International Journal of Political Science, Law

and International Relations (IJPSLIR)

ISSN(P): 22788832; ISSN(E): 22788840
Vol. 6, Issue 3, Jun 2016, 1-12
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

THE ROLE OF CITIZEN IN INDONESIAN PUBLIC DIPLOMACY THROUGH

IACS (INDONESIAN ARTS AND CULTURAL SCHOLARSHIP) PROGRAM
SRI ISSUNDARI & IVARACHMAWATI
Department of International Relation, Pembangunan National Veteran University, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
The increasing number of citizen activities in building relations between countries cannot be ignored in the
globalized world. People-to-people contact had obscured the domestic and international issues and put them in a
similar role and activities. The significant role of citizens was attached to diplomacy activities by providing a large
space in Indonesian Foreign Affairs for them through public diplomacy office formation. The institution was
established by the Directorate General of Information and Public Diplomacy in 2002. This article is the result of
research on the activities of IACS (Indonesian Arts and Culture Scholarship) that involve participants from diverse
background countries. IACS program was one of public diplomacy projects in Indonesia. The methodology used in this
research was qualitative research methodologies through in-depth interview methods with the IA CS participants years

participants IACS establish relationships among them who have different cultural backgrounds and nationalities but
also understanding relations towards Indonesian people. This research had found that the relations made had changed
their perceptions on Indonesia. The claims proposed in this research are, firstly, conceptually, public diplomacy and
citizen diplomacy are no longer separated. Both public diplomacy and citizen diplomacy have similar goals and
activities. Secondly, practically, citizens or public are no longer placed as a target or object of public diplomacy, but
more than that its placed as equal partners for their network. Thirdly, public diplomacy is able to place itself as a tool

Original Article

2012-2014 as subject of research. In-depth interviews was conducted to find out not only for knowing how far the

of state to compose mutual understanding and relations and is not as state propagandas tool.
KEYWORDS: Public Diplomacy-Citizen Diplomacy-IACS Program-Relationship Building

Received: Apr 28, 2016; Accepted: May 06, 2016; Published: May 20, 2016; Paper Id.: IJPSLIRJUN20161

INTRODUCTION
The increasing number of people-to-people contacts as a result of globalization and the easiness of
technology have given a way for every individual and group to share ideas and build relations without any border
of country. The comfort in sharing idea and building relations in turn gives a wide impact to peoples behavior as
well as social, economy, and politics. Aman Ki Asha/ House of peace (Sajjad Malik. 2014), Anti Carrefour
Movement (Po Chi Chen. 2012.), Blood Diamonds (Rina-Louis Protorious.2011), and ARATS-SEF (Karolina
Kupinska. 2010) are some examples of non state actors who have big implications in the area of politics, social,
and economy.
The impact of those state actors had persuaded Indonesia to form the Directorate General of Public
Information and Diplomacy in 2002. Through Presidential decree Number 119/2001 about the New Structure of
Foreign Affairs Department, Hassan Wirajuda held what he called as The Process of Self Reform. One of the
crucial changes that are highly desirable in the frame of Reform of bureaucracy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

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Sri Issundari & Ivarachmawati

