UNIT 12.

UNDERSTAND LOW VOLTAGE MACHINES

A tentative Unit Plan
TEACHING AND LEARNING
TOPIC
SEQUEN
CE

SLO &
(PERFORM.
CRITERIA)

KLO &
(SCOPE)

1.

No

Teaching &
Learning
Activities

CONTENT DELIVERED
TOPIC 0. INTRODUCTION TO
UNIT/COURSE

No
2.

Introduction to Unit/Course:

Learning goals.

Unit plan.

Topics breakdown.

Employability skills.

Assessments.

Resources.

OHS issues and other

rules.
Introduction to subject:

Overview of subject.

Relevance of electric
machines.

Course
presentation
and
clarifications.

Motivating
and
introductory
activities:
Pre-test.
Power and
Motor &
Generators. A
technological
and social
perspective.

Optiona
l topic
Note:
this is an
example.
Other
prerequi
sites
coverage
and
schedule
are
possible.

No

No

PREREQUISTE REQUIREMENTS
1.

2.

3.

Math concepts and skills for

the Unit:

Trigonometric functions
and graphs.

Phasors/Vectors (2
dimensions).
Review of Physics and
Electrical concepts & skills
for the Unit:

Rotational Motion.
Newtons Law, Inertia and
Power Relationships.

Electromagnetic principles.

Sinusoids and AC Circuits.

Single and Polyphase.

Machine principles:

DC Generator/Motor.
Generic skills for the Unit:

Oral & Written

communications.

Analytic & problem solving

skills.

RESOURCES

Classroom
discussion
about pretest.
Presentation
of topics and
examples.
Exercises.

Assessment
Tasks

Learning Materials

Informal or
formal preassessment:

Selected Texts:

Unit/Course Syllabus

Unit pre-assessment.

Physics and
electromagne
tic principles
of electrical
machines.

Selected Digital and

Audio-Visual materials:

AV 0. History and
applications of
electrical machines
(Power System, AC
Motors).
Other Sources of Info.:

Electrical machines
industry and
manufacturers.

(Continuous
assessment)

Application of
prerequisites
in technical
Units topics
(exercises,
practices,
projects,
discussions,
etc.).

Selected Texts:

Prerequisite Math.
Skills.

Prerequisite Physics
& Electricity Skills.

Prerequisite Generic
Skills.
Selected Digital and
Audio-Visual materials:

Resources for
learning and
exercising of
prerequisites.
Other Sources of Info.:

Materials of previous
Units which are prerequisite of this one:

(Associate
Diploma Units)
Units 06, 10, 09,
and others.

TIME
ESTIMAT
ED

Equipment and
others
Computers and other IT:

Internet access.

General projection
equipment
(computer, videoprojector and screen,
etc.).
Materials and Equipment:

Electricity Lab. and a

sample of Unit
resources.

Computers and other IT:

Internet access.

General projection
equipment and
computers.
Others:

Scientific calculator.

Circuit
simulator/software.

1
GLH

3
GLH


4.

Teamwork and selfmanagement.

Other prerequisite
knowledge.

PART I ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMERS

1 (Prepare)
(1.1, 1.3-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1,2.2,2.4)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

1 (1-3,7-9)
2(1-2,7)

TOPIC 1. THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER

1.

2.

3.

Basic structure and operation:

Transformer definition.

Basic types of
transformers:

Air core (high

frequency).

Iron core (low

frequency):

Core type.
Structure.

Shell type.
Structure.

Single/three phase.

Schematic symbols.

Essential operation:

Coupling (mutual
flux).

Transformer action.

Step-up and Stepdown transformers.

Voltage, current and turns
relationship:

Ideal transformer.
Conditions:

No copper and iron

losses.

Negligible exciting
current.

Power transfer: 100%

(efficiency).

How a transformer works:

No-load:

Self induced e1

Mutual induct. e2

Relationship of V
and N ratios.

Load:

Power2 = Power1.

Relationship of I
and N ratios.

Effect of i2 in i1.

Phase relation.

Basic calculations.
Construction of transformers:

Design problems. How to

approach features of the
ideal transformer:

Heat dissipation.

Presentation
of topics with
demonstratio
ns.

Topic 1 Workbook:

Laboratory
Practice 1.
The ideal
Transformer.
Transformer
Ratios.

Class
exercises and
discussion of
topics and
demos.

Lab
practices.
Calculating,
analyzing
and testing
the ideal
transformer.

Self-study
and checking
for
understandin
g
(independent
work).

Topic test 1.

Selected Texts:

Topic 1 Contents.

Topic 1 Exercises and

Practices.

Topic 1 Test.

Computers and other IT:

Internet access.

Computers and
general projection
equipment.

Selected Digital and

Audio-Visual materials:

AV 1. About basics of
electrical
transformers.
Lessons,
experiments,
practices, extension
topics and more.

Materials and Equipment:

Sources of Info.:

Educational
equipment
documentation.

General:

Demo and practice

equipment about
electrical
transformers. Single
phase transformers
(low power) and
testing equipment.
Parts and materials.
Specific:

(ALECOP)
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING RANGE
OF EDUC.
EQUIPMENTS:

KTM-120. Kit of
Single Phase
Transformer

Electrical Circuit
Analysis
Equipment.

2
GLH

4.

5.

6.

1 (Prepare)
(1.1-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.4)
3 (Complete)

2(2-7)
3 (1-3)
4 (1-6)
1.

Improved insulation.
Low losses.
Superior
performances.

How are made Shell/Core

and others transformers
(toroidal).

Windings types.

Lamination design.

Relevance of core
materials:

Grain-oriented steel.

Amorphous.

Process and tools (winding

machines).

Wiring rules (standards).

Basic transformer tests:

Winding identification.

Insulation.

Continuity.
Basic transformers rating:

KVA ratings.

Nameplate data. More

ratings.
Types and applications:

Classification of
transformers.

Power transformers:

Power generation and

distribution.

Three-phase
transformers.

Dry and filled

transformers.

Volt-ampere (low power)

transformers.

Custom transformers:

Autotransformers.

Constant Voltage.

Isolation.

Impedance matching.

Others.

Magnethermic effect of
transformers
(applications):

Water heater by
induction.

Induction furnaces
and cooking.

Others.
TOPIC 2. THE PRACTICAL
TRANSFORMER
The real transformer.
Losses:

Presentation
of topics with
demonstratio
ns.

Topic 2 Workbook:

Laboratory
Practice 2.
The

Selected Texts:

Topic 2 Contents.

Topic 2 Exercises and

Practices.

Computers and other IT:

Internet access.

Computers and
general projection
equipment.

3
GLH

2.

(3.1-3.3)
3.

4.

5.

6.

1 (Prepare)
(1.1, 1.3-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.4)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

1 (4-6)
3 (4-7)
1.

Iron losses (Eddy +

Hysteresis).

Flux leakage and Fringing.

Copper losses.

Magnetizing current.

Real transformer
operation:

Magnitudes and
relationships.

Phasor diagram (No

Load).
Equivalent circuit of a
practical transformer:

Modelization of primary
and secondary
parameters:

Resistances.

Inductances.

Capacitances.

Currents and emf.

Equivalent circuit.

Simplifications.

Basic numerical
calculations.
Transformer parameters:

Percentage impedance.

Effect.

Impedance
measurement.

Voltage regulation.
Efficiency:

Energy losses in a
transformer.

Efficiency.

All-day Efficiency.
Transformer tests:

Open circuit test.

Short circuit test.

Purpose and procedures.

Estimation of transformer
parameters (losses,
regulation, efficiency).
Selection of transformers.

More transformer ratings.

TOPIC 3. THE POWER
TRANSFORMER
The three phase power
transformer:

Essential winding and core

structures.

Operation of a 3Ptransformer.

Construction. Basic parts

practical
transformer
.

NoLoad.

Loaded
.

Tests
with
Load,
No
Load
and
shorte
d.

Class
exercises and
discussion of
topics and
demos.
Lab
practices.
Calculating,
analyzing
and testing
the practical
practical
transformer
(singlephase).

Self-study
and checking
for
understandin
g
(independent
work).

Topic test 2.

PROJECT 1:
Constructio
n of
Transformer
s

Time to work
on assigned
project 1.

