Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Construction Tolerances
Abstract
Problems with construction tolerances are common causes of impaired performance and unacceptable appearance
in construction, and are potential sources of liability to both building designers and contractors. This article
identifies some issues that can arise when tolerances are not adequately considered in the design of construction
details. A brick veneer / steel stud wall detail serves to demonstrate both potential problems and solutions. All
construction requires tolerances to be considered in design, if problems are to be avoided. Professionals must
ensure that accommodation for tolerances is designed into the work from the outset.
Objectives
After reading this article you should
The alternative cut-to-fit approach also requires advance planning. Unless adjustable connections or cutting
allowances allow for expected variation, parts may have to be cut or adjusted too much to suit their intended
functions. Errors that are too expensive to correct often force improvised and potentially detrimental alteration of
details. Hence, designers have a part to play in making buildings fit together properly.
The Problem
Most designers think the builder should just cope
when parts are built out of position, and builders Concrete Tolerances. Not all standards and codes
are accustomed to doing so, often all too literally. address tolerances in a systematic way. One that does is CSA
Their methods are sometimes rough and ready. A23.1, which governs tolerances for concrete construction. In
When a part is built too far out of position to fit, it addition to setting default tolerances, an appendix suggests that
is more common to alter the details to ensure the series
acceptable finished appearance, even at the
3, 5, 8, 12, 20, 30, 50,... millimetres plus or minus
expense of function, rather than demolish and
rebuild. represents steps that are more or less equal increments of cost and
effort. This series should be remembered when setting tolerances
It is not difficult to find: for other construction types. As tolerances are tightened,
difficulty and cost accelerate.
• brickwork with too little bearing, because the
structure was built too far back from the face Default concrete tolerances that apply if the professional designer
does not specify otherwise are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
of the wall;
• modified shelf angles, either burned off at the Table 1: Alignment of Concrete Members
outer edge, or with structurally inadequate
extensions; Dimension, mm Tolerance, ± mm
• brick cut to make thinner veneer, and insula-
tion omitted altogether, in order to keep a fin- 0 - 2400 5
ished wall flat where the structure behind it
was too close to the face of the wall; 2400 - 4800 8
• precast panels with joints varying in width
from zero to more that twice the detailed joint
4800 - 9600 12
size; 9600 - 14,400 20
• fasteners for steel stud track that can be
removed without tools, because they were 14,400 - 19,200 30
placed too close to edge of slab, spalling the
concrete. 19,200 - 57,600 50
above 57,600 as specified by designer
Dimension, mm Tolerance, ± mm
0 - 300 8
300 - 1000 12
above 1000 20
It is not always obvious how these tolerances are to be applied. Perhaps two floors must have their edges within 12 mm of
each other in vertical alignment at all corresponding points, 99% of the time. However, if the overall dimension of the slab
is 15 metres, they are allowed to be different by as much as plus or minus 45 mm, 99% of the time. For our example, floor
to floor alignment, which is the most restrictive tolerance that might apply (plus or minus 8 mm), requires a detail to
accommodate plus or minus 12 mm at the very least to get a 1% failure rate. Therefore, a detail able to accommodate plus
or minus 25 mm is more realistic.
Steel Tolerances. CAN/CSA S16.1 defines elevation of horizontal members: correct to within plus
tolerances for steel structures. Unlike the standard for or minus 10 mm and not sloping more than 1:500. If they
concrete, it does not state an implied reject rate. The have connections that provide adjustment, then the
standard provides the following tolerances: maximum slope is 1:1000. Where ends meet, alignment is
required within plus or minus 3 mm, or within plus or
plumbness of columns: to within 1:1000, to a minus 2 mm if the connections provide for adjustment.
cumulative total of up to -25 or + 50 mm in the first 20
stories with an additional allowance of 2 mm per story up If a shelf angle is fixed in relation to a concrete
to a maximum of -50 or +75 mm for taller structures. structure, the position of the angle will be physically
alignment of horizontal members: in plan to within dependent on the tolerance allowed for the concrete. It
1:1000, except that plus or minus 3 mm is always will not meet the steel tolerances unless
acceptable and more than plus or minus 6 mm is never adjustment is provided in the connection.
acceptable.
It is important when thinking about tolerances, or laying out the next stage of work at the site, to refer
all measurements back to a common datum, so that errors do not accumulate.
Ÿ 90 Brick Veneer
An Example
Ÿ 25 Cavity
Ÿ 75 Rigid Insulation To illustrate how this process might work, take
Ÿ Air/Vapour Barrier the example of the detail at the floor line for a
Ÿ 12.7 Gypsum Sheathing brick veneer wall, supported on steel shelf
Ÿ 92 Steel Stud Framing angles on a multi-storey concrete building, with
Ÿ 12.7 Gypsum Board
steel stud backup. Figure 3 shows a simplified
version of such a typical detail at the edge of a
concrete floor slab. Are there any potential
problems? How can they be prevented?
