0132497468-Ch08 ISM PDF

Compressibility of Soil and Rock
Chapter 8
CHAPTER 8
COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOIL AND ROCK
8-3. Determine the overconsolidation ratio (OCR) for the five fine-grained soils of Fig. 8.9a.
SOLUTION:
Eq. (8.2) : OCR =
'p
'vo
200 kPa
= 1.25
160 kPa
250 kPa
= 1.47
Soil #9: OCR =
170 kPa
350 kPa
= 1.52
Soil #10: OCR =
230 kPa
350 kPa
= 1.25
Soil #11: OCR =
280 kPa
Soil #8: OCR =
Soil #13: OCR =
290 kPa
= 0.85
340 kPa
8-5. What is the OCR of the clay till in Fig. 8.9c?

SOLUTION:
Eq. (8.2) : OCR =
'p
'vo
= OCR =
420 kPa
= 11.4
36.7 kPa
8-6. Estimate the preconsolidation stress for: (a) the undisturbed Leda clay in Fig. 8.9d, (b)
undisturbed Mexico City clay in Fig. 8.9e, (c) undisturbed Chicago clay in Fig. 8.9f, and (d) the
swelling clays from Texas in Fig. 8.9g.
SOLUTION:
(a) Leda clay (undisturbed): 'p = 220 to 280 kPa
(b) Mexico City clay (sample CP2): 'p = 90 to 120 kPa
(c) Chicago clay (sample CP1): 'p = 110 to 140 kPa
(d) Texas clay (sample #1): 'p = 300 to 400 kPa
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Chapter 8
8-7. Determine the compression indices for the four soils of Problem 8.6.
SOLUTION:
Eq. 8.7: Compression index = Cc =
Recompression index = Cr =
e1 e2
'
log 2
'1
e1 e2
'
log 2
'1
(a) Leda clay (undisturbed): Cc =
1.39 0.6
= 1.13;
5000
log
1000
(b) Mexico City clay (sample CP2): Cc =
(c) Chicago clay (sample CP1): Cc =
(d) Texas clay (sample #1): Cc =
Cr =
2.2 2.08
= 0.03
10,000
log
1.0
14.5 2.15
= 12.35;
1000
log
100
1.13 0.42
= 0.21;
5000
log
2
0.87 0.63
= 0.24;
3000
log
300
Cr =
Cr =
Cr =
14.1 13.6
= 0.15
5000
log
2
0.95 0.85
= 0.03
5000
log
2
0.9 0.86
= 0.016
3000
log
10
Chapter 8
8-8. The pressure versus void ratio data determined from a consolidation test on an undisturbed
clay specimen are as follows: (a) Plot the pressure versus void ratio curve on both arithmetic and
semilogarithmic graphs. (b) Determine the equations for the virgin compression curve and for the
rebound curve for unloading, starting at 1280 kPa. (c) What are the corresponding modified
compression and recompression indices for this soil? (d) Estimate the stress to which this clay
has been preconsolidated. (After A. Casagrande.)
SOLUTION:
(a) Arithmetic graph.

0.9
0.85
0.8
Void Ratio
0.75
0.7
0.65
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Effective Stress (kPa)
continued on next page
Chapter 8
Problem 8-8 continued.
Semilogarithmic graph.
0.9
0.85
0.8
Void Ratio
0.75
0.7
0.65
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
1
10
100
1000
10000
(b) Eq. 8.7: Compression index = Cc =
e1 e2
1.0 0.3
=
= 0.32
'2
10,000
log
log
60
'1
e1 e2
0.8 0.54
=
= 0.065
'
10,000
log 2 log
1.0
'1
(c) Eq. 8.9: Modified compression index = Cc =
Cc
0.315
=
= 0.17
1 + eo 1 + 0.864
Eq. 8.15: Modified recompression index = Cr =
Cr
0.065
=
= 0.035
1 + eo 1 + 0.864
(d) From the semillogarithmic plot: 'p 330 kPa
Chapter 8
8-9. A building is to be constructed on a stratum of the clay 7 m thick for which consolidation data
are given in Problem 8.8. The average existing effective overburden pressure on this clay stratum
is 126 kPa. The average applied pressure on the clay after construction of the building is 285
kPa. (a) Estimate the decrease in thickness of the clay stratum caused by full consolidation
under the building load. Estimate the decrease in thickness due to the building load if the clay had
never been preconsolidated under a load greater than the existing overburden. (c) Show on the e
versus log plot of Problem 8.8 the values of e used.
SOLUTION:
(a) Eq. (8.2) : OCR =
'p
'vo
310 kPa
= 2.5
126 kPa
use Eq. 8.19b: sc = CrHo log
'p
'vo
+ CcHo log
'vo + v
'p
310
(126 + 285)
+ (0.17)(7 m)log
= (7 m)(0.0137) + (7 m)(0.0208)
126
310
sc = 0.09579 + 0.1457 = 0.2415 m = 241mm
sc = (0.035)(7 m)log
e1
= 0.0137
1 + eo
e1 = (0.0137)(1 + 0.864) = 0.0255
e2
= 0.0208
1 + eo
e2 = (0.0208)(1 + 0.864) = 0.0388
(b) 'p = 'vo = 126 kPa

