1u1 = n 2 u 2
a
M L T
or , n 2 n1 1 1 1
M 2 L2 T2
x1 x 2 ........ x N
N
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
X
Fractional error
X
X
Percentage error=
100
X
Combination of error: If
X aY b
, then maximum fractional error in
Zc
f is:
f
X
Y
Z
a
b
c
f
X
Y
Z
(ix) Least Count of an instrument: L.C. 1 m.s.d- 1 v.s.d
[e.g., if 10 div. of vernier scale coincide with 9 div. of main scale, then L.C. =
1
0.11 m.s.d=0.1 mm ]
10
6
Vectors
A2 B2 2 AB cos
A
(2) Unit Vector: A=
A
(3) Magnitude: A
Ax 2 Ay 2 Az 2
Ay
Az
, cos A , cos = A
Ax
A
(a) Component of A along B A.B
Ay
Ax
(a) A. B = ABcos
(b) A. B = A x Bx +A y By +Az Bz
(a) A B AB sin n
(b)
A A 0
i
j k
(c) A B A x Ay Az
Bx By Bz
(8) Examples:
(a) W F .s
(f) r F
(b) P F .v
(c) E E. A
(g) Fm q v B
(h) K.E=
(d) B B. A
(e) v r
1
2 1
1
m v m v .v mv 2
2
2
2
1
A B
2
j k
x
y
z
Problem Tricks:
(i) Two vectors will be perpendicular to each other if their dot product be zero.
(ii) Two vectors will be parallel if their cross product be zero.
s1 s2
t1 t2
v1 v2
(a) If s1 s2 d , then v=
2v1v2
= Harmonic mean
v1 v2
v1 v2
= arithmetic mean
2
(b) If t1 t2 , then v=
r2 r1
; (b) v avg v
t2 t1
dr
v2 v1
t2 t1
dv
dt
In 1D, a=
dv dv
v
dt dx
(b) S ut
1 2
at
2
(c) v 2 u 2 2aS
a
2n 1
2
u
u2
and t
g
2g
2h
g
(10) If an object is thrown upwards with velocity u from top of a building and another object is thrown
downwards with same velocity from the same point, then both reach the ground with the same velocity, if
air resistance is neglected.
(11) A ball is dropped from a building of height h and it reaches after t second on earth. From the same
building if two balls are thrown (one upwards and other downwards) with the same velocity u and they
reach the earth surface after t1 and t2 second respectively, then t t1t2 , if the air resistance is neglected.
(12) A particle is dropped vertically from rest from a height. The time taken by it to fall through
successive distance of 1 m each will then be in the ratio of the difference in the square root of the integer
i.e.
1,
2 1 ,
3 2 ,
4 3 ....
(13) When particle covers one third of a distance at speed v1 , next one third at speed v2 and last one third
at speed v3 , then vav
3v1v2v3
.
v1v2 v2v3 v3v1
v2
2
r
r
(b) a
mv 2
r
(d) r .v 0
(e) v.a 0
(c) F
v2
rg
s rg
tan
v2
rg
v2
rg
v gdr / 2h
v2
(a) Centripetal acceleration, a r
r
(b) Tangential acceleration, a t
(c) Resultant acceleration: a=
dv
dt
2
r
at 2
(4) If the speed of the particle changes, the particle experiences a tangential force Ft m
with the centripetal force. So the net force on the particle is given by, F FC Ft .
2
10
dv
along
dt
FC
Ft
(6) When a particle is moving over a convex bridge, the maximum velocity is v rg , where r is
the radius of the road.