Presentation
of topics with
examples.
In-class
exercises and
discussion of
topics and
demos.
Simple

Topic 3 Workbook:

Laboratory
Practice 3.
The ThreePhase
transformer
.

Basic
Tests.

Topic 2 Test.

Selected Digital and

Audio-Visual materials:

AV2. About
practical
transformers and
tests.
Lessons,
experiments,
practices, extension
topics and more.
Other Sources of Info.:

Educational
equipment
documentation.

Materials and Equipment:

General:

Demo and practice

equipment about
electrical
transformers. Single
phase transformers
(low power) and
testing equipment.
Parts and materials.
Specific:

(ALECOP)
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
RANGE OF EDUC.
EQUIPMENTS:

ProLAB Modular
test bench

Educational
transformers.

Selected Texts:

Topic 3 Contents.

Topic 3 Exercises and

Practices.

Topic 3 Test.

Computers and other IT:

Internet access.

Computers and
general projection
equipment.

Selected Digital and

Audio-Visual materials:

AV3. About the

Three-Phase power

Materials and Equipment:

General:

Demo and practice

2
GLH

2.

3.

4.

of a Dry-type power
transformer:

Three leg core.

LV and HV windings.

LV and HV terminals.

Cross-flow fans.

Temperature
monitoring.

Insulation.

Frame

Construction. Basic parts

of an oil filled dry-type
transformer:

Transformer Tank.

High Voltage Bushing

Low Voltage Bushing

Cooling Fins/Radiator

Cooling Fans

Conservator Tank

System Ground
Terminal

Drain Valve

Dehydrating Breather

Oil
Temperature/Pressure
gauges

Bushing Current
Transformers

Control Panel

Surge Arresters
Cooling methods:

Losses and transformer

heat.

Transformers according
cooling type (Air-Oil).

Self-cooled (AN & AF).

Solutions.

Oil-cooled. Solutions.

Cooling mediums.

Oil inspection and testing.

Transformer rating and

cooling.
Ancillary equipment:

Bushings.

Security devices. Arresters,

relays and other systems.

Conservator tanks.

Temperature monitoring.

Transformer tappings and

tap changers:

Off-load tappers.

On-load tappers.

Sequence of
switching.
Types of power transformer

calculations
with power
3Ptransformers
and analysis.

Lab
practices.
Basic testing
of a ThreePhase
Transformer.
Time to work
on assigned
project 1.

Self-study
and checking
for
understandin
g
(independent
work).

Topic test 3.

PROJECT 1:
Constructio
n of
Transformer
s

transformer.
Lessons,
experiments,
practices, extension
topics and more.
Other Sources of Info.:

Educational
equipment
documentation.

equipment about
electrical
transformers. Threephase transformers
(low power) and
testing equipment.
Parts and materials.
Specific:

(ALECOP)
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
RANGE OF EDUC.
EQUIPMENTS:

ProLAB Modular
test bench

Educational
transformers.

5.

1 (Prepare)
(1.1-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.7)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

5 (1-5)
1.

2.

3.

faults and preventive

maintenance routines.
Electrical power distribution
ratings:

Range of powers of dry

and oil-filled power
transformers.

Prototypical applications.
TOPIC 4. TRANSFORMER
CONNECTIONS
Typical transformer
connections:

Secondary in single or
parallel connection.

Two-phase. Two singlephase transformers double

wound to produce a threephase output.

Three-phase:

Star-Star (Y-Y)

Delta-Delta (-)

Star-Delta (Y-)

Delta-Star (-Y)

Open Delta (V-V)

Scott (T-T)

Zigzag connection.

Connections and basic

characteristics:
application, voltages,
power and phase
relationships, cost, etc.
Vector groups (according
IEC standard):

Vector group notation on a

transformer plate.

Codification:

Line terminal
numbers.

Code numbers.

Phase shift.

Tapping marking

The most common vector

groups interpreted:

Vector diagrams and

circuit configurations.

The case of tertiary

windings.

Hazards and safety

precautions.
Polarity of single-phase
transformers:

Meaning and notation.

Additive and Subtractive

polarity

Presentation
of topics with
examples.
In-class
exercises and
discussion of
topics and
demos.
Interpretation
of connection
diagrams,
vector groups
and
paralleling
cases. Simple
calculations
and analysis
of conditions
for
paralleling.

Lab
practices.
Basic testing
of polarity
and phase
sequence.
Paralleling of
single-phase
transformers.

Time to work
on assigned
project 1.

Topic 4 Workbook:

Laboratory
Practice 4.
Paralleling
transformer
s.

Self-study
and checking
for
understandin
g
(independent
work).

Topic test 4.

PROJECT 1:
Constructio
n of
Transformer
s

Selected Texts:

Topic 4 Contents.

Topic 4 Exercises and

Practices.

Topic 4 Test.

Computers and other IT:

Internet access.

Computers and
general projection
equipment.

Selected Digital and

Audio-Visual materials:

AV4. About
paralleling
transformers.
Lessons,
experiments,
practices, extension
topics and more.

Materials and Equipment:

Other Sources of Info.:

Educational
equipment
documentation.

General:

Demo and practice

equipment about
electrical
transformers. Single
and three-phase
transformers (low
power) and testing
equipment. Parts and
materials.
Specific:

(ALECOP)
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
RANGE OF EDUC.
EQUIPMENTS:

ETT-120.
Electrical ThreePhase
Transformer
educational
module.

TRI-120 (Step
Down and
protection 3PTransformer.

Electrical Circuit
Analysis
Equipment and
other
accessories
(instrumentatio
n, etc.).

3
GLH

1 (Prepare)
(1.1, 1.3-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.4)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

6 (1-8)

Basic testing of polarity.

Importance for parallel
operation.
4. Phase relationship of threephase transformers:

Relative phase sequence of

the three HV and LV leads.

Relative positions of
terminal connections and
marking.

Importance for parallel

operation.
5. Parallel operation of
transformers:

Meaning of parallel
connection and operation
of transformers.

Conditions for parallel

operation:

Single-phase
transformer and
Three-phase
transformer:

Polarity & Phase

sequence.

Vector grouping.
Identification of
appropriate
vector groups for
paralleling.

Turns ratio.

Percentage
impedance.

Meaning of conditions
and consequences of
no meeting them.

Basic testing of
conditions for
paralleling.

Single-phase and threephase paralleling.

Applications and
advantages of paralleling.
TOPIC 5. AUTOTRANSFORMERS
AND INSTRUMENT
TRANSFORMERS
1.

Autotransformers:

Structure and basic

operation:

Examples.

Step-down
autotransformers.

Ratios. Calculations.

Connections.

Presentation
of topics with
examples
and demos.
In-class
exercises and
discussion of
topics and
demos.
Autotransfor
mer

Topic 5 Workbook:

Laboratory
Practice 5.
Auto
Transformer
tests.
Self-study
and checking
for
understandin

Selected Texts:

Topic 5 Contents.

Topic 5 Exercises and

Practices.

Topic 5 Test.

Computers and other IT:

Internet access.

Computers and
general projection
equipment.

Selected Digital and

Audio-Visual materials:

AV5. About auto

transformers and
instrument
transformers.

Materials and Equipment:

General:

Demo and practice

equipment about
electrical

2
GLH

operation.
Frome single
phase to
autotransformers.
instrument
transformers.

1-3

1-6

Step-up autotransformers.

Ratios. Calculations.

Connections.

Applications.

Advantages and
disadvantages of
autotransformers.
2. Instrument transformers:

Definition.

Current transformer.

Broadbandterminated current
transformer.

Potential or Voltage
transformer.

Fibre-optic current
and Potential
transformers.

Protection of instrument
transformer.

Applications and selection

of instrument
transformers.

Basic testing.
TIME ALLOCATED FOR
FINALIZATION AND ASSESMENT
OF PROJECT 1

1-6

KNOWLEDGE EXAM 1

7 (1-6)
8(1,2)
9(1-3)

TOPIC 6. SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION

MOTORS

Lab
practices.
Basic
operation
and testing
of auto and
instrumenttransformers.

Time to work
on assigned
project 1.

g
(independent
work).

Topic test 5.

