Fundamentals of Drilling Course Outline

(1)Basics of Rotary Drilling

(2)Rotary
(2)Operations/Coring
Rotary Operations/Coring
(3)Directional
Drilling
-Drilling
(4)Fishing -Roundtrip
(5)Casing/Cementing
-Casing
(6)Well Control
-Coring
(7)Principles of Drilling Fluid Technology
(8)Principles of Borehole Stability
(9)Principles of Hydraulic Testing

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Major Rotary Operations

Operation

Result

Operational Steps

Drilling/Coring

Making Hole/
Cutting Core

Applying Weight on Bit (WOB)

Rotating the Bit
Circulating Fluid

Adding Drillpipe

Lengthening
the Drillstring

Screwing a new joint of

drillpipe to the drillstring
Circulation stopped

Changing the Bit

Pulling-Out/Running-In the
complete Drillstring
Circulation stopped

Casing

Borehole protected
by casing

Running in Casing-Pipe
Joint by Joint

Cementing

Sheath of Cement
in Annulus

Pumping cement slurry in

annulus

Roundtrip

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Major Rotary Operations - Drilling

Controlling WOB by Drillometer

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Controlling WOB with a Heave Compensation System

Floating
Drillship

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Drillers Console

Controlling WOB manually with brake

lever

Controlling WOB with Joystick

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Major Rotary Operations Adding Drillpipe

Conventional Method
(manually)

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Suspending the Drill String in the Rotary Table by Slips

Working Principle of
Rotary Slips

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Screwing/Unscrewing Drillpipe

Manually by spinning chain

and Rotary Tongs
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Automatically by
Iron Roughneck

Major Rotary Operations - Roundtrip

Conventional Method (manually)

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Rig Components used for manual Pipe Handling

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Roundtrip Operation
manually

with Pipe Handling System

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Reasons for Casing the Hole

Casing is a string of single steel
pipes with length of 8 16 m
connected by threaded couplings
Types of Casing Connections
Casing is specified by
Outer Diameter of Casing Pipe
Weight per foot (wall thickness)
After
Running
CasingLoss Zones
Grade
of Steel
Cement
is pumped up
Type ofSlurry
Coupling
the annulus in order to build
up a Cement Sheath

DC
Open
Hole

Bit
Bottom

Cement

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Casing Design Criteria

(1)
(2)Tension/Joint
(3)
Internal
ExternalPressure
Pressure
Strength
(Burst)
(Collapse)

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Drilling and Casing Program

20 Conductor run in andA borehole is a telescope-like
cementedconstruction
to surface while
Pipe
preparing the wellsite (30
Each casing set reduces the
50 m Depth)
diameter that can be drilled
13
3/8
Surface
Casing
DC
Cement
cemented to surface
through
later on Pipe
Drilling
Purpose of
Conductor
1717

Hole
Hole
Channel for
drilling fluid
Bit
Purpose
ofcirculating
Surface
Diameter reduction
is dueCasing
to required
Prevents
erosion
of hole around base
Seal
off surface
freshwater
clearances
Casing 17 Drilling
12 Hole Provide
of the
rig
attachment
of BOPs
Two
Types
of Clearances
Shoe
PartialPurpose
support
of Casing
wellhead
loadsfor
Anchoring
Point for
Hangers
of
Production
12

Hole
DC
Purpose
of Intermediate
further
Casingattachment
Strings
Sometimes
of Blowout
Casing
9 5/8 Intermediate
Support
for further
Preventers
(BOP)Casing/Tubing
Liner
Casing
Bit
Isolate
Production
Reservoir
Casing
Protect
borehole
from
washouts
and
cave
BitIsolate
Diameter/Inside
Diameter
of
Casing
Hanger
formations
containing
high
Protective
Housing of Tubing
Liner
Strings
-in
Minimum:
3/32 or 2.38 mm
12 Drilling
pressure
fluids
StringString of casing hung inside
Abbreviated
Isolate
drilling fluid
loss zones
8 Hole
Attachment
of
Surface
Production
theStabilize
precedingpoorly
casing
string (usually
30 consolidated
formations
8 Hole
Borehole
Wall/Outside
Diameter
of
Casing
Equipment
150
m
above
casing
shoe)
by
a
Liner
8 Hole
Isolate salt formations
Coupling
DC
Hanger
7 Production Casing
Protection Casing in case of drilling very
Can
be designed as intermediate or
7 Liner
deep
DC
Bit
production string
8 Drilling
Drilling
5 7/8 Hole
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Planning Rules for Drilling and Casing Program

