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AppendicitisMedication
Author:SandyCraig,MDChiefEditor:BarryEBrenner,MD,PhD,FACEPmore...
Updated:Dec27,2015

MedicationSummary
Thegoalsoftherapyaretoeradicatetheinfectionandtopreventcomplications.
Thus,antibioticshaveanimportantroleinthetreatmentofappendicitis,andall
such.Agentsunderconsiderationmustofferfullaerobicandanaerobiccoverage.
Thedurationoftheadministrationiscloselyrelatedtothestageofappendicitisat
thetimeofthediagnosis.
Antibioticagentsareeffectiveindecreasingtherateofpostoperativewound
infectionandinimprovingoutcomeinpatientswithappendicealabscessor
septicemia.TheSurgicalInfectionSocietyrecommendsstartingprophylactic
antibioticsbeforesurgery,usingappropriatespectrumagentsforlessthan24hours
fornonperforatedappendicitisandforlessthan5daysforperforatedappendicitis.
Regimensareofapproximatelyequalefficacy,soconsiderationshouldbegivento
featuressuchasmedicationallergy,pregnancycategory(ifapplicable),toxicity,and
cost.

Penicillins
ClassSummary
Thepenicillinsarebactericidalantibioticsthatworkagainstsensitiveorganismsat
adequateconcentrationsandinhibitthebiosynthesisofcellwallmucopeptide.
Viewfulldruginformation

Piperacillinandtazobactamsodium(Zosyn)
Thisagentisadrugcombinationofbetalactamaseinhibitorwithpiperacillin.Ithas
activityagainstsomegrampositiveorganisms,gramnegativeorganisms,and
anaerobicbacteria.Whenusedasasingleagent,itinhibitsbiosynthesisofcellwall
mucopeptideandiseffectiveduringactivemultiplicationstages.
Viewfulldruginformation

Ampicillinandsulbactam(Unasyn)
Thisagentisadrugcombinationofbetalactamaseinhibitorwithampicillin.Itis
usedasasingleagentandinterfereswithbacterialcellwallsynthesisduringactive
replication,causingbactericidalactivityagainstsusceptibleorganisms.
Ampicillin/sulbactamalsohasactivityagainstsomegrampositiveorganisms,gram
negativeorganisms(nonpseudomonalspecies),andanaerobicbacteria.
Viewfulldruginformation

Ticarcillin/clavulanate(Timentin)
Ticarcillin/clavulanateinhibitsbiosynthesisofcellwallmucopeptideandiseffective
duringthestageofactivegrowth.Itisanantipseudomonalpenicillinplusbeta
lactamaseinhibitorthatprovidescoverageagainstmostgrampositiveorganisms,
mostgramnegativeorganisms,andmostanaerobicorganisms.

Cephalosporins
ClassSummary
Cephalosporinsarestructurallyandpharmacologicallyrelatedtopenicillins.They
inhibitbacterialcellwallsynthesis,resultinginbactericidalactivity.
Viewfulldruginformation

Cefotetan(Cefotan)
Cefotetanisasecondgenerationcephalosporinthatisusedassingledrugtherapy
forbroadgramnegativeandanaerobiccoverage.Administercefotetanwith
cefoxitintoachievetheeffectivenessofsingledose.Itshalflifeis3.5hours.
Viewfulldruginformation

Cefoxitin(Mefoxin)

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Thisdrugisalsoasecondgenerationcephalosporinthatisindicatedassingleagent
forthemanagementofinfectionscausedbysusceptiblegrampositivecocciand
gramnegativerods.Ithasahalflifeof0.8hours.
Viewfulldruginformation

Cefepime
Cefepimeisafourthgenerationcephalosporin.Ithasgramnegativecoverage
comparabletoceftazidimebuthasbettergrampositivecoverage.Cefepimeisa
zwitterionthatrapidlypenetratesgramnegativecells.

Aminoglycosides
ClassSummary
Aminoglycosideshaveconcentrationdependentbactericidalactivity.Theseagents
workbybindingtothe30Sribosome,inhibitingbacterialproteinsynthesis.
Viewfulldruginformation

Gentamicin(Gentacidin,Garamycin)
Gentamicinisanaminoglycosideantibioticusedforgramnegativecoverage,as
wellasincombinationwithanagentagainstgrampositiveorganismsandanother
oneagainstanaerobes.Gentamicinisnotthedrugofchoice,butconsiderusingthis
drugifpenicillinsorotherlesstoxicdrugsarecontraindicated,whenitisclinically
indicated,andinmixedinfectionscausedbysusceptiblestaphylococciandgram
negativeorganisms.Thisagentmaybeadministeredintravenouslyor
intramuscularlyandhasnumerousregimensthedosemustbeadjustedfor
creatinineclearanceandchangesinvolumeofdistribution.