PROJECT 1:
Constructio
n of
Transformer
s

Lessons,
experiments,
practices, extension
topics and more.
Other Sources of Info.:

Educational
equipment
documentation.

transformers. Auto
transformer and
specialty
transformers. Parts
and materials.
Specific:

(ALECOP)
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
RANGE OF EDUC.
EQUIPMENTS:

Educational
transformers:

Threephase
autotransformer
AT3822

Single and
3P
transforme
rs (TM/TT)

4
GLH
1
GLH

PART II THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

1 (Prepare)
(1.1, 1.3-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.4)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

1.

Induction motors and basic

constructive characteristics:

Definition.

Basic types:

3P and single phase.

Three phase:

Squirrel Cage.

Wound rotor.

Components and structure

of a 3P-induction motor
(squirrel-cage):

Stator:

Construction.

Wounds (poles).

Effect of design
in motor
performance.

Rotor:

Squirrel cage
rotors.

Effect of design
in motor

Presentation
of topics with
examples
and demos.
In-class
exercises and
discussion of
topics and
demos.
Squirrel cage
induction
motor
structure,
operating
principles
and basic
performance
parameters.
Lab
practices.
Testing of
squirrel cage
induction

Topic 6 Workbook:

Laboratory
Practice 6.
Squirrel cage
induction
motor
characteristic
s.
Self-study
and checking
for
understandin
g
(independent
work).
Topic test 6.

Selected Texts:

Topic 6 Contents.

Topic 6 Exercises and

Practices.

Topic 6 Test.

Computers and other IT:

Internet access.

Computers and
general projection
equipment.

Selected Digital and

Audio-Visual materials:

AV6. About basics of

squirrel cage
induction motors.
Lessons,
experiments,
practices, extension
topics and more.

Materials and Equipment:

Other Sources of Info.:

Educational
equipment
documentation.

General:

Demo and practice

equipment about
electrical machines
(AC induction
machines).
Specific:
(ALECOP)
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING RANGE
OF EDUC.
EQUIPMENTS:

KMQ-120. Kit of
Electric
Machines.

3
GLH

2.

performance
(impedance,
skew of bars,
etc.).

Terminal block
connections.

Block markings.

Basic nameplate data.

Principles of induction-motor
action:

Basic motor principles

operating:

Faradays Law
(induction).

Lenzs Law (force

induction).

Transformer effects.

Rotating magnetic field

produced by three phase
currents:

Alternating flux and

rotating flux (2 and
3P).

Rotating flux speed

(synch. speed, Ns).

Rotor speed (N) and

Slip.

Flux magnitude and

speed parameters.

Number of poles.

Air gap.

Frequency,
Voltage.

Rotor
impedance.

Relationship between
rotor speed, slip,
frequency and poles:

Basic
calculations.

Torque:

Torque generation.

Parameters:

Rotor speed and

slip (relative
speed).

Effect of slip in
induced emf,
current and rotor
flux frequency.

Starting torque
and modification
with
acceleration.

Torque-Speed curves
(Torque as function of

motor to
determine
basic
characteristic
s.

KMQ-120
accessories
(TRI-120/GTT120)

1 (Prepare)
(1.1, 1.3-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.4)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

7 (1-6)
8(1,2)
9(1-3)

Ns or %Slip).

Effect of load
variation and
motor response.

Mayor curve
magnitudes
(maximum
torque, etc.) and
interpretation.
Torque and motor output
power:

Relationship.
Reversal of rotation.

TOPIC 7. COMPLEX CAGE AND

SLIP-RING INDUCTION MOTORS
1.

2.

3.

Rotor impedance and

torque.

Relationship between rotor

impedance, current and
generated torque.

Squirrel-Cage induction
motor types according to
rotor construction:

General purpose.

Moderate starting
torque.

High starting torque.

Corresponding rotor
designs and torquespeed curves.

Standard classes of
induction motors.
Special Squirrel-Cage
induction motors:

Double-Cage rotors.

Deep-bar rotors.

Internal effects and output

characteristics (high
torque with low currents).

Other special squirrel-cage

motors and applications.
Slip-Ring Motor
construction:

Presentation
of topics with
examples
and demos.
In-class
exercises and
discussion of
topics and
demos. Slipring induction
motor
structure,
operating
principles
and basic
performance
parameters.
Lab
practices.
Testing of
slip-ring
induction
motor to
determine
basic
characteristic
s.

Topic 7 Workbook:

Laboratory
Practice 7.
Slip-ring
induction
motor
characterist
ics.
Self-study
and checking
for
understandin
g
(independent
work).
Topic test 7.

Selected Texts:

Topic 7 Contents.

Topic 7 Exercises and

Practices.

Topic 7 Test.

Computers and other IT:

Internet access.

Computers and
general projection
equipment.

Selected Digital and

Audio-Visual materials:

AV7. About basics

slip ring induction
motors and
advanced types of
squirrel-cage
motors.
Lessons,
experiments,
practices, extension
topics and more.

Materials and Equipment:

Other Sources of Info.:

Educational
equipment
documentation.

General:

Demo and practice

equipment about
electrical machines
(AC induction
machines).
Specific:

(ALECOP)
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
RANGE OF EDUC.
EQUIPMENTS:

KMQ-120. Kit of
Electric
Machines.

KMQ-120
accessories
(TRI-120/GTT120)

2
GLH

1 (Prepare)
(1.1-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.4, 2.7)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

Parts (wounded rotor, slip

rings).

Terminal markings.

Operation:

Slip rings open.

Slip rings shorted.

Basic torque-speed
curve.

Added rotor resistance

effect:

Rotor current and

torque effects.

Torque performance
(control). Regulation
of motor response
(torque-speed curve).

Torque and motor output

power:

Relationship.

Reversal of rotation.

Comparison of squirrel
cage and slip-ring motors:

Advantages and
disadvantages.

Typical applications.
TOPIC 8. INDUCTION MOTOR
LOAD CHARACTERISTICS

9(1-5)
1.

2.

3.

Power flow and losses in the

IM:

Motor output power.

Energy losses in stator and

rotor.

Efficiency.

Power factor:

Power factor lagging

in the IM motors.

Test to determine
power factor.
Motor rating. High efficiency
motors:

Minimum Energy
Performance standards for
induction motors.

Justification (saving
energy).

Design features of high

efficiency induction
motors.

Examples of IM data from

electrical machines
manufacturers.
Motor testing:

Operation of IM no loaded.

Operation.

Presentation
of topics with
examples
and
demonstratio
ns.
In-class
exercises and
discussion of
topics and
demos.
Qualitative
and
quantitative
analysis of IM
loaded
motors.
Lab practice.
Hands-on
experiments
about basic
testing of
electric
machine
(Motors).

Topic 8 Workbook:

Laboratory
Practice 8.
Induction
Motor Load
Tests.

Self-study
and checking
for
understandin
g
(independent
work).

Topic test 8.

Selected Texts:

Topic 8 Contents.

Topic 8 Exercises and

Practices.

Topic 8 Test.

Computers and other IT:

Internet access.

Computers and
general projection
equipment.

Selected Digital and

Audio-Visual materials:

AV8. About testing

of IM motors.
Lessons,
experiments,
practices, extension
topics and more.

Materials and Equipment:

Other Sources of Info.:

Educational
equipment
documentation.

General:

Demo and practice

equipment about
electrical machines
(AC induction
machines).
Specific:

(ALECOP)
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
RANGE OF EDUC.
EQUIPMENTS:

ProLAB Modular
test bench.

Educational
electrical
machines
(squirrel-cage,
slip-ring motor,
etc.).

3
GLH

Typical magnitudes
(magnetizing and iron
currents, speed,
power, power factor,
etc.).

Phasor diagram.
Operation of IM loaded.

Operation (half, full

load).

Typical magnitudes.

Phasor diagrams.
Effect of rotor current on
stator current with load
variations.
Induction motor load test:

Definition.

Interpretation of
resulting curves.

Standard test and

procedure.

PART III SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

1 (Prepare)
(1.1-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.4, 2.7)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

10(1-5)

TOPIC 9. SINGLE PHASE SPLIT-PHASE

INDUCTION MOTORS
1.

2.

Phase splitting concept and

single-phase split-phase motor
operation:

Pulsating field and starting

conditions for a singlephase induction motor.
Practical methods for
starting:

Auxiliary winding.
Principle of operation
and motor structure.

