SYLLABUS FOR B.Sc.

SEMESTER SCHEME IN GEOLOGY

(OPTIONAL) FROM YEAR 2005 ONWARDS
Papers

I Semester

II Semester
III Semester
IV Semester

V Semester

VI Semester

Course

Theory - Dynamic
Geology
PracticalGeomorphology &
Interpretation of Top
Sheets
Theory - Mineralogy
Practical-Mineralogy
Theory - Petrology
Practical-Petrology
Theory - Paleontology
& Principles of
Stratigraphy
Practical-Paleontology
Theory - I Structural
Geology & Indian
Stratigraphy
Theory - II Ore
Processes
Practical-I Structural
Geology
Practical-II Ores & Ore
Chemistry
Theory - I
Hydrogeology
Remote Sensing & GIS
Theory - II Mineral
Deposits of India
Practical-I
Interpretation of Water
analysis
Practical-II
Interpretation of Aerial
Photos & Satellite
imageries

Teaching
hours /
week

Theory /
Practical

Internal
Assessment

80

20

100

40

10

50

4
3
4
3

80
40
80
40

20
10
20
10

100
50
100
50

80

20

100

40

10

50

3
3

80

20

100

40

10

50

40
40

10
10

50
50

80

20

100

80

20

100

40

10

50

40

10

50

3
3

Examinatio
n Marks

3
3
3

NOTE:
1) A Student should record all Practicals in the Laboratory Journal
(Lab Record) and it should be duly certified by the concerned
Teacher and Head of the Department.
2) Each batch should consist of not more than 6 students for the
regular Practical Classes and examination for all classes.
STUDY TOUR
The study tour is compulsory and carries marks.
During II Semester
Students should be taken to the areas of geological importance to
acquaint with the field occurrences of the minerals, rocks and geological
features for 5 days in the month of January during II semester.
During IV Semester
The students should be taken to field mapping for about 7 days. They
should prepare geological map and collect rocks, minerals samples and
submit the field / tour report at the time of practical examination in IV
Semester, in the month of January which shall be evaluated by the examiner.
During VI Semester
The students should be taken to places of geological importance,
mining areas, geological National Institutes, Laboratories, and Museums for
about 8-10 days in the month of January. The geological study tour report
duly certified by the concerned staff and Head of the Department should be
produced at the time VI Semester examination which will be evaluated by
the examiner.

FIRST SEMESTER DYNAMIC GEOLOGY (THEORY)

1. Physical Geology : Definition, branches and scope of Geology
2. Origin of the earth : Nebular, planetismal, big-bang hypotheses. Age
of earth Radiometric methods of age determinations Uranium/
Lead, Rubidium / Strontium and C14 method.
3. Weathering : Definition, Mechanical weathering Frost action,
spheroidal weathering, Chemical weathering formation of soil and
clay
4. Wind : Definition, geological action of wind (a) Erosion: deflation,
abrasion, attrition.
Erosional features Pedestal rocks
Transportation:
(b) Deposition: Sand dunes, barchans and loess.
Oasis
5. Rivers: Definition, stages of rivers Youth, (River Piracy) Mature
and Old. Geological action of river: (a) Erosion Hydraulic action,
abrasion, attrition and corrosion. (b) Transportation Deposition.
Erosional features: potholes, V- shaped valley, waterfalls, Canyon and
gorge, meander and oxbow lake, delta.
6. Glacier : Definitions of snow line, neve, snowfield, ice, avalanche,
roches moutonnes and Bergschrund. Movement of glacier and
creavses. Types of glacier valley, piedmont and alpine. Geological
action: (a) Erosion abrasion, excavation and frost wedging.
Erosional features cirque, U-shaped valley and Hanging valley.
Depositional features Moraines, drumlin, erratic, eskers, kames and
till.
7. Interior of earth : Using Seismic waves Discontinuities Mohorovicic
and Gutenberg, Crust, Mantle and Core.
8. Volcano: Definition, typical volcano, types of volcano active,
dormant and extinct. Products of volcano - solid, liquid and gases.
9. Earthquake: Definition. Focus and epicenter. Causes and effects of
earthquakes, Volcanic and Tectonic ( elastic rebound theory).
Seismic waves, Seismogram and seismograph. Intensity of earthquake
Richtor scale.
10. Plate tectonics Wegeners hypothesis divergent & convergent plates.
Practicals
1. Geomorphology and Interpretation of Toposheets
i)
Volcanic structure
ii)
Relief models Plateau mesa, butte, escarpments,
Hogbacks.

