Multi-storey Precast Concrete

Framed Structures

Kim S. Elliott

BTech, PhD, CEng, MICE

Colin K. Jolly

MSc, PhD, CEng, MICE, FIStructE

WILEY Biackweii

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Contents
J

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V
Preface
Notation

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Precast Concepts, History and Design Philosophy

1.1
A Historical Note on the Development of Precast Frames
1.2
The Scope for Prefabricated Buildings
1.2.1
Modularisation and standardisation
1.3
Current Attitudes towards Precast Concrete Structures
1.4
Recent Trends in Design, and a New Definition for Precast Concrete
1.5
Precast Superstructure Simply Explained
1.5.1
Differences in precast and cast-in situ concrete structures
1.5.2
Structural stability
1.5.3
Floor plate action
1.5.4
Connections and joints
1.5.5
Foundations
1.6
Precast Design Concepts
1.6.1
Devising a precast solution
1.6.2
Construction methods

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Procurement and Documentation

2.1
Initial Considerations for the Design Team
2.2
Design Procurement
2.2.1
Definitions
2.2.2
Responsibilities
2.2.3
Routes to procurement
2.2.4
Design office practice
2.2.5
Project design stages
2.2.6
Structural design calculations
2.2.7
Layout drawings
2.2.8
Component schedules and the engineer's instructions to factory and site
2.3
Construction Matters
2.3.1
Design implications
2.4
Codes of Practice, Design Manuals, Textbooks and Technical Literature
2.4.1
Codes and Building Regulations
2.4.2
Non-mandatory design documents
2.4.3
Other literature on precast structures
2.5
Definitions
2.5.1
General structural definitions
2.5.2
Components
2.5.3
Connections and jointing materials

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Contents

Architectural and Framing Considerations

3.1
Frame and Component Selection
3.2
Component Selection
3.2.1
General principles
3.2.2
Roof and floor slabs
Staircases
3.2.3
Roof and floor beams
3.2.4
3.2.5
Beam-to-column connections
Columns
3.2.6
3.2.7
Bracing walls
Special Features
3.3
3.3.1
Hybrid and mixed construction
3.3.2
Precast-zw situ concrete structures
3.3.3
Structural steelwork and precast concrete in skeletal frames
3.3.4
Precast concrete with structural and glue-laminated timber
3.3.5
Precast concrete-masonry structures
3.3.6
The future of mixed construction
3.4
Balconies

l of Skeletal Structures
Basis for the Design
Materials
Concrete
4.2.1
4.2.2
Concrete admixtures
Reinforcement
4.2.3
4.2.4
Prestressing steel
Structural steel and bolts
4.2.5
4.2.6
Non-cementitious materials
Structural Design
4.3.1
Terminology
4.3.2(a) Design methods
4.3.2(b) Reduced partial safety factors for precast design
4.3.3
Design of beams
4.3.4
Non-composite reinforced concrete beams
4.3.5
Beam boot design
4.3.6
Upstand design
4.3.7
Non-composite prestressed beams
Beam end shear design
4.3.8
4.3.9
Recessed beam ends
4.3.10
Design methods for end shear
4.3.11
Hanging shear cages for wide beams
Prefabricated shear boxes
4.3.12
Columns Subjected to Gravity Loads
General design
4.4.1
4.4.2 Columns in braced structures
4.4.3
Columns in unbraced structures
4.4.4
Columns in partially braced structures
Staircases
4.5.1
Reinforced concrete staircases
4.5.2
Prestressed concrete staircases
4.5.3
Staircase and landing end reinforcement

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Design of Precast Floors Used in Precast Frames

5.1
Flooring Options
5.2
Hollow-core Slabs
5.2.1
General
5.2.2
Design
5.2.3
Design of cross section
5.2.4
Web thickness
5.2.5
Edge profiles
5.2.6
Reinforcement
5.2.7
Lateral load distribution
5.2.8
Flexural capacity
5.2.9
Precamber and deflections
5.2.10
Shear capacity
5.2.11
Anchorage and bond development lengths
5.2.12
Slippage of tendons
5.2.13
Calculation of crack width
5.2.14
Cantilever design using hollow-core slabs
5.2.15
Bearing capacity
5.2.16
Wet cast hollow-core flooring
5.2.17
Summary examples of product design data
5.3
Double-Tee Slabs
5.3.1
General
5.3.2
Design
5.3.3
Flexural and shear capacity, precamber and deflections
5.3.4
Special design situations
5.4
Composite Plank Floor
5.4.1
General
5.4.2
Design
5.4.3
Voided composite slab
5.5
Precast Beam-and-Plank Flooring
5.5.1
General
5.5.2
Design of prestressed beams in the beam-and-plank flooring system
5.6
Design Calculations
5.6.1
Hollow-core unit

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Composite Construction
6.1
Introduction
6.2
Texture of Precast Concrete Surfaces
6.2.1
Classification of surface textures
6.2.2
Surface treatment and roughness
6.2.3
Effects of surface preparation
6.3
Calculation of Stresses at the Interface
6.4
Losses and Differential Shrinkage Effects
6.4.1
Losses in prestressed composite sections
6.4.2
Design method for differential shrinkage
6.4.3
Cracking in the precast and in sifu concrete
6.5
Composite Floors
6.5.1
General considerations
6.5.2
Flexural analysis for prestressed concrete elements
6.5.3
Propping
6.5.4
Design calculations
6.5.5
Ultimate limit state of shear