is Organization Reshuffle. This has been accomplished through the decision of Minister of Foreign affairs number.
053/2002. This decision is then improved by the Foreign Affairs Ministers Regulation number. 02/2005. In the body of
Directorate General of Public Information and Diplomacy, this directorate conducted activities that are aimed at gaining
supports from public, either from inside the country or abroad, towards the administration of Foreign Affairs of Republic
Indonesia concerning with the politic, security, economy, development, social, culture, and other actual and strategic
issues.
The ideas of involving the non state actors especially the citizens in the diplomacy activities is a strategy that is
worth doing in the world that gets constricted due to the telecommunication and transportation technology. The recognition
of the importance of the existence of the citizens in public diplomacy was stated by Al Busyro Basnur (the Director of
Indonesian Public Diplomacy) in an interview: public diplomacy.. is an effort done collaboratively by the public and
the government in the frame of developing good relations with the companion countries, enhancing collaboration with
those countries,.and together we create the orderliness of the world (an interview with Al Busyro Basnur, the Director of
Public Diplomacy, The Directorate General of Public Diplomacy and Information, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
Indonesia, Jakarta, August 7th 2015).
The attempt to involve citizens was started in 2003 through The Indonesian Arts and Culture Scholarship (IACS)
program, namely, a project held for youths from all over the world to stay and study about Indonesia in Indonesia. The
area of studies includes politics, social, economy, and art and culture. This project is expected to bring in Indonesianists
from all over the world and they become pioneers for the relationship among citizens. This article is a result of a study
which is done in relation to the administration of IACS for 3 years in Yogyakarta to see to the extent of advantages of this
program for the public diplomacy of Indonesia. Besides the suspicion on public diplomacy projects which is merely one
countrys propaganda. (GR. Berrige, 2010), this article discusses about the abrasion of public and citizen diplomacy both
conceptually and practically because of the extension of network owned by the citizen.
THEORETICAL REVIEW
Public Diplomacy
The change in terms of the international relations because of the appearance of the non state actors and
communication technology had brought the theory of public diplomacy far off its preliminary concept promoted by
Edmund Gullion in 1965, diplomacy... deals with the influence of public attitudes on the formation and execution of
foreign policies. It encompasses dimensions of international relations beyond traditional diplomacy; the cultivation by
governments of public opinion in other countries; the interaction of private groups and interests in one country with those
of another; the reporting of foreign affairs and its impact on policy; communication between those whose job is
communication, as between diplomats and foreign correspondents; and the processes of inter-cultural communications.
(Public Diplomacy Association, What is Public Diplomacy?,http://www.publicdiplomacy.org Download 3th January
2014). On this conception, influence gets the prominent place in public diplomacy to achieve the genuine interest, which is
the collaboration in economy and security. This is also in line with rationalist understanding that every country has the
same goal, that is, the order of international / international ethics/code that will only be obtained through collaboration and
dialogs, therefore diplomacy is an important part of the effort. (James Fearon dan Alexander Wendt, 2013: 116, Henry N,
2009: 42). Besides, public diplomacy is aimed at influencing the publics opinion of other country, especially to introduce
its culture and self esteem. As it was stated by Tuch, frankly he claimed that public diplomacy is merely a communication
Impact Factor (JCC): 1.9685