(7) When the particle is at the maximum height, the reaction of the road is N1 mg
mv 2
.
r
mv 2
When the vehicle is moving in a dip B, N 2 mg
.
r
VB gl
(b) Condition for oscillation:
VA 2 gl
(5) Relative velocity: VBA VB VA
2 gl VA 5gl
VR VW 2 Vb 2
(ii)
tan 1 Vw Vb
(iii)
X
t (it is minimum)
Vb
(iv)
Vw
X
Vb
11
5gl ;
x
vb cos
gx 2
x x2
2
2
2u cos
2u sin
g
u 2 sin 2
u 2 sin 2
2g
and 90
gT 2
2R
H g
(i) 2
T 8
(h) tan
2h
g
2h
g
gx 2
2
2u
(c) y h
1
(e) Angle at which projectiles strikes the ground, tan
12
2 gh
u
2u sin
g cos
2u 2 cos sin
g cos 2
[Note: The particle is projected with speed u at an angle to the horizontal on an inclined
surface making an angle to the horizontal.]
(11) Kinetic energy at the highest point is E cos 2 .
(12) Linear momentum at the highest point is p cos .
13
sin
Q
R
sin sin
dp
dt
2
(14) Impulse: p F t and p2 p1 Fdt
1
m
F F21 In vector form, F12 F21
M m
F
M m
F
a
F FR 2
g GM
(18) Non inertial frame: If a0 be the acceleration of frame, then pseudo force F ma0 . Example:
mv 2
m 2 r
Centrifugal force =
r
(19) Lift problems: Apparent weight= M g a0 [+ve sign is used when lift is moving up while ve
sign when lift is moving down]
14
m2
g
m1 m2
m1m2
g
m1 m2
20(a)
m m1
(b) Acceleration of the system: a 2
g
m2 m1
Tension in the string: T
2m1m2
g
m1 m2
20(b)
Friction
f s max s N
(c) k s
(2) Acceleration on a horizontal plane: a = F k N / M
(3) Acceleration of a body sliding on an inclined plane: a = gsin 1 k cot
Fig. (2)
Mg
Fig. (4)
Fig. (3)
15
2 1
t2 t1
2 and t T
2
T
dt
2 1
t2 t1
v =r
2
d d
2
dt dt
v2
2
R
r
(a) ar r and aR
2
2
(b) Resultant acceleration, a aT aR
1
2
(a) 0 t
(b) 0t t 2
(c) 2 0 2 2
m1 x1 m2 x2
m1 m2
(b) VCM
m1v1 m2v2
m1 m2
dx CM
d 2 x CM
and a CM
Also, VCM
dt
dt 2
16
(c) aCM
m1a1 m2 a2
m1 m2
(a) XCM
m x
(f) Fext Ma Cm
drCM
(c) vCM
dt
m r
(b) rCM
i i
i i
dvCM
(d) a CM
dt
m v
i i
m a F . If F
i i
ext
m r 0 or, m r m r
i i
11
2 2
I
; (b) K
M
2
1
1 2
2K
I or, I 2
2
(13) Angular momentum: (a) L r p ; (b) L rp sin ; (c) L= mvr
dL
(15) Relation between and L:
;
dt
1 2 L2
(16) Relation between L and I: (a) L I ; (b) K I
2
2I
(17) Relation between and :
(a) I
(b) If 0 , then
dL
0 or, L constant or, I constant i.e. I11 I 22
dt
17
axis ;
1
MR 2 (Diameter)
2
3
MR 2 (Tangential to rim and parallel to diameter)
2
1
1
MR 2 (axis); I MR 2 (diameter)
2
4
(c) Cylinder: I
1
MR 2 (axis)
2
1
1
ML2 (about centre); I ML2 (about one end)
12
3
(g) Rectangular: I C
(h) Cube: I
2
5
MR 2 ; I tangential MR 2
3
3
2
7
MR 2 ; I tangential MR 2
5
5
M l 2 b2
12
(centre)
1
Ma 2
6
1
M R12 R2 2
2
3
MR 2
10
1
Mh 2 (about base axis)
6
18
1
1
Ma 2 (about minor axis) and I Mb 2 (about major axis)
4
4
1
1 2 1
K2
2
2
K MV I MV 1 2 ( V=R and I=MK 2 )
2
2
2
R
For inclined plane
(a) Velocity at the bottom, v =
(b) Acceleration, a =
2 gh
K2
1 2
R
gsin
K2
1 2
r
K2
2s 1 2
R
l
g
I
2
2
, where l M K l
Mgl
2K
g
3R
2g
1.414 R
g
19
2L
3g
X2
X1
F . dr
path 1
F . dr
path 2
F . dr 0
closed path
dU
dX
U
;
(c)
GMm
R h
1 2
1
kx ; (b) U K x2 2 x12
2
2
1
1
m v f 2 vi 2 ; (b) K mv 2
2
2
K U
or , K f U f K i U i
In an isolated system, Etotal constant
dw
P
F
.v
;
(b)
dt
P
v
dU
0
dx
dU
dx
20
0 and
d 2U
2
dx
is positive.
