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WorkingStressDesign
WorkingStressDesigniscalledAlternateDesignMethodbyNSCP(NationalStructuralCode
ofthePhilippines)andACI(AmericanConcreteInstitute,ACI).
CodeReference
NSCP2010,Section424:AlternateDesignMethod
ACI318M99,AppendixA:AlternateDesignMethod
Notation
fc=allowablecompressivestressofconcrete
fs=allowabletesnilestressofsteelreinforcement
f'c=specifiedcompressivestrengthofconcrete
fy=specifiedyieldstrengthofsteelreinforcement
Ec=modulusofelasticityofconcrete
Es=modulusofelasticityofsteel
n=modularratio
M=designmoment
d=distancefromextremeconcretefibertocentroidofsteelreinforcement
kd=distancefromtheneutralaxistotheextremefiberofconcrete
jd=distancebetweencompressiveforceCandtensileforceT
=ratiooftheareaofsteeltotheeffectiveareaofconcrete
c=ratiooflongsidetoshortsideofconcentratedloadorreactionarea
As=areaofsteelreinforcement
DesignPrinciple
ThedesignconceptofWSDisbasedonElasticTheoryinwhichthestressstraindiagramiswithin
theproportionallimitandwillobeyHooke'sLaw.
ActualStressAllowableStress
AllowableStresses
(NSCP2010,424.4.1/ACI318M,A.3.1)
Concrete
1.
Flexure
Extremefiberstressincompression
2.
0.45f c
Shear
Beamsandonewayslabsandfootings:
Shearcarriedbyconcrete,v
0.09 f c
Maximumshearcarriedbyconcreteplusshearreinforcement,
vc
0.38 f c
Joists:
Shearcarriedbyconcrete,v
0.09 f c
Twowayslabsandfootings:
Shearcarriedbyconcrete,v butnotgreaterthan
c
3.
1
6
fc
Bearingonloadedarea
1
12
(1 + 2/c ) f c
0.3f c
SteelReinforcement
1.
Grade275orGrade350reinforcement
140MPa
2.
Grade420reinforcementorgreaterandweldedwirefabric
(plainordeformed)
170MPa
3.
Forflexuralreinforcement,10mmorlessindiameter,inone
wayslabsofnotmorethan4mspanbutnotgreaterthan200
MPa
ModulusofElasticity
0.50fy
ModulusofElasticityofConcrete(NSCP408.6.1)
Forweightofconcrete,wcbetween1500and2500kg/m3
Ec = w c
1.5
0.043 f c
Fornormalweightconcrete
Ec = 4700 f c
ModulusofElasticityofSteelReinforcement(NSCP408.6.2)
Fornonprestressedreinforcement
Es = 200 000MPa
ModularRatio
(NSCP424.6.4)Itshallbepermittedtotakethemodularratio,n
Es
asthenearestwhole
Ec
number(butnotlessthan6).
ModularRatioforBeamswithCompressionSteel(NSCP424.6.5)
Indoublyreinforcedflexuralmembers,aneffectivemodularratioof2nshallbeusedto
transformcompressionreinforcementforstresscomputations.
AssumptionsinWSD
1.Planesectionremainsplanebeforeandafterbending.
2.Concretestressvariesfromzeroattheneutralaxistoamaximumattheextremefiber.
3.Concretedonotcarrytensilestress.Alltensilestresswillbecarriedbysteelreinforcement.
4.Thesteelandconcreteareperfectlybondsothatnoslippagebetweenthetwowilloccur.

