Chapter 1 Chemical Reactions and EquationsPreview

CHAPTER
Chemical Reactions
and Equations
1
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Everything around us changes with time. Some of these changes accompanied with change in
physical propertiesof thesubstances andno newsubstance isformed. Sucha changeis called
physicalchange.e.g.meltingofice,boilingofwaterandtearingofpaper,etc.
Someoftheotherchangesaccompaniedwithchangeincompositionandchemicalpropertiesand
somenewsubstancesareformed.Thechangesarecalled chemicalchange. e.g.burningofcandle,
cookingfood,etc.Thechemicalchangesaretheresultofchemicalreactionsthattakeplace.
Chemical Reactions
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Achemicalreactioninvolvesbreakingofchemical bondspresentinthereactantmoleculesand
forming new chemical bonds to give the products. A chemical reaction simply involves
rearrangementofatoms.
Inthelanguageofscience,achemicalreactionisaprocessinwhichoneormoresubstancesare
transformedintonewsubstances.Duringchemicalreactions,newsubstanceswithnewproperties
areformed.e.g.Burningofmagnesiumribboninair.
Thesubstancewhichtakepartinachemicalreactionarecalledreactantsandthenewsubstances
formedarecalledproducts.
A
+B
{
Reactants
C
+D
{
Products
To demonstrate burning of magnesium ribbon in air.

Takeadryandcleanpieceofmagnesiumribbonand
rubitwithsandpapertoremovethe
layerof magnesium oxide.
Dazzlinglight
Holditwithapairoftongsandburn
itin air on a spirit lamp or burner,
Burner
keeping a chinadish belowit.
Observation:
Magnesium burns with a dazzling
light.
A white powder is collected in the
chinadish.
Magnesiumribbon
Pairoftongs
Whitepowder
(Magnesiumoxide)
Conclusion: Achemicalreactionhas
takenplaceinwhichmagnesiumand
oxygenreacttoformanewproduct
magnesiumoxide.
Magnesium+Oxygen
Reactants
CLASS 10 FOUNDATION COURSE | CHEMISTRY
Chinadish
Magnesiumoxide
Product
Chemical Reactions and Equations | 1
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To study the reaction between lead nitrate and

potassium iodide.
Prepareleadnitratesolutioninonetesttubeandpotassium
iodide solution in another test tube.
Mix the two solutions.
Observations: Ayellowsolid(calledprecipitate)appears.Thisyellowsolidisanewchemical
compound,namely,leadiodide.Anothersubstanceformedispotassiumnitratewhichwecan
not seeasitremains inthe solution.
Conclusion:Achemicalreactionhastakenplaceinwhichleadnitrateandpotassiumiodide
are the reactants whileleadiodideand potassium nitrate are the products.
Leadnitrate+Potassiumiodide
(colourlesssolution)
Leadiodide+Potassiumnitrate
(yellowsolid)
Reactants
Products
Potassiumiodide
solution
Lead
nitratesolution
Potassiumiodide
solution
Lead
nitratesolution
Initialsolutions
Mixingthesolutions
Finalresult
Leadiodide
(yellowppt.)
+
Potassium
nitrate
(insolution)
To study the reaction between zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid

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Takeaconicalflask.Fititwitha
cork and a glass tube passing
through the cork.
Putafewzincgranulesintheflask.
Add dilute hydrochloric acid or
sulphuric acid to this.
Caution : Handle the acid with
care.
Observations:
Bubbles appear around the
zinc granules.
Theflaskbecomeswarm.
Cork
Glasstube
Hydrogen
gas
Conicalflask
Dilute
sulphuricacid
Zincgranules
Conclusion: Wecansaythatzinc Zinc+hydrochloricacid

Zincchloride+Hydrogen
reacts with dilute hydrochloric
Reactants
Products
acidtoformhydrogengaswhich
appears as bubbles.
Heathas beenproducedduring thereactioncausingwarmingof theflask.
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Characteristics of Chemical Reactions

Whenachemicalreactiontakesplace,somechangesareobserved.Theeasilyobservablechanges
thattakeplaceinachemicalreactionarecalledthecharacteristicsofthechemicalreaction.
2 | Chemical Reactions and Equations
Reactionswhichareaccompaniedbyfall
intemperaturearethoseinwhichheatis
absorbed. Such reactions are called
endothermic reactions. For example,
when barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2, is
addedintoammoniumchloride,NH4Cl,
takeninatesttube,andthenmixedwith
aglassrod,thenontouchingthebottom
ofthetesttube,itisfoundtobecooler.
Thisisduetotheendothermicreaction
takingplace.
Beaker
Water
(Hottotouch)
Quicklime
(CaO)
Reactionbetweenquicklimeandwaterformingslakedlime
Chemical Equations
Achemicalequationlinkstogetherthesubstanceswhichreact(reactants)withthenewsubstances
thatareformed(products).
Thechemicalequationscanbewrittenintwoways:
Wordequations
Symbolequations
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Writing Word Equations

Awordequationlinkstogetherthenamesofthereactantswiththoseoftheproducts.Forexample,
thewordequationwhenmagnesiumribbonburnsinoxygentoformawhitepowderofmagnesium
oxide,maybewrittenasfollows:
Magnesium+Oxygen
Magnesiumoxide
14444244443
144424443
(reactants)
(Product)
Thewordequationforthechemicalreactionbetweengranulatedzincandhydrochloricacidmay
bewrittenas:
Zinc+Hydrochloricacid
Zincchloride+Hydrogen
1444442444443
144444244444
3
(reactants)
(products)
Inawordequationcertainconventionsarefollowedwhichare:
Thereactantsarewrittenonthelefthandsidewithplussign(+)betweenthem.
Theproductsarewrittenontherighthandsidewithplussign(+)betweenthem.
Anarrow()separatesthereactantsfromtheproducts.
The direction of the arrow head points towards the products, i.e., direction of occurring of
reaction.
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Writing Symbol Equations

Asymbolequationisabriefrepresentationofachemicalreactionintermsofsymbolandformulae
ofthesubstancesinvolved.
Forexample,burningofmagnesiuminoxygentoformmagnesiumoxidemaybewrittenas:
Mg+O2
MgO
Thesymbolequationforthereactionbetweenzincandhydrochloricacidis:
Zn+HCl
ZnCl2 +H2
Balanced and Unbalanced Equations

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Balanced Chemical Equations

Abalancedchemicalequationisonewhichcontainanequalnumberofatomsofeachelement
onboththesidesoftheequation.
For example, balanced chemical equation of burning of magnesium in oxygen to form
magnesiumoxideiswrittenas
2Mg+O2
2MgO
Abalancedchemicalequationmustobeythe lawofconservationofmass.Thismeansthatthe
totalmassofthereactantsandproductsparticipatinginanequationmustbethesame.
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Unbalanced Chemical Equations

Anunbalancedchemicalequationisoneinwhichthenumberofatomsoftheelementsonthe
twosidesoftheequationisnotthesame.
Forexample,formationofwaterbythereactionbetweenhydrogenandoxygen.
H2 +O2
H2O
(Unbalanced)
2H2 +O2
2H2O
(Balanced)
Balancing of Chemical Equations

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Writethechemicalequationintheformofawordequation.Keepthereactantsonleftsideandthe
productsofrightside.
Convertthewordequationintothesymbolequationbywritingthesymbolsandformulaeofall
thereactantsandproducts.
Maketheatomsofdifferentelementsonbothsidesoftheequationequalbyasuitablemethod.
Thisisknownasbalancingofequation.
Donotchangetheformulaeofthesubstanceswhilebalancingtheequation.
Letusunderstandthebalancingofchemicalequationswiththehelpoffollowingexamples:
Example:Zincreactswithdilutesulphuricacidtogivezincsulphateandhydrogen.
Solution:Thewordequationforthereactionis:
Zinc+Sulphuricacid
Zincsulphate+Hydrogen
Thesymbolequationforthesamereactionis:
Zn+H2SO4
ZnSO4 +H2
Letuscountthenumberofatomsofalltheelementsinthereactantsandproductsonboth
sidesoftheequation.
Element
Zn
S
H
O
No.ofatoms
ofreactants
(L.H.S)
1
1
2
4
No.ofatoms
ofproducts
(R.H.S)
1
1
2
4
Asthenumberofatomsofalltheelementsinvolvedinthereactantsandproductsareequal,the
equationisalreadybalanced.
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Example:Magnesiummetal reactswithhydrochloricacidtoform magnesiumchlorideand

hydrogengas.
Magnesium+Hydrochloricacid
Magnesiumchloride+Hydrogen
Mg+HCl
MgCl2 +H2
Thebalancingoftheequationisdoneinthefollowingsteps:
Step1: Letuscountthenumberofatomsofalltheelementsinthereactantsandproductsonboth
sidesoftheequation.
Element
Mg
No.ofatoms
ofreactants
(L.H.S)
1
No.ofatoms
ofproducts
(R.H.S)
1
Cl
AsimplelookattheequationrevealsthatthenumberofMgatomsareequal(1)onbothsides.At
thesametime,thenumberofClandHatomsarenotequal.
StepII: Itisalwaysconvenienttostartwiththecompoundthatcontainsthemaximumnumberof
atoms,whetherofreactantsorofproducts.Thenuseappropriatecoefficientstobalanceitsatoms.
Inthiscase,thecompoundisMgCl2.Here,Mgatomsarealreadybalancedonbothsides.Tobalance
theatomsofCl,putcoefficient2beforeHClonthereactantside.Theequationmaynowbewritten
as:
Mg+2HCl
MgCl2 +H2
StepIII:Now,checkthenumberofatomsofdifferentelementsonbothsidesoftheequation.
Theseareequal.Thismeansthattheequationisbalanced.
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Example:Ironreactswithwater(steam)toformferricoxideandliberatinghydrogengas.
Iron+Water(steam)
Ferricoxide+Hydrogen
Fe+H2O
Fe2O3 +H2
Thebalancingoftheequationisdoneinthefollowingsteps:
StepI: Letuscountthenumberofatomsofalltheelementsinthereactantsandproductsonboth
sidesoftheequation.
Element
No.ofatoms
ofreactants
(L.H.S.)
No.ofatoms
ofproducts
(R.H.S.)
Fe
AsimplelookattheequationrevealsthatthenumberofHatomsareequal(2)onbothsides.Atthe
sametime,thenumberofFeandOatomsarenotequal.
StepII:Oninspection,thenumberofOatomsinthereactant(H2O)islwhileintheproduct
(Fe2O3),theseare3.Tobalancetheseatoms,putcoefficient3beforeH2Oonthereactantside.The
partiallybalancedequationmaybewrittenas:
Fe+3H2O
Fe2O3 +H2
StepIII: InordertoequateHatoms,putcoefficient3beforeHontheproductside.Asaresult,the
Hatomson bothsidesoftheequationbecome 6andarethusbalanced. Thepartiallybalanced
equationmaynowbewrittenas:
Fe+3H2O
Fe2O3+3H2
StepIV:InordertobalancetheFeatoms,putcoefficient2beforeFeonthereactantside.The
equationformedmaybewrittenas:
2Fe+3H2O
Fe2O3 +3H2
StepV:Onfinalinspection,thenumberofatomsofalltheelementsonbothsidesoftheequation
areequal.Therefore,theequationisbalanced.
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Example:Nitrogenandhydrogencombinetoformammonia.
Solution:StepI:Thewordequationforthereactionis
Nitrogen+Hydrogen
Ammonia
StepII:Thesymbolequationforthereactionis:
N2 +H2
NH3
StepIII: LetuscountthenumberofatomsofvariouselementsonbothL.H.SandR.H.S.InL.H.S
therearetwonitrogenatomswhereasonR.H.Sthereisonenitrogenatom.Toresolvethisproblem,
R.H.Sismultipliedby2.Equationnowbecomes
N2 +H2
2NH3
The number of hydrogen atoms on R.H.S is now 6 and on L.H.S it is 2. Hatoms in L.H.S are
multipliedby3.Equationnowbecomes
N2 +3H2
2NH3
StepIV:Asthenumberofatomsofvariouselementsisnowequalinbothsides,theequationis
balancedchemicalequation.
Element
L.H.S
R.H.S
Example:Balancethefollowingskeletalequation:
Mg3N2 +H2O
Mg(OH)2 +NH3
Solution:StepI:SelectingtheformulaMg3N2 andbalancingMgatoms:Balancingisstarted
fromMg3N2 andMg(OH)2 astheycontainmaximumnumberofatoms.NumberofMgatomsin
L.H.Sis3andinR.H.Sis1.Tobalancetheequationweputcoefficient3beforeMg(OH)2 onR.H.S.
Mg3N2 +H2O
3Mg(OH)2 +NH3
StepII:TobalanceNatoms:TobalanceNatoms,coefficient2isaddedbeforeNH3 onR.H.S.
Equationnowbecomes:
Mg3N2 +H2O
3Mg(OH)2 +2NH3
StepIII: TobalanceOatoms: Oatomsarebalancedbyaddingcoefficient6beforeH2OonL.H.S.
Equationnowbecomes:
Mg3N2 +6H2O
3Mg(OH)2 +2NH3
StepIV:TobalanceHatoms.NumberofHatomsarebalancedonbothL.H.SandR.H.S.
StepV:CheckthenumberofatomsonbothL.H.S.andR.H.S.Theequationisnowbalancedas
numberofatomsonbothsidesareequal.
Element
L.H.S
R.H.S
3
2
12
6
3
2
12
6
Mg
N
H
O
Writing Symbols of Physical States

Thechemicalequationsorsymbolequationswhichwehaveenlisteddontmentionthephysical
statesofthereactantandproductspeciesinvolvedinthereaction.Inordertomaketheequation
moreinformative,thephysicalstatesarealsomentionedwiththehelpofcertainspecificsymbols
knownasstatesymbols.Thesesymbolsare:
(i) (s)forsolidstate
(ii) (l)forliquidstate
(iii)(g)forgaseousstate
(iv) (aq)foraqueoussolutioni.e.solutionpreparedinwater.
Agasifevolvedinareactionisshownbythesymbol( -)i.e.byanarrowpointingupwards.
Similarlytheprecipitateifformedduringthereactionisindicatedbythesymbol( )i.e.byan
arrowpointingdownwards.Theabbreviationpptisalsousedtorepresenttheprecipitateif
formed.
Afewchemicalequationsshowingstatesymbolsaregivenforthebenefitofthestudents.
(i) 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l)
(ii) Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g)
(iii)AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)
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2NaOH(aq) + H 2( g) orH 2(-)

CaCO3 ()orCaCO 3(ppt.) +H2O(l)
AgCl( )orAgCl(ppt.) +NaNO3(aq)
Significance of State Symbols