dU
dx
d 2U
0
and
2 is negative.
dx
d 2U
dU
(d) For neutral equilibrium: U ( x) constant,
0 and 2 is zero.
dx
dx
(12) Velocity of a particle in terms of U(x): v =
2
E U ( x)
m
(13) Momentum:
dp
dt
(a) p mv ; (b) F
mB
VB
mG
m m2
2m2
2m1
m2 m1
v1 1
u1
u2 ; v2
u1
u2
m1 m2
m2 m1
m1 m2
m2 m1
(e) If m1 m2 m , then v1 u2 and v2 u1 .
v2 v1
u1 u2
(g) e 1 for perfectly elastic collisions and e 0 for perfectly inelastic collision. For inelastic
collision 0 e 1
21
2
2
(b) Total distance travelled when the ball finally comes to rest, s h0 1 e / 1 e
2h0
g
1 e
1 e
Klost Ki K f
1 m1m2
2
u1 u2 (1 e2 )
2 m1 m2
m em2
m1 (1 e)
v1 1
u1
u1 ; v2
m1 m2
m1 m2
(18) Loss of K.E. in elastic collision:
For the first incident particle
2
m m2
Klost
Klost
4m1m2
1
; If m1 m2 ,
100%
and
2
Ki m1 m2
Ki
Ki
(m1 m2 )
Kf
vmax rmax
vmin rmin
Ii
If
22
k
x or, a 2 x, where = k / m
m
d 2x
2x 0
2
dt
(a) If 0 , x A sin t
2
2
(c) If x C sin t D cos t , then x A sin(t ) with A C D and tan ( D / C )
(4) Velocity:
(a) v A cos(t )
(b) If 0 , v A cos t
2
2
(d) v A x
(e)
(c) vmax A
x2
v2
1
A2 2 A2
(5) Acceleration:
(a) a x A sin(t )
(b) If 0 , a 2 A sin t
2
(c) amax A
(d) Fmax m 2 A
(b) f
1
2
k/m
(c) T 2
m
k
1 2
kx
2
(b) F
dU
dx
(c) U max
23
1
m 2 A2
2
(d) U
1
m 2 A2 sin 2 t
2
Kinetic Energy:
(a) K
1 2
mv
2
(b) K
(c) K
1
m 2 A2 cos 2 t
2
(d) K max
1
m 2 A2 x 2
2
1
m 2 A2
2
(b) E
1
m 2 A2
2
1
m 2 A2
4
(b) K
1
m 2 A2
4
(c) ( E / 2) U K
v12 v2 2
x2 2 x12
x2 2 x12
v12 v2 2
(b) T 2
(c) A
(v1 x2 )2 (v2 x1 ) 2
v12 v2 2
x
m
2 0
k
g
T 2
m (ms / 3)
k
(b) T
T0
(c) f n f 0
n 1
k ;
n
(d) If spring is cur into two pieces of lengths l1 and l2 such that l1 nl2 , then k1
24
(c) If T1 2
T1T2
T T2
2
1
m
k1 k2
(b) T 2
m
m
1
1
1
and T2 2
, then for parallel combination:
2 2
2
k1
k2
T