Starting process of a
single-phase split phase
(auxiliary winding) IM:

Pulling torque
generation.

Currents.

The role of centrifugal

starting switch.

Torque-speed typical
characteristic.

Split-phase motors forward

and reversal connections.
Construction of single-phase
motors:

General classification of
single-phase induction
motors.

Components of a singlephase motor, split phase:

Stator.

Presentation
of topics with
examples
and
demonstratio
ns.
In-class
exercises and
discussion of
topics and
demos. Basic
qualitative
and
quantitative
analysis of
single-phase
split-phase
motors.
Lab practice.
Hands-on
experiments
about basic
testing of
single-phase
split-phase
motors.

Topic 9 Workbook:

Laboratory
Practice 9.
Single Phase
Split-Phase
Motor.

Self-study
and checking
for
understandin
g
(independent
work).

Topic test 9.

Selected Texts:

Topic 9 Contents.

Topic 9 Exercises and

Practices.

Topic 9 Test.

Computers and other IT:

Internet access.

Computers and
general projection
equipment.

Selected Digital and

Audio-Visual materials:

AV9. About SplitPhase single-phase

IM.
Lessons,
experiments,
practices, extension
topics and more.

Materials and Equipment:

Other Sources of Info.:

Educational
equipment
documentation.

General:

Demo and practice

equipment about
electrical machines
(AC induction
machines).
Specific:
(ALECOP)
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING RANGE
OF EDUC.
EQUIPMENTS:

KMQ-120. Kit of
Electric
Machines.

KMQ-120
accessories
(TRI-120/GTT120)

3
GLH

3.

4.

10

1 (Prepare)
(1.1-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.4, 2.7)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

11(1-5)
1.

2.

3.

Rotor.
Centrifugal switch.
Identification of stator
windings.
Basic testing and calculations
(split-phase motor):

Nameplate data.

Stator wounds
identification.

Torque.

Output power.

Efficiency.

Power factor.

Speed and Slip.

Applications of typical splitphase motors.
TOPIC 10. CAPACITOR AND
SHADED POLE MOTORS
Shaded pole motor:

Definition.

Operation and torque

generation.

Structure.

Torque speedcharacteristic.

Connections and reversal

of turning direction.

Comparison to split-phase
motors.

Nameplate.

Applications.
Capacitor-start split-phase
motor:

Definition.

Operation and torque

generation.

Structure. Capacitor wiring

and switch.

Torque speedcharacteristic.

Connections and reversal.

Comparison to other
single-phase methods.
Advantages.

Nameplate.

Applications.
Permanent split-phase
capacitor motor:

Definition.

Operation and torque

generation.

Structure. Capacitor wiring

Presentation
of topics with
examples
and
demonstratio
ns.
In-class
exercises and
discussion of
topics and
demos. Basic
qualitative
analysis of
single-phase
capacitor
motors and
shaded-pole
motors and
comparison
of
performances
.
Lab practice.
Hands-on
experiments
about basic
testing of
single-phase
capacitor
motors.

Topic 10
Workbook:

Laboratory
Practice 10.
Single
Phase
capacitor
Motor.
Self-study
and checking
for
understandin
g
(independent
work).
Topic test 10.

Selected Texts:

Topic 10 Contents.

Topic 10 Exercises
and Practices.

Topic 10 Test.

Computers and other IT:

Internet access.

Computers and
general projection
equipment.

Selected Digital and

Audio-Visual materials:

AV10. About SplitPhase capacitor IM

and shaded pole
IM.
Lessons,
experiments,
practices, extension
topics and more.

Materials and Equipment:

Other Sources of Info.:

Educational
equipment
documentation.

General:

Demo and practice

equipment about
electrical machines
(AC induction
machines).
Specific:

(ALECOP)
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
RANGE OF EDUC.
EQUIPMENTS:

KMQ-120. Kit of
Electric
Machines.

KMQ-120
accessories
(TRI-120/GTT120)

3
GLH

and switch.
Torque speedcharacteristic.

Connections and reversal.

Comparison to other
single-phase methods.
Advantages.

Applications.
4. Capacitor-start capacitorrun motor:

Definition.

Operation and torque

generation.

Structure. Capacitor wiring

and switch.

Torque speedcharacteristic.

Connections and reversal.

Comparison to split-phase
motors.

Nameplate.

Applications.
5. Components:

Windings.

Shaded Poles.

Run capacitors and starting

capacitors.

Protection devices.

Single-phase motor
starters.
6. Maintenance and typical
faults.
TOPIC 11. SERIES UNIVERSAL
MOTORS

11

1 (Prepare)
(1.1-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.4, 2.7)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

12(1-4)

1.

2.

Series Universal motors:

Definition.

Operation and torque

generation.

Structure.

Mode AC: laminated

armature and rotor.

Torque speedcharacteristic (AC & DC).

High starting torque.

Connections and reversal

of turning direction.

Nameplate.

Applications.
Electronic speed control of
universal methods:

Analogue methods:

Variable resistor.

Presentation
of topics with
examples
and
demonstratio
ns.
In-class
exercises and
discussion of
topics and
demos. Basic
qualitative
analysis of
series
universal
motors.
Lab practice.
Hands-on
experiments
about basic

Topic 11
Workbook:

Laboratory
Practice 11.
Series
Universal
Motors.
Self-study
and checking
for
understandin
g
(independent
work).
Topic test 11.

Selected Texts:

Topic 11 Contents.

Topic 11 Exercises
and Practices.

Topic 11 Test.

Computers and other IT:

Internet access.

Computers and
general projection
equipment.

Selected Digital and

Audio-Visual materials:

AV11. About Series

Universal Motors.
Lessons,
experiments,
practices, extension
topics and more.

Materials and Equipment:

Other Sources of Info.:

Educational
equipment
documentation.

General:

Demo and practice

equipment about
electrical machines
(AC induction
machines and DC
machines/Series
motor for AC).
Specific:

(ALECOP)
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
RANGE OF EDUC.

2
GLH


Tapped field method.
Electronic methods.

Triac.
Maintenance and typical
faults.
General comparison
between single phase
induction motors including
universal motors.

testing of
series
universal
motors.

3.
4.

EQUIPMENTS:

KMQ-120. Kit of
Electric
Machines.

KMQ-120
accessories
(TRI-120/GTT120)
(Optional)

ProLAB Modular
test bench.

Educational
electrical
machines
(squirrel-cage,
slip-ring motor,
etc.).

PART IV SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

12

1 (Prepare)
(1.1-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.4, 2.7)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

14(1-3,6-9)
15(1-9)

TOPIC 12. ALTERNATORS

1.

2.

Construction of synchronous
alternators:

Definition, basic use

(power supply), general
principle of operation and
other generalities.

Basic structure:

Salient pole rotor.

Cylindrical rotor.

The alternator stator.

Cooling.

Rotating field type of

alternator vs rotating
armature.

Constructive differences
between three-phase and
single phase alternators.
Alternator principles and main
parameters:

Three-phase alternator.

Stator connections (-):

Advantages and
disadvantages.

Alternator frequency.

Types of excitation:

Brushless excitation.

Self-excitation,
permanent-magnet
and other types.

Advantages and
disadvantages.

Generated voltage and

frequency and basic
factors of variation:

Number of poles.

Presentation
of topics with
examples
and
demonstratio
ns.

In-class
exercises and
discussion of
topics and
demos. Basic
qualitative
analysis of
synchronous
alternators.

Lab practice.
Hands-on
experiments
about basic
testing of
synchronous
alternators
(open load).

Topic 12
Workbook:

Laboratory
Practice 12.
Synchronous
alternators.

Self-study
and checking
for
understandin
g
(independent
work).

Topic test 12.

Selected Texts:

Topic 12 Contents.

Topic 12 Exercises
and Practices.

Topic 12 Test.

Computers and other IT:

Internet access.

Computers and
general projection
equipment.

Selected Digital and

Audio-Visual materials:

AV12. About
alternators and
principles of
synchronous
machines.
Lessons,
experiments,
practices, extension
topics and more.

Materials and Equipment:

Other Sources of Info.:

Educational
equipment
documentation.

General:

Demo and practice

equipment about
electrical machines
(AC machines.
Alternators and
prime-movers for
testing).
Specific:
(ALECOP)
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING RANGE
OF EDUC.
EQUIPMENTS:

KMQ-120. Kit of
Electric
Machines.