Thestatesymbolsareverysignificantforthosechemicalreactionswhichareeitheraccompanied
bytheevolutionofheat(exothermic)orbytheabsorptionofheat(endothermic).Forexample:
2H2(g) + O2(g)
2H2O(g) + 484kJ
2H2(g)+ O2(g)
2H2O(l) + 572kJ
Boththesereactionsareofexothermicnaturebecauseheathasbeenevolvedinthese.However,
actualamountsofheatevolvedaredifferentwhenwaterisintheliquidstatei.e.H2O(l) orisinthe
gaseousstatei.e.H2O(g).
1 Writebalancedchemicalequationsforeach
ofthefollowingreactions:
(i) When solid mercury (II) oxide is heated,
liquidmercuryandoxygengasareproduced.
(ii) Liquid hydrogen peroxide decomposes to
formwaterandoxygengas.
(iii)Acetylene/Ethyne (C2H2) gas burns in
oxygentoformcarbondioxideandwateralong
withevolutionofheat.
D
2Hg(l) +O2(g)
Soln.: (i)2HgO(s)
(ii) 2H2O2(l) 2H2O(l) +O2(g)
(iii)2C2H2(g) +5O2(g) 4CO2(g) +2H2O(l)
2 Expressthefollowingreactionsintheform
ofchemicalequationsandthenbalancethese
equations:
(i) Phosphorus burns in oxygen to form
phosphoruspentoxide.
(ii) Silver is precipitated out when a copper
strip is dipped in silver nitrate solution. The
solution turns blue due to the formation of
copper(II)nitrate.
(iii)Magnesium ribbon is burnt in a jar
containingnitrogengaswhenawhitepowder
ofmagnesiumnitrideisobtained.
(iv) Marble (calcium carbonate) dissolved in

hydrochloricacidtogivecalciumchloride,water
andcarbondioxide.
(v) Sodiumhydroxidereactswithsulphuricacid
toformsodiumsulphateandwater.
(vi)Aluminium sulphate reacts with sodium
hydroxide to form a precipitate of aluminium
hydroxidewhilethesolutionafterthereactionis
foundtocontainsodiumsulphate.
(vii)Burningofbenzene(C6H6)inoxygentogive
carbondioxideandwater.
Soln.:(i)P4(s) +5O2(g)
2P2O5(s)
(ii) Cu(s) +2AgNO3(g)
Cu(NO3)2(aq) +2Ag
(iii)3Mg(s) +N2(aq)
Mg3N2
(iv)CaCO3(s) +2HCl(aq)
CaCl2(aq) +H2O(l) +CO2(g)
(v) 2NaOH(aq) +H2SO4(aq)
Na2SO4(aq) +2H2O(l)
(vi)Al2(SO4)3(aq) +6NaOH(aq)
2Al(OH)3 +3Na2SO4(aq)
(vii)2C6H6(l) +15O2(g)
12CO2(g) +6H2O(l)
4 Write the chemical equations for the

followingreactions:
(i) Hydrogen+Chlorine
Hydrogenchloride(orhydrochloricacid)
(ii) Magnesiumoxide + Carbon
Magnesium+Carbonmonoxide
(iii)Phosphoruspentachloride+Water
Phosphoricacid+Hydrogenchloride
(iv) Sulphurdioxide+Oxygen
Sulphur trioxide
(v) Sodium+Water
Sodiumhydroxide+Hydrogen
Soln.: (i) H2+Cl2
2HCl
(ii) MgO+C
Mg+CO
(iii)PCl5 +4H2O
H3PO4 +5HCl
(iv) 2SO2 +O2
2SO3
(v)2Na+2H2O
2NaOH+H2
I LLUSTRATION
5 Writethebalancedchemicalequationswith
statesymbolsforthefollowingreactions:
(i) Iron fillings react with steam to produce
iron(III)oxideandhydrogengas.
(ii) Magnesium reacts with nitrogen upon
heatingtoformmagnesiumnitride.
(iii)Ethane burns in oxygen to form carbon
dioxideandwater(gas).
(iv) Sodiumhydroxidesolution(inwater)reacts
withhydrochloricacid(inwater)toformsodium
chloride(inwater)andwater.
Soln.:(i) 2Fe(s) +3H2O(g)
Fe2O3(s) +3H2(g)
heat ( D )
(ii) 3Mg(s)+N2(g)
Mg3N2(s)
(iii)2C2H6(g) +7O2(g)
4CO2(g) +6H2O(g)
(iv) NaOH(aq) +HCl(aq)
NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Information Conveyed by a Balanced Chemical Equation
Chemicalequationalsocalledsymbolequation,istheshortenedwayofrepresentingachemical
reaction.Itprovidesusefulinformationaboutthechemicalreaction.Forexample:
A chemical equation tells us about the substances (reactants and products) participating in a
particular reaction.
Achemicalequationinformsusaboutthesymbolsandformulaeofallthesubstancesinvolvedin
aparticularreaction.
Achemicalequationtellsusaboutthenumberofatomsormoleculesofthereactantsandproducts
thatareinvolvedinthereaction.
Achemicalequationgivesinformationabouttheweightsofthereactantsconsumedandofthe
productsformedinachemicalreaction.
Achemicalequationtellsusaboutthenumberofgramatomsorgrammolesofthesubstancesthat
areparticipatinginthereaction.
Insomecases,thechemicalequationtellsusaboutthephysicalstatesofthereactantsandproducts
and also about the heat evolved or absorbed during the reaction provided these are specially
mentioned.
Inachemicalequation,oneofthereactantsisavailableinsmaller
amount as compared to the other reactants, it will limit the
participation of other reactants in the reaction. This reactant
(reagent)isknownasthe limitingreagent.Forexample,liquefied
petroleumgas(L.P.G)mainlycontainsbutane(C4H10).Itburns
inairoroxygentoprovideheatenergy.Whentheentiregasreleasedfromthecylinderis
consumed and the cylinder becomes empty, no more combustion takes place. However,
oxygenisstillavailablebutitisofnouse.Herebutaneisregardedasthelimitingreactant.
Do You
Know
C4H10(g) (L.P.G)+ 13O2(g)

2
4CO2(g) +5H2O(l)
6 What information is conveyed by the

followingequation?
I LLUSTRATION
heat
CaO(s) +CO2(g)
CaCO3(s)
(Given:atomicmassofCa=40,C=12,O=16)
uponheatingdecomposestogivecalciumoxide
andcarbondioxide.
(ii) In terms of symbol equation, CaCO3(s)
decomposestogiveCaO(s) andCO2(g).
(iii)1 molecule of CaCO3 decomposes into 1
moleculeofCaOand1moleculeofCO2.
(iv) 1moleofCaCO3 decomposesinto1moleof
CaOand1moleofCO2.
(v) 100gofCaCO3decomposesinto56gofCaO
and44gofCO2.
heat
CaO(s) +CO2(g)
Soln.:CaCO3(s)
Calciumcarbonate
1molecule
1mol
40+12+48=100g
CalciumoxideCarbondioxide
1molecule1molecule
1mol
1mol
40+16=56g12+32=44g
Theinformationgatheredfromthedatagiven
maybesummedupasfollows:
(i) Calcium carbonate, also called limestone
Information not conveyed by Chemical Equation

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Achemicalequation doesnottellsusaboutthe feasibilityofachemicalreaction. Itmeansthat

fromtheequation,wecannotmakeoutwhetheraparticularreactionwillactuallytakeplaceor
not.Forexample:
Cu+H2SO4
CuSO4 +H2
Thisreactionseemstobequitefeasibleandisexpectedtotakeplacebutactuallyitdoesnotoccur.
Wecannotgetanyclueorideaabouttherate(speed)ofthereactionfromthechemicalequation i.e.
itdoesnottellusthataparticularreactionwillbeslow,moderateorfast.
Thermochemical Equations
A balanced chemical equation which gives information about the heat change (evolved or
absorbed,DH)duringthereactioniscalledthethermochemicalequation.
Athermochemicalequationcanbewrittenasfollows:
(a) bywritingtheheatevolvedorabsorbedasatermintheequation,
C(s) +O2(g)
CO2(g) +393.5kJ
C2H5OH(l) +3O2(g)
2CO2(g) +3H2O(l) +1367kJmol1
(b) byusing DHnotation,i.e.,writing DH=veforexothermicand DH=+veforendothermic.
C(s) +O2(g)
CO2(g); DH=393.5kJ
C2H5OH(l) +3O2(g)
2CO2(g) +3H2O(l) ; DH=1367kJmol1
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Latest IUPAC Symbols for Enthalpy Changes

Accordingtothelatest(1981)IUPACrecommendations,thesymbolsusedforenthalpychanges
fordifferenttypesofreactionsorphysicalchangesarerepresentedbyputtingthesymbolofthe
typeofreactionassubscriptalongwith D justbeforethesymbolH.Forexample:
Enthalpyofreactionisrepresentedby DrH
Enthalpyofcombustionisrepresentedby DcH
Enthalpyofformationisrepresentedby DfH
Enthalpyofvaporisationisrepresentedby DvapH
Conventions for Writing the Thermochemical Equations

Forexothermicreaction, DHisveandforendothermicreaction, DHis+ve.
Whilewritingthethermochemicalequationforareaction,thephysicalstatesofthereactions
andtheproductsmustbementioned.
Itisessentialbecausethephysicalstatesofthereactantsandtheproductscauseappreciable
differenceinthevalueof DH.Whenonemoleofliquidwaterisformedfromgaseoushydrogen
andgaseousoxygen,theheatevolvedisequalto285.8kJ.
1
2
H2(g) + O2(g)
H2O(l);
DrH=285.8kJ
Ontheotherhand,whenonemoleofwaterinthegaseousstateisformedfromthegaseous
oxygenandhydrogen,theheatevolvedisequalto241.8kJ.
1
2
H2(g) + O2(g)
H2O(g);
DrH=241.8kJ
Thecoefficientsofthesubstancesinathermochemicalequationrepresentthenumberofmoles
ofeachsubstanceinvolvedinthereaction.The DHvaluescorrespondtothesecoefficients.
Whenthecoefficientsinthechemicalequationaremultipliedordividedbythesamefactor.
Forexample,intheequation,
1
2
H2(g) + O2(g)
H2O(g);
DrH=241.8kJ
Ifcoefficientsaremultipliedby2,wewritetheequation,
2H2(g) +O2(g)
2H2O(g);
DrH=483.6kJ
Whenthechemicalequationinreversed,thesignof DHvalueisalsochangedbutthemagnitude
remainsthesame.Forexample,
N2(g) +3H2(g)
2NH3(g);
DrH=91.8kJ
2NH3(g)
N2(g) +3H2(g);
DrH=91.8kJ
Thus,areactionwhichisexothermicinonedirectionwillbeendothermicinreversedirection.
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Examples of Thermochemical Equation

Ifinequationareactantisoxygen,thenreactionwillbeexothermic.
e.g. C(s) +O2(g)
CO2(g)
Exceptionpoint: Incaseofnitrogenorfluorinereactionwillbeendothermic.
e.g.N2 +O2
2NO
Abovereactionisendothermic.
Reactioninwhichonemoleofasubstanceiscompletelyburntorcompletelyoxidisedin
airoroxygenisknownascombustionreaction.Allcombustionreactionsareexothermic.
e.g.C2H5OH(l) +3O2(g)
2CO2(g) +3H2O(l) (Exothermic)
Reactioninwhichareactantishydrogen,reactionwillbeexothermic.
e.g.N2(g) +3H2(g)
2NH3(g)
Hydrogenationofunsaturatedhydrocarbonsareexothermicreactions.
e.g.C2H
C2H
4 (ethene)+H2
6 (ethane)Exothermic
Reactionbetweenacidandbaseisexothermicreaction.
e.g.NaOH+HNO3
NaNO3 +H2O(Exothermic)
Alldecompositionreactionsareendothermicreactions.
Somedissolutionreactionsareendothermicreactions.Saltswithendothermicdissolution
aresodiumchloride,sodiumnitrate,potassiumchloride,potassiumnitrate,potassium
sulphate, ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, hydrated copper sulphate
(CuSO4.5H
2O).
Type of Chemical Reactions

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Wehavestudiedthatthechemicalreactionsgenerallyinvolvesimplytheexchangeofatomsinthe
reactantstoformproducts.Neithertheatomsdisappearfromthereactionmixturenornewatoms
appearinthesame.Infact,inchemicalreactions,bondspresentinthereactingspeciesbreakand
(b)Combinationofanelementandacompoundtoformanewcompound:Anelementmay
alsocombinewithacompoundtoformanewcompound.Someexamplesaregivenbelow:
(i) Combinationbetweennitricoxideandoxygen:Both nitricoxideandoxygen arecolourless
gases.Whentheseareallowedtoreactproductformedisnitrogendioxidewhichisareddish
browngas.
2NO( g) + O 2( g )
Nitricoxide
2NO2(g )
Nitrogen dioxide
(Browngas)
(ii) Formationofsulphurtrioxide: Sulphurdioxidecombineswithoxygentoformsulphurtrioxide.

2SO2( g ) + O2( g)
2SO3(g )
Sulphurdioxide
Sulphur trioxide
(c) Combinationoftwocompoundstoformanewcompound: Twocompoundsmaycombineto
formanewcompound.Thecommonexamplesare:
(i) Combinationbetweenammoniaandhydrogenchloridegas:Whenvapoursofammoniaand
hydrogenchloridegasaremixed,awhitesolidmassofammoniumchlorideisformed.
NH 4 Cl( s)
NH3(g) +HCl(g)
Ammonium chloride
(ii) Formationofcalciumsulphate:Calciumoxidereactswithsulphurtrioxidetoformcalcium
sulphate.
CaSO4
CaO+SO3
Calcium sulphate
To study combination of quick lime with water

l
Takeabout2gto3gofcalciumoxide(alsocalledquick
lime) in aglass beaker. Pour wateroverit veryslowly.
Observation: Thereactionishighlyvigorousaswell
asexothermic. It is accompaniedby hissing noise
andbubbles.Infact,solutioninitiallystartsboiling.
Conclusion: Asaresultofthecombinationreaction,
calcium hydroxide (alsoknown asslaked lime) is
formed.
CaO(s) + H2O(l)
Quick lime
Ca(OH)2(s)
Slakedlime
Beaker
Water
Quicklime
Slakedlime
Quick lime or calcium oxide is formed by heating lime stone

(CaCO3)strongly.Whenwaterisaddedtoquicklime,Ca(OH)2is
formed.Onmixingslakedlimewithwater,asuspensioncalled
milkoflimeisobtained.Ifmilkoflimeiskeptovernightinabeaker,
theprecipitateofcalciumhydroxidewillsettleatthebottomofthe
beaker.Thesolutionleftafterdecantationiscalledlimewater.Itcontainstracesofcalciumhydroxide.
Limewaterisusedfortestingcarbondioxidegas.
Do You
Know
Slaked lime or calcium hydroxide formed in the above reaction is in the form of a white
suspension.Itisfilteredandsolutioncontainingsolublecalciumhydroxideisappliedonthe
wallwithabrush.Carbondioxidepresentinairwillcomeintoitscontactandasaresult,athin
layerofcalciumcarbonate(w hite)w illbedepositedonthewall.Thisisknow nas whitewash.
Ca(OH)2(aq) +CO2(g)
CaCO3(s) +H2O(l)
Decomposition Reactions
Decompositionreactionsmaybedefinedas:Thereactionsinwhichasinglesubstancesplits
intotwoormoresimplesubstancesundersuitableconditions.
Thedecompositionreactiontakes placeonlywhentheenergyintheform ofheat,electricityor
lightissupplied.Thustherearethreetypesofdecompositionreactions.
(a) Thermaldecompositionreaction
Whenadecompositionreactioniscarriedoutbyheating,itiscalledthermaldecomposition
reaction.(Thermalmeansrelatingtoheat)
To demonstrate thermal decomposition of
ferrous sulphate
Takeasmallamountofferroussulphatecrystals
inadrytesttube.Holdingthetesttubeinatest
holder,heatthetesttubestronglyoveraflameof
a spirit lamp or aburner.
Observation: Thegreencolouredferroussulphate
crystals(FeSO4.7H2O)onheatingfirstlosewater
andthecolourchangestoformanhydrousFeSO4.
FeSO47H2O Heat FeSO4(s)
Sulphurdioxidegas
+
Sulphurtrioxidegas
Testtubeholder
Drytesttube
Ferroussulphatecrystals
+ 7H2O(s)
Burner
Ferrous sulphate
Anhydrous ferrous
crystals sulphate
Thisonfurtherheatinggivesoutacharacteristic
smellofburningsulphurleavingbehindareddish
brown residue of ferric oxide.
l
Conclusion : This is due tothefollowing decomposition reaction :

2FeSO4(s) Heat
Fe2O3(s) +SO2(g)-
+SO3(g) -
Ferrous sulphate Ferric oxide Sulphur dioxide sulphur

(Green) (Reddish brown) (Having smell of trioxide
burning sulphur)
To demonstrate thermal decomposition of lead nitrate

l
Takepowderedleadnitrateinadrytesttube.Holditin
the testtube holder. Heat itover the flame.
Observation: Brownfumesofnitrogendioxidearefound
toevolveandayellowresidueofleadoxideisleftbehind
in thetest tube.
Conclusion:Thisisduetothefollowingdecomposition
reaction :
2Pb(NO3)2(s) D 2PbO(s) +4NO2(g) + O2(g)
Lead nitrate
(White)
Testtubeholder
Boilingtube
Leadnitrate
Burner
Lead oxide Nitrogen dioxide Oxygen

(Yellow
(Brownfumes)
residue)
(b)Electrolyticdecompositionreactions
Whenasubstanceisdecomposedbypassingelectriccurrent,theprocessiscalledelectrolysis
(electro = electric ; lysis = break down). For instance, when an electric current is passed
throughwater(mixedwithfewdropsofacid),itisdecomposedintohydrogenandoxygen
gases.
2H2O(l) electriccurrent 2H2(g) + O2(g)
To demonstrate electrolysis of water

l
Take a beaker supplied with two carbon (or graphite)

electrodes,fittedatthebottomina
twoholedrubberstopperasshown
in figure.
Fill thebeakerwith water uptoits
Oxygen
half and add afewdrops of dilute
Testtube
sulphuric acid to it.
Now,fillagraduatedtesttubewith
waterandinvertitintheapparatus,
sothat oneofthetwo electrodesis Graphiterod
enclosedwithinitasshowninfigure.
Similarly,filltheothertesttubewith
waterandinvertittoenclosetheother
Anode
electrode.
Switch
Allow current to pass through the
water and observe.
Plasticmug
Hydrogen
Water
Water
Rubberstopper
Cathode
6V
Battery
Observation:Asthecurrentflows,bubblescomeoutfromboththeelectrodes.Therateof
bubble formation is, however, different at the two electrodes. It is double at the cathode
(connectedtothenegativeendofthebattery)thanattheanode(connectedtothepositive
end ofthe battery).
Wecantestthesegases byusingaburningcandle.
Iftheburningcandleisbroughtclosetothemouthofthetesttubecontaininglargeramount
ofgas,apopsoundisproducedandthegasstartsburning.Itisapropertyofhydrogengas.
Iftheburningcandleisbroughttothemouthoftheothertesttube,thecandleflameglows
brighter. This is a property of oxygen gas.
Conclusion: Hydrogen and oxygen areproducedby the electrolysis of water.
(c) Photodecomposition reactions