T1 T2
or,
and 2 12 2 2
1 1 1
k k1 k2
(b)
2
1
T 2
l
g
25
or, T 2 T12 T2 2
(c) T 2
m(k1 k2 )
k1k2
Gravitation
Mm
dF
2dr
11
2
2
; (b) a = 6.67 10 K .m / kg ; (c)
2
r
F
r
GM
; (b) Weight, W=mg
R2
(3) Variation of g:
(a) Due to shape: gequator < g pole
(b) Due to rotation of earth: (i) g pole
(iii)
(v)
GM
GM
(no effect) (ii) gequator 2 2 R
2
R
R
2 R 0.034 m/s2
T0 24
h 1.4h, then object would float on equator
17 17
If 170 or, T=
2h
, if h<<R
g
d
(d) At a depth of below earths surface: g g 1
R
(4) Acceleration on moon: g m
GM m 1
gearth
Rm 2
6
GM
GM
r (outside) ; (b) g 3 rr (inside)
2
r
R
GMm
r
GMm
R
26
dU
dR
GM
r
GMm
r
r12
r13
r23
2GM
R
or, Ve 2 gR gD
8 G
3
(b) Ve R
h=
Ve /V
-1
or, V= Ve
h
h
= Ve
(if h<<R)
R+h
R
GM
R
; (b) V0 Ve
; (c) V0 Ve / 2 (if h<<R)
r
2( R h)
R h
GM
; (b) T 2
1
1 GMm
mv0 2
2
2 r
GMm
2 K
r
R
(if h<<R)
g
1 GMm
2 r
27
1 GMm
2 r
2
(15) Geosynchronous satellite: (a) T=24 hours; (b) T
4 2
3
R h
GM
1/3
GMT 2
R ; (d) h 36,000 km
(c) h
2
4
(16) Keplers law:
(a) Law of orbits: Orbits are elliptical
(b) Law of areas: Equal area is swept in equal time
4 2
GM
2
3
2
(c) Law of period: T r ; T
3
r
28
Surface Tension
(1) (a) T
Force F
surface energy W
; (b) T
Length l
Surface area
A
(b) Ei n 4 r 2T , E f 4 R 2T ,
1
r
E
1
1 1/3
Ei n
/ Ei n 1/3 ,
1
3T 1 1
3T
or,
s r R
sJ
1 1
r R
Fcohesive
Fcohesive
2
Fcohesive
2
FC
(b) Obtuse: If Fa
FC
(c) C 90 ; If Fa
(d) cos c
FC
2
Tsa Tsl
, (where Tsa , Tsl and Tla represent solid-air, solid-liquid and liquid-air
Tla
surface tensions respectively). Here C is acute if Tsl Tsa , while C is obtuse if Tsl Tsa .
(6) Excess pressure:
29
1 1
R1 R2
2T
R
2T
R
4T
R
1
r
1
r
(a) P T
(b) F AT
2T
and F= 2AT/d
d
rR
R- r
2T cos
rdg
(b) h
2T
(For water 0 )
rdg
rdg h
3
2T cos
rdg
30
R3 R12 R2 2 .
