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Short Notes: AE 2022 General Engg and

Maint practices
1. Define aircraft Jacking?
Jacking is done with hydraulic or screw jack to lift the aircraft
from the ground. It enables to raise the level of the aircraft
from ground for aircraft rigging.
Types of jacking are
a.Screw jack
b.bottle jack
c.Tripod jack
2. What is aircraft rigging?
Rigging is to check the alignment of the following
a. fixed surfaces wings, vertical and horizontal stabilizers
b. movable control surfaces (aileron, elevator and rudder)
Purpose:
The purpose of aircraft rigging is to improve flight
characteristics of aircraft.
This avoids tendency of aircraft to roll, yaw and pitch in
straight level flight.
3. What are the advantages of swaging over splicing?
1. It provides smooth surface finish,
2. High strength,
3. High reliability,
4. It requires less time for swaging,
5. It uses simple tool and low costing,
6. Semi-skilled worker is adequate.
4. What are the types of aircraft bolts?
1.General Purpose
2. Close tolerance bolts
3. Internal tolerance
4. Special purpose bolts
a. Clevis,
b.eyebolt
c.jo-bolt
d. lock bolt
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5. What are the types of rivet type?


1. Blind rivets,
2. Mechanically expanded rivets,
3. Self plugging rivets and
4. Pull through rivets
6. What are the special inspections on aircraft?
a. Hard or overweight landing inspection,
b .severe turbulence inspection,
c. lightening strike, fire damage,
d. flood damage,
e. seaplanes check and
f.arial application.
7. What are the service bulletins/Instructions?
The instructions are issued by manufacturers on airframe,
engine and components.
It includes the following:
a. Purpose of issuing publications
b. name of applicability airframe
c. engine or component
d. detailed instructions for service
e. adjustment, modifications of parts
f. estimated no. of man hours required to accomplish the job.
8. Define inspection technique?
It is visual and manual checks by opening aircraft panel and
accessory door to determine the condition and any leakage in
an aircraft and components.
It is designed to maintain the aircraft in best possible way. It
is based on reports made by
a. Mechanics during regular scheduled inspections.
b. Pilot during flying if any observations
9. What is maintenance safety/shop safety?
This requires keeping hangars, shop and flight line orderly
and clean. It is essential to safety and efficient maintenance.
It consists of
1. Electrical safety (physiological and fire safety)
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2. Safety around compressed gases


3. Safety around hazardous materials,
4. Aircraft tyre mounting
5. Welding safety
6. Safety around machine tools.
10.
What are the precautions for oxygen systems?
The following precautions to be observed:
1. Open the cylinder valve slowly,
2. Avoid overheating caused by too rapid filling,
3. Mark Oxygen Aviators Breathing,
4. Check pressure frequently during charging,
5. oxygen should be pure without water vapour (99.5% pure)
11.
List precautions for engine starting?
The following precautions are to be observed:
1. Aircraft to head into the wind,
2. No damage to property or person due to exhaust blast,
3. Remove electrical power safely,
4. Fire guard in place,
5. CO2 extinguisher of at least 5lbs,
6. Area in front is clean to avoid FOD,
7. Manufacturer checklist to start and shut down,
8. Remove control surfaces lock before starting,
9. ATC permission required in case of emergency.
10. Only trained persons are permitted to give starting.
12.

Define mooring?
It is the process of aircraft is being tied down after each
flight to the ground. It is safety for the aircraft to prevent
damage from sudden storms. It is tied down using the
following
1. Mettalic chain
2. Manila rope to the hook/rings in the concrete ground.
Manila rope should be kept slightly loose so that in the rain it
can tighten up without breaking

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Definetowing? It is the process of moving aircraft from
one place to other place using towing vehicle and towing bar.
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During towing the engine power is switched off. The following


precaution is to be observed.
1. Correct speed of towing vehicle,
2. only trained technician in the cockpit to operate brake in
emergency
3. the aircraft should have wing walk man for each port and
starboard wing
4. Aircraft brake should be serviceable.
14.

What are the welding safety?


Welding safety is done in designated area. Any part removed
from aircraft should be done in welding bay. Precautions to be
observed are:
1. Welding should be done outside hanger
2. no open fuel tanks or work on fuel tank
3. no aircraft within 35 ft of welding,
4. no flammable material around the welding area
5. Only qualified welders permitted,
6. the welding area is roped off and placarded,
7. It should fire extinguishing equipment min rating of 20 lbs,
8. The aircraft should be in towable state in case of fire.

15.

Define airworthiness directive?


It is published to notify aircraft owners and other interested
persons of unsafe conditions and prescribed conditions to
which aircraft may continue to operate. FAR should be
complied.
Two categories are:
a) Those of emergency in nature requiring immediate
compliance upon receipt.
b) Less urgent in nature requiring compliance within a
relatively longer period of time.
It may be one time compliance or recurring item (calendar
or hourly based)

16.