When a chemical compound decomposes on absorbing light energy, so as to form two or
more substances, (elements or compounds), then the reaction which takes place is called
photodecomposition reaction.
Do You
Know
l
A catalyst is a substance which increases the rate of

reaction or enables the reaction to be carried at lower
temperature. However, a catalyst is not used up or
consumedduringareaction.Thepropertyofacatalyst
toaltertherateofachemicalreactioniscalledcatalysis.
Ifcatalystincreasestherateofreactionitiscalledpositivecatalystandsuchcatalysis
iscalledpositivecatalysis.Ifcatalystdecreasestherateofreactionitiscallednegative
catalystandsuchcatalysisiscallednegativecatalysis.
To demonstrate photodecomposition of silver chloride

l
Takeabout2gofsilverchloride(whiteincolour)inaclean
watchglass.
Placethewatchglassinbrightsunlightfor
fewminutes.
Observe anychanges taking placein silver
chloride.
Observation: Silverchlorideslowlychanges
to deep grey colour. It is because, silver
chlorideonabsorbinglightenergyundergoes
photodecomposition,andhence,formssilver
metal and chlorine.
2AgCl(s)
Sunlight
Sun
Sunlight
2Ag(s) + Cl2(g)
Watchglass
Silverchloride
turnsgrey
Silver chloride Silver Chlorine

l
Conclusion:Thechlorinegasescapesinair
andgreysilvermetalisleftinthewatchglass.
Silverchloride
(white)
Iftheactivityisrepeatedwithsilverbromide
orsilveriodide,similarreactionstakeplace.However,rateofreactionisfastestincaseof
silver iodide and slowestin case of silverchloride.
Sunlight
2AgBr( s) 2Ag( s) + Br2( g)

Silverbromide
2AgI
Silveriodide
Silver
Bromine
Sunlight
2Ag( s) + I2( g)
Silver
Iodine
Examples of decomposition reactions:

Decomposition of potassium chlorate : When potassium chlorate is heated strongly, it
decomposesintopotassiumchlorideandoxygen.Thereactionisusedforthepreparationof
oxygen.
heat
2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
2KClO3(s)
Ifthedecompositioniscarriedinthepresenceofmanganesedioxide(MnO2),ittakesplaceata
lowertemperature.Inthiscase,manganesedioxideactsasacatalyst.
Decompositionoflimestone:Limestoneischemicallycalciumcarbonate(CaCO3).When
heatedstrongly,itdecomposesintocalciumoxideandcarbondioxide.Calciumoxideisalso
calledquicklime.Itisamajorconstituentofcement.
heat
CaCO3(s)
CaO(s) +CO2(g)
Decompositionofammoniumdichromate: Itisayellowcolouredsolid.Whenheatedstrongly,
itdecomposesintoamixtureofchromiumoxide,nitrogengasandwaterinthegaseousstate
(steam).Chromiumoxideisagreysolid.
heat
(NH 4 )2 Cr2 O7 (s )
Cr2 O 3(s) +N 2(g)+4H 2 O(g)
Amm.dichromate
Chromium oxide
Atveryhightemperaturegeneratedduringthedecompositionreaction,itimmediatelychanges
togreenvapourswhicharereleasedalongwithsteam.Itseemsasifavolcanohaseruptedand
isquiteoftentermedaschemicalvolcano.
Decompositionofhydrogenperoxide: Itisathicksyrupyliquidcommonlyusedasableaching
agent.Justlikesilversalts,hydrogenperoxideisalsosensitivetolightandreadilydecomposes
as:
sun light
2H2O2(l)
2H2O(l) +O2(g)
Forthisreasonhydrogenperoxideisgenerallykeptinamberbottlestoavoiddecomposition
bysunlight.
Digestion of food : The digestion of food in our body is accompanied by a number of
decompositionreactions.Thecarbohydrates,fats,proteinsetc.arethemajorconstituentofour
food.Theydecomposetoformanumberofsimplersubstanceswhichfurtherreactreleasing
largeamountofenergywhichkeepsourbodyworking.
Give few examples of thermal
I LLUSTRATION
decomposition reactions.
Soln.: (i) Decomposition of limestone on
heating.
CaCO(s)
Heat
CaO(s)
Soln.: (i)Electrolyticdecompositionofmolten
sodium chloride: On passing electric
current through molten sodium chloride, it
decomposestogivesodiummetalandchlorine
gas.
+ CO2(g)
Limestone Quicklime Carbon dioxide

(Calcium carbonate) (Calcium oxide)
Thisisadecompositionreactionbecausethe
singlecompound,CaCO3,onheatingsplitsto
form simpler compounds, CaO and CO2.
(ii) Decompositionof potassium chlorate on
heatinginthepresenceofmanganesedioxide
as catalyst.
2KClO3
Heat
MnO3
2NaCl
Sodium chloride
(molten)
Heat
2Na(s) + Cl2-
Sodium Chlorine
metal
Thisreactionisusedtoobtainsodiummetal
on alarge scale. Chlorine gasis obtained as
a byproduct.
(ii) Electrolytic decomposition of molten
alumina (aluminium oxide) : On passing
electric current through molten alumina, it
decomposes to give aluminium metal and
oxygen gas.
2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
This reaction is used for the laboratory

preparation of oxygen gas.
(iii)Decompositionofzinccarbonateonheating.
ZnCO3
Electriccurrent
ZnO + CO2-
2Al2O3(l)
Zinc carbonate Zinc oxide Carbon dioxide
Electriccurrent
Alumina
(molten)
8 Give few examples of decomposition
4Al(s)
+ 3O2 -
Aluminium Oxygen
metal
This reaction is used for the extraction of

aluminium metal.
reactions by electrical energy.
Uses of Decomposition reactions

Thedecompositionreactionsareusedintheextractionofmetals.Somedecompositionreactions
carried out by electricity are used to extract several metals from their naturally occurring
compoundslikeoxidesandchlorides.Forexample:
Themetallurgicalprocessesusedintheextractionofmetalscommonlyinvolvedecomposition
reactions.Forexample,duringtheextractionofzinc,theoreofzinc(ZnCO3)decomposeson
heating:
ZnCO3( s )
Zinccarbonate
ZnO( s) + CO2( s)
Zincoxide
carbondioxide
When moltenaluminium oxide is decomposedby passing electric current,then aluminium

andoxygengasareobtained.
2Al 2 O 3
Aluminiumoxide
(molten)
Electricity
( Decomposition)
4Al + 3O 2
Aluminium Oxygengas
To study the reaction between iron and copper sulphate

l
Takeabout10mLofdilutecoppersulphatesolutionin
a test tube.
Tieanironnailwithathreadandimmerseitcarefullyin
the copper sulphate solution for about 2025 minutes.
Observation: Bluecolourofcoppersulphatefadesand
iron nail becomes brownish in colour. This is due to
the following reaction :
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Conclusion: Inthisreaction,ironhasdisplacedorremoved
another element, copper from copper sulphate solution.
Thisreactionisknownas displacementreaction.
Coppersulphate
solution
Ironnail
To study the reaction between copper and silver nitrate

Takesilvernitratesolutioninabeaker.Thesolution
Copper
of silver nitrate is clear and colourless. Place a
wire
copper wire in this solution. Keep the beaker
undisturbed for some time.
Observation : The solution becomes blue and a
Ag
Deposited
shinycoatingofsilvergetsdepositedonthewire.
Conclusion: Thissuggeststhatwhencopperwire
AgNO
Coppernitrate
Solution
solution
isdippedinthesolution,coppernitrate,Cu(NO3)2 (Colourless)
(blue)
isformedand,therefore,thesolutionbecomesblue.
Thereaction maybewritten as:
3
Cu + 2AgNO 3
Copper Silvernitrate
(colourless)
Cu(NO 3 ) 2 + 2Ag
9 Give few examples of displacement

reaction.
Soln.: (i)Zincdisplacescopperfromcopper
sulphate solution.
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq)
ZnSO4(aq) +Cu(s)
Zinc Copper sulphate Zinc sulphate Copper
(ii) Magnesiumdisplacescopperfromcopper
sulphate solution.
Mg(s) + CuSO4(aq)
MgSO4(aq) +Cu(s)
Magnesium Copper
sulphate
Magnesium Copper
sulphate
10 Explainthereactionbetweenmetalsand
acidsasexamplesofdisplacementreactions.
l
Thread
Testtube
Coppernitrate Silver
(blue)
I LLUSTRATION
Soln.: Metals like, iron, aluminium and
magnesiumwilldisplacehydrogenfromdilute
sulphuric acid or dilute hydrochloric acid as
shown bythe equationsbelow :
Fe(s) +H2SO4(aq)
FeSO4(aq) +H2(s)
Iron
dil. sulphuric
acid
2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq)
Ferrous sulphate Hydrogen

solution
2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(s)
Aluminium dil. hydrochloric Aluminium

acid
chloride solution
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)
Magnesium
MgCl2(aq) + H2(s)
Magnesium chloride
Double Displacement Reactions

Doubledisplacementreactionsmaybedefinedas: Thechemicalreactionsinwhichonecomponent
eachofboththereactingmoleculesgetexchangedtoformtheproducts.
Thesereactionsarealsoclassifiedaspartnerexchangereactions.Somemorereactionsinvolving
doubledisplacementofionsare:
(i) AgNO 3( aq ) + NaCl( aq )

Silvernitrate
(ii) BaCl 2( aq )
Sodiumchloride
Silverchloride Sodiumnitrate
(precipitate)
+ H 2 SO 4(aq )
BaSO4( s) +
Bariumchloride
(iii) CuSO 4( aq ) +
Coppersulphate
AgCl( s ) +NaNO 3( aq)
Sulphuricacid
H2 S(aq )
Hydrogensulphide
Bariumsulphate
(precipitate)
2HCl
Hydrochloricacid
CuS( s ) +H 2 SO 4( aq)
Coppersulphide Sulphuric acid
(Precipitate)
The double displacement reactions generally take place in

aqueoussolution.Theseareveryfastanddonotrequireany
specificconditions.Forexample,onmixingsolutionsofsilver
nitrate and sodium chloride, a white precipitate of silver
chlorideisimmediatelyformed.Actually,thesereactionsare
ofionicnature.Thereactingmoleculeschangeintoionswhendissolvedinwater.There
isanexchangeofionsinsolutionandthisresultsintheformationofproductmolecules.
Do You
Know
A g+(aq) +NO3(aq) +Na+(aq) +Cl(aq)
Ag +(aq ) + Cl(aq) +Na+(aq) +NO3(aq)

1442443
AgCl(white ppt.)
Double displacement reactions are generally ionic reactions taking place in aqueous
solutioninwhichionsparticipateandthereisanexchangeofpartners(orions).
l
Precipitation Reactions
Whentheaqueoussolutionoftwoioniccompoundsreactbyexchangingtheirions/radicals,
toformtwo ormorenewcompounds, suchthatoneof theproductsformedis aninsoluble
salt,andhence,formsprecipitate,thedoubledisplacementreactionissaidtobeprecipitation
reaction.
For example : When lead nitrate solution is mixed with potassium iodide solution a yellow
precipitateisformed.Thisreactionisaprecipitationreactionandcanbeexpressedasfollows:
Pb(NO3)2(aq)+2KI(aq)
Leadnitratesolution
Potassiumiodide
(colourless)
solution(colourless)
PbI2()+2KNO3(aq)
Leadiodide
(yellowppt)
Potassiumnitrate
solution
Intheabovereaction,theleadnitratesolutionandpotassiumiodidesolutionexchangetheir
ions to form a precipitateof lead iodide and potassium nitrate solution.
When an aqueous solution of an acid reacts with a base (alkali) by exchanging their ions/
radicalstoformsaltandwaterastheonlyproducts,thereactionwhichtakesplaceiscalled
neutralisationreactions.
Examples:
Acid +Base/Alkali
Salt+Water
H2SO4(aq) +2NaOH(aq)
Na2SO4(aq) +2H2O(l)
Sulphuric acid Sodium hydroxide Sodium sulphate
2HCl(aq)
+Mg(OH)2(aq)
MgCl2(aq)
Water
+2H2O(l)
Hydrochloric acid Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium chloride Water

11 Give examples of the displacement

reactions in which a more active nonmetal
displaces less active nonmetal from its
compound.
Soln.:
(a) Cl2(g) + 2KBr(aq)
2KCl(aq) + Br2(g)
Chlorine Potassium
bromide
Potassium
chloride
Bromine
I LLUSTRATION
(b) Cl2(g) + 2KI(aq)
2KCl(aq) + I2(g)
Chlorine Potassium
iodide
Potassium Iodine
chloride
Inboththeexampleschlorinebeingmorereactive
thanbromineandiodinedisplacesthemfromtheir
salt solutions respectively.
To study the reaction between barium chloride and

sodium sulphate.
l
TakeacleantesttubeA andpourinitabout5mLofsodium
sulphate solution.
TakeacleantesttubeBandpourinitabout5mLofbarium
chloride.
Pour the contents of the test tube A in the test tube B as
shown in figureand make your observations.
Observation: Youwillobservethatatonceawhiteprecipitate
isformed.
Conclusion:Thiswhiteprecipitateisduetotheformation
of insoluble barium sulphate. The double displacement
reactioncan beexpressed asfollows:
Na2SO4(aq)+BaCl2(aq)
Sodiumsulphate Bariumchloride
solution
solution
Testtube
containingsolution
ofsodiumsulphate
Testtube
containingsolution
ofbariumchloride
Whiteprecipitateof
bariumsulphate
2NaCl(aq)+BaSO4
Sodiumchloride Bariumsulphate
(whiteppt)
solution
Oxidation and Reduction Reactions

Oxidationandreductionreactionshavebeendescribedinanumberofways.However,according
to earlier concept, these are based on the addition and removal of oxygen or hydrogen. Thus,
oxidationmaybedefinedas: theadditionofoxygentoasubstanceorremovalofhydrogenfrom
asubstanceinachemicalreaction.
Thesubstancewhicheithergivesoxygenorremoveshydrogeninanoxidationreaction,isknown
asanoxidisingagent.
Reductionmaybedefinedas:theadditionofhydrogentoasubstanceorremovalofoxygen
fromasubstanceinachemicalreaction.
Thesubstancewhicheithergiveshydrogenorremovesoxygeninareductionreaction,isknown
asareducingagent.
Gainofoxygen
(Oxidation)
Gainofoxygen
(i) ZnO+C
(Oxidation)
D
Zn+CO
(ii) Fe2O3+2Al
Lossofoxygen
(Reduction)
ZnO
C
Oxidisingagent
Reducingagent
2Fe+Al2O3
Lossofoxygen
(Reduction)
Fe2O3
Al
Oxidisingagent
Reducingagent
Gainofhydrogen
(Reduction)
Lossofoxygen
(Reduction)
(iii) 2H2S+SO2
3S+2H2O
(iv)
H2S+Cl2
Lossofhydrogen
(Oxidation)
SO2
2HCl+S
Lossofhydrogen
Cl2
H2S
Oxidisingagent
Reducingagent
(Oxidation)
Oxidisingagent
Reducingagent
To demonstrate oxidation and reduction reactions

l
l
l
l
l
Takeahardglasstesttubeandfixthistubeinhorizontal
position in a laboratory iron stand clamp.
Placeabout2gofcopperpowder(reddishbrownincolour)inasmallwatchglassandthen
introduce it in the glass tube.
Closebothendsoftheglasstubewithrubberstoppersinwhichglasstubingsareinserted.
Heatthewatchglass stronglyforfewminutes.
Slowly blow in air and record your observations for10 minutes.
Observation:Thereddishbrowncolouredcopperslowlychangestoblackcolour.Thisblack
substanceis copperoxide whichisformed whenoxygen isaddedtocopper.
2Cu( s) + O 2( g )
2CuO( s)
Copper
Oxygen
Copperoxide
Copperpowder Watchglass
Glasstubing
Cork
B
Airin
(a)Oxidationofcoppertocopperoxide.
Blackcopper(II)
Glasstubing
Watchglass
oxide
Cork
A
Hydrogenin
(b)Reductionofcopperoxide(black)tocopper.
l
l
Inthisreactionasoxygenisaddedtocopper,therefore,copperisoxidisedtocopperoxide.
Now,goonheatingtheglasstubeandpassslowlyhydrogengasovertheblackcopperoxide
for 10 minutes. Black copper oxide slowly regains its original reddish brown colour.
During this reaction, copper oxide is slowly losing its oxygen.
CuO( s)
Copperoxide
(Black)
H 2( g )
Cu( s)
Copper
Hydrogen
(Reddishbrown)
+ H 2O( l)
Water
Conclusion:Intheabovereaction,copperfirstoxidisedtocopperoxidebygainofoxygen
and copperoxide is reducedto copper on accountof the lossof oxygen.
12 Name the substance oxidized, reduced,

oxidizing agent and reducing agent in the
following reactions :
(i) 3MnO2 +4Al 3Mn+2Al2O3
(ii) Fe2O3 +3CO 2Fe +3CO2
(iii)2Na+Cl2 2NaCl
(iv)Cu+2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 +2Ag.
Soln.: (i)(a)MnO2 haslostoxygentoformMn.
HenceMnO2 hasbeenreduced.
(b) AlhasgainedoxygentoformAl2O3.Hence,
Al hasbeen oxidized.
(c) MnO2 isthe oxidizing agent.
(d) Al isthereducing agent.
(ii) (a)Fe2O3hasbeenreducedtoFeandhence
isan oxidizing agent.
(b) COhasbeenoxidizedtoCO2 andhenceis
areducing agent.
(iii)(a) Sodium loses electron to form Na+.
Hence,sodiumhasbeenoxidized.
(b) ChlorinegainselectronstoformCl.Hence
chlorinehas beenreduced.
(c) Sodiumis thereducing agent.
(d) Chlorine isthe oxidising agent.
(iv)(a)CopperhaslostelectronstoformCu2+.
Hence,copperhasbeenoxidisedand,therefore,
isareducing agent.
(b) AgNO3 (Ag+ ion)gainselectronstoform
Ag. Hence, AgNO3 has been reduced and
therefore, is an oxidising agent.
Effects of Oxidation Reactions in Everyday Life

