Basic topics

1)) Construction
Related to
ARCHITECTURE

2) Structure

Building Construction
g Components
p
Building

Sub-Structure
1))
2)
3)
4)

Foundation
Retaining Wall
Grade beam
Basement & Ground Floor Slabs

Super-Structure
1))
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Masonry
y units: walls,, columns,, etc.
Floor Structures
Roof Structure
Doors, windows, and other openings
Vertical Circulation Structures
Building Finishes

Building Components (contd)

Sub Structure
Sub-Structure
1) Foundation
The basic function of a foundation:
to transmit the dead loads,, live loads & other loads to
the subsoil on which it rests;

Building Components (contd)

Sub-Structure

(contd)
(contd )

Foundation (contd)
Considering:
Settlements are within permissible limits,
limits without
causing cracks in the super-structure; & Soil does not
fail in shear;

Building Components (contd)

2) Retaining Wall
The basic function of a foundation:
To transfer horizontal force due to the presure from
the soil to the ground;
To
T di
distinguish
i
i h and
d define
d fi
the
h solid
lid naturall earth
h and
d
the usable space designed

Building Components (contd)

Super Structure
Super-Structure
1) Masonry units: walls, columns, etc.
Masonry may be defined as:
the construction of building
g units bonded together
g
with mortar;
commonly known as masonry units may be stones,
bricks or precast blocks;

Building Components (contd)

Masonry units: walls, columns, etc. (contd)
Masonry:
used for the construction of foundation walls, columns
and other similar structural components;

Building Components (contd)

2) Floor Structures
Floors are:
The horizontal elements which divide the building into
different levels for the purpose of creating more
accommodation
d i
within
i hi a restricted
i
d space one above
b
the
h
other and provide support for the occupants, furniture and
equipment of a building;
The floor of a building immediately above the ground is
known as ground floor;
All other floors which are above the ground floor are
known as the upper floors;
The floor of the first storey is known as the first floor and
that of the second storey is known as the second floor etc.,
g is constructed below the g
ground level,,
Part of the building
or the building has the basement, the floor is known as
basement floor

Building Components (contd)

Floor Structures ((Contd))
Every floor has a structural component:
The sub-floor, which is a structural component to impart
strength and stability to support the super-imposed loads;
and,
and
Floor covering or flooring consisting of suitable floor finish;
Floor area is usable covered area of a building at any floor
level;
Floor area ratio (F.A.R) is defined as the quotient
(proportion) obtained by dividing the total covered area
(plinth area) on all floors and 100 by the area of the plot;

Building Components (contd)

3) Roof Structure
A roof is:
the upper most part of a building. It is a covering provided
on the top of the building with a view to keep out ram,
snow, Sun
S
and
d wind
i d and
d to protect the
h building
b ildi
f
from
their
h i
adverse effects;

Building Components (contd)

Roof Structure (contd)
a roof consists of two components:
a) The roof decking;
a structural component which
supports
t the
th rooff covering;
i
may be either flat or sloping, and
may be in the form of flat slab,
dome, truss, p
portal or shell

Building Components (contd)

Roof Structure (contd)
b) The roof covering
is provided on the roof deck to safeguard the building
against weather effects
may be in the form
of tiles, thatch
covering, slates,
flagstone covering,
and corrugated
sheets of galvanized
i
iron
or asbestos
b t
cement

Building Components (contd)

4) Doors, windows, and other openings
A door is:
a movable barer provided in the opening of a wall, to
provide access to various spaces of a building;
a frame
f
work
k off wood,
d steell etc. secured
d in
i the
h wall
ll
opening for the purpose of providing access to the users of
the building
Window:
an opening made in the
wall in order to providing
day
y light,
g , vision and
ventilation;
made of frame work of
wood, steel, aluminum
etc., provided with
shutters;

Building Components (contd)

Doors, windows, and other openings (Contd)
Since doors and windows are provided in the openings in
the walls, a discontinuity is formed in the wall, in the
vertical direction;
Lintel
Li
l iis therefore
h
f
essential;
i l
A lintel is a horizontal
structural member
provided over the doors,
doors
windows or other openings
to span the gap, so as to
support the super-imposed
load carried by the wall
above the opening;
y be made of
Lintel may
timber, stone, steel or
reinforced cement concrete

Building Components (contd)