Elasticity
(1) Stress: (a) Stress = Deforming force/cross-sectional area
F
2
r
F
A
L
L
V
V
or, Y=
or, =
F
A
(4) Compressibility: K
FL
A(L)
1
B
31
or, B=-
P
(V / V )
1 MgL 1 L2 g
2 YA
2 Y
CP
)
CV
Restoring
Couple
per
unit
twist,
c r 4 / 2l (for
solid
cylinder)
1
1
1 stress
2
volume
(a) W stress strain volume = Y strain volume =
2
2
2
Y
2
1
stress strain volume
2
Wl 3
(rectangular)
4Ybd 3
(b) Depression,
Wl 3
(cylindrical)
12Y r 2
D r
D
r
1
stress strain
2
and
lateral strain
r / r
longitudinal strain L / L
(b) Y 2 1
(c)
1
1
1
Y 9 B 3
(13) Interatomic force constant: k Yr0 ( r0 is the equilibrium inter atomic separation)
Avogadros
principle:
At
constant
temperature
and
pressure,
Volume
of
gas,
V number of moles,
Where,
= N/Na N number of molecules in the sample and N A Avogadro's number =6.02 1023 / mole
(5) Kinetic Theory:
(a) Momentum delivered to the wall perpendicular to the X-axis, P = 2mv x
(b) Time taken between two successive collisions on the same wall by the same molecules:
t 2L/Vx
(c) The frequency of collision: Vcoll. Vx /2L
(d) Total force exerted on the wall by collision of various molecules: F MN / L <Vx 2 >
(e) The pressure on the wall: P=
mN
mN
1 mN
1
<Vx 2 > =
<V 2 > =
Vrms 2 = Vrms 2
V
3V
3 V
3
33
(a) Vrms
2
1
(b) V
3P
(c) V
3KT
m
(d) Vrms
(e)
+V2 2 +.....+VN 2 /N
Vrms 1
Vrms 2
3RT
M
m2
m1
M2
M1
1
3
Mv 2rms RT
2
2
(b)
1
3
mv2rms KT
2
2
3
KT
2
3
RT
2
3 RT
2 M
m 2 2 mv2 2 KT
(a) n v 4 N
ve
2 KT
(b) The average speed: v
8KT
8RT
RT
1.60
m
m
M
3kT
3RT
RT
1.73
m
M
M
34
2 KT
2 RT
RT
1.41
m
M
M
(ii) v p : v : vrms 2 :
8 / :
3 1.41:1.60 :1.73
3
RT (for one mole)
2
3
nRT for n mole
2
2E 2
E
3V 3
f
nRT ; where f is the degrees of freedom.
2
(11) Daltons law: The pressure exerted by a mixture of perfect gases is the sum of the pressures exerted
by the individual gases occupying the same volume alone i.e. P P1 P2 P3 .........
(12) Vander Walls gas equation:
(a) P a
n2
V nb nRT
V2
3
a
8a
, VC 3b , TC
2
27b
27 Rb
35
(d)
PCVC 3
0.375
RTC 8
1
2 d 2 n
Where n N / V = number of gas molecule per unit volume and d= diameter of molecules of
the gas.
Fluid Mechanics
(1)
The viscous force between two layers of area A having velocity gradient (dv/dx) is given by:
V=
pr 4
p
p
4
8l
8l / r
R
Where
is the pressure difference between two ends of the capillary and R is the fluid resistance
(= 8l / r ).
4
(6) The matter which possess the property of flowing is called as FLUID (For example, gases and liquids)
(7) Pressure exerted by a column of liquid of height h is: P gh ( =density of the liquid)
(8) Pressure at a point within the liquid, P P0 gh , where P0 is atmospheric pressure and h is the
depth of point w.r.t. free surface of liquid.
36
1 2
v constant
2
ax
g
(15) Volume of liquid flowing per second through a tube: R a1v1 a2v2
2gh
a a2 2
2
1
(16) Velocity of efflux of liquid from a hole: v = 2gh , where h is the depth of a hole from the free
surface of liquid.
37
1. L2 L1 L1 T2 T1 ; A2 A1 A1 T2 T1 ; V2 V1 V1 T2 T1
Where, L1, A1, V1 are the length area and volume at temperature T 1; and L2, A2, V2 are that at
temperature T2. represents the coefficient of linear expansion, the coefficient of superficial
expansion and
C F 32 K 273 R
5
9
5
4
(c) C
5
F 32
9
(e) K
5
F 459.4
9
(b) F
9
C 32
5
(d) K C 273
P
Kelvin
Ptriple
11. WATER EQUIVALENT of a body is numerically equal to the product of its mass and specific heat
i.e. W= mc
12. When the state of matter changes, the heat absorbed or evolved is given by: Q= mL, where L is called
LATENT HEAT.