Weareallawareofthefactthatoxygenisthemostessentialforsustaininglife.Itisinvolvedin
variety of reactions which have wide range of effects on our daily life. Most of them are quite
usefulwhileafewmaybeharmfulinnature.Someoftheseeffectsarebrieflydiscussedbelow:
l
Respiration
Respirationisthemostimportantbiochemicalreactionwhichreleasesenergyinthecells.When
webreatheinair,oxygenentersourlungsandpassesintothousandsofsmallairsacs(alveoli).
Theseairsacsoccupyalargeareaofmembranesandoxygendiffusesfromthemembranesinto
blood.Itbindsitselftohaemoglobinpresentinredbloodcellsandiscarriedtomillionsofcellsin
the body. Respiration occurs in these cells and is accompanied by the combustion of glucose
producingcarbondioxideandwater.Sincethereactionisofexothermicnature,theenergyreleased
duringrespirationcarriesmanycellreactionsandkeepsourheartandmusclesworking.Italso
providesthedesiredwarmthtothebody.Bothcarbondioxideandwaterpassbackintotheblood
andweultimatelybreathethemout.Pleasenotethatrespirationtakesplaceinthecellsofallliving
beings.
Combustion Reactions
Achemicalreactioninwhichasubstanceburnsorgetsconvertedtocarbondioxideinthepresence
of airor oxygenis calledcombustion reaction. Forexample, kerosene,coal, charcoal,wood etc.
burn in air and thus, undergo combustion. Methane (CH4), a major constituent of natural gas,
undergoescombustioninexcessofoxygenuponheating.
CH4(g) +2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Methane
Similarly,butane(C4H10),themainconstituentofL.P.G.alsoundergoescombustion.
C4H10(g) +13/2O2(g) 4CO2(g) +5H2O
(l)
Butane
slowlyoxidisedtocertainbadsmellingcompounds.Theseareofvolatilenatureandreleasefoul
smell.Thisisknownas rancidity.
Itmaybedefinedas:theslowoxidationofoilsandfatspresentinfoodmaterialsresultingin
somebadsmellingcompounds.
Methodstocheckrancidity: Followingmeasurescanbeadoptedtopreventorslowdownrancidity:
Food materials are often packed in air tight containers. Oxygen has no access to them and
oxidationresultinginrancidityisprevented.Thesedays,preferenceisgivenvacuumpacking.
Refrigerationoffoodalsoslowsdownranciditybecausethetemperatureinsiderefrigeratoris
verylowanddirectcontactwithairoroxygenisavoided.
Inbagscontainingpotatochipsandothersimilarstuff,theairisquiteoftenreplacedbynitrogen.
Thischeckstheiroxidationaswellasrancidity.
Itisalwaysadvisabletoplacefoodmaterialsandcookedfoodinplacesawayfromdirectsun
light.Thiswillslowdowntheprocessofrancidity.
Foodindustryhaspickedupveryfastthroughouttheworld
and also in India. The manufactures are adding certain
substances called antioxidants to the food materials.As the
namesuggests,thesechecktheiroxidation,whenantioxidants
areaddedtofoods,thefatsandoilspresentinthemdonotget
oxidisedeasilyandthus,donotgetrancid.Thismeansthattheroleofantioxidantsisto
act as reducing agents. Two commonly used antioxidants are BHA (Butylated
hydroxyanisole)andBHT(Butylatedhydroxytoluene).
Do You
Know
CONCEPT MAP
ESSENTIAL POINTS
for COMPETITIVE EXAMS
Ignition Temperature
l
Theminimumtemperaturetowhichasubstancehastobeheatedbeforeitcanburnisknown
as theignition temperature ofthe substance.
Ignitiontemperaturediffersfromsubstancetosubstance.Differentformsofthesamesubstance
havedifferentignitiontemperature.Forexample,woodshavingshavealowerignitiontemperature
thanthatofalargerpieceofwood.Soamatchstickcanlightwoodshavingsbutitcannotlight
alargepieceofwood.Thisisbecauseheatproducedbytheburningmatchstickissufficient
toreachtheignitiontemperatureofwoodshaving,butinsufficienttoreachtheignitiontemperature
of a block of wood.
Whenwaterispouredoveraburningsubstance,waterabsorbsheatfromthesubstance.This
makesthetemperatureofthesubstancetogobelowitsignitiontemperature.So,theburning
ofthe substancestops.
Whenawaterfilledpapercupisplacedoveraflame,thewatergetsheatedbutthecupdoes
notburn.Thisisduetothefactthatthewatertakesawaytheheatfromthecup.So,thecup
is not allowed to attain its ignition temperature.
Aburningsoliddoesnotproduceflameunlessvapourisproduced.Onlythosesolidorliquid
fuelswhichproducevapouronheating,burnwithaflame.Forexample,keroseneisaliquid
fuel.It vaporizeson heating.So,it burnswith aflame.
Whenthesupplyofoxygenissufficient,thefuelburnscompletely,producingablueflame.
Ablueflamedoes notproducemuchlight,henceit isanonluminousflame.
When the supply of oxygen is inadequate, the fuel burns incompletely, producing a yellow
flame.
Types of Chemical Reactions (Based on Speed)

l
Inachemicalreaction,thebondspresentinthereactantsarebrokenandsimilarlynewbonds
areformedtogivetheproducts.Thespeedofbondformationandbondbreakingindifferent
reactions is different.Reactions are classified into three typesbased on their speed.
(a) Fastreactions:Thosereactionsinwhichthereactantsreadilychangeintoproductswithin
fewseconds.
For example : Neutralisation of sodium hydroxide by hydrochloric acid.
NaOH(aq)
+ HCl(aq)
NaCl(aq) +H2O(l)
Sodium hydroxide
Hydrochloric acid
Sodium chloride
Water
Mostly ionic reactions are fast reactions.

(b)Moderatereactions: Thosechemicalreactionswhichtakeafewminuteorhourstocomplete.
(Neithervery slownor veryfast)
N2O5
55C
C12H22O11+H2O
Sucrose
2NO2+O
2 2
C6H12O6+C6H12O6
Glucose
Fructose
(c) Slow reactions: Those reactions which take very long time to complete are called slow
reactions.
Example : Rusting of iron,formationof coal, weathering of rocks, etc.
It is difficult to measure the rate of very fast and very slow reactions and so moderate
reactionsareuseful in regard ofmeasuring therates ofdifferentreactions.
Rate of a Chemical Reaction

l
Chemicalreactionsproceedwithdifferentrates.Somereactions takeplaceinstantaneously
Example:
(i) Whensodiumpieceisplacedinwatertheinstantaneousreactiontakesplaceasaresultof
the reaction causticsoda is formed and hydrogengas is liberated.
2Na+2H2O 2NaOH+H2
(ii) Detonation of an explosive takes place instantaneously.
(iii)Acidbase reactions, precipitation ofAgCl (on mixing solutionofAgNO3 and HCl) also
go to completion ina fraction of second.
Some reactions areslow. For example, reaction between potassiumpermaganate and oxalic
acidorhydrogenperoxidesolutionproceedwithslowrate.Thereareseveralreactionswhich
are veryslow and take very long time for completion.
Examples:
(i) Rustingforiron takesplace indays or months.
2Fe+ 3/2O2 + xH2O Fe2O3xH2O
(ii) Weatheringof rocks andthe reactionsin earthscrust continue forseveral years.
Thebranchofchemistrywhichdealswiththestudyoftherateofachemicalreactionsisknown
aschemicalkinetics.Rateofreactioncanbedefinedastherateofchangeofconcentrationof
aparticular reactantorproductin unittime.Rateof decreaseofconcentrationofareactant
or therate of increaseof concentration ofa product inunit time.
Rate of reaction =
Change in concentration of reactant or product

.
Time taken
Reversible & Irreversible Reactions

l
Reversible Reaction
Thechemicalreactionwhichcanproceedbothintheforwardandreversedirectionsarecalled
reversible reactions.
It isindicated bya doublehalf headedarrow ( ).
Thereactantsneverget exhaustedinthesereactions.
Change in temperature, pressure orconcentration changes the direction ofreaction.
Such reactions shouldbe carried out ina closedcontainer.
Such reactions never go to completion.
e.g. H2(g) + I2(g)
2HI(g)
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NH3(g)
3Fe(s)
+ 4H2O(g)
Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)
Red hot iron
Steam
Irreversible Reaction
The reactions in which complete conversion of the reactants into products occur are called
irreversible reactions.
Theyare indicatedbya singleheaded arrow().
Changeinconcentration,temperatureandpressuredoesntchangethedirectionofreaction.
They can proceed onlyin the forward direction.
e.g. 2KClO3(s)
Potassium
chlorate
Heat
2KCl(s)+3O2(g)
Potassium
chloride
Zn(s)+H2SO4(aq)
2ZnSO4(aq)+H2(g)
Zincsulphate
2Na(s)+2H2O(l)
2NaOH(aq)+H2(g)
Zinc
Sulphuricacid
Oxidation Number (O.N.)

Oxidationnumber(O.N.)ofanatomisequaltotheunitsofrealorimaginarychargepresentonthe
atominamoleculeorionwhichiscalculatedonthebasisoftherulethatelectronpairinthebond
is entirely transferred to more electronegative atom. Oxidation number is also called oxidation
state.
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Rules for Assigning Oxidation Number (O.N.)

Followingrulesmaybeusedtodeterminetheoxidationnumberofanatominamoleculeorion.
1. Inamoleculeorionthesharedelectronsarecountedtowardsthemoreelectronegativeatom.
2. Theoxidationnumber ofanelementinfree stateoruncombinedstateis alwayszero.Thus
oxidationnumberofeachatominH2,O2,O3,Cl2,P4,S8,Na,Mg,Aliszero.
3. Theoxidationnumberofioncontainingonlyonetypeofatomisequaltothechargeoftheion.
ThusoxidationnumberofNa+,Mg2+andFe3+is+1,+2and+3respectively.Theoxidationnumber
ofCl,O2 andN3 is1,2and3respectively.
4. If two or more atoms of an element are present in the molecule/ion (such as Na2S2O3,
Cr2O72),theO.N.oftheatomofthatelementistheaverageoftheO.N.ofallsuchatomsofthe
element.
5. Theoxidationnumberofalkalimetals,alkalineearthmetalsandaluminiumintheircompounds
isalways+1,+2and+3respectively.
6. Oxidationnumberofoxygeninitscompoundsis2exceptinperoxides,superoxidesandoxygen
fluorides.Inperoxide(O22),oxygenhasoxidationnumber1;insuperoxides(O2),oxygen
has oxidationnumber 1/2; andin OF2 and O2F2, oxygenhas oxidation number +2and +1
respectively.
7. OxidationnumberofHinitscompoundsis+1.ButinmetalhydridessuchasLiH,NaH,CaH2
oxidationnumberofHis1.
8. Oxidationnumber offluorinein itscompoundsis always1. Theotherhalogens mayhave
+vevalues.Forexample,O.N.ofClinHOCl,HClO3 andHClO4 is+1,+5and+7respectively.
9. Inneutralmolecules,thealgebraicsumoftheO.N.ofalltheatomsiszero.Forexample,sumof
theO.N.ofalltheatomsinK2Cr2O7,KMnO4 andH2SO4 iszero.
10. MetalsgenerallyalwayshavepositiveO.N.whereasnonmetalsmayhave+veaswellasve
oxidationnumbers.
(i) ThehighestpositiveO.N.forpblockelementsisequaltogroupnumberminus10.
(ii) The highest negative O.N. for pblock elements is equal to the number of valence electrons
minus8e.g.,forhalogenhighestnegativeO.N.isequalto78=1.
Examples
1. H2S:Theoxidationnumberofhydrogenis+1.Lettheoxidationnumberofsulphurbex.
2(+1)+x=0.So x=2.
OxidationnumberofSinH2Sis2.
2. H2SO3 : Oxidationnumberofhydrogenis+1andthatofoxygenis2.Lettheoxidationnumber
ofSbex.
2(+1)+x+3(2)=0or2+x6=0 x=+4
OxidationnumberofSinH2SO3 is+4.
-
3. SO2
4 :Theoxidationnumberofoxygenis2andlettheoxidationnumberofSbex.
16. OxidationnumberofPinMg2P2O7 :
Mg2
P2
O7
2(2)
2(x)
7(2)
or 4+2x14=0
\ x=+5(O.N.ofphosphorus)
17. OxidationnumberofFeinK3[Fe(CN)6]:
LetO.N.ofFe=x, O.N.ofCN =1,O.N.ofK=+1
3(+1)+x+6(1)=0 \
x=+3(O.N.ofFe)
18. OxidationnumberofFeinFe(NO)SO4 :
Nitric oxide (NO) may be +ve, ve or zero. But now it has been proved that in the nitroso
compoundsofiron,NOhasoneunit+vecharge.
O.N.ofFe=x, O.N.ofNO=+1, O.N.ofSO42 =2
\ x+12=0, x=+1
Therefore,O.N.ofFeinFe(NO)SO4 =+1
19. OxidationnumberofFeinNa2[Fe(CN)5NO]:
O.N.ofsodium=+1,O.N.ofiron=x,O.N.ofCN =1, O.N.ofNO=+1
2(+1)+x+5(1)+(+1)=0 \ x=+2(O.N.ofFe)
20. OxidationnumberofPtin[PtCl6] :
Suppose,O.N.ofPt=x,
x+6(1)=2(Ionhastwounitvecharge)
\ x=+4(O.N.ofPt)
21. OxidationnumberofNiin[Ni(CO)4]:
O.N.ofNi=x, O.N.ofCO=zero(COisaneutralmolecule)
\ x+4(0)=0 x=0
SimilarlyoxidationnumberofFeinFe(CO)5 iszero.
22. OxidationnumberofBainBaO2 :
O.N.ofBa=x, O.N.ofO=1(Itisaperoxide)
x+2(1)=0 \ x=+2(O.N.ofBa)
23. OxidationnumberofCrin(NH4)2Cr2O7 :
O.N.ofCr=x, O.N.of NH+
4 =+1, O.N.ofO=2
(NH4)2
2(+1)
Cr2
2(x)
O7
7(2)
or 2+2x14=0 \ x=+6(O.N.ofCr)
Oxidation and Reduction in Terms of Oxidation Number

l
l
l
l
OxidationandreductionintermsofO.N.aredefinedasgivenbelow:
Oxidation: Areactioninwhichoxidationnumberoftheelementincreases.
Reduction: Areactioninwhichoxidationnumberoftheelementdecreases.
Oxidisingagent(Oxidant): Asubstanceinwhichtheoxidationnumberofatomdecreases.
Reducingagent(Reductant): Asubstanceinwhichtheoxidationnumberofatomincreases.
Example
Identifytheoxidisingandreducingagentandtheatomsundergoingoxidationandreductioninthefollowing
reactions:
(a) 3H2S+2HNO3 2NO+3S+4H2O
(b) Zn+CuSO4 Cu+ZnSO4
(c) I2(g) +H2S(g) 2HI(g) +S(s)
Solution:
Reduction
+12
+1+52
+22
+12
(a) 3H2S+2HNO32NO+3S+4H2O
Oxidation
WeobservethatoxidationnumberofSincreasesfrom2(inH2S)to0(inS)whichmeansthatH2S
isbeingoxidisedorH2Sisactingasareductant.Theoxidationnumberofnitrogendecreasesfrom
+5(inHNO3)to+2in(NO)indicatingthatHNO3 isbeingreducedorHNO3 isactingasanoxidant.
Reduction
0
+2+62
+2+62
(b) Zn+CuSO4Cu+ZnSO4
Oxidation
Weobservethatoxidationnumberofzincincreasesfrom0(inZn)to+2(inZnSO4)whichmeans
thatZnisbeingoxidisedorzincisactingasareductant.Ontheotherhand,theoxidationnumber
ofcopperdecreasesfrom+2(inCuSO4)to0(inCu),indicatingthatcopperisbeingreducedor
CuSO4 isactingasanoxidant.
Reduction
0
(c) I2(g)+H2S(g) 2HI(g)+S(s)

