Professional Documents
Culture Documents
December 2008
Instructions
First, review the learning objectives below, then
read the Professional Development Series article. Next,
complete the quiz and submit your answers to the
Professional Development Series sponsor. Submittal
instructions are provided on the Reporting Form, which
follows the quiz on page PDH 7. Your quiz answers will
be graded by the Professional Development Series
sponsor. If you answer at least 80 percent of the questions correctly, you will receive a certificate of completion from the Professional Development Series sponsor
within 90 days and will be awarded 1.0 professional
development hour (equivalent to 0.1 continuing
education unit in most states). Note: It is the responsibility of the licensee to determine if this method of continuing education meets his or her governing board(s) of
registrations requirements.
Learning Objectives
This article discusses development and splicing of
reinforcement in concrete flexural members. After
reading the article and completing the quiz, readers
should understand the requirements for development
of longitudinal flexural reinforcement and for determining tension development length and splice length
for reinforcement. The article presents the American
Concrete Institutes Building Code (ACI 318-08) design
provisions for development and splicing of reinforcement. All referenced items are from ACI 318-08 unless
noted otherwise. Also, all notations and definitions in
the article are in accordance with Chapter 2 of ACI
318-08.
2 PDH
fy
3
40 fc
tes
c b + K tr
db
db
(Equation 1)
Although Equation 1 appears intimidating, the calculation of development length can be greatly simplified for
specific conditions. For Grade 60 reinforcement, assuming
normal weight concrete ( = 1.0) and uncoated (e = 1.0)
bottom bars (t = 1.0), values of ld as a function of lb can be
determined from Table 1 for various concrete compressive
strengths.
When reinforcement in a flexural member exceeds the
reinforcement required by analysis, the tension development length can be reduced by the ratio [(As required)/(As
provided)], where As is the area of tension reinforcement.
The minimum tension development length, including
the various modification factors, is 12 inches.
0.02e fy
f c
db
(Equation 2)
Table 1: Development length ld for Grade 60, uncoated, bottom reinforcement in normalweight concrete
fc psi
Clear spacing of bars being developed or spliced not less than db,
clear cover not less than db, and beam stirrups or column ties
throughout ld not less than the code minimum
or
Clear spacing of bars being developed or spliced not less than 2db
and clear cover not less than db
Other cases
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
No. 7 and
larger bars
44db
38db
34db
31db
27db
24db
66db
57db
51db
46db
40db
36db
55db
47db
42db
39db
34db
30db
82db
71db
64db
58db
50db
45db
PDH 3
dt =
0.016e fy
f c
db
(Equation 3)
4 PDH
moment reinforcement
For simple span members, at least onethird the positive moment reinforcement
Bar Size No. 3,000
4,000
5,000
3
6.6
5.7
5.1
4
8.8
7.6
6.8
5
11.0
9.5
8.5
6
13.1
11.4
10.2
7
15.3
13.3
11.9
8
17.5
15.2
13.6
9
19.8
17.1
15.3
10
22.3
19.3
17.2
11
24.7
21.4
19.1
6,000
or larger
4.6
6.2
7.7
9.3
10.8
12.4
14.0
15.7
17.5
must extend into the support at least 6 inches. For continuous members, one-fourth of the positive reinforcement must extend into the support. If the
beam is part of a primary seismic load-resisting
See Fig. 2 for
development of negative
system, this reinforcement must be anchored
moment reinforcement
to develop fy in tension at the face of support
to ensure ductility in the event of a serious
Bars A
Note (b)
P.I.
Bars B
overstress. It is not acceptable to use more
reinforcement at lower stresses.
Note: See ACI 318-08 Section 12.10.5 for
At locations with small moment but a large
termination of reinforcement
in a tension zone.
shear, such as at simple supports or at points
of inflection, the development length, ld ,
computed for fy must not exceed the value
Point of inflection P.I.
Mn /Vu + la , where Mn is the nominal strength
of the beam without the -factor. At a simple
support, la is the embedment length beyond
the center of support. At an inflection point,
la is limited to d or 12db , whichever is greater.
Critical
section
The value of Mn /Vu can be increased by 30
for bars A
d, 12d b (12.10.3)
percent if the end of the reinforcement is
(12.10.2)
confined by a compressive reaction, such as
Flexural strength
of bars B
provided by a column below the beam, but
not when a beam frames into a girder. If the
computed ld exceeds the given value, smaller
bars must be used to decrease the computed
Critical
ld , or at a simple support, the reinforcement
section
for bars B
must terminate beyond the centerline of the
(12.10.2)
Figure 1: Positive moment reinforcement Note:
a portion of total positive reinforcement (As+)
must be continuous (or spliced with a Class B
splice or a mechanical or welded splice satisfying
12.14.3) along the full length of perimeter beams
and of beams without closed stirrups (7.13.2.2).
Embedment of Bars B
(12.10.4)
Flexural strength
of bars A & B
+M u
ld bars A
(12.1)
PDH 5
Critical
section for
bars C
(12.10.2)
d, 12d b (12.10.3)
Flexural strength
of bars D & E
Critical
section for
bars D
(12.10.2)
d, 12d b (12.10.3)
Flexural
strength of
bars E
Critical
section for
bars E
(12.10.2)
Reference
ld bars D
(12.10.4)
Bars C
Bars D
Note (b)
6 PDH
ld bars E
(12.10.4)
Bars E
Note (a)
See Fig. 1 for
development of positive
moment reinforcement
Quiz Instructions
On the Professional Development Series Reporting Form below, circle the correct answer for each of the following questions.
c) At points within the span where adjacent reinforcement bars are
terminated
d) All of the above
Article Title: Development and Splicing of Flexural Reinforcement Based on ACI 318-08
Sponsor: Portland Cement Association
Instructions: Select one answer for each quiz question and clearly circle the appropriate letter. Provide all of the requested contact information.
Fax this Reporting Form to 847-972-9059. (You do not need to send the Quiz; only this Reporting Form is necessary to be submitted.)
1.
5.
9.
2.
6.
10.
3.
7.
4.
8.
Middle Initial:
Zip:
Certification of ethical completion: I certify that I read the article, understood the learning objectives, and completed the quiz questions to the best of my ability. Additionally, the contact information provided above is true and accurate.
Signature:
Date:
PDH 7
Concrete Solutions
for Sustainable Development
www.cement.org
The cement industry is committed to making a high-quality product safely and efficiently. That commitment includes
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Enter #254 at gostructural.com/infodirect
0041-08-353