use Eq. 8.13: sc = CcHo log
'vo + v
(126 + 285)
= (0.17)(7 m)log
'p
126
sc = Ho = (7 m)(0.0873) = 0.611m = 611mm

eNC
= 0.0873
1 + eo
eNC = (0.0873)(1 + 0.0873) = 0.0949
= 0.0873
Chapter 8
8-10. The compression curve for a certain clay is a straight line on the semilogarithmic plot, and
it passes through the point e = 1.15, v = 65 kPa and e = 0.76, v = 825 kPa. Determine an
equation for this relationship. (After Taylor, 1948.)
SOLUTION:
e1 e2 1.15 0.76
=
= 0.353
'
825
log
log 2
65
'1
e = ( 0.1535)Ln( 'v ) + 1.7907
1.4
1.2
Void Ratio
1
0.8
e = -0.1535Ln(') + 1.7907
Cc=0.353
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
10
100
1000
Chapter 8
8-12. The following consolidation test data were obtained from undisturbed San Francisco Bay
Mud. For this clay, LL = 88, PL = 43, s = 2.70 Mg/m3 and w = 105.7%. Initially, the specimen
height was 2.54 cm and its volume was 75.14 cm3. Plot the data as percent consolidation versus
log pressure. Evaluate the preconsolidation pressure and the modified virgin compression index.
SOLUTION:
Straina
Strainb
% Strainc
2.765
0.000
0.000
0.00
2.712
0.014
0.014
1.39
12.294
2.703
0.016
0.016
1.62
12.131
2.679
0.023
0.022
2.26
Stress
Dial Reading
Void
(kPa)
(mm)
Ratio
12.700
12.352
10
20
40
11.224
2.541
0.059
0.058
5.88
80
9.053
2.211
0.147
0.144
14.54
160
6.665
1.849
0.243
0.238
24.04
320
4.272
1.486
0.340
0.332
33.58
480
2.548
1.224
0.409
0.400
40.45
160
2.951
1.285
0.393
0.384
38.85
40
3.533
1.374
0.369
0.361
36.52
4.350
1.499
0.336
0.329
33.25
Straina :
e ei
e
;
= o
1 + eo 1 + e o
Strainb :
R o Ri
25.4 mm
Straina + Strainb
Strainc : % Strain =
100
2
Modified Compression index = Cc =
2 1 0.45 0.053
=
= 0.32
700
'
log
log 2
40
'1
Eq. 8.9: Compression index = Cc = (1 + eo )Cc = (1 + 2.765) (0.32) = 1.20