Oxidation
Oxidationnumberofiodinedecreasesfrom0to1.Therefore,itisreducedandactsasanoxidant.
TheoxidationnumberofSincreasesfrom2(inH2S)to0(inS).Therefore,itisoxidisedandhence
actsasareductant.
Example
Justifythatthereaction:2Cu2O(s) +Cu2S(s) 6Cu(s) +SO2(g)
isaredoxreaction.Identifythespeciesoxidised,reduced,actsasanoxidantorareductant.
Solution:Letuswritetheoxidationnumberofeachelement:
Reduction
+12
+12
+42
2Cu2O(s)+Cu2S(s) 6Cu(s)+SO2(g)
Oxidation
Inthisreactioncopperisreducedfrom+1state(inCu2OorCu2S)to0(inCu)whereassulphuris
oxidisedfrom2state(inCu2S)to+4(inSO2).Therefore,theabovereactionisaredoxreaction.
Inthereaction,Cu2OhelpssulphurinCu2Stoincreaseitsoxidationnumberfrom2to+4and
therefore,Cu2Oisoxidant.
Example
Oxidation
1
+4
+2
4HCl+MnO2 Cl2 +MnCl2 +2H2O

Reduction
O.N.ofClinHCl=1,
O.N.ofClinCl2 =0
O.N.ofMninMnO2 =+4,
O.N.ofMninMnCl2 =+2
Therefore,HClisoxidisedandMnO2isreduced.Thus,HClisreducingagentandMnO2isoxidising
agent.
Example
Reduction
1
+5
3Cl2+6NaOH 5NaCl+NaClO3+3H2O
Oxidation
O.N.ofClinCl2 =0, O.N.ofClinNaClO3 =+5

Therefore,Cl2 isoxidised.
O.N.ofClinCl2 =0, O.N.ofClinNaCl=1
Therefore,Cl2 isreduced.
ThusCl2 isoxidisedaswellasreduced.Therefore,inthisreactionCl2 actsbothasoxidisingand
reducingagent.Itiscalledselfoxidationreductionreaction.
Example
Reduction
0
+1
I2+2NaOHNaI+NaOI+H 2O
Oxidation
O.N.ofIinI2 =0, O.N.ofIinNaI=1;I2 isreduced.

O.N.ofIinI2 =0, O.N.ofIinNaOI=+1;I2 isoxidised.
ThusI2 isreducedaswellasoxidised.ThereforeI2 actsbothasanoxidantandreductant.Itisalso
anexampleofselfoxidationreductionordisproportionation.
Redox Reaction in Aqueous Solutions

Redoxreactionsareverycommoninourdailylife.Wheneveryouuseabattery,aredoxreaction
occurs.Asimpleexampleofanoxidationreductionreactionisthereactionbetweenzincmetal
andcopper(II)salt inaqueous solution:
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq)
Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Takeastripofzincmetalandcleanitwithasandpaper.Placethisstripinasolutionofcopper
sulphate inabeaker. We observe thata spontaneous reaction takes placeand the following
observations aremade :
Zincrod
Zincrodis
eatenaway
Precipitationof
copper
CuSOsolution
4
(a)
(b)
(i) Zinc metalstarts dissolving and it loses its weight gradually.

(ii)The coppermetal startsgetting either depositedon thezinc plate orsettles downat the
bottom ofthe beaker.
(iii) The blue colour of the solution gradually fades away.
(iv) Thereaction is exothermicand proceeds withthe liberation ofheat energy.
(v)The solution remains electrically neutral.
Letustrytoexplaintheabovereaction.Inaqueoussolution,CuSO4 dissociatesintoCu2+ and
SO42 ions. WhenastripofzincisdippedinCuSO4 solution, zincmetalloses electronsand
getsoxidisedwhereasCu2+ ionsacceptelectronsandgetreduced.Sincezincisgettingoxidised
andconvertedtoZn2+ionswhichgointothesolution,theweightofzincplategraduallydecreases.
Ontheotherhand,Cu2+ ionspresentinthesolutionareacceptingtheelectronsgivenbyzinc
Potassiumpermanganateisastrongoxidisingagentinthepresenceofdil.H2SO4.Inthepresence
ofdil.H2SO4,itgivesnascentoxygenwhichoxidisesferrousammoniumsulphate[FeSO4(NH4)2SO4]
to ferricsulphate as :
2KMnO4 +3H2SO4 K2SO4 +2MnSO4 +3H2O+5O
[2FeSO4(NH4)2SO4 +H2SO4 +O Fe2(SO4)3 +2(NH4)2SO4+H2O]5
2KMnO4 +10FeSO4(NH4)2SO4 +8H2SO4 K2SO4 +5Fe2(SO4)3 +2MnSO4 +10(NH4)2SO4
+8H2O.
Theionic reactionfor thereaction maybe writtenas :
MnO4 +8H+ +5e Mn2+ +4H2O
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e]5
5Fe2+ +MnO4 + 8H+ 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ +4H2O.
Types of Redox Reactions

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Combination Reactions
These are the reactions in which two atoms or molecules combine together to form a third
molecule. In these reactions at least one of the reactant must be in the elemental form.
e.g.,
+1 -1
H 2 + Cl2 2 HCl
0
+1 -2
2 H 2 + O 2 2 H 2O
0
-3 +1
N2 + 3H 2 2 N H3
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Decomposition Reactions
Thesearethereactionsinwhichamoleculebreaksdowntoformtwoormoreatomsormolecules.
Thesearesimplyreverseofcombinationreactions.Forthesereactionstoberedoxreactionsone
of the products must be in the elemental form.
e.g.,
+1
-2
2 H2 O
+1 +5 -2
2 H 2 + O 2
+4
4 Li N O 3
2 Li 2 O + 4 NO 2 + O 2
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Displacement Reactions
Thesearethereactionsinwhichanatomoranioninacompoundisreplacedbyanotheratom
or ion. These reactions are represented as : AB + C AC + B
If a metal atom/ion is displaced in the reaction, it is called metal displacement reaction. e.g.,
+4
+2
+2
TiCl 4 + 2 Mg Ti + 2 MgCl 2
+2
CuSO4 + Zn Cu + Zn SO4
Ifanonmetalatom/ionisdisplacedinthereaction,thereactioniscallednonmetaldisplacement
reaction. For e.g.,
0
+1
+2
Zn + H 2 SO 4 ZnSO 4 + H 2
0
+1
+3
2 Al + 3 H 2 O Al 2 O 3 + 3 H 2
0
+1
+2
M g + 2 HC l M g C l 2 + H 2
Spectator Ions
Thechemicalspecieswhicharepresentinthesolutionbutdonotparticipateinchemicalreactions
are called spectator ions. These are also omitted while writing the net ionic reaction e.g.,
Total ionic equation :
2Ag+ + 2NO3 + Cu Cu2+ + 2NO3 + 2Ag
Here NO3 ions are spectator ions and after removing it from both sides we get
Net ionic equation : 2Ag+ + Cu Cu2+ + 2Ag
Applications of Redox Reactions

Redoxreactionsarethebasisofmanyapplicationsinchemistry.Someoftheimportantapplications
of redoxreactions are :
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process which to converts carbon dioxide and water by chlorophyll of
green plantsin the presenceofsunlight to carbohydrates.
6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
Chlorophyll
Sunlight
C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g)
Inthiscase,CO2 isreducedtocarbohydratesandwaterisoxidisedtooxygen.Thelightprovides
theenergyrequiredforthereaction.Thisreactionisasourceoffoodforplantsandanimals.
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In metallurgy
Many metal oxides are reduced to metals by using suitable reducing agents. For example,
Al2O3 isreducedtoaluminiumbycathodicreductioninelectrolyticcell.Fe2O3 isreducedto
ironinablastfurnaceusingcoke.Othermetalssuchasmagnesium,calcium,strontium,barium,
sodium, potassium, etc. areproduced commercially by electrolysis methods.
Production of Chemicals
Manychemicalcompoundsofourcommonneedarecommerciallypreparedbyredoxreactions.
Forexample,sodiumhydroxide,Cl2,F2,KOH,etc.areproducedbyelectrolysiswhichisbased
on redox reactions.
Oxidation of Fuels
Oxidationoffuelsisanimportantsourceofenergywhichsatisfiesourdailyneedoflife.These
are used for obtaining energy for domestic, transport or industrial purposes. They are also
used for digestionof food in animals.
Fuels+O2 CO2 +H2O+ Energy
Inlivingcells,glucose(C6H12O6)isoxidisedtoCO2 andH2Ointhepresence ofoxygenand
energy is released.
C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) + Energy
Electrochemical Cells or Batteries

Theelectrochemicalcellsorbatteriesaremostimportantandarecontributingsignificantlyin
differentfields.Theyprovideasourceofelectricityinmanymotorsinsmallandlargeequipments.
Ourvehiclescars,trucks,buses,etc.aremovingonthestoragecellsinvolvingreactionbetween
hydrogenandoxygenusinghydrogenandoxygenelectrodesinfuelcells.Theymeetourdemand
of electrical energy in space capsule.
Quantitative Relationships and Stoichiometry

Redoxreactionsalsoplaysignificantroleinquantitativeanalysisofdifferentspeciesbyredox
titrations. Thesetitrations involve thereactions betweenoxidising and reducingagents and
help to calculatethe amount of unknownspecies in solutions.
1.
Whenyoumixsolutionsoflead(II)nitrateandpotassiumiodide,
(i) Whatisthecolouroftheprecipitateformed?Namethecompoundinvolved.
(ii)Writeabalancedchemicalequationforthereaction.
(iii)Isthisadoubledisplacementreaction?
Soln.:(i)Theprecipitateisyellowincolour.Thecompoundislead(II)iodide.
(ii)Pb(NO3)2(aq) +2KI(aq)
PbI2(s) +2KNO3(aq)
(iii)Yes,itisdoubledisplacementreaction.
2.
Withthehelpofanactivityshowthatironismorereactivethancopper.
Soln.: 1.Inatesttube,takeanaqueoussolutionofcoppersulphate.Itis
blueincolour.
2. Diptwonailsofironinthesolution.Tiethenailstotheironstand
withthehelpofthreadsasshowninthefigure.
3. Allowthetubetoremainundisturbedforabouthalfanhour.
4. Onexamination,thebluecolourofthesolutionisfoundtochange
intolightgreen.Atthesametime,abrowndepositappearsonthenails.
Explanation : Iron is placed above copper in the reactivity series.
Therefore,ithasdisplacedcopperfromcoppersulphatesolution.Thebrowndepositonthe
ironnailsisofcopper.
FeSO4(aq)+Cu(s)
Fe s +CuSO aq
( )
(Ironnail)
4( )
(Blue)
(Lightgreen)
(Brown)
3.
Asilverspooniskeptimmersedinanaqueouscoppersulphatesolution.Whatchangewill
takeplace?
Soln.:Nochangewilltakeplaceandthesilverspoonwillremainunaffected.Moreover,blue
colourofcopper sulphatewillalsonotfade.This isbecauseofthereason thatnochemical
reaction takes place between silver and copper sulphate solution as silver is placed below
copperintheactivityseries.
4.
Twotesttubescontainsolutionsofpotassiumiodide(KI)andpotassiumbromide(KBr).
Howwillyoufindwhichsolutioncontainswhichsalt?
Soln.:Inboththetubesinitiallyaddafewdropsofcarbontetrachloride(CCl4).Itisaheavy
oilyliquidandwillformaseparatelayeratthebottom.Nowaddabout5mLoffreshlyprepared
chlorinewater.Holdthetubeswithyourthumbandshakeeachoneofthemvigorouslyfor
onetotwominutes.Nowallowthemtoremainundisturbedforsometimeandobservethe
oily layer.
l ThetubeinwhichoilylayerbecomesorangecontainsKBr.
l ThetubeinwhichoilylayerbecomesvioletcontainsKI.
Explanation:Chlorine(Cl2)ismorereactivethanbothbromineandiodine.Therefore,ithas
displaced them from potassium bromide and potassium iodide solutions respectively. On
shaking, bromine has passed from aqueous solution to the carbon tetrachloride layer. It
hasimpartedorange colourtothelayer.Similarly, iodinehasimparted violetcolourto the
layer.
Aluminiumis inthemiddle ofthemetals andAg+ is nearthebottom ofthe ions.Thus

aluminiumdisplacesAg+ :
Oxidation:Al(s)
Al3+(aq) +3e
Reduction:3Ag+ (aq) +e
3Ag(s)
Redox:3Ag+(aq) +Al(s)
3Ag(s) +Al3+(aq).
8.
Writecombinationreactionsthatoccurwhenthemetalbariumreactswiththefollowing
nonmetals.
(a) Hydrogen
(b)Sulphur
(c)Bromine
(d)Nitrogen
Soln.: (a) Ba(s) +H2(g)
BaH2(s)
(b) 8Ba(s) +S8(g)
8BaS(s)
(c) Ba(s) +Br2(l)
BaBr2 (s)
(d) 3Ba(s) +N2(g)
Ba3N2(s).
9.
Whydoesbluecolourofcoppersulphatesolutionstartfadingwhenazincrodisdippedin
it?
Soln.:Zincismorereactivethatcopper.Itdisplacescopperfromcoppersulphatesolutionto
form zinc sulphate, whichis colourless. Hence, the blue colourof copper sulphate solution
startfading.
Zn(s) +CuSO4(aq)
ZnSO4(aq) +Cu
ZincCoppersulphateZincsulphateCopper
(blue)
(colourless)
10. Inthefollowingreaction,namethesubstanceoxidizedandthesubstancereduced:
PbS(s) +4H2O2(aq)
PbSO4(s) +4H2O(l)
Whichsubstanceactsasoxidizingagentandwhichoneasreducingagent?
Soln.:PbSisgettingoxygentoformPbSO4 thereforePbSisoxidised.H2O2 losesoxygento
formH2Oandtherefore,H2O2 isreduced.H2O2 hasgivenoxygen.HenceH2O2 istheoxidising
agent.PbShasgainedoxygen.HencePbSisthereducingagent.
11. Canadisplacementreactionbearedoxreaction?Explainwiththehelpofanexample.
Soln.:Considerthefollowingdisplacementreaction:
Zn(s)+CuSO4(aq)
ZnSO4(aq) +Cu(s)
2+
Here, Zn has changed into ZnSO4 (i.e., Zn ions) by loss of electrons. Hence, Zn has been
oxidized.CuSO4 (i.e.,Cu2+)haschangedintoCubygainofelectrons.Hence,CuSO4 hasbeen
reduced.Thus,theabovereactionisadisplacementreactionaswellasredoxreaction.
12. A green salt on heating decomposes to produce a colourless suffocating gas and leaves
behindareddishbrownresidue.Namethesaltandwritethedecompositionreaction.
Soln.:Thesaltisferroussulphate(FeSO4.7H2O)
2FeSO4.7H2O(s)
Hydratedferrous
sulphate
Heat
14H2O
2FeSO4(s)
Heat
Fe2O3+SO2(g)+SO3(g)
Ferricoxide
Anhydrous
ferroussulphate (Reddishbrown)
Sulphur
Sulphur
trioxide
dioxide
(Colourless
suffocatinggas)
13. Giveanexamplewherecorrosionisanadvantageratherthanadisadvantage.
Soln.:Duetocorrosion,aluminiumobjectslosetheirlustreandbecomedullaftersometime.
Thisisduetothereasonthatwhenaluminiumisexposedtomoistair,itssurfaceiscovered
withathinimperviouslayerofaluminiumoxide(Al2O3).Thislayerdoesnotallowmoistairto
comeincontactwiththemetalandhenceprotectsthemetalunderneathfromfurtherdamage.
ZincdoesnotreactwithNaClsolution.
Zn+NaCl(aq) Noreaction
ZincreactswithhotNaOHsolutiontoformsodiumzincateandhydrogengas.
heat
Zn(s) +2NaOH(aq)
Na2ZnO2(aq) +H2(g)
sodiumzincate
19. Howwillyou testforthegaswhichis liberatedwhenhydrochloricacidreacts withanactive