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Contents

6.6
6.7

Economic Comparison of Composite and Non-composite Hollow-core Floors

Composite Beams
6.7.1
Flexural design
6.7.2
Propping
6.7.3
Horizontal interface shear
6.7.4
Shear check
6.7.5
Deflections

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Design of Connections and Joints

7.1
Development of Connections
7.2
Design Brief
7.3
Joints and Connections
7.4
Criteria for Joints and Connections
7.4.1
Design criteria
7.5
Types of Joint
7.5.1
Compression joints
7.5.2
Tensile joints
7.5.3
Shear joints
7.5.4
Flexural and torsional joints
7.6
Bearings and Bearing Stresses
7.6.1
Average bearing stresses
7.6.2
Localised bearing stresses
7.7
Connections
7.7.1
Pinned connections
7.7.2
Moment-resisting connections
7.8
Design of Specific Connections in Skeletal Frames
7.8.1
Floor slab to beam connections
7.8.2
Connections at supports
7.8.3
Connections at longitudinal joints
7.8.4
Floor connections at load-bearing walls - load-bearing components
7.9
Beam-to-Column and Beam-to-Wall Connections
7.9.1
Definitions for different assemblies
7.9.2
Connections to continuous columns using hidden steel inserts
7.9.3
Beam-to-column inserts
7.10 Column Insert Design
7.10.1
General considerations
7.10.2
Single-sided wide-section insert connections
7.10.3
Addition of welded reinforcement to wide-section inserts
7.10.4
Double-sided wide-section inserts
7.10.5
Three- and four-way wide-section connections
7.10.6
Narrow-plate column inserts
7.10.7
Cast-in sockets
7.10.8
Bolts in sleeves
7.11 Connections to Columns on Concrete Ledges
7.11.1
Corbels
7.11.2 . Haunched columns
7.11.3
Connections to the tops of columns
7.12 Beam-to-Beam Connections
7.13 Column Splices
7.13.1
Types of splice
7.13.2
Column-to-column splices

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7.14

7.13.3
Coupled joint splice
7.13.4
Welded plate splice
7.13.5
Grouted sleeve splice
7.13.6
Welded lap splice
7.13.7
Grouted sleeve coupler splice
7.13.8
Steel shoe splices
7.13.9
Columns spliced onto beams or other precast components
Column Base Connections
7.14.1
Columns in pockets
7.14.2
Columns on base plates
7.14.3
Columns on grouted sleeves

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Designing for Horizontal Load

8.1
Introduction
8.2
Distribution of Horizontal Load
8.3
Horizontal Diaphragm Action in Precast Concrete Floors without
Structural Toppings
8.3.1
Background
8.3.2
Details
8.3.3
Structural models for diaphragm action
8.3.4
Diaphragm reinforcement
8.3.5
Design by testing
8.3.6
Finite element analysis of the floor plate
8.4
Diaphragm Action in Composite Floors with Structural Toppings
8.5
Horizontal Forces due to Volumetric Changes in Precast Concrete
8.6
Vertical Load Transfer
8.6.1
Introduction
8.6.2
Unbraced structures
8.6.3
Deep spandrel beams in unbraced structures
8.6.4
Braced structures
8.6.5
Uni-directionally braced structures
8.6.6
Partially braced structures
8.7
Methods of Bracing Structures
8.7.1
Infill shear walls
8.7.2
Design methods for infill concrete walls
8.7.3
Design method for brickwork infill panels
8.7.4
Infill walls without beam framing elements
8.7.5
Use of slip-formed or extruded hollow-core walls as infill walls
8.7.6
Cantilever shear walls and shear boxes
8.7.7
Hollow-core cantilever shear walls
8.7.8
Solid cantilever shear walls

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Structural Integrity and the Design for Accidental Loading

9.1
Precast Frame Integrity - The Vital Issue
9.2
Ductile Frame Design
9.2.1
Structural continuity in precast skeletal frames
9.3
Background to the Present Requirements
9.4
Categorisation of Buildings
9.5
The Fully Tied Solution
9.5.1
Horizontal ties
9.5.2
Calculation of tie forces

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9.6
10

9.5.3
Horizontal ties to columns
9.5.4
Ties at balconies
9.5.5
Vertical ties
Catenary Systems in Precast Construction

Site Practice and Temporary Stability

10.1 The Effects of Construction Techniques on Design
10.2 Designing for Pitching and Lifting
10.2.1
Early lifting strengths
10.2.2
Lifting points
10.2.3
Handling
10.2.4
Cracks
10.3 Temporary Frame Stability
10.3.1
Propping
10.3.2
The effect of erection sequence
10.3.3
Special consideration for braced frames
10.3.4
Special considerations for unbraced frames
10.3.5
Temporary loads
10.4 On-Site Connections
10.4.1
Effect of fixing types
10.4.2
Strength and maturity of connections
10.5 Erection Procedure
10.5.1
Site preparation
10.5.2
Erection of precast superstructure
10.6 In situ Concrete
10.6.1
General specification
10.6.2
Concrete screeds and joint infill in floors
10.6.3
Grouting
10.7 Handover

References
Index

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