The shaded zone around the slab and shelf angle in Figure 4 describes the extremes allowed for these components
(on the assumption that the angle is cast into the slab). The tolerance shown is plus or minus 20 mm up or down,
and plus or minus 25 mm in or out.
When the shelf angle is as far outward as this allows, it will stick out past the brick face, even if the brick is
halfway between extreme positions. The same thing happens if the brick is at the allowed inward position with the
However, unless it can be adjusted relative to the slab, the shelf angle will
sometimes stick out of the wall, and sometimes provide inadequate
bearing. Unless we plan to cut and fit, burning off projections or welding
extensions to the shelf, adjustment must be provided. Consider too the
vertical direction and the tolerances allowed for bed joints in brickwork.
This will lead to the conclusion that adjustment is required vertically as
well as horizontally.
Brick Tolerance
Vertical Tolerances
Slab Tolerance
When the brick coursing is worked out in relation to the floor-to-floor dimension, the following dimensions should
be added:
• thickness of shelf angle Masonry Tolerances. The tolerances in CSA A371 were
• thickness of membrane and metal flashing on previously non-mandatory, but as of 1994 they apply
top of the shelf automatically unless the designer specifies otherwise. Like the
• 13 mm first bed joint standard for steel construction, A371 does not state an implied
• number of courses of brick times 200/3, less reject rate.
10 mm from the total (assuming metric brick)
Table 3: Masonry Tolerances
• minimum size of joint under shelf (to permit
anticipated movements and changes of Item Tolerance, mm
dimension determined in consultation with
the designer of the building structure) Wall face location ±20
• 5 mm shelf angle tolerance
• 5 mm brick tolerance Head joint alignment ±13
Lateral alignment ±13
The open joint under the shelf angle, required to
avoid causing the brickwork to carry unintended Level of bed joints and exposed ±13
loads imposed by the building structure, should wall tops
appear in the drawings as the sum of the last 3
items. Level of concealed bed joints ±25
Where does this put the edge of slab? In the original detail,
Figure 5: Revised Tolerances for Slab,
the steel stud track would stick out past the edge of the slab
half of the time, by up to at least 25 mm. The inside flange Shelf, and Brick Veneer
of the track would be 92 mm, on average, from the edge of
the slab, but as little as 67 mm in some cases, putting a fastener located in the centre of the track only 25
mm from the edge of slab. If the minimum edge distance specified by the fastener manufacturer is more
than this, there will be a problem even if the track and the fastener are placed precisely. For example,
minimum edge distance specified for powder-actuated low velocity direct fasteners is typically 50 mm.
• Determined how much each component can be expected to vary in size and position.
• Looked at each step in the order of construction.
• Proposed a change to the standard, but aesthetically unacceptable, tolerances for brickwork.
It remains to revise the detail so that adjustments are available to compensate for extremes at each
stage. This will make completion of the detail possible without reducing tolerances for subsequent stages. One
possible revision is to adopt the slab edge detail shown in Figure 6. The slab position tolerance is the same as
before. The brick position tolerance is plus or minus 5 mm. The shelf angle tolerance is 5 mm in any direction. The
steel stud position tolerance is a more reasonable plus or minus 10 mm.
The shelf angle is shown supported on HSS brackets, with coarse adjustment of position provided by selecting an
appropriate bracket size from a range of sizes, and positioning each bracket on the slab in relation to the datum
floor level, not the local floor level. This brings the shelf angle close enough to make minor adjustments with shims
and slotted bolt holes. While this appears more complicated than the typical detail in Figure 3, it is not necessarily
more expensive. An angle cast in the slab would have to be heavier, because of the increased moment arm
supporting the brick. It would also have to be cut when it projects beyond the brick, and extended when it does not
provide enough bearing, and touched up afterward to prevent corrosion. Additional modifications would be needed
in the vertical direction, concealed behind a larger flashing. A larger angle, with shims and grout between it and the
floor slab is a possible solution. The resulting significant thermal bridge may be seen as an advantage, or
disadvantage, depending on climate, location, and design objectives. The cavity would be larger than necessary so
that at the bottom where the shelf obstructs it, there would be a minimum of 25 mm to ensure drainage.
When the shelf angle is too far inward by 5 mm, and the brick is too far out by the same amount, there will still be
65 mm of bearing. At the other extreme, the toe of the angle will be 5 mm back from face of brick (on average, it
The cavity, nominally about 52 mm allowing for bumps in the air barrier, could actually be anywhere from 37 mm
(with the studs all the way out and the brick all the way in) to 67 mm. The distance from face of insulation to the
middle of the wythe of brick, normally 97 mm, will vary from 82 to 112 mm, a range of 30 mm. Ties fitting this
range may not be a standard size. More to the point, because the other halves of the ties won’t be fastened to the
studs with perfect accuracy, two sizes of wire insert will have to be available to the mason at the jobsite, so that he
can keep the ties bedded in the middle 30 mm of the brick wythe.