iii)
iv)
v)
vi)

Stages of River Pothole, meandering, ox-bow lake, delta.

Glacial features cirque, Kames, eskers, drumlin, Kettle hole
Groundwater features, Stalactites & stalagmites, Karst
topography
Coastal Landforms Bars, pits, Delta, islands

2. Interpretation of Toposheets
i)
Contours
ii)
Topography,
iii) Drainage
iv) Lineament
List of books
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Principles of Physical Geology

Physical Geology
General Geology
The Dynamic Earth
The way Earth works
Physical Geology
Geomorphology
Geomorphology
Physical Geogrpahy Today

Arthur Holrnes
Long well & Flint
Y. Radhakrishnan
Wyllie P.J.
Wyllie P.J.
Spring field
Thornbury
Davies
Muller & Oberlander

SECOND SEMESTER : MINERALOGY (THEORY)

1. Physical properties of minerals:
(a)
Properties depending upon light color, play of color, streak, luster
and diaphaneity.
(b) Properties depending upon state of aggregation : columnar, lamellar
and granular. Imitative shapes Botryoidal, amygdaloidal, vesicular
and stalactitic. Isomorphism, polymorphism and pseudomorphism.
(c) Properties depending upon cohesion and elasticity, cleavage, fracture,
hardness and tenacity.
2. Study of general characters of following group of minerals quartz,
felspars, mica, pyroxene, amphibole, olivine and garnet.
3.

Nature of light electromagnetic wave, reflection, refraction and

refractive index.

4.

Polarization - Definition, polarization by reflection, refraction, double

refraction and absorption.

5.

Construction of nicol prism behaviour of light in microscope under

polarized and analyzed light (a) without mineral (b) with isotropic
mineral and (c) with anisotropic mineral.

6. Optical properties of minerals : (a) Polarised light color, pleochroism,

form, relief and cleavage.
(b) Analysed light isotropism,
anisotropism, birefringence, interference colour, extinction, twinning.
7.

Extinction Definition, types of extinction and determination of

extinction angle.

8.

Introduction : Definition of crystal, morphology of crystal face, edge

and solid angle. Laws of crystallography (Eulers Law)

9. Interfacial angle and its measurement by contact goniometer.

10.

Symmetry character: planes, Axes and center ;

crystallographic axes.

study of

11. Parameters: Crystallographic, notations Weiss parameters and Miller

indices.
12. Study of the symmetry characters and holohedral forms of six crystal
systems isometric, tetragonal, hexagonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic
and triclinic sytems.
Practicals
1. Mineralogy : Study of the physical properties and identification of the
following minerals:
(a) quartz group rock crystal, smoky, and milky quartz;
Amethyst, flint, jasper, agate and opal.
(b) Felspar group- orthoclase, microcline and plagioclase
(c) Mica group muscovite and biotite
(d) Pyroxene group Hypersthene, augite
(e) Olivine
(f) Other minerals talc, gypsum, calcite, barites, magnesite,
kyanite, asbestos, garnet, tourmaline, beryl.
2. Determination specific gravity by Walkers steel yard balance.
3. Simple holohedral forms of the isometric, tetragonal, hexagonal,
orthorhombic, triclinic and monoclinic systems.
4. Study of optical properties and identification of following rock
forming minerals. Quartz, orthoclase, microcline, plagioclase,
hypersthene, augite, hornblende, biotite, muscovite, calcite, olivine,
garnet,