KMQ-120
accessories
(TRI-120/GTT120)
(Optional)

ProLAB Modular
test bench.

Educational
electrical
machines
(squirrel-cage,
slip-ring motor,

3
GLH

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

13

1 (Prepare)
(1.1-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.4, 2.7)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

14(5-9)
15(1-3, 9)

8.

1.

2.

Rotor speed.

Nameplate.
Basic synchronous alternator
testing:

The alternator under noload condition:

Equivalent circuit.
Single-phase alternators:

Principles of operation and

construction:

Flashing the DC field.

Protections.
Ratings and selection of
alternators:

Major factors of
performance.

Standard designs and

basic criteria for choosing
(Temperature and others).

Typical ratings:

Continuous.

Standby alternators.

Prototypical applications.
Standby alternator:

Standby operation.

Connection:

Feedback.

Auto-transfer switch.

Break-before-make
switch.

Applications of standby
alternators in power
distribution systems.
Parallel operation:

Definition and applications.

Common faults in alternators.
TOPIC 13. ALTERNATORS.
ADVANCED CONCEPTS
Alternator Load
Characteristic Curve:

Analysis of the curve and

general testing procedure.

Performance under
Resistive, Inductive and
Capacitive loads.

Winding impedance.

Armature reaction.

Voltage regulation and

regulation curves.
Alternators in parallel:

Parallel operation.

Synchronizing:

Conditions. Same

etc.).

Presentation
of topics with
examples
and
demonstratio
ns.
In-class
exercises and
discussion of
topics and
demos. Basic
qualitative
and
quantitative
analysis of
synchronous
alternators.

Topic 13
Workbook:

Laboratory
Practice 13.
Synchronou
s
alternators
(advanced).

Selected Texts:

Topic 13 Contents.

Topic 13 Exercises
and Practices.

Topic 13 Test.

Computers and other IT:

Internet access.

Computers and
general projection
equipment.
Materials and Equipment:

Self-study
and checking
for
understandin
g
(independent
work).

Selected Digital and

Audio-Visual materials:

AV13. About
alternators and
principles of
synchronous
machines.
Lessons,
experiments,
practices, extension
topics and more.

Topic test 13.

Other Sources of Info.:

General:

Demo and practice

equipment about
electrical machines
(AC machines.
Alternators and
prime-movers for
testing).
Specific:
(ALECOP)

2
GLH

3.

14

1 (Prepare)
(1.1-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.4, 2.7)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

14(1,4,6,8,1
0)
1.

2.

3.

values of Voltage,
Frequency, Phase and
phase sequence.

Synchronizing with
lamps:

Method.

Synchronizing with
rotary synchroscope:

Method.

Some scenarios of
operation in parallel
operation:

Division of load
between two
alternators.

Output voltage.
Change of excitation.

Disconnecting
alternators from the
line.

Hunting.
Asynchronous generator
(induction generator):

How to use an induction

motor as a generator.
TOPIC 14. SYNCHRONOUS
MOTORS
Synchronous motors:

Definition.

Principle of operation.
Synchronous speed.
Starting.

Basic structure and

connections.

General applications.
Construction:

Stator.

Rotors:

Reluctance (salient
pole) type.

Hysteresis type.

Permanent magnet
type.

From every type:

Constructive details.

Effects of rotor type in

motor performance.

Typical applications.

Starting techniques.
Constructive details.
Operating characteristics of
synchronous motors:

V-Curves.

Torque generation:

Lab practice.
Hands-on
experiments
about basic
testing of
synchronous
alternators
(loaded and
paralleling).

Presentation
of topics with
examples
and
demonstratio
ns.

In-class
exercises and
discussion of
topics and
demos. Basic
qualitative
analysis of
synchronous
motors.
Lab practice.
Hands-on
experiments
about basic
testing of
synchronous
motors.

Topic 14
Workbook:

Laboratory
Practice 14.
Synchronou
s motors.

Self-study
and checking
for
understandin
g
(independent
work).

Topic test 14.

ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
RANGE OF EDUC.
EQUIPMENTS:

KMQ-120. Kit of
Electric
Machines.

KMQ-120
accessories
(TRI-120/GTT120)
(Optional)

ProLAB Modular
test bench.

Educational
electrical
machines
(squirrel-cage,
slip-ring motor,
etc.).

Educational
equipment
documentation.

Selected Texts:

Topic 14 Contents.

Topic 14 Exercises
and Practices.

Topic 14 Test.

Computers and other IT:

Internet access.

Computers and
general projection
equipment.

Selected Digital and

Audio-Visual materials:

AV14. About
synchronous
motors.
Lessons,
experiments,
practices, extension
topics and more.

Materials and Equipment:

Other Sources of Info.:

Educational
equipment
documentation.

General:

Demo and practice

equipment about
electrical machines
(AC machines.
Alternators/Synchron
ous motor for
testing).
Specific:

(ALECOP)
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
RANGE OF EDUC.
EQUIPMENTS:

KMQ-120. Kit of
Electric
Machines.

KMQ-120
accessories
(TRI-120/GTT120)
(Optional)

3
GLH

Meaning of torque
angle.

Effect of load in
torque
angle/generation.

Torque-speed curve.
Power factor correction.
Reversing synchronous
motors.
Synchronous capacitor:

Concept.

Conditions.

Structure and
applications.
Efficiency.
Braking methods.
Nameplate.

ProLAB Modular
test bench.
Educational
electrical
machines
(squirrel-cage,
slip-ring motor,
etc.).

PART V MOTOR STARTERS, PROTECTION AND MAINTENANCE

15
(Option
al Topic)
This is a
review
of
motor
starters
, which
have
been
introdu
ced in
Unit 09Associa
te
Diploma
.
It might
contain
some
new
content
.

1 (Prepare)
(1.1-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.4, 2.7)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

7(4,6)
8(3)
9(1,4,5)
10(5)

TOPIC 15. MOTOR STARTER

OPERATIONS AND APPLICATIONS
1.

2.

Motor starting and starter.

Principles:

Motor starting current and

torque and their potential
problems.

Torque-speed relationship
in induction motors:

Torque as function of
applied Voltage.

Speed as function of
frequency.

Speed-torque curves
and consequences:

Suit load to
starting torque.

Standards about limiting

starting current in
induction motors.

Starters:

Selection according
motor type and
operating conditions.
Motor starter basic circuits:

Starters types (circuits):

Direct On Line:

Manually
operated.

Contactor
controlled.

Star-Delta starter.

Autotransformer
starter.

Primary resistance
starter.

Presentation
of topics with
examples
and
demonstratio
ns.
In-class
exercises and
discussion of
topics and
demos. Basic
review and
qualitative
analysis of
starter
circuits,
speed-drive,
reversal and
brake
systems for
3P induction
motors.
Lab practice.
Hands-on
experiments
about basic
testing of
starters and
speed-drives.

Topic 15
Workbook:

Laboratory
Practice 15.
Starter
circuits.
Variable
speed-drive
system.
Self-study
and checking
for
understandin
g
(independent
work).
Topic test 15.

Selected Texts:

Topic 15 Contents.

Topic 15 Exercises
and Practices.

Topic 15 Test.

Computers and other IT:

Internet access.

Computers and
general projection
equipment.

Selected Digital and

Audio-Visual materials:

AV15. About motor

starters, braking
systems and variable
speed-drives.
Lessons,
experiments,
practices, extension
topics and more.

Materials and Equipment:

Other Sources of Info.:

Educational
equipment
documentation.

General:

Demo and practice

equipment about
electrical machines
(AC machines,
control accessories
and speed drive
system).
Specific:

(ALECOP)
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING RANGE
OF EDUC.
EQUIPMENTS:

KMQ-120. Kit of
Electric
Machines.

KMQ-120
accessories
(TRI-120/GTT120).

AC Variable
Speed Drive +
AC motor +
accessories.

Motor starter
trainer (Ref.:
MT332.

3
GLH

3.

4.

Secondary resistance
starter.

Electronic starter:

Programmable.

Functional characteristics
of starter circuits:

Torque-speed
relationships.

Basic calculations:

Starting voltages
and torques.

Starting
resistors.