5) Vertical Circulation
Structures
consist of:
stairs, ladders, ramps,

Building Components (contd)

Vertical Circulation Structures (contd)
lifts and escalators etc.,
Affords:
Access between various floors;
Stairs
S i are the
h most common;
A stair may be defined as series of
steps suitably arranged for the
purpose of connecting different floors
of a building;
A stair may be defined as an
arrangement of treads, risers,
stringers, newel posts, hand rails;

Building Components (contd)

Vertical Circulation
Structures (contd)
lifts and escalators
etc.,

Building Components (contd)

6) Building Finishes
Building finishes are used:
to give protective covering lo various building
components;
provide
id decorative
d
i effects;
ff
Building finishes consists of the following items:
(i)
Plastering
(ii)
Pointing
(iii)
Painting
(iv)
Varnishing and polishing
(v)
White washing
(vi)
Distempering
(vii) Color washing or coloring
((viii)) Cladding
g
(ix)
Tiling etc.,

Building Components (contd)

Building Finishes (contd)
Building finishes are used:
Plastering
consists of providing a
thin
hi layering
l
i
off plastic
l
i
materials such as
cement mortar, lime
mortar etc
etc. on walls
walls,
columns and other
surfaces;

Building Components (contd)

Building Finishes (contd)
Pointing
the process of finishing
of mortar joints in brick
or stone masonry;

Building Components (contd)

Building Finishes (contd)
Painting, varnishing and
polishing
is normally done on walls,
d
doors,
windows
i d
and
d other
h
timber and steel components;

Building Components (contd)

Building Finishes (contd)
White washing & distempering and color washing etc.
are done on plastered surfaces, to safeguard them against
weathering effects and to improve the appearance;

Structure influencing Character of Architecture

4 (four) requirements as basic concepts in the design of
building structures
Strength

Stiffness

Stability

Synergy

Structure influencing Character of Architecture (Contd)

Mimar Sinan
Selimiye
Mosque

(Hagia Sophia)
Suleiman Mosque

the most resonant name in Ottoman

Turkish architecture;
designed mainly mosques and schools
of theology;

Structure influencing Character of Architecture (Contd)

Andrea Palladio

Palazzo Chiericati

Italian architect belonging to the Renaissance period, in the

16th century;
Brick and stucco were two materials favored by him;
Uses basic Structural elements like columns & bearing walls
as expressions of Architectural thinking;

Structure influencing Character of Architecture (Contd)

La Sagrada Familia
Casa Mill
Antoni Gaudi

Casa Batll

Catalan architect that although worked during the Art

Nouveau times;
He designed Sagrada Familia to have 18 towers 12 for the 12
apostles, 4 for the 4 evangelists, one for Mary and one for
Jesus;

Structure influencing Character of Architecture (Contd)

Frank Lloyd Wright

One of the most prominent architects of the 20th century;

Organic style of architecture and developed the concept of
Usonian house ((an architectural style free of conventional
details, focused on landscaping as the main part of the project);

Structure influencing Character of Architecture (Contd)

Frank Lloyd Wright (Contd)
The
Th concept was expressed
d with
i h concrete slabs
l b in
i harmony
h
with the natural landscape of the fountain & masonry load
bearing structure as the extension of the river bed in the
Falling
Falling Water;
Water; &
Horizontal and spiral
exhibition base plains in
a well
ll li
lighted
ht d recesses
which displayed organic,
natural and stable
volume incorporated
with the structure

Structure influencing Character of Architecture (Contd)

Le Corbusier

Chapelle Notre Dame du Haut

a designer,
g
urbanist, writer and p
painter;
unornamented buildings will help to build cleaner and brighter
cities in the future;

Structure influencing Character of Architecture (Contd)

The Centre Le Corbusier

a symbol
y
of the Capitalism,
p
,ap
prevailing
g style
y among
g the office
builders and upper-class people;

Structure influencing Character of Architecture (Contd)

Kevin Roche

Knights of Columbus

architect, especially for his creative-ness

to blend glass structures into his works;
Uses the corner main frame of his
structure as the expression of his volume
in Knights of Columbus;
;

Structure influencing Character of Architecture (Contd)

Oscar Niemeyer

Museu de Arte Contempornea de Niteri

Museu Oscar Niemeyer

pioneer in creating new

possibilities for using the
reinforced concrete just for
aesthetical reasons but
integrated with the structural
elements as shell structure;