13. In case of gases, there are two types of specific heats i.e. CP and CV [Cp= specific heat at constant
pressure and CV= specific heat at constant volume]. Molar specific heats of a gas are: C P= Mcp and CV=
McV, where M= molecular weight of the gas.
14. CP >CV and according to Mayers formula CP CV = R
15. For all thermodynamic processes, equation of state for an ideal gas: PV= nRT.
(a) For ISOBARIC process: P = constant ;
V
constant
T
P
constant
T
nR(T1 -T2 )
(P V -P V )
= 1 1 2 2
(-1)
(-1)
R(T2 T1 )
( 1)
3
RT (for one mole)
2
(b) U =
3
nRT (for n mole)
2
40
3
nRT (for n mole)
2
(c) U =
(d) CV
1 U
n T
3
R
2
(e) CP CV R
3
5
RR R
2
2
5
R
CP 2 5
(f)
1.67
CV 3 R 3
2
23. Internal energy and specific heats of a diatomic gas:
(a) U
5
nRT
2
(b) U
(c) CV
5
nRT
2
1 U 5
R
T 2
(d) CP CV R
CP
CV
(e)
5
7
RR R
2
2
7R 2 7
5R 1.4
2 5
CV
n1M1 n2 M 2 N1m1 N 2 m2
n1 n2
N1 N 2
n1CV1 n2CV2
n1 n2
and CP
n1CP1 n2CP2
n1 n2
41
nR T2 T1
Cp
Cv
, Q 0 , U nCV T2 T1 , Q 0 ,
2
; where f is the degree of freedom.
f
C p R / 1
(g) For cyclic process: U 0, Q W
(h) For free expansion: U 0, Q 0, W 0
(i) For polytropic process: W nR T2 T1 /1- n , Q nC T2 T1 , PV constant and
n
R
R
1 1 n
Q2 Q2 T2
,
Q1 Q1 T1
Q2
T2
Heat absorbed from cold reservoir Q2
t , where K is coefficient of
x
thermal conductivity, A is the area of cross section, is the difference in temperature, t is the
time of heat flow and x is separation between two ends.
26. The amount of heat transmitted is given by: Q KA
d
KA
K11 / d1 K 22 / d2
K1 / d1 K2 / d2
A 1 2
Q
t d1 / K1 d 2 / K 2
RTH
d1
d
2 RTh 1 RTh 2
K1 A K 2 A
29.
d1 d 2
d1 / K1 d2 / K2
Qa
Q0
Qr
Q0
Qt
Q0
Q
At (d )
e
; 0 1
E
43
Qa
Q0
4
4
For a black body: E T T0
4
4
For a body: e T T0
dQ
A 4 0 4
dt
dQ / dt 1
dQ / dt 2
r12
r2 2
d A 4
A 4
04
04
dt
ms
V s
d / dt 1
d / dt 2
A1 V2 r2
A2 V1 r1
d
K 0 or, 0 e KT
dt
T
d
e
d
5
5
1/2
R
S R
(o) Solar Constant: S S T 4 or, T= ES
RS
RES
1/4
44
Waves
1. Velocity: v n and n
1
T
T
T
m
r 2d
(a) In rods: v
B /
(b) In liquids: v
(c) In gases: v
P /
4. Effect of temperature:
(a) v v0
T / 273
or, v v0 0.61t
/ 3
vt-x
t x
T
(b) y a sin 2
45
max
I E / At
be the density of the medium; v the velocity of the wave; n the frequency and
a the
2 2
I1 I 2
I1 I 2
nlast n first N 1 x
14. Stationary waves: The equation of stationary wave,
(a) When the wave is reflected from a free boundary, is:
y 2a cos
2 x
sin
2 t
2a cos kx sin t
T
y 2a sin
2 x
cos
2 t
2a sin kx cos t
T
46
T
m
p T
m
1
2l
T
m r 2d
m
p
2l
T
m
2p T
2l m
4L
n1 : n2 : n3 ...... 1: 2 : 3:.....