A good drilling and casing program is a
decisive factor for technical and
economical success of a drilling project
Planning starts with the
minimum borehole or
casing diameter required at
target depth
Number of intermediate
casings and depths of
casing shoes are determined
in dependency of the
preliminary geological
profile moving up
progressively to surface

Bit Diameters and Casing

Diameters are standardized
They have to be selected
according to given sizes

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Pressure-Depth Diagram for Determination of Casing Shoe Depth

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Selection Guide for Drilling and Casing Program

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Dependency of Drilling Costs on Borehole Diameter

Conventional
Experiences from
Oil/Gas Exploration wells

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Slim Hole

Benefits of Slim Hole Drilling

!Hole Diameters reduced by 50%

!Requires smaller rigs
!Site reduced by 75%
!Overall costs reduced by 40-50%
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Slimhole Drilling with Coiled Tubing Technology

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Principles of Core Drilling

Area to be
cut

Bit Diameter

Roller Cone
Bit

Core
Barrel

Instead of cutting
the total crosssectional area only
an annular ring or
kerf of rock is cut
leaving a solid
cylinder of uncut
formation passing
into the core barrel
above the bit

Core
Bit

Core
Diameter

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Key Components
!Core Bit
!Core Barrel
!Retrieving Eqipment

Reasons for Core Drilling

1

Coring is the only way to supply intact

specimens of the formation anatomy

In Hard Rocks Core Drilling can be a

very efficient way to make a hole at
good penetration rates and low costs

Performance Parameter of Coring Operation

!Core Recovery (%):

Length of Core
Length of Core Run

!Core Quality

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Core Drilling Techniques

Oilfield Drilling

Diamond Drilling
Area to be cut

Rotary DP
Tooljoint
Internal/
External
Narrow
Upset
Annular
Large Clearance

Oilfield Drilling Core Bits

Annular
Clearance

Area to be cut

Hole
Diameter
Oilfield
Core Bit
Diamond
Core Bit
Thick Kerf

Diamond Drilling Core Bits

Thin Kerf

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Core Bit Life

Avg. Rate of Penetration

Influence of Kerf Width on Performance of Diamond Core Bits

Area Ratio Hole/Core

Area Ratio Hole/Core

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Types of Thick Kerfed Rotary Core Bits

Used in KTB-VB

4- and 6-Roller Cone Bit

Surface Set Diamond Bit

PDC-Diamond Bit

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Types of Diamond Drilling Core Bits

No Wireline
Diamond Wireline Core Bits used in KTB-VB

Surface Set Diamond Bit

Impregnated Diamond Bit

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Thin Kerfed Impregnated

Diamond Core Bit

Performance of Core Bits in Crystalline Rock

6 Impregnated Diamond Core Bit

10 5/8 Roller Cone Core Bit

KTB-VB

Average Core Recovery: 97,8%

Average Core Recovery: 42,9 %

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Large Diameter Diamond Coring in KTB ultradeep Hole

12 Hole Section (6013 -8328 m)

Large Diameter Core 9 (234,7 mm)

Core from KTB Pilot Hole

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Diamond Bits recommended for various Rock Types

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Recommended Diamond Stone Sizes for Various Rock Types

SPC = Stone per Carat (0,2 g)

Set Pattern for Diamond Stones

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Optimal Rotational Speed for Diamond Core Drilling

Ide
a

lP
e r ip

her
a

lS
pee
d: 2

m/ s

Standardized Diamond Drilling Sizes

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Types of Core Barrels

Main Components
!Outer Core Barrel
!Inner Core Barrel
!Core Lifter (Catcher)
!Thrust Bearing
!Ball Valve