From the semillogarithmic plot: 'p 38 kPa
1
10
100
1000
0.00
5.00
Percent Strain
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
Chapter 8
8-13. Plot the data of Problem 8.12, on a void ratio versus log pressure graph. Evaluate the
preconsolidation pressure and the virgin compression index. Do these values agree with what
you found in Problem 8.12?
SOLUTIONS:
3.5
Void Ratio
2.5
1.5
0.5
1
10
100
1000
'p 39 kPa;
e1 e2 2.1 1.486
=
= 1.21
'
320
log
log 2
100
'1
These values agree with the solutions in Problem 8-12.
8-14. The initial water content of the sample in Problem 8.12 is 105.7%, and the density of the
solids s = 2.70 Mg/m3. Compute the wet and dry density and degree of saturation of the
consolidation test sample if the dry weight of the sample is 52.8 g. If the final water content is
59.6%, compute the degree of saturation and dry density at the end of consolidation.
SOLUTION:
(a) w i = 105.7%, Ms = 52.8 g
w=
Mw
Ms
Vs =
Ms
52.8 g
=
= 19.55 cm3 ;
3
s 2.70 g cm
Mw = (1.057)(52.8 g) = 55.81g
Vw =
Mt = 55.81 + 52.8 = 108.61g
Mw
55.81g
=
= 55.81cm3
3
w 1.0 g cm
Vv = e Vs = (2.765)(19.55 cm3 ) = 54.071cm3 ;
Vt = 19.55 cm3 + 54.071cm3 = 73.621cm3
t =
Mt
M
108.61g
52.8 g
=
= 1.47 Mg m3 ; d = s =
= 0.717 Mg m3
Vt 73.621cm3
Vt 73.621cm3
S=
Vw
55.81cm3
100 =
100 = 103.2%
Vv
54.071cm3
(b) w f = 59.6%;
S=
(not possible)
s w
(2.70)(0.596)
100 =
100 = 107%
(1.0)(1.499)
w e
(not possible)
Chapter 8
8-15. A 7.8 m thick layer of soft San Francisco Bay Mud is to be loaded with a granular fill 3.2 m
thick, on the average. The total density of the fill is about 1.8 Mg/m3. Assume that the test data in
Problem 8.12 is typical of the clay layer, and that the layer is normally consolidated. What
consolidation settlement will take place due to the weight of the fill?
SOLUTION:
v = (3.2 m)(1.8 Mg m3 )(9.81m s2 ) = 56.50 kPa
Clay is NC, thus: 'vo = 'p = 38 kPa
From Problem 8-12: Cc = 0.32
sc = CcHo log
'vo + v
38 + 56.5
= (0.32)(7.8 m)log
= 0.9875 m = 99 mm
'p
38
8-16. Assume the laboratory test results in Problem 8.12 are typical of another San Francisco
Bay Mud site, but where the clay is slightly overconsolidated. The present vertical effective
overburden stress is calculated to be about 15 kPa, and the thickness of the clay is 3.9 m. At this
location, the granular fill ( = 1.8 Mg/m3) will be only about 1.2 m thick. Estimate the consolidation
settlement due to the weight of the fill.
SOLUTION:
v = (1.2 m)(1.8 Mg m3 )(9.81m s2 ) = 21.9 kPa;
From Problem 8-12 plot: Cc = 0.32
Eq. 8.17: sc = CrHo log

sc = (0.0097)(3.9 m)log
and
Cr =
'vo = 15 kPa;
'p = 38 kPa
0.0226 0.01
= 0.0097
20
log
1.0
'vo + v
'vo
15 + 21.9
= (3.9 m)(0.00379) = 0.0148 m = 1.5 mm
15
8-17. What settlement would you expect at the overconsolidated site in Problem 8.16 if the fill to
be constructed were 4 m thick?
SOLUTION:
v = (4 m)(1.8 Mg m3 )(9.81m s2 ) = 70.63 kPa;
'vo = 15 kPa;
'p = 38 kPa
0.0226 0.01
= 0.0097
20
log
1.0
'p
' + v
+ CcHo log vo
'vo
'p
and
Cr =
38
(15 + 70.63)
= (3.9 m)(0.0039) + (3.9 m)(0.11291)
+ (0.32)(3.9 m)log
15
38
sc = 0.0153 + 0.440 = 0.456 m = 456 mm
sc = (0.0097)(3.9 m)log
Chapter 8
8-18. Plot the following data and determine the preconsolidation pressure and the modified
compression index. Specimen height is 25.4 mm, wn = 32.5%, d = 1.45 Mg/m3. Sample is from a
depth of -11.5 m.
% Strain
Pressure
(kPa)
5
0.11
10
0.12
20
0.26
40
0.98
80
1.91
160
4.19
320
8.05
640
8.03
320
7.83
160
7.21
80
7.34
160
7.60
320
8.35
640
12.65
1280
17.41
2560
22.18
5120
21.65
1280
20.63
160
19.26
40
15.35