Speed.
Three-phase induction motor
speed control:

Pole-changing motors.

Variable-speed drives.

Principle (regulated
electronic inverters):

PWM inverter
and others.

Functional block
diagram.

Applications.

Speed-drives for 3P
and single-phase
motors.

Characteristics:

Structure. Functional
parts.

Commissioning.

Modes of operation:

Direct/manual.

Using drive
inputs.

Closed loop.

Starting and other

control programs
(parameters
configuration and
connections):

DOL.

Star-Delta
starting.

Load starting.

Reversing
rotation.

Programmable
speed control.

Motor drive

Monitoring and
debugging.
Braking and reversing induction
motors:

Brake systems:

Educational
bench with
control
components,
machines and
instrumentation
).

16

1 (Prepare)
(1.1-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.4, 2.7)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

13(1-10)

Brake process:

Stopping and
holding
functions.

Internal brakes:

Plugging.

Regenerative
braking.

Dynamic
braking.

Exterior brakes:

Friction brakes.

Eddy-Current
brakes.

Hysteresis
brakes.

Magneticparticle brakes.

Characteristics:

Operation
principles.

Applications.

Comparison.

Reversing three-phase
motors:

Principle (changing
power phase) and
conditions.

Effects and practical

limits in number of
operations.
TOPIC 16. MOTOR PROTECTION
1.

2.

Motor protection
requirements:

Definition.

Reasons for motor

protection.

Frequent operating
conditions that results
in motor overheating.

Other common
failures in motor
operation.

Basic categories of motor

protection:

Temperature
dependent protection
measures.

Current dependent
protection measures.

Other protection
measures.

Industry standards in
motor protection.
Three-Phase Inductor Motor

Presentation
of topics with
examples
and
demonstratio
ns.
In-class
exercises and
discussion of
topics and
demos. Motor
protection
devices for
poli-phase
motors and
standards.
Lab practice.
Analysis of
motor
protection
devices.

Topic 16
Workbook:

Laboratory
Practice 16.
Motor
protection
devices.
Self-study
and checking
for
understandin
g
(independent
work).
Topic test 16.

Selected Texts:

Topic 16 Contents.

Topic 16 Exercises
and Practices.

Topic 16 Test.

Computers and other IT:

Internet access.

Computers and
general projection
equipment.

Selected Digital and

Audio-Visual materials:

AV16. About motor

protection.
Lessons,
experiments,
practices, extension
topics and more.

Materials and Equipment:

Other Sources of Info.:

Educational
equipment
documentation.

General:

Demo and practice

equipment about
electrical machines
(motor testing bench
and sample of motor
protection devices).
Specific:

(ALECOP)
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
RANGE OF EDUC.
EQUIPMENTS:

ProLAB Modular
test bench.

Educational

2
GLH

3.

4.

protection devices:

Over-current protection
devices and circuit
breakers:

HRC Fuses:

Important data.

Selecting fuses.

Circuit Breakers:

Thermalmagnetic.

Comparison to
fuses.

Type D&C circuit

breakers.

Phase failure
detection and
protection.

Selecting a
circuit breaker.

Magnetic overload
relays
(electromechanical).

Under- and overvoltage relays.

Thermal overload
relays (simulation of
motor T).

Over-temperature
protection (PTC
thermistors).

Standards.
Protection devices for
single-phase motors:

Standards.

Protection against thermal

overload (main winding):

Internal thermal
switches.

Protection of split-phase
motors (auxiliary winding
control):

Current-operated
relays.

Potential-operated
relays.
Other protection devices for
poli-phase and single-phase
motors:

Protections against:

Humidity.

Motor enclosures.

Ingress
Protection.

Frequent starting and

reversing.

Overload.

electrical
machines
(squirrel-cage,
slip-ring motor,
etc.).

17

1 (Prepare)
(1.1-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.7)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

8(1-6)

Bearing temperature
and vibration
monitors.
5. Selection of protections:

Motor type.

Starter characteristics.

Operating conditions.

Standards that apply.

Procedure and practical

selection.
TOPIC 17. BASIC FAULT TESTING
OF INDUCTION MOTORS
1.

2.

3.

Motor maintenance and

repair work (inductance
motors):

Definition.

Typical causes of motor

failure (thermal ageing and
others) and failure
categories:

Stator faults.

Rotor faults.

Mechanical faults.

Others
(contaminants).
Servicing:

Lifting techniques.

Systematic dismantling:

Motor identification
card.

Rotor removal.

Stator winding
removal.

Stator rewinds:

Wires.

Insulation materials.

Methods and tools of

wiring.

Winding tests.

Rotor

Shafts.

Bearings.

Fans and End Shields.

Accessories (sensors,
etc.).

Reassembly and final tests:

Shaft alignment.
Motor faults and preventive
and repair procedures or
actions:

Short circuits.

Earth faults.

Insulation faults.

Single phasing and phase

Presentation
of topics with
examples
and
demonstratio
ns.
In-class
exercises and
discussion of
topics and
demos.
Induction
motors
failures,
motor
diagnosis,
dismantling,
repairing and
general
motor
testing.
Lab practice.
Induction
motor
assembling
and
disassemblin
g and motor
testing and
basics of
repairing.

Topic 17
Workbook:

Laboratory
Practice 17.
Motor basic
testing and
faultfinding.
Assembling
and
disassembli
ng.
Self-study
and checking
for
understandin
g
(independent
work).
Topic test 17.

Selected Texts:

Topic 17 Contents.

Topic 17 Exercises
and Practices.

Topic 17 Test.

Computers and other IT:

Internet access.

Computers and
general projection
equipment.

Selected Digital and

Audio-Visual materials:

AV16. About motor

faults and
maintenance
procedures.
Lessons,
experiments,
practices, extension
topics and more.

Materials and Equipment:

Other Sources of Info.:

Educational
equipment
documentation.

General:

Demo and practice

equipment about
electrical machines
(motor testing, motor
assembly/
disassembly and
repair; tools related.).
Specific:

(ALECOP)
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
RANGE OF EDUC.
EQUIPMENTS:

ProLAB Modular
test bench.

Educational
electrical
machines
without winding
+ winding and
assembling
accessories.

Motor
assembling kits.

Simulation
software for
motor
assembling.

3
GLH

reversal.
Rotor faults.
Core and rotor lamination
faults.

Shaft diameter faults.

Voltage faults.
Modern motor testing and
maintenance trends:

Polarization index.

Motor condition analysis

instruments.

Thermal hot spot

identification.

Effect of minimum energy

performance standards:

Design and
maintenance for
motor efficiency.

4.

1-3

Assigned laboratory practices/

projects. Single-Phase and 3P
Motor testing, fault finding,
protection and
starting/controlling.

Selected Texts:

Unit workbook and

supplementary
practices (in UNIT
PROJECTS)

Motor testing and

controlling benches.
Servicing tools and
instruments.

7-15

TIME ALLOCATED FOR

EXTENSION PRACTICE/PROJECTS
RELATED TO PARTS II-V

7-13

KNOWLEDGE EXAM 2

1
GLH

MULTIPURPOSE REMAINING TIME

Remedial activities.

Preparation of capstone exams.

Others.

4
GLH

TOTAL TIME ALLOCATED

5
GLH

63
GLH

UNIT 12. UNDERSTAND LOW VOLTAGE MACHINES

A tentative Unit Plan
Short version
TOPIC
SEQUEN
CE

SLO &
(PERFORM.
CRITERIA)

KLO &
(SCOPE)

TEACHING AND LEARNING

CONTENT DELIVERED

Optional
topic

No

No

No

No

TOPIC 0. INTRODUCTION TO
UNIT/COURSE
1.
Introduction to Unit/Course.
2. Introduction to subject.
PREREQUISTE REQUIREMENTS
1.
Selected Math and
Electricity/Machine concepts.
2. Generic skills basics for this Unit.

Assessment Tasks

Informal o formal preassessment of key Unit

concepts and skills.

(Continuous assessment of generic

skills particularly emphasized in this
Unit)

RESOURCES

TIME
ESTIMAT
ED

Equipment and
others

Learning Materials
Selected Texts:

Unit/Course Syllabus.

Unit pre-assessment.
Others:

Audio-Visual (AV0)
Selected Texts:

Reference texts in
Math, Physics and
Generic Skills for this
Unit.