What is type certificate data sheet?


It describes the type design and sets forth limitations
prescribed by the applicable CFR. It contains
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1. Use of model designation of engines by manufacturer for


use with this model of aircraft.
2. It specifies minimum fuel grade required.
3. It specifies max continuous and take off ratings of engine
rpm.
4. It specifies the name of propeller manufacturer and model
designation of each propeller.
5. It specifies air speed limits in kmph.
6. It also specifies the CG at extreme conditions and empty
weight CG range.
17.

What is ATA specification(ATA 100)?


It refers to Air Transport Association of America
specifications for manufacturers. These specifications
establish standard for the presentation of technical data by
an aircraft and its accessories. It simplifies in locating
instructions and uniform method of arranging instructions in
all publications.
ATA 100 specifications are divided into systems. Numbering
in each major system provides an arrangement for breaking
the system into several subsystems
eg. ATA 21 is for Air Conditioning system,
2100 General,
2110 compression,
2120 Distribution,
2130 Pressurization control etc.

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How Fluid lines identification done?


Fluid lines in aircraft system are used for high pressure oil
and gases for operational use in the system.
It is identified by marking with
1. colour codes, words on the lines
2. Geometric symbols marked on the lines
These markings identify
a.the function (eg drain, vent, return, pressure)
b.content in the line (oil,gase)
c.hazard level ( toxic)

19.

List types of fluid line fittings?


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The following are the different types of fittings used for


joining the fluid lines:
1.Universal bulkhead fittings
2. AN flared tube fittings,
3.Flareless fittings
4.Quick disconnect fittings, flexible connectors.
20.
List types of fluid pipe line?
These are the fluid pipe lines used to deliver oil and gases
under pressure to different systems in aircraft:
1. Rigid line-a tube with standard combinations of outside
diameter and wall thickness. These are standardized by
ANSI.
2. Semi-rigid fluid lines-tubes can be bent to shape and are
often flared for connectors.
3. Flexible fluid line-the flexibility required due to restricted
area in aircraft. It is used for transmission of fluid and gases
under pressure.
21.List types of bearing used in aircraft?
Aircraft bearings are used in engine gear box, propeller
reduction gear and helicopter rotor bearings. The following
are the types of bearing:
1. Plain bearings,
2. Ball bearings,
3. roller bearings.
4. ball thrust bearings,
5. roller thrust bearings tapered
6. roller thrust bearings
21.

Define leveling of aircraft?


Aircraft leveling is achieved through simultaneous raising of
jacks. It is jacking of aircraft with the use of leveling spirit to
level longitudinally and lateral axis. The purpose leveling:
1. rigging of aircraft
2. landing gear retraction test.

22.
What the safety while handling compressed air/gases?
The following safety precautions to be observed :
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1.check frequently hoses for breaks or worn out,


2.no leak in the connections
3.to drain water from compressor tank from the system
periodically,
4.never use for cleaning,
5.keep hoses straightened to avoid cracking of hose
23.
Why APU(Auxiliary Power Unit) required?
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The purpose of auxiliary power unit located in aircraft
is:
1. to provide electric power supply to aircraft while on
ground,
2.to start the engine by providing bleed air
3. Air-conditioning of cabin when on ground
4. power supply for maintenance and inspection of aircraft
on ground
It is self contained system having own battery, fuel tank ,fuel
system and combustion.
25.
What is engine fire extinguishing?
Fire extinguishing agents are those chemical that are
injected into a compartment or area to extinguish a fire.
These agents work by either displacing the oxygen
or chemically combining with the oxygen to prevent
combustion. Agents are: CO2, Halon 1301(CF3Br), Halon
1001(Methyl Bromide), Halon 1011 (chlorobromomethane).
26.

List ground power units (GPU)?


The ground power units enable aircraft inspection, repair and
maintenance. The different power units are:
1. Electric GPU to provide power supply for aircraft while on
ground and aircraft maintenance
2. hydraulic GPU for charging hydraulic system and
operation check of control surfaces
3.Ground support Air GPU for ground starting of aircraft
engine
4. ground air heating and air conditioning units for aircraft on
ground

27.

List Check lists?


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Check lists are used to perform inspection on the aircraft. It


is provided by the manufacturer. Check list are grouped into:
1. Fuselage and hull group,
2. cabin and cockpit group,
3. engine and nacelle group,
4. landing gear group,
5. wing and center section,
6. empennage group,
7. propeller group,
8. communication and navigation group.
28.

List precision instruments?