metal?
Soln.:Whenanactivemetallikezincreactswithhydrochloricacid,hydrogengasisevolved.Thisis
testedbybringingalightedcandlenearthegasevolved.Itburnswithapoppingsound.
Zn(s)+2HCl(l)
ZnCl2(aq)+H2(g)-
Zinc
Hydrochloric
acid
Zincchloride
20. Asilverarticlegenerallyturnsblackwhenkeptintheopenforfewdays.Thearticlewhenrubbed
withtoothpasteitregainitsshining.
(a) Whydosilverarticleturnblack?
(b)Nametheblacksubstanceformedwithitsmolecularformula.
(c) Whyitagainstartsshiningbyrubbingwithtoothpaste?
Soln.: (a) Silver reacts with air, mixture, acids, gases, etc. present in air and form undesirable
compoundsontheirsurfacesandthusittarnishesandgetsblackcoating.
(b) Silversulphide(Ag2S)
(c) ToothpastecontainstracesofhydrogenperoxidewhichreactswithAg2Sformedonthesurface
andrestorewhiteness.
1. Whyshouldmagnesiumribbonbecleanedbeforeburninginair?
Ans.: Magnesiumribboniscleanedbeforeburningsothatcoatingofimpurity(suchasoxide)formed
onitssurfaceisremovedanditbecomespuremagnesium.
2.
Writethebalancedequationsforthefollowingchemicalreactions.
(a) Hydrogen+chlorine hydrogenchloride
(b)Bariumchloride+aluminiumsulphate bariumsulphate+aluminiumchloride
(c) Sodium+water sodiumhydroxide+hydrogen
Ans..:(a)H2(g) +Cl2(g) 2HCl(g)
(b)3BaCl2(aq) +Al2(SO4)3(aq) 3BaSO4(s) +2AlCl3(aq)
(c)2Na(s) +2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) +H2(g)
3.
Writeabalancedchemicalequationwithstatesymbolsforthefollowingreactions:
(a) Solutionsofbariumchlorideandsodiumsulphateinwaterreacttogiveinsolublebarium
sulphateandthesolutionofsodiumchloride.
(b)Sodiumhydroxidesolution(inwater)reactswithhydrochloricacidsolution(inwater)to
producesodiumchloridesolutionandwater.
Ans.:(a) BaCl2(aq) +Na2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) +2NaCl(aq)
(b)NaOH(aq) +HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) +H2O(l)
4.
AsolutionofthesubstanceXisusedforwhitewashing.
(i) NamethesubstanceXandwriteitsformula.
(ii)WritethereactionofthesubstanceXwithwater.
Ans.:(i)Thesubstance Xiscalciumoxide(alsocalledquicklime).ItsformulaisCaO.
(ii)CaO(s) +H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(s)
(X)
calciumhydroxide
5.
Whyisdoubletheamountofgascollectedinoneofthetesttubesinelectrolysisofwaterthan
theamountcollectedintheother?Namethegas.
Ans.:Onelectrolysis,waterdecomposesaccordingtothereaction,
2H2O(l) Onpassingelectriccurrent 2H2(g) +O2(g)
Thus,waterdecomposestogivehydrogenandoxygenintheratio2:1byvolume.Thedouble
volumeofthegascollectedishydrogen.
6. Whydoesthecolourofcoppersulphatesolutionchangewhenanironnailisdippedinit?
Ans.:Thereactionbetweencopper(II)sulphateandironisrepresentedas
CuSO4(aq) +Fe(s) FeSO4(aq) +Cu(s)
Blue
LightgreenBrown
Inthisdisplacementreaction,amoreactiveelementirondisplacesanotherlessreactiveelement
fromitscompoundcopper(II)sulphate.Thebrowncoppermetalgetsdepositedontheiron
nails.ThecolourofthesolutionchangesfrombluetolightgreenduetotheformationofFe2+ions.
7. Giveanexampleofadoubledisplacementreaction.
Ans.:Inthereactionofsilvernitrateandsodiumchloride,thesilverexchangesitsnitrateionswith
chlorideionsofsodiumchlorideandformsaprecipitateofsilverchloride.Thechemicalreaction
is
AgNO3(aq) +NaCl(aq)
AgCl(s)+NaNO3(aq)
13. Translatethefollowingstatementsintochemicalequationsandthenbalancethem:
(a) Hydrogengascombineswithnitrogentoformammonia.
(b)Hydrogensulphidegasburnsinairtogivewaterandsulphurdioxide.
(c) Barium chloride reacts with aluminium sulphate to give aluminium chloride and a
precipitateofbariumsulphate.
(d)Potassiummetalreactswithwatertogivepotassiumhydroxideandhydrogengas.
Ans.:(a) H2(g) +N2(g)
NH3(g)
Balancedequation:3H2(g) +N2(g)
2NH3(g)
(b)H2S(g) +O2(g)
H2O(l) +SO2(g)
Balancedequation:2H2S(g) +3O2(g)
(c) BaCl2(aq) +Al2(SO4)3(aq)
2H2O(l) +2SO2(g)
AlCl3(aq) +BaSO4(s)
Balancedequation:3BaCl2(aq) +Al2(SO4)3(aq)
(d)K(s) +H2O(l)
KOH(aq) +H2(g)
Balancedequation:2K(s) +2H2O(l)
2AlCl3(aq) +3BaSO4(s)
2KOH(aq) +H2(g)
14. Balancethefollowingchemicalequations:
(a) HNO3 +Ca(OH)2
Ca(NO3)2 +H2O
(b)NaOH+H2SO4
Na2SO4 +H2O
(c) NaCl+AgNO3
AgCl+NaNO3
(d)BaCl2 +H2SO4
BaSO4 +HCl
Ans.:(a)2HNO3 +Ca(OH)2
Ca(NO3)2 +2H2O
(b)2NaOH+H2SO4
Na2SO4 +2H2O
(c) NaCl+AgNO3
AgCl+NaNO3
(d)BaCl2 +H2SO4
BaSO4 +2HCl
15. Writethebalancedchemicalequationsforthefollowingreactions:
(a) Calciumhydroxide+Carbondioxide Calciumcarbonate+Water
(b)Zinc+Silvernitrate Zincnitrate+Silver
(c) Aluminium+Copperchloride Aluminiumchloride+Copper
(d)Bariumchloride+Potassiumsulphate Bariumsulphate+Potassiumchloride
Ans:.(a)Ca(OH)2+CO2
CaCO3 +H2O
(b)Zn+2AgNO3
Zn(NO3)2 +2Ag
(c) 2Al+3CuCl2
2AlCl3 +3Cu
(d)BaCl2 +K2SO4
BaSO4 +2KCl
16. Writethebalancedchemicalequationsforthefollowingandidentifythetypeofreactionin
eachcase.
(a) Potassiumbromide(aq) +Bariumiodide (aq)
Potassiumiodide(aq) +Bariumbromide(s)
(b)Zinccarbonate(s) Zincoxide(s) +Carbondioxide(g)
(c) Hydrogen(g) +Chlorine(g) Hydrogenchloride (g)
(d)Magnesium(s) +Hydrochloricacid(aq)
Magnesiumchloride(aq) +Hydrogen(g)
Ans.:(a)2KBr(aq)+BaI2(aq)
(b)ZnCO3(s)
ZnO(s) +CO2(g)
(c) H2(g) +Cl2(g)

(d)Mg(s) +2HCl(aq)
2KI(aq) +BaBr2(s)
2HCl(g)
MgCl2(aq) +H2(g)
Doubledisplacementreaction
Decomposition reaction
Combination reaction
Displacementreaction
Multiple Choice Questions
(b) formsabluecolouredcomplexwithAgNO3
(c) is oxidised to Cu2+
(d)is reduced to Cu2+
1. Whenleadnitratereactswithpotassiumiodide,
yellow precipitate of
8. Whichof thefollowing reactionsinvolves the
(a) PbI2 is formed (b) KNO3 is formed
combination of two elements ?
(c) Pb(NO3)2 is formed
(a) CaO + CO2 CaCO3
(d)PbIO3 is formed
(b) 4Na + O2 2Na2O
2. Formation of carbon disulphide from carbon
1
(c) SO 2 + O 2 SO3
and sulphur takes place by
2
(a) absorption of heat
(d)NH3 + HCl NH4Cl
(b) evolution of heat
9. Whenhydrogensulphidegasispassedthrough
(c) no change in heat content
a blue solution of copper sulphate, a black
(d)none of the above
precipitateofcoppersulphideisobtainedand
3. The reaction between an acid and a base is
the sulphuric acid so formed remains in the
known as
solution. The reaction is an example of
(a) condensation reaction
(a) a combination reaction
(b) addition reaction
(b) a displacement reaction
(c) neutralisation reaction
(c) a decomposition reaction
(d)elimination reaction
(d)a double displacement reaction
4. Bariumchlorideonreactingwithammonium
10. Which of the following is a displacement
sulphate forms barium sulphate and
reaction?
ammonium chloride. Which of the following
(a) CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
correctly represents the type of the reaction
(b) MgCO3 MgO + CO2
involved?
(c) 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
(i) Displacement reaction
(d)H2 + Cl2 2HCl
(ii)Precipitation reaction
(iii)Combination reaction
11. The formula of sulphur trioxide is
(iv)Double displacement reaction
(a) S2O3
(b) SO3
(a) (i) only
(b) (ii) only
(c) SO2
(d)H2S
(c) (iv) only
(d)(ii) and (iv)
12. In the balanced equation a, b, c and d
5. When ferrous hydroxide reacts with
respectively are
hydrochloricacid,........andH2Oareproduced.
aFe2O3 + bH2 cFe + dH2O
(a) FeCl3
(b) FeCl2
(a) 1, 1, 2, 3
(b) 1, 1, 1, 1
(c) FeCl4
(d)FeCl
(c) 1, 3, 2, 3
(d)1, 2, 2, 3
6. Oxidation involves
(a) loss of electrons
(b) gain of electrons
(c) increase in the valence of negative part
(d)decrease in the valence of positive part
7. When copper turnings are added to silver
nitrate solution, a blue coloured solution is
formedaftersometime.Itisbecause,copper:
(a) oxidises silver from the solution
13. Inthereaction3MnO2 +4Al 3Mn+2Al2O3

the oxidising agent is
(a) MnO2
(b) Al
(c) Al2O3
(d)Mn
14. Which of the following is a decomposition
reaction?
(a) ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2
(b) BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaCl
(c) Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2

(d)3MnO2 + 4Al 3Mn + 2Al2O3
15. Rancidity can be prevented by
(a) adding antioxidants
(b) packaging oily food in nitrogen gas
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d)none of these
(c) Physical change is temporary and

reversible.
(d)All of these.
23. aMg3N2 + bH2O cMg(OH)2 + dNH3. When
the equationis balanced, the coefficients a, b,
c, d respectively are
(a) 1, 3, 3, 2
(b) 1, 6, 3, 2
(c) 1, 2, 3, 2
(d)2, 3, 6, 2
16. Combinationofphosphorusandoxygenisan
example of
24. Which of the following equations is not
(a) oxidation
(b) reduction
correctly balanced ?
(c) rancidity
(d)none of these
(a) Cu + 2Ag+ Cu2+ + 2Ag
(b) Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu
17. A redox reaction is one in which
(c) Al + 2H+ Al3+ + H2
(a) both the substance are reduced
(d)Br2 + 2I 2Br + I2
(b) both the substance are oxidised
(c) an acid is neutralised by the base
25. Which of the following reactions will occur?
(d)one substance is oxidised while the other
(a) 2Ag + Cu(NO3)2 2AgNO3 + Cu
is reduced
(b) Cu + ZnSO4 CuSO4 + Zn
(c) 2Ag + H2SO4 Ag2SO4 + H2
18. In the following equations :
(d)2Al + 3FeSO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3Fe
Na2CO3 + xHCl 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O, the
value of x is
26. In the reaction, Br2 + 2I 2Br + I2, the
(a) 1
(b) 2
oxidizing agent is
(c) 3
(d)4
(a) Br2
(b) I
(c) Br
(d)I2
19. Whichofthefollowingdoesnotcorrodewhen
exposed to the atmosphere?
27. In the reaction, 2H2S + SO2 3S + 2H2O
(a) Iron
(b) Copper
(a) H2S has been oxidized
(c) Gold
(d)Silver
(b) SO2 has been oxidized
(c) H2S is the oxidizing agent
20. AgNO3 (aq) +NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) +NaNO3 (aq).
(d)SO2 is the reducing agent
Above reaction is
(a) precipitation reaction
28. The correct formula of rust is
(b) double displacement reaction
(a) Fe2O3
(b) Fe3O4
(c) combination reaction
(c) Fe2O3.xH2O
(d)Fe3O4.xH2O
(d)(a) and (b) both
29. Whichofthefollowingmetalsisprotectedby
21. A dilute solution of sodium carbonate was
a layer of its oxide ?
added to two test tubes one containing dil.
(a) Copper
(b) Silver
HCl(A)andtheothercontainingdiluteNaOH
(c) Iron
(d)Aluminium
(B). The correct observation was
30. Heat is evolved during
(a) a brown coloured gas liberated in test
(a) endothermic reaction
tube A
(b) displacement reaction
(b) a brown coloured gas liberated in test
(c) combustion reaction
tube B
(d)combination reaction
(c) a colourless gas liberated in test tube A
31. In an electrolytic cell where electrolysis is
(d)a colourless gas liberated in test tube B
carried, anode has
22. Which of the following statement is true?
(a) positive charge
(a) The total mass of the substance remains
(b) negative charge
same in chemical change.
(c) connected to negative terminal of battery
(b) Chemical change in permanent and
(d)none of these is correct
irreversible.
14. The order of metals listed according to their 13. Rancidity can be retarded by storing food in
light.
abilitytoreplaceothermetalsisknownasthe
.......... series.
14. Itispossibletostirsilvernitratesolutionwith
a copper spoon.
15. Areactionthatproduceswaterfromtwoions
is known as .......... reaction.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
15. Goldandsilverlieverylowintheactivityseries
of metals. Thus they have very low reactivity
Precipitations reactions produce ........... salts.
and hence to not corrode much in moist air.
Twodifferentatomsorgroupsofatomsorions
16. Hydrogen gas is tested by bringing a lighted
are exchanged in ........... reactions.
candle near the gas evolved. It burns with a
Calciumcarbidereactswithwatertogive.......
popping sound.
and slaked lime.
17. Oxidationandreductiontakeplacesidebyside.
KOH+HNO3 KNO3 +H2O,isanexample
18. Reduction is a process which involves loss of
of ........... reaction.
electronsandoxidationisdefinedasaprocess
A+B2+ A2+ +B,representsa.........reaction.
which involves gain of electrons.
True or False
19. Rustingisaseriousproblembecausethereddish
browncrustofrustisnotconfinedtothesurface
1. Ammoniaandhydrogenchloridereacttoform
only.
ammonium hydroxide.
20. A common metal which is highly resistant to
2. Digestionoffoodinourbodyisanexampleof
corrosion is aluminium.
reduction reaction.
3. Copper is less reactive than iron.
Matrix Match Type
p q r s
4. When a strip of copper is introduced in a Inthissection,eachquestion
p q r s
A
solution of zinc sulphate, zinc is precipitated. containsstatementsgivenin
twocolumnswhichhaveto B p q r s
5. Inthereaction4Fe+3O2 2Fe2O3,Feactsas bematched.Statements(A,
C p q r s
an oxidising agent.
B,C,D)inColumnIhaveto D p q r s
6. Combustioncantakeplaceeveninabsenceof be matched with statements
oxygen.
(p,q,r,s)inColumnII.Theanswerstothese
7. Formation of vapour from the burning questions have to be appropriately bubbled as
substanceisnotnecessarytoproduceaflame. illustratedinthefollowingexample.Ifthecorrect
matchesare Aq,Ar, Bp,Bs, Cr,Cs andDq,
8. The minimum temperature required for a
thenthecorrectlybubbledmatrixwilllooklikeas
substancetoburniscalledignitiontemperature
shown.
of the substance.
1. Column I
Column II
9. The formation of NaH from sodium and
(A) A + B AB
(p) Double
hydrogen is a redox reaction.
decomposition
10. Acombustionofmagnesiuminairtoformwhite (B) AB A + B
(q) Combination
powder isan exampleof combinationas well (C) AB + XY AX + BY (r) Displacement
as redox reaction.
(D) AB + C AC + B
(s) Decomposition
11. In the refining ofsilver, the recovery of silver
2. Column I
Column II
from silver nitrate solution involves
(A) 2Ca + O2
(p) 2HCl
displacement by copper metal.
(B) 4Fe + 3O2
(q) 2CaO
12. Rustingofironmetalisthemostcommonform (C) H2 + Cl2
(r) 2Fe2O3
of corrosion.
(D) 2Fe + 3Cl2
(s) 2FeCl3
3. Column I
(A) C + O2 CO2
(B) 2AgBr 2Ag + Br2
(C) Zn + CuSO4
ZnSO4 + Cu
(D) NaOH + HCl
NaCl + H2O
Column II
(p) Displacement
(q) Combination
(r) Decomposition
(s) Neutralisation
4. Column I
Column II
(A) CuO + H2
(p) Photodecomposition
Cu + H2O
reaction
(B) 2AgBr 2Ag + Br2 (q) Redox reaction
(C) 2H2O 2H2 + O2 (r) Thermal
decomposition
reaction
(D) ZnCO3
(s) Electrolytic
ZnO + CO2
decomposition
reaction
5. Column I
Column II
(A) Methane + oxygen (p) Neutralisation
Carbon dioxide
reaction
+ Water
(B) Calcium carbonate (q) Combustion reaction
calcium oxide
+ carbon dioxide
(C) Magnesium + copper(r) Decomposition
oxide Copper +
reaction
Magnesium oxide
(D) Hydrochloric acid (s) Oxidation reduction
+ Sodium hydroxide
reaction
Sodium chloride
+ Water
Reason : In a redox reaction, reductant is