The vertical direction for the brick tolerances has already been considered. What about the stud length? If all the
studs are precut, allowance is needed for errors in cutting. Consider also the expected structural deflection, plus 20
mm for variation in slab position. If the studs are cut 30 mm shorter than the average floor to ceiling dimension,
then a connection is needed (such as clips) that still engages the studs and maintains the required stiffness when the
gap from end of stud to underside of slab is 50 mm. The nested track connection shown will require studs to be cut-
to-fit or selected from an assortment of lengths.
Conclusion
Details that don't take allowed tolerances into account don't work on the job. They can lead to improvisations that
may, or may not, impair future performance. “May” is more likely. Good practice dictates that professionals should
design enough leeway into the details to allow for acceptable tolerances. This will take some extra effort in design,
but if a designer gets a reputation for buildable details, or if he does design-build work, the added effort should pay
off in the long run. Unless the project's specifications explicitly supplant the tolerances specified in applicable
standards or established by trade practice, the designer could be found responsible for resulting problems if the
At present, there is not enough information available about most construction materials and methods to determine
with confidence the probability of an error of a given magnitude. When standards use statistical tolerances (as in
the case of concrete), the contract should establish a definite cut-off between what the details will accommodate,
and what the builder will be required to correct at his own expense. A tolerance of “plus or minus 15 mm 90% of
the time” cannot be used to reject any single instance and does not rule out larger errors with lower frequencies of
occurrence.
A simple, if conservative, way to see if a detail will accommodate construction tolerances is to take the following
steps:
• determine the tolerances specified in standards, or achievable for each material or system involved,
• work through the order of construction, checking to see if positions or tolerances at each stage are constrained
by possible errors in previous stages,
• consider establishing tolerances different from the standards, if this seems likely to be the most economical
way to resolve conflicts, and
• revise the detail by adding adjustable connections, variable toppings, larger and more variable gaps, or other
means of adjustment to eliminate tolerance overlaps.
Zero tolerance is not reasonable, or even possible. Provide for what you think is reasonable, and think through the
consequences to make sure the stated requirements are consistent with one another. If the applicable standards and
personal experience don’t provide enough information, consult with experienced trades people. (For example, ask a
mason about concrete tolerances). Finally, let the builder know what you’ve allowed for, and who has to pay when
accidents happen anyway.
Questions
1. What is the problem with locating the next component in an assembly by measuring from the last one?
2. How far can the edge of a concrete slab be, horizontally, from the position given in the drawings, before it is
not acceptable under A23.1?
3. How much variation in horizontal edge of slab position do you think your details should accommodate?
4. How much variation must a detail accommodate in relation to specified concrete tolerances to limit the “no
fault” reject rate to 1%.?
5. How far up or down can a concrete slab be away from correct elevation before it is not acceptable under
A23.1?
6. Where two sections of shelf angle meet end to end, how much misalignment is acceptable if the connections
are fixed?
7. How far away from correct elevation can a steel shelf angle be?
8. If 25 mm is the minimum wall cavity that will drain and dry properly, what is wrong with showing a 25 mm
cavity in a detail?
9. What is the permitted range of thickness for the first bed joint of a masonry wythe?
10. What is the permitted range of thickness for a nominal 10 mm mortar joint?
11. Describe how to evaluate a detail so as to avoid interference fits, lack of adequate bearing, and similar diffi-
culties in construction.
References
Canadian Standards Association. Masonry Construction for Buildings (CSA A371-94). Rexdale, CSA 1994.
Canadian Standards Association. Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction (CSA A23.1-
94). Rexdale, CSA 1994.
Canadian Standards Association. Limit States Design of Steel Structures (CSA S16.1-M89). Rexdale, CSA
1989. (Current Edition is 1994).
Posey, James B. Brick Veneer Steel Stud (Best Practice Guide: Building Technology). Ottawa, Canada
Mortgage and Housing Corporation 1994.
Useful Information
Canadian Standards Association. Tel: 1-800-463-6727
Fax: (461) 747-4287
Web: www.csa.ca
Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Research Division. Web: www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/research/highrise
Ontario Association of Architects
This article was prepared by CMHC with funding provided by the Government of Canada under the National
Housing Act, and by the Ontario Association of Architects. The detail used as an example is one of several in
CMHC’s “Brick Veneer Steel Stud, Best Practice Guide, Building Technology” Cat. No. NH15-132/1996E, also
available in French, one of many items of information published by CMHC with the assistance of federal funds.