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 6.1

The Role of Citizen in Indonesian Public Diplomacy through

IACS (Indonesian Arts and Cultural Scholarship) Program

tool of a state to another state and public out of the state about its idea, culture, and institutions (Hans Tuch, 1990). In the
conceptions of public diplomacy develops further, the goal of public diplomacy is more aimed at an attempt to construct
the awareness of cultural identity through cultural diplomacy (RS. Zaharna: 2000), the effort to influence international
norms through public writing (Zhang Juyan. 2006.) and or an effort to realize mutual understanding and relationship
building among the worlds citizen (Mark Leonard: 2002).
In addition to inquiring national interest as the goal of public diplomacy, in the above conception also explained
that public diplomacy place the state as the main actor of its administration. In the other hand, the next conception of public
diplomacy give more space for the non state actors in administering public diplomacy activities (Jan Melissen: 2011, Brian
Hocking: 2008, Geoffrey Wiseman: 1999, Naren Chitty: 2007, Teresa La Porte: 2012). These actors are situated as a
partner for the state in administering the public diplomacy. However, the state is still the coordinator of the entire activities
of public diplomacy. This happens because nonetheless the ministry of foreign affair is still a place where printed and non
printed publications of information of policy and other related things are done. (GR. Berridge: 2010). The term government
driven is used by Melissen to describe that any force of influence of the non state actors, the state must be able to be the
main controller of every diplomacy they make (Jen Melissen: 2011).
Citizen Diplomacy
The idea of citizen role in diplomacy was first stated by Ambassador McDonald who claimed that the non state
actors and even the individual actors can influence in the relations among countries through activities and leadership they
have done might become something that the state can do (John W. McDonald.1991). In its progress, citizen diplomacy did
not only include independent activities done by individuals or groups as the non state actors but also include some
activities which are done as a result of collaboration between state and the non state actors. This depends on the access
given by the state in domestic policy and also the citizens capability themselves. (Dr. Odoh, S.I., Nwogbaga, David M.E:
2014).
However, on its journey, the management of peacefulness is not only restricted to the issues of conflict and peace.
Issues which do not relate to conflict and peace such as education, health, and peoples empowerment have important
positions in the emphasis of the conflict. And the issues signaled that the separation between the role of the state and the
citizens participation is practically not feasible anymore because both should be in collaboration (Eleanor J. Brown, W.
John Morgan and Simon McGrath: 2009). The idea concerning the citizen diplomacy is also broadening and differing. Paul
Sharp does not only view citizen diplomacy as a form of common peoples participation in their states diplomacy, but he
also sees peoples involvement in various global interaction both in international and transnational scope (Paul Sharp,
2001). The cultural relations and other simple matters done by the citizen are also becoming parts of citizen diplomacy,
even though those activities do not have any relation to the constructive attempts in forming collaborative network between
citizen in international level. Through the personal relations, spontaneous citizen diplomacy (Sherry Lee Mueller, Ph.D.
dan Mark Rebstock, 2012:17) occurs and this is the nucleus of a big construction for inter states relations. Those activities
sometimes are not directly associated with inter states issues or even they do not related to the activities done by the state at
all. As a result, Paul Sharp identified that citizen diplomacy can be done both using the facility from the state (idea or
finance) and voluntarily (initiated by the citizen without using the facility from the state whether or not it is in line with the
states diplomacy) (Paul Sharp: 2001).

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The change in the goal of public diplomacy which is not merely an influence to form the public opinion and to
administer nationals interest anymore and it also does not place the state as the only actor of public diplomacy makes it get
closer the activities of citizen diplomacy. On the contrary almost all explanations about citizen diplomacy basically still
view those activities as parts of public diplomacy. Therefore, citizen diplomacy cannot be separated from the states
involvement. Some explanations about citizen diplomacy show that the state also still plays an important role in the
activities of citizen diplomacy. (Dian Mutmainah, 2014 :128).
The abrasion of the border between domestic and international issues, the public who are getting close to the
international issues, the access of information that become easier, the freedom to engage in relations and to make networks
without the states presence have slowly shifted the non state actors roles as a stakeholder into a partner or an agent/ an
actor who has interest and initiative, a partner who refers to actors who join in the planning and implementation, who
mobilizes various resources, and agrees to manage the shared resources. As an agent, they share goals and serve the
administration of public diplomacy initiative. (RS. Zaharna: 2011) meanwhile, in the non-conflict issues, it seems that
Huijghs warning concerning the separation of these actors is actually right. The state has not been able to be put aside yet,
especially in terms of funding and initiation (Brent Eastwood. 2007).

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The methodology of this research is qualitative research through in-depth interview. The interview will be done to
the participants of IACS to gain information about their prior knowledge and responses after joining the program. This is
done to observe the change of perception and how a perception is constructed in their thought about Indonesia. The indepth interview is also done to IACS management to know the extent of the attempt done by the anagement and ministry in
constructing positive perception towards IACS. A study literatutre and documentation is also done to construct theoretical
arguments upon this research. The literature and documents used in this research are those which have relation to the
concepts of public diplomacy, citizen diplomacy, and reports on IACS activities.

RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSIONS

Since 2002 the Foreign Affairs Ministry has adiministered the program of IACS (Indonesian Art and Culture
Scholarship). This program is the governments attempt in accomplishing public diplomacy through building
communication with the citizens of other countries. BSBI seeks to enhance people-to-people contacts among youngsters.
(70 Youngsters from 43 countries are awarded scholarship on Arts and Culture of RepublicIndonesia Foreign Affairs
Ministry from http://news.detik.com/read/2013/06/07/181622/2267511/10/70-pemuda-dari-43-negara-terima-beasiswaseni-budaya-kemlu-ri accessed on April 23rd, 2014). According to the ministry, at the beginning the goals of IACS program
is to demonstrate Indonesias commitment as an initiator of the establishment of South West Pacific Dialogue and as the
originator member of ASEAN in advancing the social culture cooperation in the region. The program also has an objective
to encourage better understanding amongst participants from member countries through Indonesias immensely diverse art
and cultural heritage. Finally, the programme aims to cultivate a cultural of cooperation, emerging from direct contact and
sharing of cultures amongst people involved in the program, leading to thriving diplomatic relations in the region and
worldwide.

(Indonesian

Arts

and

Culture

Scholarship

(Regular

Programme)

http://www.kemlu.go.id/Pages/InformationSheet.aspx?IDP=107& accessed on March 21st 2015).

Impact Factor (JCC): 1.9685

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 6.1

The Role of Citizen in Indonesian Public Diplomacy through

IACS (Indonesian Arts and Cultural Scholarship) Program

Moreover the changes that developed in the contexts of International relations also have an influence towards the
goal of the IACS program. The goal of IACS which is at first including the area of South West Pacific Dialogue has altered
its scope to the entire world. This is also indicated by the increasing number of the participant countrie. The following is
the data of the IACS participants and their home countries.
Table 1: IACS Participants
Native
Country
2015
70
40
2014
70
45
2013
70
43
2012
65
40
2011
50
30
2010
64
33
2009
50
31
2008
50
30
Sources: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic Indonesia
Year

Partisipant

From the above data it is noticeable that there is a raise in the amount of IACS participants from 50 in 2008 to 70
in 2015. The number of the native countries is also increasing from 30 in 2008 to 45 in 2014. However in 2015 there was a
decrease in the number of the native countries to 40 because it suited the theme of IACS, namely, ASEAN Community. In
this time the countries recruit was focused on countries that become ASEAN members collaborators. Related to the goal,
IACS also started to broaden its scope not only to certain area but also to the entire area. Purno Widodo stated that the goal
of IACS is :
introducing the friendly young generation of the world with Indonesian specific personality, the attitude that
value diversity, unity, politeness, toleration, so that the youngsters are expected to adopt Indonesian values to their
home country. We also seek that those youngsters can function as a bridge builder for the unity of the worlds
community to prevent various conflicts in the world. Besides it also becomes the media of the promotion of art
and culture of Indonesia. (An interview with Purnowidodo, on April 31st 2015).
IACS program is held every year with 3 months period. They learn various values of Indonesia through a very
soft way namely the culture (an interview with Purno Widodo on April 31st 2015). This program was held in 5 places. UPN
Veteran Yogyakarta is one of the institutions which were assigned to take part in carrying out IACS program together with
4 art group which spread in some cities, namely, Bandung, Surabaya, Bali, and Makassar.
IACS program is one of the implementations of public diplomacy of Indonesia. This activity was fully designed
by the Foreign Affairs Ministry to introduce Indonesian cultural diversity to the foreign participants. The participants of
IACS learn various specialty of Indonesia such as dance, folk songs, customs, traditional ceremony and religious activities.
They also learn Bahasa Indonesia and local language and use them in everyday life. During joining the program, the
participants stay in local peoples house so they can directly and continually interact with local people. They also actively
involved in cultural activities, attended wedding reception, circumstition, spiritual village purification (bersih desa),
ruwatan, and other. They are also had a chance to visit the cultural center in each region to get more understanding the
local and Indonesian culture. (http://www.tabloiddiplomasi.org/previous-isuue/204-4-articles-november-2014/1779beasiswa-seni-dan-budaya-indonesia-bsbi.html accessed on April 21st 2015). By joining this program they are expected to
have direct experiences on the traditions, culture, ways of life and habits of Indonesian people. What have been done by
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Sri Issundari & Ivarachmawati