Momentofarea:
Qabove
1
2
bx
= Qbelow
NA
NA
= nAs (d x)
TensileandCompressiveForces
T = f s As
C =
1
2
C = T
f c bx
Momentinthesection
1
y = d
M = Cy
M = Ty
Bendingstresses
3
bx
IN A =
+ nAs (d x)
Mx
fc =
fs
n
IN A
M (d x)
IN A
Tags:
AlternateDesignMethod
ACI318
NSCP2010
WSDMethod
WorkingStressDesign
WorkingStressAnalysisforConcreteBeams
DesignofConcreteBeamReinforcementusingWSDMethod
WorkingStressAnalysisforConcrete
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Considerarelativelylongsimplysupportedbeamshownbelow.Assumetheloadwotobe
increasingprogressivelyuntilthebeamfails.Thebeamwillgointothefollowingthreestages:
1.UncrackConcreteStageatthisstage,thegrosssectionoftheconcretewillresistthebending
whichmeansthatthebeamwillbehavelikeasolidbeammadeentirelyofconcrete.
2.CrackConcreteStageElasticStressrange
3.UltimateStressStageBeamFailure
ConcreteBeamCrackStages
Atsection1:Uncrackstage
a.Actualmoment,M<Crackingmoment,Mcr
b.Nocrackingoccur
c.Thegrosssectionresistsbending
d.Thetensilestressofconcreteisbelowrupture
AtSection2:Boundarybetweencrackanduncrackstages
a.Actualmoment,M=Crackingmoment,Mcr
b.Crackbeginstoform
c.Thegrosssectionresistsbending
d.Thetensilestressofconcretereachedtherupturepoint
AtSection3:Crackconcretestage
a.Actualmoment,M>Crackingmoment,Mcr
b.Elasticstressstage
c.Cracksdevelopedatthetensionfiberofthebeamandspreadsquicklytotheneutralaxis
d.Thetensilestressofconcreteishigherthantherupturestrength
e.Ultimatestressstagecanoccuratfailure
WorkingStressAnalysisUncrackedStage
Thebeamwillbehaveelasticallyandremainsuncracked.Thetensilestressofconcreteisbelow
rupture.
CrackingMoment
NSCP2010,Section409.6.2.3
Modulusofruptureofconcrete,f
Crackingmoment,M
cr
Where
f r Ig
=
yt
= 0.7 f c MPa
Ig
=Momentofinertiaofthegrosssectionneglectingreinforcement
yt
=distancefromcentroidofgrosssectiontoextremetensionfiber
WorkingStressAnalysisCrackedStage
GeneralRequirement
ActualStressesAllowableStresses
InternalCoupleMethod
Staticequilibriumofinternalforces
Factork:
fc
k =
fc +
fs
n
Factorj:
j = 1
1
3
Momentresistancecoefficient:
R =
1
2
f c kj
Momentcapacity:Usethesmallestofthetwo
Mc = C jd =
1
2
f c kj bd
= Rbd
Ms = T jd = As f s jd
TransformedSectionMethod
ConvertsteelareatoequivalentconcreteareabymultiplyingAswithmodularratio,n.
Locationoftheneutralaxisfromextremecompressionfiber
Singlyreinforced:
1
2
Doublyreinforced:
bx
1
2
= nAs (d x)
2
bx
+ (2n 1)As (x d ) = nAs (d x)
Crackedsectionmomentofinertia(INA=Icr)
3
Singlyreinforced:I
bx
NA
+ nAs (d x)
Doublyreinforced:I
bx
NA
=
3
+ (2n 1)As (x d )
+ nAs (d x)
Actualstresses(calculateusingFlexureFormula)
Concrete
Mx
fc =
IN A
Tensionsteel
fs
M (d x)
=
IN A
Compressionsteelfordoublyreinforced
fs
2n
M (x d )
=
IN A
Tags: CrackingMoment
CrackStageofConcrete
UncrackedStage
Example01:Requiredsteelareaofreinforcedconcrete
Example02:Totalcompressiveforceinconrete
Example03:Momentcapacityofaconcretebeam
Example04:CompressiveForceinConcreteTBeam
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Problem
Arectangularconcretebeamisreinforcedintensiononly.Thewidthis300mmandtheeffective
depthis600mm.Thebeamcarriesamomentof80kNmwhichcausesastressof5MPainthe
extremecompressionfiberofconcrete.Usen=9.
1.Whatisthedistanceoftheneutralaxisfromthetopofthebeam?
2.Calculatetherequiredareaforsteelreinforcement.
3.Findthestressdevelopedinthesteel.
Solution
Clickheretoexpandorcollapsethissection
Distanceoftheneutralaxisfromthetopofthebeam
M = Cy
M =
1
2
f c bx(d
2
80(1000 ) =
2
250x
1
2
1
3
x)
(5)(300x)(600
450 000x + 80 000 000
x = 1600 and 200
Usex
= 200mm
answer
1
3
x)