List of books
1. Mineralogy
Shrock
2. Optical Mineralogy
PRJ Naidu
3. Optical Mineralogy
P.F.Kerr
4. Text book of mineralogy
J.D.Dana
5. Elements of mineralogy
H.H.Read
6. Mineralogy, Crystallogrpahy
D.Bloss
and Crystal Chemistry
7. An Introduction to Crystallography R.C.Phillips

THIRD SEMESTER : PETROLOGY (THEORY)

1) Petrology : Introduction, Definition of rock, Classification of rocks into
igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic.
2) Igneous petrology: Igneous rocks: Magma, definition, composition,
mode of occurrence or Forms.
Concordant: Sill, Laccolith, Lopolith
Discordant : Dyke, Batholith, Stocks & Bosses
3) Textures: Definatation, Crystallinity, Granularity Shape of minerals.
a)
Equigranular
:
Hypidiomorphic, Allotriomorphic and
Panidlomorphic.
b) Inequigranular : Porphyritic, Poikilitic Basaltic.
c) Intergrowth : Graphic, Granophyric, Perthitic
4) Structures: Definition, Brief description of Vesicular, Amygdloidal,
Block and ropy, Pillow, Flow, columnar structures.
5) Classification of Igneous rocks:
(a) Chemical classification (i) CIPW norm (ii) Shand and Homes
(b) Classification based on Geological occurrence ad Textures.
(c) Classification of rock on the bases of Mineralogy and texture.
6) Differentiation - Defination stages, Liquid immiscibility, Crystallization
differentiation,gravitative differentiation.
An similation defination effects of different types of magmas on different
types of tocks.
7) Sedimentary Petrology: Introduction origin of sediments, Grain size,
shape and roundness, structures Stratification, Lamination, Current
bedding.
8) Classification : a) Based on origin Residual, Mechanical, Chemical
and organic.
b) Based on Grain size Rudaceoous, Arenaceous and
Argillaceous.
9) Metamorphic Petrology:
Metamorphism.

Defination of Metamorphism Agents of

10) Metamorphic Minerals in general : Stress and antistress shape of

metamorphic, minerals and mutual arrangement.
11)

Textures: Crystalloblastic and Palimpset.

Structures: Cataclastic, Maculose, Granulise, Gneissose Schistose

12) Brief description of the following kinds of metamorphism.

a) Cataclastic metamorphism: General Characters, Structures and
products.
b) Thermal metamorphism: General Characters, Structures effect on
Calcareous, Argilacious.
c) Dynamo thermal Metamorphism: General Characters, Structures
effect on argillaccous, quartzo feldspathic
d) Plutonic Metamorphism : General characters, structures, Formation
of Granulites, Leptynites, Charnockite and eclogites.
13)

Zones, concept of metamorphism Van Hise concept, Becke and

Grubenmanns concept. Eskolas facies

14) Metasomatism - Defination Processes .

Practicals
1)

i) Petrology Study of structure in igneous rocks of structure

vesicular, amygdaloidal,
ii) Sedimentary Stratification, Lamination, Current bedding, Ripple
marks, oolitic.
iii) Metamorphic Granulose, Schistose, Gneissose.