Indonesian government is aimed at promoting emotional friendship of public counterparts and improving the image of
Indonesia. In turn it is expected to gain more foreign support towards Indonesian foreign policies.
Since the implementation of IACS in 2003, this program got positive responses. Most participants of IACS felt
their emotional bonding with Indonesia. For example: Ivana Matic (alumni of IACS 2012) from Serb who was posted in
Bali. She felt the closeness with Indonesian people living:
We were lucky to live in village, because it gave us the opportunity to be the part of everyday life. To see and feel
everything so close. I like their ceremonies, and how they dress for that occasions. I have to mention things from
life-food, sweet fruits that I saw and tried first time in my life. Hmmm, how much I miss all that! Especially kolak
(banana and coconut milk) and bubur injin (black rice) (the Directorate of Public Diplomacy of Directorate
General of Information and Diplomacy of Indonesian Foreign Affair Ministry of Republic Indonesia, Diplomasi
Publik Direktorat Jenderal Informasi dan Diplomasi Publik Kementerian Luar Negeri RI, Beasiswa Seni dan
Budaya Indonesia, 2015: 86)
During their stay in Indonesia, the participants of IACS felt unusual experiences of specific daily living.
Interacting, communicating, and adapting to the local communities give very deep impressions for them. It does not only
give them more understanding on Indonesian culture, but some of them also learn about the systems of politic, economy,
and culture as has been stated by Narmin Hazanova, IACS participant batch 2014 from Azerbaijan:
With this program, I learned a lot about Indonesian art and culture. I learned a lot of information about Indonesian
culture, foreign policy, election system, economy and so on. I studied Bahasa Indonesia, and my Indonesian
language skills have improved. Actually subjects were as a presentation and only brief and general information.
After subjects we had discussion, we asked some question about topic. They were interesting, I got new
information from these subjects (an interview with Narmin Hazanova on June 12th, 2014).
The direct living experienced by the participants of IACS affected their perception about Indonesia. During the 3
months program, the participants interacted and directly perceived the reality of multiculturalism between students and the
local community of Yogyakarta. Through the subject of multiculturalism in Indonesia and Yogyakarta, the participants
understand the factual social realities in the community. In addition they found the multiculturalism themselves through the
visits and live in rural villages. In their daily live for 3 months they stay in a general rent rooms so they can feel the
multiculturalism around them (an interview with Ludiro Madu on July 9th 2015). The communication fostered between the
participants of IACS showed not only the great influence of public diplomacy done by the government in developing
understanding about the existing culture in Indonesia but it also gave a positive images from foreign community toward
Indonesia. This is manifested in one of IACS participants of 2014 Daniel Krauss who felt that the multiculturalism in
Indonesia is well kept:
Hmmm, I know that all Indonesian citizens can live after the principle bhinneka tunggal ika, and still maintain
their own culture, which is a very good thing that many countries lack. unfortunately, a lot of small cultures,
traditional dances, regional languages, and other cultural heritages that are considered "old-fashioned" by the
youngster, have already been lost, but the Indonesian people try to keep up their own culture, this can also be seen
in the BSBI performance where art centers from 6 parts of Indonesia contribute to unify Indonesia despite being
culturally different. (an interview with Daniel Krauss on June 10th, 2015).