Requiredsteelarea
Qabove
300x(
NA
1
2
150x
= Qbelow
NA
x) = nAs (d x)
= nAs (d x)
2
150(200 ) = 9As (600 200)

As = 1666.67mm
answer
Stressdevelopedinthesteel
f s /n
d x
fc
x
f s /9
5
=
600 200
f s = 90MPa
200
answer
Tags:
WSDMethod RectangularBeam RequiredSteelArea LocationofNeutralAxis
WorkingStressDesign AlternateDesignMethod SinglyReinforcedBeam
WorkingStressAnalysisforConcrete
up
Example02:Totalcompressiveforcein
Beams
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Problem
Arectangularreinforcedconcretebeamwithwidthof250mmandeffectivedepthof500mmis
subjectedto150kNmbendingmoment.Thebeamisreinforcedwith425mmbars.Use
alternatedesignmethodandmodularration=9.
1.Whatisthemaximumstressofconcrete?
2.Whatisthemaximumstressofsteel?
3.Whatisthetotalcompressiveforceinconcrete?
Solution
Areaofreinforcingbars
As = 4
1
4
(25 ) = 625mm
nAs = 9(625) = 5625mm
Locationoftheneutralaxis
Qabove
250x(
NA
1
2
= Qbelow
NA
x) = nAs (d x)
125x
= 5625(500 x)
125x
+ 5625x 2 812 500 = 0
x = 204.42 and 345.79
Usex
= 204.42mm
Momentofinertia
3
250x
IN A =
+ nAs (d x)
250(204.42 )
IN A =
+ 5625(500 204.42)
IN A = 2 255 762 492mm
Bendingstresses
Mc
fb =
Concrete
Mx
fc =
IN A
2
150(204.42)(1000 )
fc =
2 255 762 492
f c = 13.59MPa
answer
Steel
fs
M (d x)
=
n
fs
IN A
2
150(500 204.42)(1000 )
=
2 255 762 492
f s = 19.65MPa
answer
Totalcompressiveforceinconcrete
C =
1
2
f c bx =
1
2
C = 347.26kN
(13.59)(250)(204.42)
answer
Tags:
WorkingStressDesign
StressinSteel
TotalCompressionForce
WSDMethod
SinglyReinforcedBeam
StressinConcrete
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Problem
Areinforcedconcretebeam300mmwidehasaneffectivedepthof600mm.Itisreinforcedwith
432mmdiameterbarsfortension.fc=21MPaandfy=275MPa.Findthemomentcapacityof
thebeam.
Solution
Modulusofelasticityofconcrete
Ec = 4700 f c = 470021
Ec = 21 538.11MPa
Modularratio
n =
Es
200 000
=
Ec
n = 9
21 538.11
Allowablestresses
f = 140MPa forGrade275
s
f c = 0.45f c = 0.45(21) = 9.45MPa
Steelarea
1
As = 4
(32 ) = 1024mm
4
nAs = 9(1024) = 9216mm

