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DATA COMMUNICATION &NETWORK

CHAPTER 07
The Internet and TCP/IP

The Internet is like many other technologiesit provides a

wide range of services, some of which are effective and
practical for use today, others are still evolving, and still
others will fade away from lack of use

Originally developed as a document-management system,

the World Wide Web is a menu-based system that is easy
to use for personal and business applications

Briefly describe how the Internet works, including

alternatives for connecting to it and the role of Internet
service providers

Describe the World Wide Web and the way it works

Explain the use of Web browsers, search engines, and
other Web tools
Identify and briefly describe the applications associated
with the Internet and the Web

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Because the Internet and the World Wide Web are

becoming more universally used and accepted for business
use, management, service and speed, privacy, and security
issues must continually be addressed and resolved

Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Define the terms intranet and extranet and discuss how

organizations are using them
Identify several issues associated with the use of networks

Identify who is using the Web to conduct business and

discuss some of the pros and cons of Web shopping
Outline a process for creating Web content
Describe Java and discuss its potential impact on the
software world
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Use and Functioning of the Internet

(continued)

Use and Functioning of the Internet

Internet: a collection of interconnected networks, all
freely exchanging information

Internet Protocol (IP): communication standard enabling

traffic to be routed from one network to another as needed

ARPANET

Research for a faster Internet: Internet2 (I2); Next

Generation Internet (NGI); Abilene

Ancestor of the Internet

A project started by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD)
in 1969

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Wireless Internet

Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Figure 7.1: Routing Messages

over the Internet

How the Internet Works

The Internet transmits data from one computer (called a
host) to another
If the receiving computer is on a network to which the first
computer is directly connected, it can send the message
directly
If the receiving computer is not on a network to which the
sending computer is connected, the sending computer
relays the message to another computer that can forward it

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How the Internet Works (continued)

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Accessing the Internet

Data is passed in chunks called packets

Connect via LAN server

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): widely used

transport layer protocol that is used in combination with
Internet Protocol (IP) by most Internet applications

Connect via Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)/Point-toPoint Protocol (PPP)

Connect via an online service

Uniform Resource Locator (URL): an assigned address

on the Internet for each computer

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Other ways to connect (e.g., wireless application protocol,

or WAP)

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Figure 7.3: Several Ways to

Access the Internet

Internet Service Providers

Internet service provider (ISP): any company that
provides individuals or organizations with Internet access
Most charge a monthly fee
Many ISPs and online services offer broadband Internet
access through digital subscriber lines (DSLs), cable, or
satellite transmission

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The World Wide Web

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The World Wide Web (continued)

World Wide Web: WWW, or W3

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): the standard

page description language for Web pages

A menu-based system that uses the client/server model

Organizes Internet resources throughout the world into a
series of menu pages, or screens, that appear on your
computer

HTML tags: inform browsers how to format text on a

Web page, and whether images, sound, and other elements
should be inserted

Hypermedia: tools that connect the data on Web pages,

allowing users to access topics in whatever order they wish

Extensible Markup Language (XML): markup language

for Web documents containing structured information,
including words, pictures, and other elements

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Figure 7.4: Sample Hypertext

Markup Language

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Web Browsers
Web browser: software that creates a unique, hypermediabased menu on a computer screen, providing a graphical
interface to the Web
The menu consists of graphics, titles, and text with
hypertext links

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Search Engines

Table 7.5: Popular Search Engines

Search engine: a Web search tool

Examples of search engines: Yahoo.com; Google.com
Most search engines are free
Searches can use words such as AND and OR to refine
the search
Meta-search engine: submits keywords to several
individual search engines and returns the results from all
search engines queried
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Web Programming Languages

(continued)

Web Programming Languages

Java

Other programming languages used to develop Web sites:

Object-oriented programming language from Sun
Microsystems based on C++

JavaScript

Allows small programs (applets) to be embedded within an

HTML document

VBScript
ActiveX
Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP)

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Business Uses of the Web

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Developing Web Content

E-mail

Computer must be linked to a Web server

Linking buyers and sellers

Need Web browser program

Tool for marketing, sales, and customer support

Add links to home page

Push technology: automatic transmission of information

over the Internet rather than making users search for it with
their browsers

Advertise

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Tools: word processor, HTML editor, HTML template,

text editor
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Web Services

Web Services (continued)