Impact Factor (JCC): 1.9685

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 6.1

The Role of Citizen in Indonesian Public Diplomacy through

IACS (Indonesian Arts and Cultural Scholarship) Program

Similarly, a deep impression felt by Marco Calvi, IACS participant batch 2014 come from Italy. At the beginning
of his arrival, he did not know that Indonesia is a multicultural country :
Ive been in Indonesia many times during the New Order and I can remember it wasnt a multicultural country.
There was only one powerful party and almost everything was owned by one family. In the last 15 years, I think
indonesia made big step to be considered a multicultural country were every man can speak freely like in Western
country (an interview with Marco Calvi, on June 10th, 2015).
It is not only positive impressions about Indonesia, but it also nurturing the communication and information
sharing between the IACS participants. The activities held by IACS are not only introducing the diversity of Indonesian
culture. The existence of information exchanges about every culture owned by each participant and what they gained
during their stay make them give higher appreciation to diversity. Nguyen Thanh Hai, alumni of IACS batch 2014 from
Vietnam said:
I think the biggest difference between multicultural in my country and Indonesia would lay in the difference in
religion. In my country the majority of the people either have no religion or just lives closely to Buddhism. So I
would say we don't really have much of difference in our ideology of what the people believe in life. In Indonesia
there's a big difference between two major religions which are Muslim and Christian but in Vietnam we don't
have that. So we don't have so many difference in religion and therefore less problems that occur because of
differences in religion. But there are still cultural differences among different regions in Vietnam that's similar to
Indonesia but I think each and every one of them also tries to accept others' differences and live well together (an
interview with Nguyen Thanh Hai on June 12th, 2014)
Sarita, and alumni of IACS year 2014 compared the cultural diversity in Indonesia and her own country:
There are more than 700 living languages spoken in Indonesia and although predominantly Muslim the country
also has large Christian and Hindu populations. Indonesia's national motto is Unity in Diversity" articulates the
diversity that shapes the country. There are significant populations of ethnic groups who reside outside of their
traditional regions. In Italy I think is relative same, because we don't have a lot of religions, but we have
immigration from Africa and from Eastern Europe, they people wants come in Italy and hope in a better life. So
we try to live together but not always this situation is easy! Some people dont want live together with those
people! Right now is not a peaceful situation! (an interview with Sarita on June 10th, 2014)
Although at first this program was a part of public diplomacy which was fully controlled by the government, in its
further development this program was administered by the citizens. The government who formerly an agent of public
diplomacy that employs the citizens as objects of public diplomacy, now started to have a collaboration with the people,
who later also have functions as an agent. The community does not only execute programs made by the state, but also have
initiatives to construct their own communication either in formal or non formal situation. Some activities that are the result
of IACS alumni initiative related to this communication was done by Rennie Roos, alumni of IACS batch 2012 from
Netherlands. She initiated an association of Indonesian-Netherlands partnership. The organization is called IndonesiaNetherlands Youth Society (INYS). This organization is acknowledged by both Indonesian and Nederlands government.
They founded the organization of the friendship between Indonesia and Nederland. This organization is called IndonesiaNetherlands Youth Society (INYS). They become agents who make the youngsters from Indonesia and Netherlands have