Momentofarea
Qabove
300x(
NA
1
2
150x
= Qbelow
NA
x) = nAs (d x)
= 9216(600 x)
150x
+ 9216x 5 529 600 = 0
x = 257.22 and 450.24
Usex
= 257.22mm
Momentofinertia
3
300x
IN A =
+ nAs (d x)
300(257.22 )
IN A =
+ 9216(600 257.22)
3
IN A = 5 103 735 931mm
Momentcapacity
Mc
fb =
Basedonconcrete
Mx
fc =
IN A
2
M (257.22)(1000 )
9.45 =
5 103 735 931
M = 187.51kN m
Basedonsteel
fs
n
M (d x)
=
IN A
(600 257.22)(
M (600 257.22)(1000 )
140
=
9
5 103 735 931
M = 231.61kN m
UsethesafevalueofM
M = 187.51kN m
answer
Tags:
WSDMethod
WorkingStressDesign
MomentCapacity
RectangularBeam
Example02:Totalcompressiveforce
inconrete
up
Example04:CompressiveForcein
ConcreteTBeam
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Example05:StressesofSteelandConcreteinDoublyReinforcedBeam
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Problem
ThefollowingarethedimensionsofaconcreteTbeamsection
Widthofflange,bf=600mm
Thicknessofflange,tf=80mm
Widthofweb,bw=300mm
Effectivedepth,d=500mm
Thebeamisreinforcedwith332mmdiameterbarsintensionandiscarryingamomentof100
kNm.Findthetotalcompressiveforceintheconcrete.Usen=9.
Solution
As = 3
1
4
(32 ) = 768mm
nAs = 9(768) = 6912mm
AssumeNAisatthebottomoftheflange
3
Qabove
NA
= 600(80)(40) = 1 920 000mm
Qbelow
NA
= nAs (500 80) = 9 201 169mm
QaboveNA<QbelowNA,therefore,NAiswithintheweb.

Qabove
600x(
= Qbelow
NA
1
2
300x
NA
x) 300(x 80)[
150(x 80)
x = 167mm
1
2
(x 80) ] = nAs (500 x)
= 6912(500 x)
300(x 80)
600x
IN A =
3
3
600(167 )
IN A =
+ nAs (500 x)
300(167 80)
3
4
fs
M (d x)
=
n
fs
IN A
2
100(500 167)(1000 )
=
3 273 562 384
f s = 91.55MPa
T = f s As = 91.55(768)
T = 220.89kN
C = T
C = 220.89kN
answer
AnotherSolutionforfindingC
2
100(167)(1000 )
Mx
fc =
=
IN A
+ 6912(500 167)
IN A = 3 273 562 384mm
3 273 562 384
f c = 5.10MPa
M (x 80)
f c1 =
100(167 80)(1000 )
=
IN A
3 273 562 384
f c1 = 2.66MPa
C =
C =
1
2
1
2
(f c + f c1 )tf b f +
1
2
f c1 (x tf )b w
(5.10 + 2.66)(80)(600) +
C = 220.95kN
1
2
(2.66)(167 80)(300)
(okay)
Tags: ConcreteTbeam
WorkingStressDesign
Example03:Momentcapacityofa
TotalCompressionForce
up
concretebeam
Example05:StressesofSteeland
ConcreteinDoublyReinforcedBeam
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Example05:StressesofSteelandConcreteinDoubly
ReinforcedBeam
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Problem
A300mm600mmreinforcedconcretebeamsectionisreinforcedwith428mmdiameter
tensionsteelatd=536mmand228mmdiametercompressionsteelatd'=64mm.Thesection
issubjectedtoabendingmomentof150kNm.Usen=9.
1.Findthemaximumstressinconcrete.
2.Determinethestressinthecompressionsteel.
3.Calculatethestressinthetensionsteel.
Solution
As = 4
1
4
(28 ) = 784mm
nAs = 9(784) = 7056mm
As = 2
1
4
(28 ) = 392mm
(2n 1)As = [ 2(9) 1 ](392) = 6664mm