Core Barrel
Single Tube

Double Tube

Rotating

Threaded
Head

Stationary
Oilfield

Advantages
Advantages
Advantages
Advantages
Advantages
Advantages
Can
Core
beand
can
used
be
with
retrieved
thin
very
Recovery
rugged
Design
ofrugged
unconsolidated
Simple
Construction
Enables
core
orientation
kerfed
by
wireline
Bits
available
formations
Rotaryby
Hole Sizes
Easy
CoreOperation
isfor
marked
Good
Very
Core
efficient
quality
operation
Encloses
and
protects
the core
thin
kerfed
Bits
usable
orienting
shoe
with
knives
Disadvantages
In
a shrink
fit rubber
tube rock
Disadvantages
Good
for hard
and compact
Disadvantages
Not
available
Disadvantages
thick
kerfed
bits for
Requires
thicker
kerfed
Disadvantages
rotary
hole size
Complicated
operation
Bad
performance
in
Disadvantages
bits
Complicated
operation
Crystalline
hard
rock
Poor Performance

Tube

Diamond Drilling
WL-Retrievable
Rubber Sleeve
Oriented

in friable/fractured rock
frequent core blocks

Core
Lifter
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Bit

Schematic of Core Catcher

Spring Type
Core Catcher
Shoe of
Inner Barrel

Bit

Core is lifted after nner core barrel

is filled by lifting the outer barrel which
subsequently is transferred to the
inner barrel (force for catching the core
is supported by the outer barrel) wedging the
core in the core lifter
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Drill Rods for Diamond Drilling

Drill Rods are standardized for
Diamond Drill Rods
Diamond Drilling Hole Sizes
are externally flush with
High Grade Hole
SteelSize
Couplings
flush coupled pin to pin
RW
1
25,4mm
EW
1
38,1 mm
AW
2
50,8
BW
2
63,5
NW
3
76,2
HW
4
101,6
Narrow Annular Clarance

KTB 5 WL-Drillpipe
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Nesting of Casing with Standardized Diamond Drilling Sizes

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Mechanism of Core Jamming

Consequences of Core Jamming

!premature tripout of core barrel (additional roundtrip time)
!damage of core if not recognized
Core Jamming Indicator
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Mechanism of Core Jamming Indicator

Spring loaded
flow path open
Valve

Spring loaded
flow path reduced

Drilling Fluid

Spring
Bearing
Inner barrel
is pushed up

Inner
Core Barrel

Bit
normal coring operation

Core jammed in inner barrel

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Average Core Run Length in KTB-Pilothole

Core Run Length (m)
Length of inner Barrel: 9 m

10 5/8 Roller Cone

Core Bits without Core
Jamming Indicator

480

Depth (m)

Sillimanite-Gneiss
Directional Drilling
(not cored)

Amphibolite
Cataclastic
Sillimanite-gneiss

Length of Wireline
Core Barrel: 6 m

Amphibolite
Sillimanite-gneiss
with amphibolites
Amphibolite with
metagabbro

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

6-Diamond Core Bit

with Core Jamming
Indicator

Reasons for Wireline Coring

Time for Drilling and Retrieving Core (min/m)

Formation: Argillite

Time Savings dependent on

!Bit Life of Wireline Core Bit
!Core Run Length
!Depth
NXL Double Core Barrel

Time Savings

NX Wireline Core Barrel

Depth (m)
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Schematic of Wireline Core Barrels

Overshot
Latching Mechanism

Outer
Barrel
Bearing
Reaming
Shell

Inner
Barrel

Bit
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Steps of Wireline Coring Operation

Coring Assembly
on Bottom ready
for Core Run

Running
Inner
CoreInBarrel
Overshot
oncore
WL
filled
up with

Retrievinglatched
Overshot
Inner
On
Core
inner
Barrel
corebybarrel
wireline

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (2)

Pumping In
empty inner
Core Barrel