1
10
100
1000
10000
0.00
5.00
Percent Strain
0.09
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
SOLUTION:
Modified Compression index = Cc =
2 1 0.25 0.031
=
= 0.154
'
8000
log
log 2
300
'1
From the semillogarithmic plot: 'p 260 kPa
Chapter 8
8-19. At the site where the sample of Problem 8.18 was taken, the soil profile consists of about
6.5 m of sand and rubble fill and then 9.1 m of clay. The water table is about 1.8 m below the
ground surface. Average densities of the sand and rubble fill are 1.45 Mg/m3 above the water
table and 1.70 Mg/m3 below the water table. Estimate the consolidation settlement if the average
stress increase in the compressible layer is: (a) 50 kPa, (b) 100 kPa, and (c) 250 kPa.
SOLUTION:
(a) v = 50 kPa;
'p = 260 kPa
(from Problem 8-18)
For the clay: sat = dry (1 + w) = (1.45 Mg m3 )(1 + 0.325) = 1.92 Mg m3

'vo = (1.8 m)(1.45 Mg m3 ) + (4.7 m)(1.70 1.0 Mg m3 ) + (4.55 m)(1.92 1.0 Mg m3 ) 9.81m s2
'vo = 10.086 Mg m2 9.81m s2 = 98.9 kPa
(at the center of the clay layer)
0.0815 0.05
= 0.0112
640
log
1.0
' + v
98.9 + 50
Eq. 8.17: sc = CrHo log vo
= (0.0112)(9.1m)log
98.9
'vo
and
Cr =
sc = (9.1m)(0.00199) = 0.0181m = 1.8 mm

(b) v = 100 kPa;
'p = 260 kPa;
Eq. 8.17: sc = CrHo log
'vo = 98.9 kPa
'vo + v
98.9 + 100
= (0.0112)(9.1m)log
98.9
'vo
sc = (9.1m)(0.003398) = 0.0309 m = 3.1mm

(c) v = 250 kPa;
'p = 260 kPa;
Eq. 8.19b: sc = CrHo log
'p
'vo
+ CcHo log
'vo = 98.9 kPa

'vo + v
'p
260
(98.9 + 250)
+ (0.154)(9.1m)log
= (9.1m)(0.0047) + (9.1m)(0.01967)
98.9
260
sc = 0.0428 + 0.179 = 0.222 m = 22.2 mm
sc = (0.0112)(9.1m)log
Chapter 8
8-20. Plot the following void ratio versus pressure data, and evaluate the compression index and
the recompression index. Determine the preconsolidation stress.
Pressure
(kPa)
1.025
1.006
10
0.997
20
0.978
40
0.950
80
0.911
160
0.893
200
0.837
300
0.780
400
0.655
800
0.504
2000
0.542
500
0.589
160
0.681
20
1.100
1.000
0.900
Void Ratio
Void
Ratio
0.800
0.700
0.600
0.500
0.400
0.300
1
SOLUTION:
10
From the plot: 'p 220 kPa

100
1000
10000
e1 e2 1.1 0.30
=
= 0.412
'
6200
log
log 2
71
'1
e1 e2 0.8 0.504
=
= 0.090
'2
2000
log
log
71
'1
8-21. Use the consolidation data from Problem 8.20 to compute the settlement of a structure that
adds 175 kPa to the already existing overburden pressure of 130 kPa at the middle of a 6 m thick
layer.
SOLUTION:
v = 175 kPa;
'vo = 130 kPa;
'p = 220 kPa;
From Problem 8-20: Cc = 0.412, Cr = 0.09,

use Eq. 8.18b: sc = Cr
OCR =
220
= 1.7
130
eo = 1.025
'p
' + v
Ho
Ho
+ Cc
log
log vo
'vo
'p
1 + eo
1 + eo
220
(130 + 175)
6m
6m
+ (0.412)
sc = (0.09)
log
= 0.0609 + 0.1732
log
130
220
1 + 1.025
1 + 1.025
sc = 0.234 m = 234 mm
Chapter 8
8-22. What would be the settlement of the same structure in Problem 8.21 if the
overconsolidation ratio of the clay were 1.0 and vo + v = 305 kPa at the middepth of the clay
layer? Show your work and assumptions on the e versus log s curve of Problem 8.20.
SOLUTION:
v = 175 kPa;
'vo + v = 305 kPa; OCR = 1.0
From Problem 8-20: Cc = 0.412, Cr = 0.09,