Computers and IT.

Electricity Lab.
Sample of Unit
resources.

Computers and IT.

Calculator.
Others:
circuit/machine
simulator.

Selected Texts:

Topic 1 theoretical
support, exercises
and planned
practices.
Others:

Audio-Visual (AV1)

Technical information.

Computers and IT.

Demo and practice
equipment about
transformers
(principles and basic
testing).

Selected Texts:

Topic 2 theoretical
support, exercises
and planned
practices.

1
GLH

5
GLH or
equiv. time
allocation

PART I ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMERS

1 (Prepare)
(1.1, 1.3-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1,2.2,2.4)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

1 (Prepare)
(1.1-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.4)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

1 (Prepare)
(1.1, 1.3-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.4)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

1 (1-3,7-9)
2(1-2,7)

2(2-7)
3 (1-3)
4 (1-6)

1 (4-6)
3 (4-7)

TOPIC 1. THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER

1.
Basic structure and operation.
2.
Voltage, current and turns
relationship in the ideal transformer.
3.
Construction of transformers.
4.
Basic winding of transformers tests.
5.
Basic transformers ratings.
Nameplate data.
6.
Types of transformers, applications
and other applications of
transformer effect.
TOPIC 2. THE PRACTICAL
TRANSFORMER
1.
The real transformer. Losses,
operation and phasor diagram (no
Load).
2.
Equivalent circuit of a practical
transformer. Simplifying conditions.
3.
Transformer impedance and voltage
regulation.
4.
Efficiency of practical transformers.
5.
Transformer standard tests. Open
and short circuit.
6. Practical transformers ratings.
Nameplate data.
TOPIC 3. THE POWER TRANSFORMER
1.
The three phase power transformer.
Dry and Oil filled types. Structure.
2.
Cooling methods.
3.
Ancillary equipment. Tappers.
4.
Types of power transformer common
faults and preventive maintenance
routines.
5. Electrical power distribution ratings

Topic 1 Workbook:

Lab. Practice 1:
The ideal Transformer.
Transformer Ratios.

Self-study and exercises.

Topic test 1.

Topic 2 Workbook:

Lab. Practice 2:
The practical transformer:

Tests No-Load, Loaded

and shorted (singlephase transformer).

Self-study and exercises.

Topic test 2.

PROJECT 1: Construction of
Transformers

Others:

Audio-Visual (AV2)

Technical information.

Topic 3 Workbook:

Lab. Practice 3.
The Three-Phase
transformer:

Basic Tests.

Selected Texts:

Topic 3 theoretical
support, exercises
and planned
practices.

Others:

Audio-Visual (AV3)

Self-study and exercises.

Topic test 3.

Computers and IT.

Transformers test
bench with
transformers (single
phase), for principles
and basic testing
practices and demos.

Specific resources for

working on Project 1.

Computers and IT.

Transformers test
bench with
transformers (Threephase), for basic
testing.

Specific resources for

3
GLH

3
GLH

2
GLH

and applications of power

transformers.

1 (Prepare)
(1.1-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.7)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

1 (Prepare)
(1.1, 1.3-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.4)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

5 (1-5)

6 (1-8)

TOPIC 4. TRANSFORMER
CONNECTIONS
1.
Typical transformer connections.
Delta-Star and others. Conditions.
2.
Vector groups (according IEC
standard).
3.
Additive and subtractive polarity of
single-phase transformers.
4.
Phase relationship of three-phase
transformers.
5. Parallel operation of transformers.
Justification and conditions.
TOPIC 5. AUTOTRANSFORMERS AND
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
1.
Autotransformers. Structure,
operation, variacs and
advantages.
2.
Instrument transformers. Types,
connections and applications.

PROJECT 1: Construction of
Transformers
Topic 4 Workbook:

Lab. Practice 4. Paralleling

transformers (single
phase).

Self-study and exercises.

Topic test 4.

PROJECT 1: Construction of
Transformers

Topic 5 Workbook:

Lab. Practice 5.
Auto Transformer tests.

Self-study and exercises.

Topic test 5.

PROJECT 1: Construction of
Transformers

working on Project 1.

Technical information.

Selected Texts:

Topic 4 theoretical
support, exercises
and planned
practices.
Others:

Audio-Visual (AV4)

Technical information.

Selected Texts:

Topic 5 theoretical
support, exercises
and planned
practices.

Specific resources for

working on Project 1.

Computers and IT.

Transformers test
bench with
autotransformer
(Single and Threephase) and other
instrument
transformers, for
basic testing.

Others:

Audio-Visual (AV5)

Technical information.

1-3

1-6

TIME ALLOCATED FOR FINALIZATION

AND ASSESMENT OF PROJECT 1

1-6

KNOWLEDGE EXAM 1

7 (1-6)
8(1,2)
9(1-3)

TOPIC 6. SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION

MOTORS
1.
Induction motors and basic
constructive characteristics.
Nameplate and motor ratings.
2.
Principles of induction-motor action.
Transformer effect, Rotating
magnetic field, torque generation
and reversal. Torque-speed curve.

Topic 6 Workbook:

Lab. Practice 6:
Squirrel cage induction motor
characteristics.

TOPIC 7. COMPLEX CAGE AND SLIPRING INDUCTION MOTORS

1.
Rotor impedance and torque.
Squirrel cage motors design.
2.
Special Squirrel-Cage induction
motors. Double-Cage rotors and
other special designs.
3. Slip-Ring Motor construction and
operation characteristics. Rotor
resistance effect.

Topic 7 Workbook:

Lab. Practice 7:
Slip-ring induction motor
characteristics.

Computers and IT.

Transformers test
bench with
transformer (Single
and Three-phase) for
testing paralleling
and connections of
transformers.

3
GLH

3
GLH

Specific resources for

working on Project 1.
5
GLH
1
GLH

PART II THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

1 (Prepare)
(1.1, 1.3-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.4)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

1 (Prepare)
(1.1, 1.3-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.4)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

7 (1-6)
8(1,2)
9(1-3)

Self-study and exercises.

Topic test 6.

Self-study and exercises.

Topic test 7.

Selected Texts:

Topic 6 theoretical
support, exercises
and planned
practices.
Others:

Audio-Visual (AV6)

Technical information.
Selected Texts:

Topic 7 theoretical
support, exercises
and planned
practices.
Others:

Audio-Visual (AV7)

Technical information.

Computers and IT.

Motors test bench
with 3 Phase
induction motors
(squirrel cage, mains
electrical supply or
reduced voltage) for
basic testing and
starting/controlling.

4
GLH

Computers and IT.

Motors test bench
with 3 Phase
induction motors
(squirrel cage, slipring motor and other
induction 3P
induction machines,
mains electrical
supply or reduced
voltage) for basic
testing and
starting/controlling.

3
GLH

1 (Prepare)
(1.1-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.4, 2.7)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

9(1-5)

TOPIC 8. INDUCTION MOTOR LOAD

CHARACTERISTICS
1.
Power flow and losses in the IM.
Efficiency and Power Factor.
2.
Motor ratings. High efficiency
motors.
3.
Induction motors basic testing. IM
No Load and Loaded. Other
standardized tests. Interpretation of
parameters and curves.

Topic 8 Workbook:

Lab. Practice 8:
Induction Motor Load Tests.

Self-study and exercises.

Topic test 8.

Selected Texts:

Topic 8 theoretical
support, exercises
and planned
practices.

Others:

Audio-Visual (AV8)

Technical information.

Computers and IT.

Motors test bench
with 3 Phase
induction motors
(squirrel cage, slipring motor and other
induction 3P
induction machines,
mains electrical
supply or reduced
voltage) for basic
testing and
starting/controlling.

3
GLH

PART III SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

10

1 (Prepare)
(1.1-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.4, 2.7)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

1 (Prepare)
(1.1-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.4, 2.7)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

1.
10(1-5)

2.
3.
4.

11(1-5)

TOPIC 10. CAPACITOR AND SHADED

POLE MOTORS
1.
Shaded pole motor.
2.
Capacitor-start split-phase motor.
3.
Permanent split-phase capacitor
motor.
4.
Capacitor-start capacitor-run motor.
5.
Structure of single-phase motors
and particular components.
6. Maintenance and typical faults.