reducedbyacceptingelectronsand
oxidant is oxidised by losing
electrons.
2. Assertion: When a zinc rod is dipped in a
solutionofcoppersulphate,zincrod
dissolvespartiallyanditssurfaceis
coated with copper metal.
Reason : Thisreactionisduetothepresence
of sulphate ions.
3. Assertion: 2H2S(g) +O2(g) 2S(s) +2H2O(l).Itis
an oxidation reaction.
Reason : Oxidation is a process which
involves removal of hydrogen.
4. Assertion: In the reaction, Zn(s) + 2H+(aq)
Zn2+(aq) + H2(g). Zinc acts as an
oxidising agent and H+ acts as a
reducing agent.
Reason : Anoxidisingagentacceptselectrons
while a reducing agent loses
electrons.
5. Assertion: H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(g). It is not a
redox reaction.
Reason : This reaction involves covalent
compounds.
6. Assertion: 2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s).
Magnesium loses electrons hence
acts as a reducing agent.
Reason : This reaction involves covalent
compounds.
7. Assertion: Balancingofchemicalequationsis
based on law of conservation of
Assertion and Reason Type
mass.
Directions:Ineachofthefollowingquestions,a
Reason : Totalmassofreactantsisequalto
statementofAssertion(A)isgivenfollowedbya
total mass of products.
correspondingstatementofReason(R)justbelow
it.Ofthestatements,markthecorrectansweras 8. Assertion: SO2 and Cl2 both are bleaching
agents.
(a) Ifbothassertionandreasonaretrueandreason
Reason : Both are reducing agents.
is thecorrectexplanationof assertion
(b) Ifbothassertionandreasonaretruebutreason 9. Assertion: Intheprimarybatteries,thereaction
occurs again and again.
isnotthecorrectexplanationof assertion
Reason : Drycellisanexampleofprimary
(c) Ifassertionistruebutreasonisfalse
battery.
(d) Ifassertionisfalsebutreasonistrue.
1. Assertion: CuO(s) +H2(g) Cu(s) +H2O(l).Itis 10. Assertion: Corrosion of iron is commonly
known as rusting.
a redox reaction.
Reason : Corrosionofironoccursinpresence place at anode and reduction at cathode.

of water and air.
1. The reaction Cl2 Cl + ClO3 is :
11. Assertion: Nitrogen and hydrogen combine
(a) oxidation
(b) reduction
together to form ammonia.
(c) disproportionation
Reason : It is an exothermic reaction.
(d)neither oxidation nor reduction
12. Assertion: Amagnesiumribbonburnswitha 2. In the reaction : I2 + 2S2O32 2I + S4O62
dazzling flame in air and changes
(a) I2 is reducing agent
intoawhitesubstance,magnesium
(b) I2 is oxidising agent
oxide.
(c) S2O32 is reducing agent
Reason : Itisanexampleofdecomposition
(d)S2O32 is oxidising agent
reaction.
3. Determinethechangeinoxidationnumberof
13. Assertion: Following reaction describes the
sulphur in H2S and SO2 respectively in the
rusting of iron and is a redox
following reaction:
reaction.
2H2S + SO2 2H2O + 3S
4Fe + 3O2 4Fe3+ + 6O2.
(a) 0, + 2
(b) + 2, 4
Reason : ThemetallicironisoxidisedtoFe3+.
(c) 2, + 2
(d)+ 4, 0
14. Assertion: Thereactioniswhichasubstanceis
decomposed into two or more
simple substances is known as
decomposition reaction.
Reason : Thedecompositioncanbecarried
out by giving energy in the form
of heat, light, electricity etc.
15. Assertion: When a mixture of hydrogen and
chlorine is placed in sunlight,
hydrogen chloride is formed.
Reason : It is an example of combination
reaction.
PASSAGE 2 : Oxidation and reduction always

occursimultaneously.Thesereactionswhichinvolve
simultaneousoxidationandreductionarecalleda
redoxreactions. Thereforeeveryredox reactionis
made up of two half reactions. One half reaction
represents oxidation and other half reaction
representsthereduction.Oxidationandreduction
ofanatom,moleculeorioncanalsobedefinedin
terms of electrons. The substance that gains
electrons,isreducedtoaloweroxidationstateact
asanoxidisingagent.Similarly,thesubstancewhich
loseselectronsisoxidisedtohigheroxidationstate,
is called as a reducing agent.
16. Assertion: A chemical equation gives an

indicationabouttherateofreaction. 1. I2 reacts with caustic soda, the products are
Reason : It does not indicate about the
NaIO3 andNaI.Thereactionisanexampleof
concentration of reactants.
(a) oxidation
(b) reduction
Passage Comprehension
(c) disproportionation
PASSAGE 1 : Oxidation and reduction process
(d)neutralization
involvethetransactionofelectrons.Lossofelectrons
2. In which of the following reaction hydrogen
isoxidationandthegainofelectronsisreduction.
peroxide is acting as reducing agent?
It is thus obvious that in a redox reaction, the
(a) 2FeCl2 + 2HCl + H2O2 2FeCl3 + 2H2O
oxidantisreducedbyacceptingtheelectrons and
(b) Cl2 + H2O2 2HCl + O2
the reductant is oxidised by losing electrons. The
(c) 2HI + H2O2 2H2O + I2
reactionsinwhichaspeciesdisproportionatesinto
(d)H2SO3 + H2O2 H2SO4 + H2O
twooxidationstates(lowerandhigher)arecalled
disproportionation reactions. In electrochemical 3. Thereaction:H2S+H2O2 S+2H2Oindicates
cells,redoxreactionisinvolved, i.e.,oxidationtakes
(a) oxidising action of H2O2
(b) reducing nature of H2O2

(c) acidic nature of H2O2
(d)alkaline nature of H2O2
4. In acidic medium, the reaction :
MnO4 Mn2+ is
(a) oxidation by 3 electrons
(b) reduction by 5 electrons
(c) oxidation by 5 electrons
(d)reduction by 3 electrons
(a) CH4
(c) CCl4
(b) CH3Cl
(d)CHCl3
3. Whichofthefollowingcompoundsofcarbon
has highest oxidation state?
(a) CH4
(b) CH3OH
(c) CH2O
(d)HCOOH
4. Oxidation state of carbon in diamond is
(a) zero
(b) + 1
(c) 1
(d)+ 2
PASSAGE 3 : Oxygen is prepared by catalytic

decomposition of potassium chlorate (KClO3). Subjective Problems
Decomposition of potassium chlorate gives
VeryShortAnswerType
potassium chloride (KCl) and oxygen (O2). The
following reaction takes place :
1. Write balanced equation for the following
2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g).
reaction:
Zinc carbonate (s)
1. Mark the correct statement.
Zinc oxide (s) + Carbon dioxide (g).
(a) 2moles ofKClO3 give3molesofoxygen.
(b) 1 mole of KClO3 gives 1 mole of oxygen. 2. Write chemical equation for the following
(c) 3molesofoxygenareformedby1moleof
reaction: When solid mercury (II) oxide is
KClO3.
heated, liquid mercury and oxygen gas are
(d)200 g of KClO3 gives 300 g of O2.
produced.
2. How many moles of KClO3 are required to 3. Balance the following equations :
produce 2.4 moles of O2?
(i) CH4(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g)
(a) 2
(b) 3
(ii)Al(s) + HCl(aq) AlCl3(aq) + H2(g).
(c) 1.6
(d)1.5
3. How many grams of KClO3 are required to 4. Translate the following into the language of
chemistry:
produce 128 grams of O2 ?
Sulphur dioxide reacts with oxygen at 450C
(a) 196 g
(b) 200 g
in the presence of a catalyst (V2O5) to form
(c) 122 g
(d)327 g
sulphurtrioxide.Thereactionisreversibleand
PASSAGE 4 : Valency and oxidation number are
182 kJ of energy is liberated.
different for an element. Valency of carbon is
generally 4, however, the oxidation state may be 5. Identify thesubstanceoxidisedand oxidising
agent in the following reaction :
4,2,0,+2,1,etc.Inthecompoundscontaining
H2S + Cl2 S + 2HCl.
carbon,hydrogenandoxygen,theoxidationnumber
of carbon can be calculated as
6. What do you mean by skeletal equation?

2nO - nH
.
Oxidation number of carbon =
7. Give oneexample of a reactionin which two
nC
compounds combine to form a single
Where nH, nOand nCarenumberofrespectiveatoms.
compound.
1. Whichofthefollowingcompoundshavezero
8. Give one example of an electrolytic
oxidation state of carbon ?
decomposition reaction used in metallurgy.
(a) C H O
(b) HCOOH
6 12 6
(c) CH3OH
(d)CH4
9. Whydoeszincreactwithdilutesulphuricacid
to give hydrogen gas but copper does not ?
2. Whichofthefollowingoxidesofcarbonhas+4
oxidation state?
potassium chloride and oxygen. Write a

10. What is the difference between the following
balanced equation for this reaction.
two types of reactions ?
AgNO3 + HCl AgCl + HNO3
8. Given an example of a chemical reaction
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
characterisedbythechangeintemperature.
11. To preserve food items, we keep them in a 9. Why do we store silver chloride in dark
refrigerator. Why?
coloured bottles?
12. Suggest two methods to prevent rusting.
10. Zinc liberates hydrogen gas when reacted

with dilute hydrochloric acid, whereas
13. Whatreactionstakeplaceduringthedigestion
copper does not. Explain why?
of food in our body ?
14. Taking a suitable example, explain that 11. An old cycle frame was left in open for a
fewdays.Abrownlayergotslowlydeposited
oxidationandreductiontakeplacesidebyside.
onitssurfaceandcouldnotberemovedwhen
15. Canweplacesilvernitratesolutioninaniron
rubbed with sand paper. What happened
vessel? Why or why not?
actually?
ShortAnswerType
12. A solution of CuSO4 was kept in an iron
1. Write balanced equation for the reaction :
pot. After a few days, the pot developed
Phosphorus burns in chlorine gas to form
some holesin it.How will youaccount for
phosphorus pentachloride.
this ?
2. Whatistherelationshipbetweencombination 13. X,Y and Z arethreeelementswhichundergo
and dec omposition reactions? Write an
chemical reactions according to following
equation for each type.
equations.
X2O3 + 2Y Y2O3 + 2X
3. Canoxidationorreductiontakeplacealone?
3ZSO4 + 2Y Y2(SO4)3 + 3Z
Whyorwhynot?Whataresuchreactions
3ZO + 2X X2O3 + 3Z.
called ?
Answer the following equations :
4. Awhitesaltonheatingdecomposestogive
(a) Which element is the most reactive?
brown fumes and a yellow residue is left
(b)Which element is the least reactive ?
behind. Nam e the salt and write the
14. Whathappenschemicallywhenquicklime
decomposition reaction.
is added to water?
5. Whyisburningofcoalconsideredachemical
LongAnswerType
change?
6. In the following situations, a reaction may 1. Classify each of the following reactions as
combination,decomposition,displacementor
or may not take place. If it does,write the
double displacement reactions :
balancedmolecular,totalionicandnetionic
(a) 2CuO(s) 2Cu(s) + O2(g)
equationsillustratingthereaction.Assume
all involve aqueous solutions.
(b)2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
(a) Some iron nails are placed in a CuCl2
(c) Zn(s) + 2AgNO3(aq)
solution.
Zn(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)
(b)Silvercoinsaredroppedinahydrochloric
(d)MgO(s) + C(s) CO(g) + Mg(s)
acid solution.
(e) Ni(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)
(c) A copper wire is placed in a Pb(NO3)2
Ni(OH)2- + 2NaNO3(aq)
solution.
(f) NH3(g) + HCl(g) NH4Cl(s)
7. Potassiumchlorate(KClO3)onheatingforms
(g) 2KNO3(s) 2KNO2(s) + O2(g).
14. (a) Whycannotachemicalchangebenormally

reversed ?
(b)Why is it always essential to balance a
chemical equation ?
(c) Why do diamond and graphite, the two
allotropicformsofcarbonevolvedifferent
amounts of heats on combustion?
(d)Whydoesmilkinessdisappearwhencarbon
dioxide is passed through lime water in
excess?
(e) Canrustingofirontakeplaceindistilled 1.
water?
2.
15. Themarblestatuesoftenslowlygetcorroded
whenkeptin openforalong time.Assigna 3.
suitable explanation.
Integer Answer Type
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Y
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Z
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
W
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
OxidationnumberofPinMg2P2O7 is
OxidationnumberofNiin[Ni(CO)4]is
Amongthefollowing,thenumberofunderlined
elements having +5oxidation stateare
Fe3O4,K2Cr2O7,HClO3,P2O74,SO42
4. Thevalue of xinbalancedequation is
Thissectioncontains5questions.Theanswertoeachof C6H12O6(aq) +6O2(g) xCO2(g) +6H2O(l) +energy
thequestionsisasingledigitinteger,rangingfrom0to
9.IfthecorrectanswerstoquestionnumbersX,Y,Zand
W(say)are6,0,9 and2respectively,thenthe correct
darkeningofbubbleswilllooklikethefollowing.
5. Electrolysisofwaterisadecompositionreaction.
Thesumofmoleratioofhydrogenandoxygen
gasesliberatedduringelectrolysisofwateris
Multiple Choice Questions

1. (a): Pb(NO3)2 +2KI PbI2+2KNO3.
PbI2 isyellowprecipitate.
whileotherreactantisoxidised.
18. (b):Na2CO3 +2HCl 2NaCl+CO2 +H2O.
19. (c): Goldisanoblemetalanditisnotattacked
bywaterorair.
2. (a):C+2S CS2
20. (d):AgNO3 +NaCl AgCl+NaNO3.
It is an endothermic reaction, resulting in
In this reaction both AgNO3 and NaCl
absorptionofheat.
dissociatetoformnewcompoundAgClwhich
3. (c):Itisaneutralisationreaction.
is a precipitate, hence it shows both double
decomposition and precipitation.
4. (d):BaCl2 +(NH4)2SO4 BaSO4 +2NH4Cl
(ppt.)
21. (c):Na2CO3 +2HCl 2NaCl+CO2 +H2O.
Itisaprecipitationreactionaswellasdouble
CO2 isacolourlessodourlessgas.
displacementreaction.
22. (d): Allstatementsaretrueregardingphysical
5. (b):Fe(OH)2 +2HCl FeCl2 +2H2O
andchemicalchanges.
6. (a) : It is the process in which electrons are 23. (b):Mg N +6H O 3Mg(OH) +2NH .
3 2
2
2
3
lost.
24. (c)
7. (c) : Cu is above of Ag in electrochemical
25. (d): AluminiumismorereactivethanFehence
seriesandthusCu+2Ag+ Cu2++2Agreaction
itcandisplaceFefromitssaltsolution.
occurs.
2Br+I2
8. (b) : Both sodium and oxygen are elements 26. (a): Br+2I
2
Gainofelectrons
whichcombinetogivesodiumoxide.
Reduction
9. (d):CuSO4 +H2S CuS+H2SO4.

BothCuSO4 andH2Sdecomposetogivenew
compoundsCuSandH2SO4.
Thesubstancewhichundergoesreductionis
oxidisingagent.
Removalofoxygen
10. (c):2Na+2H2O 2NaOH+H2.