Megascopic study of the following rocks:

Igneous Granite, Granite porphyry, Diorite porphyry, Syenite - porphyry,
Gabbro, Dolerite, Dunite, Trachyte, Basalt, Obsidian, Pumice.
Sedimentary - Breccia, Conglomerate, Sandstone, Shales, Limestone,
fossiliferous limestone.
Metamorphic Slate, Phyllite, Quartzite, Marble, Gneiss, Homblende,
schist, Garnetiferous mica schist.
Textures Study and identification of following

Igneous Equigranular texture Allotrimorphic texture,

Hypidiomorphic texture, panidiomorphic texture.
Ineguigranular texture Porphyritic, Poikiltic, Ophitic, Basaltic, Graphic.
ii)
Sedimentary texture: Clastic, Oolitic.
iii) Metamorphic : Granulose, Schistose, gneissose.
Study and identification of thin section of following rocks:
1)
2)
3)

Igneous Granite Syenite, Diroite - Prophery, Gabbro, Pegmatite,

Dunite, Trachyte, Basalt, Dolerite.
Sedimentary Sandstone, limestone, Fossiliferous limestone, Oolitic
limestone.
Metamorphic Quartzite, Marble, Gneiss, Charnockite, Homblende schist, Garnet schist.
List of books

1. Principles of Petrology
Tyrrell
2. Ingneous & Metamorphic
Turner and
Petrology
Veerhoogen
3. Metamorphism
Harker
4. Theoritical Petrology
Barth T.F.W.
5. The evolution of Igneous
Bowen N.L
rocks
6. Microscopic Petrology
Henrich
7. Petrology of Igneous
F.H.hatch
Rocks Vol. I & II
8. Sedimentary Petrology
J.J.Pettijohn
9. Manual of Sedimentary
Krumberin
10. Principles of Sendimentation Twenhofel
11. An Introduction to the
William Howdel
Study of rocks in thin &
and Turner
Sections.
12. Metamorphic Petrology
Turner.F.F.
13. Petrology
Harker

Bl.Publ.Giyse

Matheven & Co.

John Wiley

Mc Graw Hill
CBS Publ.
Harpe Geosciences
Appleton CContury
Mc Graw Hill

FOURTH SEMESTER : PALAEONTOLOGY (THEORY)

1)

Introduction, Definition of fossil, Mode of fossilization, uses of

fossils.
2) General morphological characters, description and distribution of
following phyla in breif
a) Coelenterata Corals, Development of Septa
b) Echinodermata
c) Brachiopoda
d) Molluscs Gastropods, Lamelli branchs
Cephalopods : General characters . Sutuses in Ammonites
e) Arthopoda - Trilobites
f) Microfossils Introduction, distribution, Significance
g) Microfossils Introduction, distribution, Significance
h) Description, Morphology, Distribution and range in time of the
following plant fossils.
Fossils : Glassopteris, Gangamopteris, Ptyllophyllum.
Principles of Stratigraphy
1)

Definition, introduction, Uniformatarianism, Catastrophism,

Conformable beds, Law of order of superposition, Unconformities.

2)

Correlation and Methods Lithologic Stratigraphic position,

Unconformity, Palaeontological methods, Radioactivity

3) Standard Geological time scale.

4) Important geological events in brief during Paloeozoic, Measozoic
and Cenozoic era.
Practicals
Sketching, description, range in time of the following phyla.
Coelenterata Zaphrantis, Calceola, Montlivaltia.
Echnodermata Cidaris, Micraster.
Brachiopoda Productus, spirifer, Rhynchonella, Terebratula
Lamellibranchia Arca, Pectin, Graphea,
Gastropoda Physa, Turritella, Cyprea, Murex, Conus, Voluta,
Fusus,
6) Cephalopoda - Nautilus, Orthoceras.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

7) Ammonoidea - Goniatites, Ceratites, Ammonite, Belemnites

8) Trilobites, Paradoxides, Trinucleus, Glossopteris,
9) Plant Fossils - Gangamopteris, Ptyllophyllum.
List of books
1. Invertebrate Plaeontology
2. Invertebrate Plaeontology

Palacontology
Palaeontology

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Grabau
W.L.Stocks
Dunbar
Kummell
M.S.Krishnan

Outlines of Paleontology
Principles of Stratigraphy
Essential of Earth History
Principles of Stratigraphy
History of the Earth
Geology of India & Burma

Henry wood
Twenhcfel and
Schrock
Swinnerton
Dever Publication
Prentice Hall
Prentice Hall.
CBS Publi.