Qabove
300x(
2
150x
NA
1
2
= Qbelow
NA
x) + (2n 1)As (x 64) = nAs (536 x)
+ 6664(x 64) = 7056(536 x)
150x
+ 13 720x 4 208 512 = 0
x = 186.15 and 473.50
Usex
= 186.15mm
300(x
IN A =
+ (2n 1)As (x 64)
+ nAs (536 x)
300(186.15 )
IN A =
+ 6664(186.15 64)
3
IN A = 3 670 555 446mm
BendingStresses
Mc
fb =
Concrete:
Mx
fc =
IN A
2
150(186.15)(1000 )
fc =
3 670 555 446
f c = 7.61MPa
answer
Tensionsteel:
fs
n
M (536 x)
=
IN A
150(536 186.15)(
+ 7056(536 186.15)
150(536 186.15)(1000 )
fs
3 670 555 446
f s = 128.67MPa
answer
Compressionsteel:
M (x 64)
fs
2n
IN A
2
fs
150(186.15 64)(1000 )
=
3 670 555 446
2(9)
f s = 89.85MPa
answer
Tags:
DoublyReinforcedBeam WorkingStressDesign
CompressionSteel TensionSteel
Example04:CompressiveForcein
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StepsisforfindingtherequiredsteelreinforcementsofbeamwithknownMmaxandotherbeam
propertiesusingWorkingStressDesignmethod.
Giventhefollowing,directorindirect:
Widthorbreadth=b
Effectivedepth=d
Allowablestressforconcrete=fc
Allowablestressforsteel=fs
Modularratio=n
Maximummomentcarriedbythebeam=Mmax
Step1:Solveforthebalancedmomentcapacity
d fc
xbal =
fc +
C bal =
1
2
fs
n
f c bxbal
Mbal = C bal (d
1
3
xbal )
IfMmaxMbal,designthebeamassinglyreinforced(gotoStep2)
IfMmax>Mbal,designthebeamasdoublyreinforced(gotoStep3)
Step2:SinglyReinforcedBeam(MmaxMbal)
Locatetheneutralaxisbysolvingxfromtheequationbelow
2
bx (d x)
bx
+
3
=
2
nMmax (d x)
fs

Solvefortherequiredsteelarea
2
bx
As =
2n(d x)
YoucanalsousetheapproximateformulafortheamountofAs
Mmax
As =
f s (d
1
3
xbal )
Step3:DoublyReinforcedBeam(Mmax>Mbal)
Additionalgiven:Embedmentdepthofcompresionsteel=d'
SolveforAs1fromBalancedCondition
Mbal
As1 =
f s (d
xbal )
SolveAs2fromtheexcessofMmaxandMbal
Mexcess = Mmax Mbal
As2 =
Mexcess
f s (d d )
Totalsteelareaintension
A = A
+ A
s1
s2

SolveAs'fromthebalancedconditionanduseMexcess
(Note:iffs'>fs,usefs'=fs)
fs
2nf c (xbal d )
or
xbal
2f s (xbal d )
d xbal
2n Mexcess
As =
fs
f s (2n 1)(d d )
Tags:
RequiredSteelArea CompressionSteel TensionSteel WorkingStressDesign
AlternateDesignMethod DoublyReinforcedBeam SinglyReinforcedBeam
Example01:FindingtheNumberofSteelBarsofSinglyreinforcedConcreteBeam
Example02:FindingtheNumberofSteelBarsofDoublyreinforcedConcreteBeam
Example05:StressesofSteeland
up
ConcreteinDoublyReinforcedBeam
Example01:FindingtheNumberof
SteelBarsofSinglyreinforcedConcrete
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Example01:FindingtheNumberofSteelBarsofSingly
reinforcedConcreteBeam
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Problem
Areinforcedconcretecantileverbeam4mlonghasacrosssectionaldimensionsof400mmby750
mm.Itistocarryasuperimposedloadof29.05kN/mincludingitsownweight.Thesteel
reinforcementhasaneffectivedepthof685mm.Usefc=21MPa,fs=165MPa,andn=9.
Determinetherequirednumberof28mmreinforcingbarsusingWorkingStressDesignmethod.
Solution
MaximumMoment
Mmax = 29.05(4)(2) = 232.4kN m
ForBalancedCapacity
f c = 0.45f c = 0.45(21) = 9.45MPa