use Eq. 8.11: sc = Cc
'p = 'vo = 220 kPa
eo = 1.025
Ho
' + v
log vo
1 + eo
'vo
(305)
6m
sc = (0.412)
log
= 0.173 m = 173 mm
(220)
1 + 1.025
8-23. The consolidation curve of Fig. Ex. 8.9 is typical of a compressible layer 5 m thick. If the
existing overburden pressure is 50 kPa, compute the settlement due to an additional stress of
150 kPa added by a structure.
SOLUTION:
120
= 1.7; Ho = 5 m
50
From Examples 8.9 and 8.12: Cc = 0.44, Cr = 0.03, eo = 0.87
v = 150 kPa;
Eq. 8.18b: sc = Cr
'vo = 50 kPa;
'p = 120 kPa;
OCR =
'p
Ho
Ho
' + v
log
log vo
+ Cc
1 + eo
'vo
1 + eo
'p
120
(50 + 150)
5m
5m
sc = (0.03)
= 0.0305 + 0.261
log 50 + (0.44) 1 + 0.87 log 120
1
+
0.87
sc = 0.291m = 291mm
Chapter 8
8-24. For the test data of Problem 8.12, construct the field virgin compression curve using the
Schmertmann procedure for an OCR of unity.
SOLUTION:
3.5
3
39.000, 2.765
Void Ratio
2.5
1.5
590.000, 1.161
1
0.5
1
10
100
1000
Field virgin compression curve based on Schmertmanns (1955) procedure.

Field compression index = Cc =
e1 e2 2.765 1.161
=
= 1.36
'
590
log
log 2
39
'1
This compares to Cc = 1.21 using the un-adjusted lab compression curve (see Problem 8-13).
Chapter 8
8-25. Do Problem 8.24 for an OCR = 2.5.

SOLUTION:
3.5
3
39, 2.71
Void Ratio
2.5
1.5
570, 1.1613
1
0.5
1
10
100
1000
Field virgin compression curve based on Schmertmanns (1955) procedure.

Field compression index (OCR = 2.5): Cc =
e1 e2 2.71 1.161
=
= 1.33
570
'
log
log 2
39
'1
Chapter 8
8-26. At the midpoint of a 7.5 m thick soil layer, the void ratio is 1.9. Find this point on the field
virgin compression curve determined in Problem 8.24. What is the corresponding pressure? If this
pressure is doubled over the entire site, compute the consolidation settlement of the layer.
SOLUTION:
3.5
Void Ratio
2.5
170, 1.9
1.5
340, 1.49
0.5
1
10
100
1000

Ho = 7.5 m,
e1 = 1.9
From the plot: p1 = 170 kPa

p2 = 2po = 340 kPa
e2 = 1.49 (from plot)
e
sc = Ho () = Ho
1 + eo
1.9 1.49
= (7.5 m)
= 1.06 m = 106 mm
1 + 1.9
Chapter 8
8-31. Figure P8.31 shows a proposed foundation site, with 10 ft of sand overlying 15 ft of clay
with consolidation properties shown. The clay is normally consolidated. Assume 1-D conditions.
(a) Compute the initial v at the middle of the clay layer prior to excavation and construction. (b)
After excavation and during construction, the foundation area will be heavily loaded with the
structure and equipment so that v at the middle of the clay layer will be increased to 3900 psf.
Determine the settlement that will occur under these conditions. (c) After construction is
completed, the equipment will be removed and the final v at the middle of the clay layer will be
3200 psf.
SOLUTION:
(a) 'vo = (10 ft)(110 pcf ) + (7.5 ft)(120 62.4 pcf ) = 1532 psf
(b) v = 3900 1532 = 2368 psf
Given: Cc = 0.165, Cr = 0.033, Ho = 15 ft
Eq. 8.13: sc = CcHo log
sc = (0.165)(15 ft)log
'vo + v
'vo
(1532 + 2368)
= 1.0 ft
(1532)
(c) v = 3200 1532 = 1668 psf