17. Vibrations of open organ pipe:
(a) For fundamental tone: n1 v / 2 L
(b) For first overtone (second harmonic): n2 2n1
(c) Both even and odd harmonics are found in the vibrations of an open organ pipe and
n1 : n2 : n3 :...... 1: 2 : 3:.....
18. End correction: (a) closed organ pipe: L Lpipe 0.3d
(b) Open organ pipe: L Lpipe 0.6d ; where d= diameter=2r
47
(b) l2 e
l2 3l1
2
(d) n
3
l
4
v
or , 2 l2 l1
2 l2 l1
Vair air
Vrod rod
=density
t
l2
E
; where t=thickness, l =length of prong, E= Elastic constant
v
v vs
n and '
v vs
v
v
v vs
n and '
v vs
v
48
v v0
n and '
v
v v0
n and '
v
v v0
n
v vs
v v0
n
v vs
v v0
n
v vs
v v0
n
v vs
v vm v0
v vm vs
vs v, n'
2vs
n
v
(ii) Moving observer passes a stationary source: n
n'
v
n for direct waves
v vs
n'
v
n for reflected waves
v vs
2v0
n
v
2vvs
n ; for
v vs 2
2
n'
v
n for direct waves
v vs
n'
v
n for reflected waves
v vs
n'
v
n for direct waves
v vs
n'
v
n for reflected waves
v vs
n'
v
n for direct waves
v vs
n'
v
n for reflected waves
v vs
vu
2u
'
n'
n or, n 1 n (for u<<v)
v
v u
(ii) S and O stationary at the same place and target receding with speed u
v u
2u
'
n'
n or, n 1 n for u v
v
vu
v vsub
2v
n 1 sub
v vsub
v
(Upper sign for approaching submarine while lower sign for receding submarine)
(i) Transverse Doppler Effect: There is no transverse Doppler effect in sound. For velocity component
vs cos
50
n'
v
n (- sign for approaching and + sign for receding)
v vs cos
n'
1 v / c
1 v / c
n or, '
1 v / c
1 v / c
v
c
v
c
n'
1 v / c
1 v / c
n or, '
1 v / c
1 v / c
v
c
v
c
v
c
1 v2
v2
n ( for v c)
1
2
c2
2c
2v
n
c
51
Appendix
Formula and constants
1. Exponents
2. Basic Units
Exponent
Prefix
103
Milli
106
Micro
109
Nano
1012
Pico
1 inch
25.4 mm
1 ft
30.48 cm
1 mile
1.61 km
1 yd
0.914 m
1m
3.28 ft
3. Greek Alphabets
Alpha
Iota
Beta
Kappa
Gamma
Delta
Mu
Lambda
Rho
Upsilon
Sigma
Tau
Epsilon
Nu
Phi
Zeta
Xi
Kai
Eta
Omicron
Theta
Pi
52
Psi
Omega
Study Tips
Combination of Subjects
Study a combination of subjects during a day i.e. after studying 2-3 hrs of
mathematics shift to any theoretical subject for 2 hours. When we study a
subject like math, a particular part of the brain is working more than rest of
the brain. When we shift to a theoretical subject, practically the other part of
the brain would become active and the part studying maths will go for rest.
Revision
Always refresh your memory by revising the matter learned. At the end of
the day you must revise whatever youve learnt during that day.
Use All Your Senses
Whatever you read, try to convert that into picture and visualize it. Our eye
memory is many times stronger than our ear memory since the nerves
connecting brain to eye are many times stronger than nerves connecting
brain to ear.
Breathing and Relaxation
Take special care of your breathing. Deep breaths are very important for
relaxing your mind and hence in your concentration. Pranayam can do
wonders to your concentration, relaxation and sharpening your mind (by
supplying oxygen to it). Aerobic exercises like skipping, jogging, swimming
and cycling are also very helpful.
53