FIFTH SEMESTER : PAPER I STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

(THEORY)
1) Introduction Attitude of beds Strike and dip, Brunton compass and
its use.
2) Out crop : Definition, width of outcrop Factors controlling the width
of outcrop
3) Conformity Definition .
Unconformities Definition Characteristics.
Types Dis conformity, Angular unconformity, non- conformity,
blended unconformity, Recognition of unconformities
4) Joints Definition, general characters.
Classification : Geometrical : dip, strike oblique and bedding joints
Genetical: Columnar, feather, extension and release, joints, sheeting,
Rift and Grain.
5) Folds Definition parts of fold. Nomenclature of folds : Anticline,
Syncline, overturned, Recumbent, Isoclinal, Chevron, Monocline,
drag
6) Faults: Definition Terminology, fault plane, dip hade hanging wall,
Footwall, throw and heave Nature of movement: translational and
Rotational Relative movement, Slip, strike slip, dip slip, net slip.
7) Classification of Faults:
Geometrical classification Genetic
Classification. Criteria for recognitions of faults.
Indian Stratigraphy
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)

Physiographic divisions of India

Archaean Formations
Detailed Study of Archaeans of Karnataka State
Cuddappah Formation of Andhra Pradesh Kaladgi Series.
Vidhyan Formations, Kurnool System Bhima Group
Cambrain Formation of Salt Range. Age of Saline Series
Classification & descriptions of Gondawana group of rocks
Triassic formations- Lilang system
Jurassic of Kutch
Creataceous of Trichinapoly and Narmada Valley

11) Deccan Traps, Lameta Beds, Infra trappeans, Inter trappeans, Age of
the Deccan Traps
12) Siwalik formations of Northwestern India
13) Pleistocene Glaciation.
PAPER II ORE PROCESSES
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Introduction, Ore, Ore Mineral, Tenor, Gangue,

Metalliferious and Non-metalliferous deposits
Mode of formation of minerals, stability of minerals
Geological Thermometers
Outlines of process of formation of ore minerals
a) Magmatic concentration and sublimation
b) Contact Metasomatism
c) Hydrothermal process (Cavity filling and replacement)
d) Sedimentation (Principles)
e) Weathering Residual concentration (Gen.Prin) Mechanical
(Gen.Prin)
f) Oxidation and supergene enrichment

Practical - I
Structural Geology
1. Drawing of sections and writing the descriptions of the Geological Maps
as given below:
a) Contour Maps
b) Horizontal Strata with and without intrusions.
c) Inclined strata with and without intrusions.
d) Inclined strata with faults, with and without intrusions.
e) Map showing unconformities with and without intrusions
f) Map showing combined features such as fault, fold, unconformities and
intrusions.
g) Map showing folded strata with and without intrusions. At least a
minimum of 4 Maps in each type to be given during practicals.
2. Tracing and completion of outcrops by the given data ( A minimum of 6
maps)
3. Solving of simple dip and strike problems

Practicals - II
Ores and ore chemistry
Megascopic study and identification of the following ore minerals:
Hematite, Magnetite, Limonite, Pyrolusite, Psilomelane, Rhodonite,
Braunite, Native Copper, Chalcopyrite, Bornite, Malachite, Galena,
Sphalerite, Stibnite, Realgar, Orpiment, Cinnabar, Graphite, Bauxite,
Magnesite, Coal varieties.
Ore Chemistry : Estimation of iron, manganese and calcium in a given ore
and rock powder by volumentric method.
List of books
1.
2.
3.
4.