Web services: standards and tools that streamline and

simplify communication among Web sites for business and
personal purposes
XML is used within a Web page to describe and transfer
data between Web service applications

Besides XML, other components are used in Web service

applications:
SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)
WSDL (Web Services Description Language)
UDDI (Universal Discovery Description and Integration)

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Internet and Web Applications

(continued)

Internet and Web Applications

E-mail and instant messaging

Telnet and FTP

Instant messaging: a method that allows two or more

individuals to communicate online using the Internet

Telnet: a terminal emulation protocol that enables users to

log on to other computers on the Internet to gain access to
public files

Internet cell phones and handheld computers

File Transfer Protocol (FTP): a protocol that describes a file
transfer process between a host and a remote computer and
allows users to copy files from one computer to another

Career information and job searching

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Internet and Web Applications

(continued)

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Internet and Web Applications

(continued)

Web log (blog): a Web site that people can create and use
to write about their observations, experiences, and feelings
on a wide range of topics
Usenet and newsgroups
Usenet: a system closely allied with the Internet that uses email to provide a centralized news service; a protocol that
describes how groups of messages can be stored on and sent
between computers
Newsgroups: online discussion groups that focus on specific
topics
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Chat room: a facility that enables two or more people to

engage in interactive conversations over the Internet
Internet phone and videoconferencing services
Content streaming: a method for transferring multimedia
files over the Internet so that the data stream of voice and
pictures plays more or less continuously without a break,
or very few of them; enables users to browse large files in
real time
Shopping on the Web

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Figure 7.7: How Voice Over IP Works

Internet and Web Applications

(continued)
Web auctions
Music, radio, and video on the Internet
Office on the Web
Internet sites in three dimensions
Free software and services

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Table 7.6: Summary of Internet and

Web Applications

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Table 7.6: Summary of Internet and Web

Applications (continued)

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Intranets and Extranets

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Intranets and Extranets (continued)

Intranet

Extranet: a network based on Web technologies that links

selected resources of a companys intranet with its
customers, suppliers, or other business partners

Internal corporate network built using Internet and World

Wide Web standards and products

Virtual private network (VPN): a secure connection

between two points across the Internet

Slashes the need for paper

Provides employees with an easy and intuitive approach to
access information that was previously difficult to obtain

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Tunneling: the process by which VPNs transfer

information by encapsulating traffic in IP packets over the
Internet

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Table 7.11: Summary of Internet,

Intranet, and Extranet Users

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Figure 7.8: Virtual Private Network

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Figure 7.9: Typical Sources of

Internet Attacks

Net Issues
Management issues: preventing attacks
Service and speed issues
Web server computers can be overwhelmed by the
amount of hits (requests for pages)
Routers can become bottlenecks

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Net Issues (continued)

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Net Issues (continued)

Security with encryption and firewalls

Privacy
Spyware: hidden files and information trackers that install
themselves secretly when you visit some Internet sites
Cookie: a text file that an Internet company can place on the
hard disk of a computer system

Fraud
Phishing

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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Cryptography: converting a message into a secret code and

changing the encoded message back to regular text
Digital signature: encryption technique used to verify the
identity of a message sender for processing online financial
transactions
Firewall: a device that sits between an internal network and
the Internet, limiting access into and out of a network based
on access policies

Unauthorized sites

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Figure 7.10: Cryptography process

Summary
The Internet is a collection of interconnected networks, all
freely exchanging information
Internet Protocol (IP) is a communication standard that
enables traffic to be routed from one network to another as
needed
Internet data is passed in chunks called packets
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a widely used
transport layer protocol that is used in combination with IP
by most Internet applications

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Summary (continued)

44

Summary (continued)

Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is an assigned address

on the Internet for each computer
Ways of accessing the Internet include via a LAN server,
Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)/Point-to-Point
Protocol (PPP), and an online service
The World Wide Web is a menu-based system that
organizes Internet resources into a series of menu pages,
or screens, that appear on your computer

A Web browser is software that creates a unique,

hypermedia-based menu on a computer screen, providing
a graphical interface to the Web
A search engine is a Web search tool
An intranet is an internal corporate network built using
Internet and World Wide Web standards
An extranet is a network based on Web technologies that
links selected resources of a companys intranet with its
customers, suppliers, or other business partners

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard

page description language for Web pages
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