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good relations through various social and cultural activities. Through the activities done and planned by the community
themselves, they will also give information about job opportunities in the two countries. (an interview with Purnowidodo
on April 31st 2015). Another alumnus is Brune Charvin from France. He made a documentary movie about Pakarena, a
traditional dance from South Sulawesi, which was broadcasted in his country (Beasiswa Seni dan Budaya Indonesia, 2015).
Purnowidodo even stated that the ministry of Foreign Affairs do some observation of the alumnis activities after joining
the program:
There are many achievements we have reached. For example is the big number of face book groups they made.
To make it simple, how many pictures of the beauty of Indonesia they have uploaded either on FB, twitter,
instagram, and other communication media. All of them are free of charge. They do it on their initiative. We
encourage them but we did not ask them to do so. Many of them come back to Indonesia. Either they come as
tourist; they take along their family to have a travel in Indonesia, come to increase the skills they get when they
stayed here for 3 months and also come to continue their study in Indonesia. And those are real, arent they? From
these facts, we can directly see their development after they stay in Indonesia. The changes in mindsets are
something we can observe. Some of them also became music or dancing teacher in their countries. Some of them
teach in KBRI. So the teachers are no longer Indonesian. And these become our pride. Some of them even
become artist. For exampsle is a dangdut singer from Korea, Wae Won Jung. He also composed a song in Bahasa
Indonesia. Yes, indeed there are many of them continue their study in Indonesia.(an interview with Purnowidodo
on April 31st, 2015).
The existing relations between the participants of IACS with the local community show that there is an intensive
communication in introducing each others culture. They share the culture they have and the culture they learn. The
traditions that they see, various religions, and activities they encounter show that the exchange of value and knowledge
does exist between the participants of IACS and the local people.
If it is associated with the public diplomacy of Indonesia, then the activities done is not merely introducing
Indonesian culture to its counterpart, but it is more than that. There is communication constructed through the exchanges of
ideas and experiences because each participant has various cultural backgrounds. When they are engaged in sharing the
experiences, at the same time they also nurture toleration, understanding, and intimacy among one to another. (RS Zaharna:
2011). The experiences encountered by the participants of IACS are then developed by themselves through the initiative of
having communication without involving the government. In this case, public diplomacy, which was at first developed by
the government with the aim of increasing the image, is collaborated with the citizen diplomacy developed by the
community themselves. The difference between public diplomacy and citizen diplomacy is in fact begins to fade because
both the government and the community have active roles in building relations (Eleanor J. Brown, W. John Morgan and
Simon McGrath: 2009). Further, the fact that the built relations are not limited to improving the positive images of the
state, however, beyond that matter, they can share information and knowledge about the existence of their coworker.
According to McDonald, activities involving citizens as agents of diplomacy will help to empower the individual through
creating more coherence in collective consciousness, which improves communication between people. Collective
consciousness is influenced by the individuals in society, and if they are stressed and not in touch with that source of peace
and infinite correlation, the level of perfect communication within themselves, then society is more chaotic, fragmented,
violent, and uncommunicative (John W McDonald, 1991). If good communications exist, it automatically results in good

Impact Factor (JCC): 1.9685

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 6.1

The Role of Citizen in Indonesian Public Diplomacy through

IACS (Indonesian Arts and Cultural Scholarship) Program

images of the state. In other words, it can be said that citizen diplomacy is very closely related to public diplomacy, in this
case, citizen diplomacy has a function of supporting public diplomacy.

CLOSURE
The difference between public diplomacy and citizen diplomacy is dissolving nowadays. The collaboration
between the government and the citizens in administering diplomacy show that between the government and the
community do not have super-ordinative relation, instead, they have a collaborative and complementary relation. Although
the governments role is still important in managing diplomacy through programs that are planned in the form of public
diplomacy, the citizens roles are not less important, that is, as the completion of the implementation of diplomacy through
citizen diplomacy. Direct and personal contact conducted by citizen diplomacy can play a significant role in creating
understanding and cooperation among people of different nations. Through citizen diplomacy, the efforts of the
government to achieve national interests will be greatly aided by the community. Moreover, through citizen diplomacy,
they can also contribute establishing peace and finding solutions to global problems.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to thank to the :

Ministry of Education for providing research funding Hibah Bersaing 2015 which allows the implementation of
this research.

Directorate of public diplomacy, the Ministry of Indonesian Foreign Affairs for its willingness to provide
information about the IACS program.

Thanks also go to IACS administrator for the willingness to provide information about IACS daily programs.
Hopefully this research will be useful for the development of diplomacy especially public diplomacy and citizen
diplomacy.

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Impact Factor (JCC): 1.9685

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 6.1

The Role of Citizen in Indonesian Public Diplomacy through

IACS (Indonesian Arts and Cultural Scholarship) Program

11

APPENDICES
Personal Communication
Daniel Krauss, personal communication, June 10, 2014
Nguyen Thanh Hai, personal communication, June 12, 2014
Sarita, personal communication, June 10, 2014
Narmin Hazanova, personal communication, June 12, 2014
Ludiro Madu, personal communication, July 9, 2015
Purnowidodo, personal communication, April 31, 2015
Marco Calvi, personal communication, June 10, 2014

www.tjprc.org

editor@tjprc.org