Compute the swell that occurs after equipment is removed (part b to part c):
sswell = CrHo ( log b log c )
sswell = (0.033)(15) ( log3900 log3200 ) = 0.0425 ft
The final settlement = 1.0 0.0425 = 0.96 ft
Chapter 8
8-32. As part of a construction project, a 7.5 m thick layer of clay is to be loaded with a temporary
3 m thick sand layer (refer to Fig. P8.32).The figure shows the water-table location, soil unit
weights, and the compression curve properties for the clay. Assume the sand layer remains dry.
(a) Calculate the value of v in the middle of the clay layer (at 3.75 m below the water table)
before the sand layer is applied, and after consolidation is complete. (b) Based on your answer in
part (a), and the compression curve characteristics, calculate the settlement that will occur under
these conditions. (c) How much will the clay layer heave when the 3 m sand layer is removed?
SOLUTION:
(a) 'vo = (3.75 m)(20.5 9.81kN m3 ) = 40.09 kN m2
(b) v = (3 m)(16 kN m3 ) = 48.0 kN m2 ,

'p
'vo
'p = 74 kN m2 , OCR =
+ CcHo log
'p
'vo
74 kPa
= 1.85
40.09 kPa
'vo + v
'p
(40.09 + 48)
74
= (7.5 m)(0.00799) + (7.5 m)(0.01362)
+ (0.18)(7.5 m)log
74
40.09
sc = 0.05992 + 0.1022 = 0.162 m = 162 mm
sc = (0.03)(7.5 m)log
(c) sswell = CsHo log
'vf
(40.09 + 48.0)
= (0.03)(7.5 m)log
= (7.5 m)(0.01026)
'vo
40.09
sswell = 0.077 m = 77.0 mm
Chapter 8
8-33. Refer to Fig. 8.5a. Determine: (a) Using log interpolation between 100 and 1000,
determine the v value at a vertical strain, v = 20%. (b) If the initial void ratio, eo = 2.6, determine
Cr and Cc for this soil. For Cc use the portion of the curve between v = 100 and 500 kPa. (c) If
the original clay layer thickness is 9.5 m, determine the settlement that occurs in the layer when it
is loaded from 200 to 400 kPa. [Note: You dont need the results from part (b) to do this.]
SOLUTION:
(a) There are various approaches for interpolating logarithmic scales.
One approach for interpolating the desired x (or 'v ) value is as follows:
( ) ( )
a
a+b
In this case, the x data point (at v = 20%) is 18.2% of the way between 100 and 1000 kPa.
x = x 2f x11 f ;
where, f =
) (
Thus, f = 0.182 and x = 10000.182 1000.182 = (3.5156)(43.2514) = 152 kPa

at v = 20%, 'v = 152 kPa
(b) Modified Compression index = Cc =
2 1 0.34 0.13
= 0.300
=
'
500
log
log 2
100
'1
Compression index = Cc = Cc (1 + eo ) = (0.30)(1 + 2.6) = 1.08
Modified Recompression index = Cr =
2 1 0.07 0.0
=
= 0.035
'
1000
log
log 2
10
'1
Recompression index = Cr = Cr (1 + eo ) = (0.035)(1 + 2.6) = 0.126

(c) For the load increment from 200 to 400 kPa, = 32 - 23 = 9.0% (From plot in Fig. 8.5a)
sc = ( )(Ho ) = (0.09)(9.5 m) = 0.855 m = 855 mm
Chapter 8
8-34. A large embankment is to be built on the surface of a 15-ft clay layer. Before the
embankment is built, the initial v at the middle of the clay layer is 480 psf. The results from a 1-D
consolidation test on the clay from the middle of the layer are as follows:
p = 1800 psf
Cr = 0.0352
Cc = 0.180
If the final v at the middle of the layer after the embankment loading is 2100 psf, what is the
settlement, in inches, of the clay layer resulting from this loading?
SOLUTION:
(a) 'vo = 480 psf,
'vf = 2100 psf, OCR =