Structural Geology
Structural Geology
Structural Geology
An outline of Structural Geology

5. Manual of Structural Geology

Maps.
6. Indian Stratigraphy
7. Geology of India and Burma
8. Geology of Karnataka
9. Economic Mineral Deposit
10. Mineral Deposits
11. Treatise of Minerals of India
12. Ore Deposits of India
(3rd Edn. Thomoson Press India
Ltd., Hariyana)
13. Indian Mineral Resources

M.P.Billings, Printice Hall

C.M.Navin
De.Sister, L.V.Mc Graw Hill
Hobbs, Mens & Willians, John Wiley,
& Sons.
Gokhale, N.W.C.B.S. Publishers
Wadia D.N
M.S.Krishnana
B.P.Radhakrishna
A.M.Bateman
Lindgreen
R.K.Sinha
G.K.Gokhale and
Rao T.C.

B.I.Publication
Mc.Graw Hill
Allied Publisher
Affiliated east
West Press

S.Krishnaswamy Oxford & IBH

Pub.

SIXTH SEMESTER : PAPER I HYDROGEOLOGY (THEORY)

Hydrologic cycle and origin of groundwater, Hydrologic properties of
water bearing materials, specific yield, specific retention, permeability,
porasity, openings in rocks and types of openings
Subsurface distribution of water:
Zone of aeration and Zone of saturation.
Water table definition, Water table in granular pr evious materials,
importance of water table
Aquifers Definition, Classification, Aquicluds and Aquifer Darcys law,
Seepage Definition, Influent and effluent seepage
Sources, factors controlling the seepage
Springs definition, Classification
Wells and different types of wells
Inclusion of Environmental Geology syllabus
Remote Sensing & GIS
Introduction to aerial photography and Remote Sensing. Parts of aerial
photograph, types of aerial photography. Pocket and minor steroscope.
Basic principles of Satellite, Interpretation of Satellite Images (data) visual
and digital GIS application in Geology (Structural mapping, Geologic units,
Hydrogeology, Disaster Management. Indian Satellite URS)
Paper II Indian Mineral Deposits
Study of the following mineral deposits with mode of occurance,
mineralogy, genesis, uses and distribution of following mineral deposits:
a) Coal
b) Petroleum
c) Iron & Manganese
d) Aluminium, Chromium
e) Copper, Lead and Zinc
f) Gold
Use of natural minerals and their industrial application in brief ;
Ceramics, Refractories, Abrassives, Cement industries, Paints and
pigments and Building and Decorative stones, Gem stones.

Practical I : Interpretation of Water analysis data

Interpretation of water analysis, Pie, Bar, Stiff diagrams and
agricultural suitability of water using % Na, RSC, SAR, USSL and Wilcox
diagrams.
Determination of pH, EC, TDS and TH

Practical II : Interpretation of Aerial photos and satellite imageries

Using Steroscope
Land use pattern studies Coastal landform, Volcano, River, Forest,
Agriculture, Desserts.
Indentification of lithounits, drainage and lineaments.
List of books
1. Groundwater
2. Hydrology
3. Hydrogeology

C.F.Tolman
Mc.Graw Hill Book
D.K.Todd
John Wiley
S.N.David &
John Wiley & Sons
Devist R.I.
4. Ground Water
H.Raghunath
Willey Estern Ltd.
5. Photo Geology
S.N.Pandey
6. Aerial Photographic D.R.Leudar
interpretation and applications
7. Manual of
M.Thomson,Ed.
photogrammetry
8. Manual of Remote
R.G.Reeves, Ed
Sensing
9. Remote Sensing
P.S.Siegal & A.R.Gillespie
in Geology
10. Field Geology Lahee.W.
11.Principles of Geographical information systems by Peter A.Burrough and
Rachael A. McDonnell. Publ. Oxford University Press 1998.
12.An introduction to Geographical information systems by Ian Heywood
sarah cornelins, Steve Carves. Publ. Peecrson Exhibition Asia
13.Text book of Remote Sensing and Geographical information systems
Second Edn. By M.Anji Reddy BSP BS Pub., Hyderabad.