(Reduction)
Hydrogen is displaced from water by the
3S+2H2O
27. (a): 2H2S+SO2
reactionofsodiummetal.
Removalofhydrogen
(Oxidation)
11. (b)
12. (c):Fe2O3 +3H2 2Fe+3H2O.
13. (a): 3MnO+4Al
2
Lossofoxygen
Reduction
14.
15.
16.
17.
3Mn+2AlO
23
28.
3
(c): 2Fe+O
2 2+H2O
Fe2O3.xH2O
Hydratedferric
oxide(rust)
Frommoistair
29. (d): Aluminiumhasaprotectivelayerofoxide

whichpreventsitfromfurthercorrosion.
Thesubstancewhichundergoesreductionacts 30. (c) : A combustion reaction is accompanied

as oxidising agent. Here MnO2 is oxidising
withevolutionofheat.
agentwhichoxidisesAltoAl2O3.
e.g.:CH4 +2O2 CO2 +2H2O+heat.
(a): Zinccarbonatedecomposestogivezinc 31. (a):Anodehaspositivechargewhilecathode
oxide and CO2. (b) and (c) are examples of
hasnegativechange.
double displacement and combination
32. (d) : A chemical change is irreversible and
respectively.(d)isaredoxreaction.
accompaniedbyenergychanges.
(c) : Antioxidants and nitrogen gas prevent
33. (c):Cu+2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 +2Ag
oxidationoffood.
Coppercandisplacesilverfromitssaltsolution
(a):4P+3O2 2P2O3,4P+5O2 2P2O5.
sincecopperismorereactivethansilver.
(d): Inaredoxreactiononereactantisreduced 34. (c): Al O +3H SO Al (SO ) +3H O.
2 3
4 3
solutionswhichmeansthesolutionsaremade
inwater.
71. (b):H2O2 isreducedtowaterbyremovalof
oxygen.
In
x -1
C Cl4
In
x -1
C F4
In
C O2
x -2
x+4(1)=0
x=+4
x+4(1)=0
x=+4
x+2(2)=0
x=+4.
72. (a)
73.
74.
75.
76.
86. (b):InZn+Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu

(c): H2Sisareducingagenthenceitisoxidised
OxidationnumberofZnchangesfromzeroto
tosulphur.
+2.Thus Znis oxidisedto Zn2+.
0
(a) : Carbon is getting oxidised to carbon
+3 -1
+5 -1
87. (a): PCl 3 + Cl 2 PCl5
dioxide and lead oxide is being reduced to
Oxidation state of P is changing from (+3) to
lead.
(+5) i.e., PCl3 is oxidised and hence acts as a
(b):Gainingofaelectronsisreduction.
reductant.
(a):2Mg+O2 2MgO
0
+1
0
+2
88. (d): Zn + 2 AgCN 2Ag + Zn(CN ) 2
2mol1mol
1molofO2
2molofMg
0
+2
(oxidation)
Zn Zn(CN)2
1.5molofO2 21.5
=3mol
+1
0
(reduction).
AgCN Ag
3molesofMg=243=72g.
77. (d) : It is a double displacement and

89. (a):Na2CO3 +2HCl 2NaCl+H2O+CO2 -
precipitation reaction.
CO2 isgivenoutwithbriskeffervescence.
78. (d): Thereactioniswhichtwodifferentatoms
or groups of atoms are exchanged is called Fill in the Blanks
doubledisplacementreactions.
1. decomposition
2. combination
79. (a)
3. decomposition
4. atoms,elements
80. (a) : It is a double displacement as well as 5. decomposition
6. reducingagent
neutralisationreactioninwhichbase(NaOH) 7. rancidity
8 H2SO4
isneutralisedbyacid(HCl)togivesalt(NaCl) 9. 2Al(OH)
10. aqueous,(aq)
3
andwater.
11. aprecipitate,gaseousproduct
81. (c) : In OF2, fluorine is more electronegative 12. exothermic,endothermic
than oxygen and has been assigned an 13. products
14. activity
oxidation numberof 1.
15. neutralisation
16. insoluble
x -1
OF2 i.e.,x+2(1)=0
17. double displacement 18. acetylene
x= +2
20. redox.
82. (a) : In F O, fluorine is more electronegative 19. neutralisation
2
thanoxygenandhencegivenoxidationnumber
of 1.
x +1
1. False. NH3 and HCl react to form NH4Cl.

2. False.Digestionoffoodisanoxidationreaction.
83. (d): N 3H i.e.,3(x)+ 1(+1)=0
True or False
3. True.
1
x= - .
3
4. False.Znismorereactivethancopper,soCu
cannot replace zinc from its solution.
x -2
84. (d): NO3- i.e.,1(x)+3(2) =1

x= +61=+5.
5. False.Feisoxidized,henceitactsasreducing
agent.
85. (a):Oxidationnumberofcarboninthegiven 6. False. Combustion takes place in present of

compounds:
oxygen.
In
x +1
CH4
x+4(+1)=0
x=4
7. False. Vapours burn to give flame.

8. True.
It is a redox reaction, here hydrogen is a

reductant andchlorine isan oxidant.
9. True.
6. (b) : A reactant that loses electrons act as a

reducing agent.
10. True.
11. True.
7. (b)
12. True.
8. (c) : SO2 and Cl2 are bleaching agents. Only

SO2 actsasbleachingagentduetoitsreducing
False. Copper will dissolve in silver nitrate
properties. Cl2 bleaches by the process of
solution.
oxidation.
True.
9. (d): Inprimarybatteriesthereactionoccurs
True.
once and lasts only till the electrolyte is
True.
exhausted.
13. False.Rancidityincreasesinpresenceoflight.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18. False.Oxidationinvolveslossofelectronswhile 10. (b)

reduction involves gain of electrons.
11. (a):Inthereactionbondsbetweentwoatoms
ofnitrogenmoleculeandatomsofhydrogen
19. True
molecules are broken and new bonds are
20. True
formed. Heat energy is liberated to the
surroundings. Hence this reaction is
Matrix Match Type
exothermic.
1. A q; Bs; C p; D r
12. (c):Itisanexampleofcombinationreaction.
2. A q; B r; C p; D s
2Mg+O2 2MgO.
3. A q; B r; C p; D s
13. (a): FeisoxidisedtoFe3+ andactsasreducing
4. Aq; Bp; Cs; Dr
agent.
5. Aq; Br; Cs; Dp
14. (b)
Assertion and Reason Type
15. (a):Hydrogenandchlorinecombinetogive
hydrogen chloride.
1. (c):Reductantisoxidisedbylosingelectrons
16. (d) : A chemical equation does not give any
andoxidantisreducedbyacceptingelectrons.
ideawhether areaction isslow orfast.
Ina redoxreaction,oxidation andreduction
occur simultaneously.
Passage Comprehension
2. (c): The followingreaction takes place :

PASSAGE1:
Zn(s) +Cu2+(aq) +SO42(aq)
2+
2
Zn (aq) +Cu(s) + SO4 (aq). 1. (c) : This is a disproportionation reaction
SO42 ionsdontparticipateinthereaction,so
becauseO.N.ofchlorineischangingto1and
reactioncanbewritten downas:
+5fromzero.Areactioninwhichasubstance
Oxidation
undergoes simultaneous oxidation and
reductioniscalleddisproportionationreaction.
2+
2+
Zn +Cu
Zn
+Cu
( s)
(aq)
(aq)
Reduction
(s)
2. (b, c) : I2 is oxidising agent and S2O32 is

reducing agent.
3. (a) : H2S is oxidised to S by removal of

3. (b):InH2SO.N.ofS=+2+x=0
hydrogen.
x=2
4. (d): Zn(s) +2H+(aq) Zn2+(aq) +H2(g)
InSO.N.ofS=0
Inthisreaction,zincloseselectronsandsoit
ChangeinO.N.=2
isareducingagent.WhileH+ gainselectrons
InSO2 O.N.ofS x+(22)=0
and so itisan oxidising agent.
\ x=4
5. (d): H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(g)
ChangeinO.N.=4.
reactive than silver. The following 9. Silverchlorideiskept(stored)indarkcoloured

displacement reaction takes place :
bottles because it is lightsensitive. It gets
decomposedtoproducefineparticlesofsilver
Fe( s) 2AgNO 3( aq ) + Fe(NO3 )2( aq ) + 2Ag(s)
metal.
Iron
Silver
Silvernitrate
Iron (II)nitrate
ShortAnswerType
2AgCl
Light
2Ag+ Cl2
10. Zinc is more electropositive than hydrogen.

Therefore, it displaces hydrogen fromacids.
1. P4 +10Cl2 4PCl5.
Copperislesselectropositivethanhydrogen.
2. The decomposition reactions are opposite of
Therefore,itcannotreduceH+ ionspresentin
the combination reactions.
the acidsolution and hence hydrogengasis
Combination reaction :
not liberated.
2Mg +O 2MgO
(s)
2(g)
(s)
Decomposition reaction :
Heat
2HgO(s)
2Hg(l) +O2(g).
3. Oxidationorreductioncannottakeplacealone.
Thisisbecauseifonesubstancelosesoxygen,
i.e., undergoesreduction,theremustbeanother
substancetotakeupthisoxygen, i.e.,undergo
oxidation. Similarly, if one substance loses
hydrogen, i.e.,undergoesoxidation,theremust
beanothersubstancetotakeupthishydrogen,
i.e.,undergoreduction.Hence,oxidationand
reductionalwaystakeplacetogether.Thatis
why,thesereactionsarecalledredoxreactions.
4. The salt is lead nitrate. The decomposition
reaction is
Pb(NO3)2(s) Heat 2PbO(s)+4NO2(g)+O2(g)
Leadnitrate
(White)
Leadoxide Nitrogendioxide Oxygen

(Brownfumes)
(Yellow)
11. The cycle frame is made up of iron. Upon

exposure to air, iron combined with oxygen
andwatervapourspresentasmoisturetoform
a chemical compound with the formula
Fe2O3xH2O.Itisknownashydratedferricoxide
andisintheformofabrownmassknownas
rust.Sinceachemicalreactionhadtakenplace
in the formation of rust, the change was
permanent andcouldnotbereversed.
3
Fe( s) + O 2( g)+ xH 2 O( l) Fe 2 O 3 xH 2O( g)
2
Iron
Moisture
Hydratedferricoxide
Air
(Rust)
12. Iron lies above copper in the activity series.

Therefore,achemicalreactionhadtakenplace
betweenironfromironpotandcoppersulphate
solution.Wecanalsosaythatironhaddisplaced
copper fromCuSO4 solution.
Fe(s) +CuSO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) +Cu(s).
5. During burning, coal produces heat, light,

13. (a) Themost reactiveelement isYas ithas
carbon dioxide gas, water vapour, oxides of
displaced both X and Z from their
nitrogenandsulphur,andash.Theproducts
compounds.
ofburningdifferintheirphysicalandchemical
(b) The leastreactiveelement is Z asithas
characteristics from coal. Coal cannot be
beendisplacedbybothXandY.
obtained back from the products by simple
laboratorymethods.Therefore,burningofcoal 14. Calciumhydroxide(orslakedlime)isformed
accompaniedbyahissingsound.Somuchheat
isachemicalchange.
isevolvedduringthereactionthatthereaction
6. (a) CuCl2(aq) +Fe(s) FeCl2(aq) +Cu(s)
mixturestartsboiling.Thechemicalequation
Cu2+(aq) +2Cl(aq) + Fe(s)
forthe reactionis :
Fe2+(aq) +2Cl(aq) +Cu(s)
CaO( s) + H 2 O( aq) Ca(OH)2( s)+heat
Cu2+(aq) +Fe(s) Fe2+(aq) +Cu(s)
Quicklime
Slakedlime
(b)and(c)noreaction.
LongAnswerType
7. 2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g).
1. (a)2CuO(s) 2Cu(s) +O2(g)
8. Thechemicalreactionbetweenquicklimeand
watertoformslakedlimeischaracterisedby
(b)2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) +3O2(g)
anincrease intemperature.
\ x=+5
That iswhy theyevolve differentamountof
heat.
2. (0):[Ni(CO)4] x+4(0)=0
C(Diamond)+O2(g) CO2(g) +393.5kJ
[QCOisaneutralmolecule]
C(Graphite)+O2(g) CO2(g) +395.4kJ.
x=0.
(d)Themilkinessinlimewaterisduetothe 3. (2):Fe O x3+(2)4=0
3 4
formationofcalciumcarbonatewhichisinthe
8
3x8=0 x= +
formofsuspendedparticles.Whencarbongas
3
ispassedinexcess,themilkinessdisappears
K2Cr2O7 2(+1)+2x+(2)7=0
due to the formation of soluble calcium
2+2x14=0 x=+6
hydrogen carbonate.
HClO3 1+x+3(2)=0
CaCO3(g) +CO2(g) +H2O(aq) Ca(HCO3)2 (aq)
1+x6=0 x=+5
(White ppt.)
Soluble
P2O74 2x+7(2)=4
(e) No, rusting of iron can not take place in
2x14=4 x=+5
distilled water because it neither contains
SO42 x+4(2)=2
dissolvedoxygennorcarbondioxide.Bothare
x8=2 x=+6.
essentialfor the rusting of iron.
4. (6):C6H12O6(aq) +6O2(g)
15. We all know that vapours of poisonous gas
6CO2(g) +6H2O(l) +energy
sulphur trioxide (SO3) are being constantly
1
releasedintotheatmosphereasaresultofthe 5. (3):H2O
H2 + O2
2
combustionofsulphurwhichistakingplace.
1
Thesearedissolvedbyrainwaterandsulphuric
RatioofH:O=1: =2:1
2
acidresults.Therainwatercontainingtheacid
Thesumofratio=2+1=3.
isoftenknownasacidrain.Theacidpresent
1 2 3 4 5
slowly reacts with the compound CaCO3
0 0 0 0 0
present in marble statue and the latter gets
1 1 1 1 1
corroded.
2 2 2 2 2
SO3 +H2O H2SO4
3 3 3 3 3
CaCO3 +H2SO4 CaSO4 +CO2 +H2O
4 4 4 4 4
(Marble)
5
6
7
8
9
Integer Answer Type

1. (5):Mg2P2O7 22+2x+7(2)=0
4+2x14=0 2x10=0
5
6
7
8
9
5
6
7
8
9
5
6
7
8
9
5
6
7
8
9
vvv

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CHAPTER

To demonstrate burning of magnesium ribbon in air.

CLASS 10 FOUNDATION COURSE | CHEMISTRY

To study the reaction between lead nitrate and

To study the reaction between zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid

Conclusion: Wecansaythatzinc Zinc+hydrochloricacid

Characteristics of Chemical Reactions

2 | Chemical Reactions and Equations

CLASS 10 FOUNDATION COURSE | CHEMISTRY

Writing Word Equations

Writing Symbol Equations

Balanced and Unbalanced Equations

Balanced Chemical Equations

4 | Chemical Reactions and Equations

CLASS 10 FOUNDATION COURSE | CHEMISTRY

Unbalanced Chemical Equations

Balancing of Chemical Equations

Example:Magnesiummetal reactswithhydrochloricacidtoform magnesiumchlorideand

CLASS 10 FOUNDATION COURSE | CHEMISTRY

Chemical Reactions and Equations | 5

CLASS 10 FOUNDATION COURSE | CHEMISTRY

Writing Symbols of Physical States

Chemical Reactions and Equations | 7

2NaOH(aq) + H 2( g) orH 2(-)

AgCl( )orAgCl(ppt.) +NaNO3(aq)

Significance of State Symbols

(iv) Marble (calcium carbonate) dissolved in

4 Write the chemical equations for the

Information Conveyed by a Balanced Chemical Equation

C4H10(g) (L.P.G)+ 13O2(g)

10 | Chemical Reactions and Equations

6 What information is conveyed by the

Information not conveyed by Chemical Equation

Achemicalequation doesnottellsusaboutthe feasibilityofachemicalreaction. Itmeansthat

Latest IUPAC Symbols for Enthalpy Changes

Conventions for Writing the Thermochemical Equations

CLASS 10 FOUNDATION COURSE | CHEMISTRY

Chemical Reactions and Equations | 11

Examples of Thermochemical Equation

Type of Chemical Reactions

12 | Chemical Reactions and Equations

CLASS 10 FOUNDATION COURSE | CHEMISTRY

(ii) Formationofsulphurtrioxide: Sulphurdioxidecombineswithoxygentoformsulphurtrioxide.

To study combination of quick lime with water

Quick lime or calcium oxide is formed by heating lime stone

14 | Chemical Reactions and Equations

CLASS 10 FOUNDATION COURSE | CHEMISTRY

Conclusion : This is due tothefollowing decomposition reaction :

Ferrous sulphate Ferric oxide Sulphur dioxide sulphur

To demonstrate thermal decomposition of lead nitrate

Lead oxide Nitrogen dioxide Oxygen

Chemical Reactions and Equations | 15

To demonstrate electrolysis of water

Take a beaker supplied with two carbon (or graphite)

Conclusion: Hydrogen and oxygen areproducedby the electrolysis of water.

(c) Photodecomposition reactions

A catalyst is a substance which increases the rate of

16 | Chemical Reactions and Equations

CLASS 10 FOUNDATION COURSE | CHEMISTRY

To demonstrate photodecomposition of silver chloride

Silver chloride Silver Chlorine

2AgBr( s) 2Ag( s) + Br2( g)

Examples of decomposition reactions:

Chemical Reactions and Equations | 17