sc = (0.0352)(15 ft)log
'p
'vo
+ CcHo log
'p
'vo
1800 psf
= 3.75
480 psf
'vo + v
'p
1800
(2100)
+ (0.18)(15 ft)log
= 0.3031 + 0.1808
480
1800
sc = 0.4839 ft = 5.8 in
Chapter 8
8-35. Figure P8.35 shows a proposed site where an excavation will be made. The 10 ft layer of
sand will be removed, so that the top of the 24 ft normally consolidated clay layer will be exposed.
Assume full capillarity in the clay only. (a) Assume that the water-table location remains the
same during excavation. Compute the v. v, and u values at the middle of the clay layer before
and after the excavation. (b) Assuming 1-D conditions, compute how much the clay layer will
deform due to this excavation, in inches. Specify whether this is settlement or heave.
SOLUTION:
(a) Before excavation
v = (10 ft)(110 pcf ) + (12 ft)(120 pcf ) = 2540 psf
u = (12 3 ft)(62.4 pcf ) = 561.6 psf
'v = 2540 561.6 = 1978 psf
After excavation
v = (12 ft)(120 pcf ) = 1440 psf
u = (12 3 ft)(62.4 pcf ) = 561.6 psf
'v = 1440 561.6 = 878 psf
(b) = 1978 878 = 1100 psf,
sswell = CsHo log
'p
'vf
'p = 'v = 1978 psf
= (0.035)(24 ft)log
sswell = 0.2963 ft = 3.5 in
(1978)
= (24 ft)(0.01234)
(878)
(heave)
Chapter 8
8-36. Figure P8.36 shows the soil profile at a site where you plan to lower the water table. You
have results from two consolidation tests, one from the upper 12 ft thick overconsolidated crust,
and another from the lower 32 ft thick normally consolidated zone. You plan to lower the water
table from its current 12 ft depth to 20 ft below ground surface. The consolidation properties for
each layer are shown. Assume full capillarity. a) Compute the v in the middle of each layer
before and after the water table is lowered. (b) Determine the total settlement that will result from
lowering the water table.
SOLUTION:
(a) Center of layer 1: original water table at 12 ft
v = (6 ft)(120 pcf ) = 720 psf; u = 0;
'vo = 720 psf
Center of layer 2: original water table at 12 ft

v = (12 ft)(120 pcf ) + (16 ft)(118 pcf ) = 3328 psf
u = (28 12 ft)(62.4 pcf ) = 998.4 psf
'vo = 3328 998.4 = 2329.6 psf
Center of layer 1: water table lowered to 20 ft
v = (6 ft)(120 pcf ) = 720 psf; u = 0;
'vf = 720 psf (no change)
Center of layer 2: water table lowered to 20 ft

v = (12 ft)(120 pcf ) + (16 ft)(118 pcf ) = 3328 psf
u = (28 20 ft)(62.4 pcf ) = 499.2 psf
'vf = 3328 499.2 = 2828.8 psf
(b) Consolidation settlement will occur in layer 2.
= 2828.8 2329.6 = 499.2 psf,
Layer 2: 'p2 = 'vo = 2329.6 psf
Given: Cc = 0.185,
Cr = 0.034, Ho = 32 ft
Eq. 8.13: sc = CcHo log

sc = (0.185)(32 ft)log
'vo + v
'vo
(2329.6 + 499.2)
= 0.499 ft = 6.0 in
(2329.6)
Chapter 8
8-37. When a consolidation test is performed on some soils, the virgin compression region is not
linear, but bilinear. Figure P8.37 shows such a compression curve from a 15 ft thick layer.
Required: (a) What vertical strain, occurs when the soil is loaded from an initial v1 = 560 psf to
v2 = 3000 psf? (b) If you load the soil further, to v3 = 4000 psf, how much additional settlement
occurs? (c) Finally, if you unload from 4000 psf back to v4 = 3000 psf, what additional
deformation (in ft) occurs?
SOLUTION:
980
3000
(a) v = (0.032)log
+ (0.14)log 980 = 0.00778 + 0.068 = 0.0758 = 7.58%
560
sc = (15 ft)(0.0758) = 1.14 ft