f s = 165MPa

xbal
d
=
fc
xbal
f c + f s /n
685
=
9.45
9.45 + 165/9
xbal = 233mm
C bal =
f c bxbal =
C bal = 440.37kN
1
2
(9.45)(400)(233)
Mbal = C bal (d
1
3
xbal ) = 440.37[ 0.685
Mbal = 267.45kN m
1
3
(0.233) ]
Mmax<Mbal,thus,thebeamissinglyreinforced.
ForSinglyReinforcedSection
f s = 165MPa
f c = ?
AccurateSolutionforfindingAs(Notrecommended)
Locatetheneutralaxis
Qbelow
400x(
NA
1
2
200x
= Qabove
NA
x) = nAs (d x)
= nAs (685 x)
2
200x
nAs =
Equation(1)
685 x
Momentofinertia
3
bx
IN A =
+ nAs (d x)
400x
IN A =
200x
+
3
400
IN A =
(685 x)
685 x
3
+ 200x (685 x)
Stressinsteel
fs
M (d x)
=
IN A
2
232.4(685 x)(1000 )
165
=
9
IN A
IN A = 12 676 363.64(685 x)
EquatetheINA
IN A = IN A
400
3
+ 200x (685 x) = 12 676 363.64(685 x)
x = 219.6mm
FromEquation(1)
2
200(219.6 )
9As =
685 219.6
As = 2302.17mm
Numberofbars
N =
As
Ab
2302.17
=
1
4
(28 )
N = 3.74
Use428mmbarsanswer

ApproximateSolutionforfindingAs(Recommended)
1
Mmax = T (d
xbal )
1
Mmax = As f s (d
xbal )
Mmax
As =
f s (d
1
3
xbal )
2
232.4(1000 )
As =
165[ 685
1
3
As = 2319.13mm
(233) ]
Numberofbars
N =
As
2319.13
=
Ab
(28 )
N = 3.76
Use428mmbarsanswer
Tags:
WorkingStressDesign
NumberofBars
DesignofSteelReinforcement
DesignofConcreteBeam
up
ReinforcementusingWSDMethod
SteelBarsofDoublyreinforced
ConcreteBeam
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Example02:FindingtheNumberofSteelBarsofDoubly
reinforcedConcreteBeam
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Problem
Aproppedbeam8mlongistosupportatotalloadof28.8kN/m.Itisdesiredtofindthesteel
reinforcementsatthemostcriticalsectioninbending.Thecrosssectionoftheconcretebeamis
400mmby600mmwithaneffectivecoverof60mmforthereinforcements.fc=21MPa,fs=140
MPa,n=9.Determinetherequirednumberof32mmtensionbarsandtherequirednumberof
32mmcompressionbars.
Solution
Themostcriticalsectioninbendingisatthefixedsupport
Mmax =
wo L
8
28.8(8 )
=
8
Mmax = 230.4kN m
ForBalancedCapacity
f c = 0.45f c = 0.45(21) = 9.45MPa

f s = 140MPa
xbal
d
=
fc
xbal
f c + f s /n
540
=
9.45
9.45 + 140/9
xbal = 204mm
C bal =
1
2
f c bxbal =
C bal = 385.56kN
1
2
(9.45)(400)(204)
Mbal = C bal (d
1
3
xbal ) = 385.56[ 0.540
Mbal = 181.98kN m
1
3
(0.204) ]
Mmax>Mbal,thus,thebeamisdoublyreinforced
ForDoublyReinforcedBeamSection
SolveforAs1fromBalancedCondition
Mbal = Tbal (d
1
3
Mbal = f s As1 (d
2
xbal )
1
3
xbal )
181.98(1000 ) = 140As1 [ 540
1
3
(204) ]
As1 = 2753.93mm
SolveAs2fromtheexcessofMmaxandMbal
Mexcess = Mmax Mbal = 230.4 181.98
Mexcess = 48.42kN m
Mexcess = T2 (d d )
Mexcess = f s As2 (d d )
2
48.42(1000 ) = 140As2 (540 60)