The instruments are used to obtain more precise
measurements for accuracy.eg
micrometer, vernier calipers, vernier scales, go and no-go
gauges, protractors.
29.
What is environment cleanliness?
spillage of oil, fire safety,safety lanes, FOD cleanliness,
Hazardous materials, welding environment, compressed
gases environment,tyre mounting environment
30.
What are the special tools in aircraft maintenance?
List of special tools used are:
1. Rigging tool for control surface rigging,
2. Tensiometer,
3. mass balancing tool for balancing control surface weight,
4. Universal protractor for control surface angular
measurement
31.
List special equipment in maintenance?:
1.towing bar,
2.aircraft jack,
3.GPUs,
4.mooring chain
5.oil filling eqpt.
32.
List maintenance manual ?
The maintenance manual consists of
1. Description of systems,
2. Lubrication instructions,
3. Tolerance adjustments
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4. Pressure and electrical loads,


5. Methods of leveling,
6. Jacking and towing,
7. Balancing of control surfaces,
8. Identification of primary and secondary structures,
9. Special repair methods applicable to the airplane
10. list of special tools.
33.
What is overhaul manual?
It consists of brief description and detailed step by step
instructions covering work normally performed on a unit that
has been removed from the aircraft.
34.
Define advisory circular?
Issued to inform the aviation public in systematic way of non
regulatory material. An advisory circular is issued to provide
guidance and information in a designated subject.
35.

What Foreign Object Damage?


The FOD is caused due to external debris entering the
engine air intake and causing damage to engine. This can be
avoided by 1.proper environmental cleanliness around
aircraft
2. Tool discipline.
3 . Area in front of aircraft especially on ground should be
clean
4. loose rivets in the air intake should be checked.

36.

Define swaging?
Swaging is a forging process in which the dimensions of an
item are changed using a die into which the item is forced.
Swaging is usually a cold working process. The advantages is
swaging
1 . it is a simple process,
2. zero material waste,
3. smooth surface finish
4. provides better strength than splicing
5.it improves grain structure and tensile strength
6.It uses simple low cost tooling
37.
Define splicing?
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It is a process of joining cables by inter weaving strands so


that they form one picece. It is technique in which two cables
are inter woven in such a way as to produce a seamless and
strong continuous cable with no visible knots. Advantages of
splicing:
1. No special tool required
2. It provides seamless and continuous cable.
3. No visible knot required
4.cables and ropes are joined using splicing
38.
List Types of gears: In aircraft gears are
for reduction speed for drives. It is used in engine gear box
and propeller shaft. The types are:
1. spur gear,
2.helical gear,
3. Herringbone gears
4.bevel gears,
5. worm gears
39.

What is Inspection technique?


It involves opening all panels, access doors, fairings and
cowling to check condition of an aircraft and components.
The purpose is
1. The oil or fuel leakage to be checked
2. any structural damage like warping on the skin,
3. rivets damage to component.
4. any sign of overheating on any components

40.

What is aircraft logs?


It is aircraft log book and supplemental records connected to
aircraft. Aircraft log book is record in which all data
concerning aircraft are recorded. The record helps to identify
the status of aircraft, date of inspections. It reflects history of
aircraft.

41.

Define risk diamond?


Material safety diamonds is important with regard to shop
safety. It is simple and quick way to determine the risk.
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1. Red refers to flammability,


2. Yellow refers to reactivity,
3. Blue refers to health and
4. White refers to special hazard.
42. What is hard landing?
It is during landing the weight known to exceed the
design landing weight or
after rough landing.symptoms
are:
1.wringled wing skin
2.fuel leakage
3.damage in spar webs,bulk heads,nacelle.firewall skin
43. What is turbulence inspection?
When an aircraft encounters a gust condition, the air
load combination of guest velocity and airspeed is too
severe, the induced stress can cause structural damage.
44. What is lightening strike?
If a lightning strike occurs the aircraft must be carefully
inspected to determine the extent of damage. is due to high
voltage through metallic conductor. Inspect for degradation
burning or erosion.
45. What is fire damage to aircraft?
Inspect the aircraft structures that have been subjected
to fire or intense heat .Metal may affect the design strength
due to heat.
46. What is flood damage to aircraft?
Aircraft may be damaged by water can range minor to
severe based on fresh or salt water. Submerged components
should be disassembled, thoroughly cleaned and treated for
corrosion.
47. What is the special inspection for seaplane?
Seaplane operated in an environment that accelerates
corrosion, it must be carefully inspected for corrosion. The
seaplanes encounters stress pounding of rough water at high
speeds.
48. What is aerial application of aircraft?
The corrosive nature of some chemical used and the typical
flight profile may have damaging effects of corrosion .This
normally happens during aerial spray of pesticides during
agricultural work.
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49. What is aircraft hardware?


The aircraft hardware is the term used to describe the
various types of fasteners and miscellaneous items used in
manufacture of aircraft and repair of aircraft.
50. What is aircraft plumbing?
It consists of hoses ,tubing, fittings and connectors in
the fuel and oil pipe lines of aircraft.

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