1.

11

1 (Prepare)
(1.1-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.4, 2.7)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

2.
12(1-4)

TOPIC 9. SINGLE PHASE SPLIT-PHASE

INDUCTION MOTORS
Phase splitting concept and singlephase split-phase motor operation.
Construction of single-phase motors.
Basic ratings, testing and
calculations (split-phase motor).
Applications of typical split-phase
motors.

3.
4.

TOPIC 11. SERIES UNIVERSAL

MOTORS
Series Universal motors.
Characteristics.
Electronic speed control of universal
methods. Analogue and Electronics.
Maintenance and typical faults.
General comparison between single
phase induction motors including
universal motors.

Topic 9 Workbook:

Lab. Practice 9:
Single Phase Split-Phase Motor.

Self-study and exercises.

Topic test 9.

Topic 10 Workbook:

Lab. Practice 10:

Single Phase capacitor
Motor.

Self-study and exercises.

Topic test 10.

Topic 11 Workbook:

Lab. Practice 11:

Series Universal Motors.

Self-study and exercises.

Topic test 11.

Selected Texts:

Topic 9 theoretical
support, exercises
and planned
practices.

Others:

Audio-Visual (AV9)

Technical information.
Selected Texts:

Topic 10 theoretical
support, exercises
and planned
practices.

Others:

Audio-Visual (AV10)

Technical information.

Selected Texts:

Topic 11 theoretical
support, exercises
and planned
practices.

Others:

Audio-Visual (AV11)

Technical information.

Computers and IT.

Motors test bench
with Single Phase
induction motors
(split phase, split
phase capacitor,
universal motors,
shaded-pole, and
others) for basic
testing and
starting/controlling.
Computers and IT.
Motors test bench
with 3 Phase
induction motors
(squirrel cage, slipring motor and other
induction 3P
induction machines,
mains electrical
supply or reduced
voltage) for basic
testing and
starting/controlling.
Computers and IT.
Motors test bench
with 3 Phase
induction motors
(squirrel cage, slipring motor and other
induction 3P
induction machines,
mains electrical
supply or reduced
voltage) for basic
testing and
starting/controlling.

3
GLH

4
GLH

2
GLH

PART IV SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

12

1 (Prepare)
(1.1-1.6)
2 (Do the work)

14(1-3,6-9)
15(1-9)

1.

TOPIC 12. ALTERNATORS

Construction of synchronous
alternators.

Topic 12 Workbook:

Lab. Practice 12.

Synchronous alternators.

Selected Texts:

Topic 12 theoretical
support, exercises

Computers and IT.

Motors test bench
with 3 Phase

3
GLH

2.
(2.1-2.4, 2.7)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

13

14

1 (Prepare)
(1.1-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.4, 2.7)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

1 (Prepare)
(1.1-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.4, 2.7)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

14(5-9)
15(1-3, 9)

14(1,4,6,8,1
0)

Alternator principles and main

parameters. Nameplate.
3.
Basic testing of synchronous
alternator (no Load).
4.
Single-phase alternators.
5.
Ratings and selection of alternators.
6.
Standby alternator.
7.
Parallel operation of alternators.
8.
Common faults in alternators.
TOPIC 13. ALTERNATORS. ADVANCED
CONCEPTS
1.
Alternator Load Characteristic
Curve.
2.
Alternators in parallel.
Synchronizing, connection and
disconnection method.
3.
Asynchronous generator. IM Motor
as induction generator.

TOPIC 14. SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS

1.
Synchronous motor. Generalities.
2.
Construction. Salient Pole and
others.
3.
Operating characteristics. Torque
generation. V-Curves. Synchronous
capacitor. Ratings and nameplate.

Self-study and exercises.

Topic test 12.

Topic 13 Workbook:

Lab. Practice 14.

Synchronous alternators.
Advanced testing.

Self-study and exercises.

Topic test 13.

Topic 14 Workbook:

Lab. Practice 14.

Synchronous motors.

Self-study and exercises.

Topic test 14.

and planned
practices.
Others:

Audio-Visual (AV12)

Technical information.

Selected Texts:

Topic 13 theoretical
support, exercises
and planned
practices.

Others:

Audio-Visual (AV13)

Technical information.

Selected Texts:

Topic 14 theoretical
support, exercises
and planned
practices.

Others:

Audio-Visual (AV14)

Technical information.

alternator,
synchronous motors,
prime movers,
braking or loading
system and other
control and testing
accessories. For
basic testing and
starting/ controlling.
Computers and IT.
Motors test bench
with 3 Phase
alternator,
synchronous motors,
prime movers,
braking or loading
system and other
control and testing
accessories. For
basic testing and
starting/ controlling.
Computers and IT.
Motors test bench
with 3 Phase
alternator,
synchronous motors,
prime movers,
braking or loading
system and other
control and testing
accessories. For
basic testing and
starting/ controlling.

3
GLH

3
GLH

PART V MOTOR STARTERS, PROTECTION AND MAINTENANCE

15
(Option
al)
Review
of
motor
starters
covered
in Unit
09Associat
e
Diploma

16

1 (Prepare)
(1.1-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.4, 2.7)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

1 (Prepare)
(1.1-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.4, 2.7)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

7(4,6)
8(3)
9(1,4,5)
10(5)

13(1-10)

TOPIC 15. MOTOR STARTER OPERATIONS

AND APPLICATIONS
1.
Motor starting and starter.
Principles.
2.
Motor starter basic circuits. Starter
types.
3.
Three-phase induction motor speed
control. VFD. Characteristics and
basic configurations and using.
4.
Braking and reversing induction
motors. Brake types and systems.

Topic 15 Workbook:

Lab. Practice 15.

Starter circuits.
Variable speed-drive system.

TOPIC 16. MOTOR PROTECTION

Motor protection requirements.
Three-Phase Inductor Motor
protection devices.
3.
Protection devices for single-phase
motors.

Topic 16 Workbook:

Lab. Practice 16.

Motor protection devices.

1.
2.

Self-study and exercises.

Topic test 15.

Self-study and exercises.

Selected Texts:

Topic 15 theoretical
support, exercises
and planned
practices.

Others:

Audio-Visual (AV15).

Technical information.

Selected Texts:

Topic 16 theoretical
support, exercises
and planned
practices.

Computers and IT.

Motors starter bench
with different types
of motors (induction
motors and others),
associated starter
systems, protection
devices and
accessories, including
electrical and
electronic (softstarters, VFD and
others). For basic
starting/ controlling
analysis and faultfinding.
Computers and IT.
Motors starter bench
with different types
of motors (induction
motors and others),
associated starter

3
GLH

3
GLH

4.
5.

Other protection devices for poliphase and single-phase motors.

Selection of protections.

TOPIC 17. BASIC FAULT TESTING OF

INDUCTION MOTORS

17

1 (Prepare)
(1.1-1.6)
2 (Do the work)
(2.1-2.7)
3 (Complete)
(3.1-3.3)

1-3

1.
8(1-6)

7-15
7-13

Motor maintenance and repair work

(inductance motors). Types of
common faults.
2.
Servicing motors. General
processes.
3.
Motor faults and preventive and
repair procedures or actions. Stator
and rotor faults and others.
4.
Current issues in motor testing and
maintenance. Technologies.
TIME ALLOCATED FOR EXTENSION
PRACTICE/PROJECTS RELATED TO
PARTS II-V

Topic test 16.

Topic 17 Workbook:

Lab. Practice 17.

Motor basic testing and
fault-finding. Assembling
and disassembling.
Self-study and exercises.
Topic test 17.

Others:

Audio-Visual (AV16).

Technical information.

Selected Texts:

Topic 17 theoretical
support, exercises
and planned
practices.
Others:

Audio-Visual (AV17).

Technical information.

systems, protection
devices and
accessories, including
electrical and
electronic (softstarters, VFD and
others). For basic
starting/ controlling
analysis and faultfinding.
Computers and IT.
Motors repair bench
with removable or
dissectible machines,
machines without
windings, winding
tools and other
accessories (such as
some nondestructible faults
generation system).

3
GLH

10
GLH
2
GLH
5
GLH

KNOWLEDGE EXAM 2
MULTIPURPOSE REMAINING TIME

TOTAL TIME ALLOCATED

80
GLH