4000
(b) v = (0.17)log
= 0.0212 = 2.12%;
3000
sc total = 1.14 + 0.318 = 1.46 ft
sc = (15 ft)(0.0212) = 0.318 ft
4000
(c) swell = (0.032)log
= 0.004 = 0.4% (heave)
3000
sswell = (15 ft)(0.004) = 0.06 ft = 0.72 in
Aside : net settlement (snet ) for loading and unloading described in parts a, b, and c:
snet = 1.146 0.06 = 1.09 ft; or about 1 ft
Chapter 8
8-38. Refer to the compression curve marked Soil 13 in Fig. 8.9a. Disregard the small unloading
cycle in the middle of the curve. The initial void ratio for this soil is 1.17, and the preconsolidation
pressure is 290 kPa. Note: the right-hand vertical boundary of this graph is at vc = 2000 kPa.
Required: (a) Determine the Cr and Cc for this soil based on the compression curve. (b) If a layer
of this soil 12 m thick is loaded from 50 to 800 kPa (two of the data points shown on the curve),
what settlement will result, in m?
SOLUTION:
(a) Cr =
1.17 1.135
= 0.0106;
2000
log
(b) v = 750 kPa;

OCR =
Cc =
'vo = 50 kPa;
1.35 0.67
= 0.523
2000
log
100
'p = 290 kPa;
eo = 1.17; Ho = 12 m
290
= 5.8
50
Eq. 8.18b: sc = Cr
'p
Ho
Ho
' + v
log
log vo
+ Cc
1 + eo
1 + eo
'vo
'p
120
(50 + 750)
12 m
12 m
= 0.0223 + 1.2745
sc = (0.0106)
log 50 + (0.523) 1 + 1.17 log
1
+
1.17
290
sc = 1.30 m

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Compressibility of Soil and Rock

Soil #13: OCR =

8-5. What is the OCR of the clay till in Fig. 8.9c?

Eq. (8.2) : OCR =

Compressibility of Soil and Rock

(a) Leda clay (undisturbed): Cc =

(b) Mexico City clay (sample CP2): Cc =

(c) Chicago clay (sample CP1): Cc =

(d) Texas clay (sample #1): Cc =

Compressibility of Soil and Rock

(a) Arithmetic graph.

Effective Stress (kPa)

continued on next page

Compressibility of Soil and Rock

Problem 8-8 continued.

Effective Stress (kPa)

(b) Eq. 8.7: Compression index = Cc =

(c) Eq. 8.9: Modified compression index = Cc =

Eq. 8.15: Modified recompression index = Cr =

(d) From the semillogarithmic plot: 'p 330 kPa

Compressibility of Soil and Rock

use Eq. 8.19b: sc = CrHo log

e1 = (0.0137)(1 + 0.864) = 0.0255

e2 = (0.0208)(1 + 0.864) = 0.0388

(b) 'p = 'vo = 126 kPa

sc = Ho = (7 m)(0.0873) = 0.611m = 611mm

eNC = (0.0873)(1 + 0.0873) = 0.0949

Compressibility of Soil and Rock

e = ( 0.1535)Ln( 'v ) + 1.7907

Compressibility of Soil and Rock

Modified Compression index = Cc =

Eq. 8.9: Compression index = Cc = (1 + eo )Cc = (1 + 2.765) (0.32) = 1.20

Compressibility of Soil and Rock

Effective Stress (kPa)

Eq. 8.7: Compression index = Cc =

These values agree with the solutions in Problem 8-12.

Mt = 55.81 + 52.8 = 108.61g

Vv = e Vs = (2.765)(19.55 cm3 ) = 54.071cm3 ;

Vt = 19.55 cm3 + 54.071cm3 = 73.621cm3

Compressibility of Soil and Rock

Eq. 8.17: sc = CrHo log

From Problem 8-12 plot: Cc = 0.32

Compressibility of Soil and Rock

Effective Stress (kPa)

From the semillogarithmic plot: 'p 260 kPa

Compressibility of Soil and Rock

'p = 260 kPa

(from Problem 8-18)

For the clay: sat = dry (1 + w) = (1.45 Mg m3 )(1 + 0.325) = 1.92 Mg m3

'vo = 10.086 Mg m2 9.81m s2 = 98.9 kPa

(at the center of the clay layer)

sc = (9.1m)(0.00199) = 0.0181m = 1.8 mm

'p = 260 kPa;

Eq. 8.17: sc = CrHo log

'vo = 98.9 kPa

sc = (9.1m)(0.003398) = 0.0309 m = 3.1mm

'p = 260 kPa;

Eq. 8.19b: sc = CrHo log

'vo = 98.9 kPa

Compressibility of Soil and Rock

From the plot: 'p 220 kPa

Effective Stress (kPa)

'vo = 130 kPa;