As2 = 720.54mm
Totalsteelareaintension
As = As1 + As2 = 2753.93 + 720.54
As = 3474.47mm
Numberof32mmtensionbars
N =
As
3474.47
=
Ab
1
4
(28 )
N = 4.32
Use532mmbarsanswer
SolveAs'fromthebalancedconditionusingMexcess
(Note:iffs'>fs,usefs'=fs)
f s /2n
xbal d
2
fc
xbal
fs
2nf c (xbal d )
xbal
2(9)(9.45)(204 60)
fs =
204
f s = 120.07MPa
Youmayalsousethetensionsteelintheproportion:
f s /2n
xbal d
f s /n
d xbal
fs =
2f s (xbal d )
d xbal
2(140)(204 60)
fs =
fs
540 204
= 120MPa
fs'<(fs=140MPa),usefs'=120.07MPa
Mexcess = T (d d )
2
Mexcess = As (2n 1)(f s /2n)(d d )

2
48.42(1000 ) = As [ 2(9) 1 ][ 120.07/(2 9) ](540 60)
As = 889.55mm
Numberof32mmcompressionbars
N =
As
Ab
889.55
=
1
4
(32 )
N = 1.1
Use232mmbarsanswer
Tags:
WorkingStressDesign
NumberofBars
DoublyReinforcedBeam
SteelBarsofSinglyreinforcedConcrete
Beam
Addnewcomment
DesignofSteelReinforcement
ProppedCantileverBeam
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CEReference

+ (2n 1)As (x d ) = nAs (d x)

450 000x + 80 000 000

x = 1600 and 200

150(200 ) = 9As (600 200)

nAs = 9(625) = 5625mm

+ 5625x 2 812 500 = 0

x = 204.42 and 345.79

IN A = 2 255 762 492mm

2 255 762 492

2 255 762 492

f c = 0.45f c = 0.45(21) = 9.45MPa

nAs = 9(1024) = 9216mm

+ 9216x 5 529 600 = 0

x = 257.22 and 450.24

IN A = 5 103 735 931mm

5 103 735 931

nAs = 9(768) = 6912mm

= 600(80)(40) = 1 920 000mm

= nAs (500 80) = 9 201 169mm

(x 80) ] = nAs (500 x)

3 273 562 384

IN A = 3 273 562 384mm

3 273 562 384

3 273 562 384

nAs = 9(784) = 7056mm

(2n 1)As = [ 2(9) 1 ](392) = 6664mm

x) + (2n 1)As (x 64) = nAs (536 x)

+ 6664(x 64) = 7056(536 x)

+ 13 720x 4 208 512 = 0

x = 186.15 and 473.50

+ (2n 1)As (x 64)

IN A = 3 670 555 446mm

3 670 555 446

3 670 555 446

f c = 0.45f c = 0.45(21) = 9.45MPa

xbal ) = 440.37[ 0.685

+ 200x (685 x) = 12 676 363.64(685 x)

f c = 0.45f c = 0.45(21) = 9.45MPa

xbal ) = 385.56[ 0.540

181.98(1000 ) = 140As1 [ 540

48.42(1000 ) = 140As2 (540 60)

Mexcess = As (2n 1)(f s /2n)(d d )

48.42(1000 ) = As [ 2(9) 1 ][ 120.07/(2 9) ](540 60)

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