Carbapenems
ClassSummary
Carbapenemsarestructurallyrelatedtopenicillinsandhavebroadspectrum
bactericidalactivity.Thecarbapenemsexerttheireffectbyinhibitingcellwall
synthesis,whichleadstocelldeath.Theyareactiveagainstgramnegative,gram
positive,andanaerobicorganisms.
Viewfulldruginformation

Meropenem(Merrem)
Meropenemisabactericidalbroadspectrumcarbapenemantibioticthatinhibitscell
wallsynthesis.Itisusedasasingleagentandiseffectiveagainstmostgram
positiveandgramnegativebacteria.
Viewfulldruginformation

Ertapenem
Ertapenemhasbactericidalactivitythatresultsfromtheinhibitionofcellwall
synthesisandismediatedthroughertapenembindingtopenicillinbindingproteins.
Itisstableagainsthydrolysisbyavarietyofbetalactamases,including
penicillinase,cephalosporinase,andextendedspectrumbetalactamases.

Fluoroquinolones
ClassSummary
Theseagentscanbeusedtorelieveacuteundifferentiatedabdominalpainin
patientspresentingtotheED.
Viewfulldruginformation

Ciprofloxacin(Cipro)
CiprofloxacinisafluoroquinolonethatinhibitsbacterialDNAsynthesisand,
consequently,growth,byinhibitingDNAgyraseandtopoisomerase,whichare
requiredforreplication,transcription,andtranslationofgeneticmaterial.Quinolones
havebroadactivityagainstgrampositiveandgramnegativeaerobicorganisms.
Viewfulldruginformation

Levofloxacin(Levaquin)
Levofloxacinisusedforinfectionscausedbyvariousgramnegativeorganisms,
antipseudomonalinfectionsduetomultidrugresistantgramnegativeorganisms.
Viewfulldruginformation

Moxifloxacin(Avelox)
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MoxifloxacinisafluoroquinolonethatinhibitsAsubunitsofDNAgyrase,inhibiting
bacterialDNAreplicationandtranscription.

AntiinfectiveAgents
ClassSummary
Antiinfectivessuchasmetronidazoleandtigecyclineareeffectiveagainstmany
typesofbacteriathathavebecomeresistanttootherantibiotics.
Viewfulldruginformation

Metronidazole(Flagyl)
Metronidazolehasbroadgramnegativeandanaerobiccoverageandisusedin
combinationwithaminoglycosides(eg,gentamicin).Thisagentappearstobe
absorbedintocellsintermediatemetabolizedcompoundsbindDNAandinhibit
proteinsynthesis,causingcelldeath.
Viewfulldruginformation

Tigecycline(Tygacil)
Tigecyclineisaglycylcyclineantibioticthatisstructurallysimilartotetracycline
antibiotics.Itinhibitsbacterialproteintranslationbybindingtothe30Sribosomal
subunit,anditblocksentryofaminoacyltRNAmoleculesintotheribosomeAsite.

Analgesics
ClassSummary
Theseagentscanbeusedtorelieveacuteundifferentiatedabdominalpainin
patientspresentingtotheED.
Viewfulldruginformation

Morphinesulfate(Astramorph,Duramorph,MSContin,MSIR,
Oramorph)
Morphinesulfateisthedrugofchoiceforanalgesiabecauseofitsreliableand
predictableeffects,safetyprofile,andeaseofreversibilitywithnaloxone.Various
intravenousdosesareusedmorphinesulfateiscommonlytitratedtothedesired
effect.

ContributorInformationandDisclosures
Author
SandyCraig,MDResidencyProgramDirector,CarolinasMedicalCenterAssociateProfessor,DepartmentofEmergencyMedicine,UniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapel
HillSchoolofMedicine
SandyCraig,MDisamemberofthefollowingmedicalsocieties:AlphaOmegaAlpha,SocietyforAcademicEmergencyMedicine
Disclosure:Nothingtodisclose.
ChiefEditor
BarryEBrenner,MD,PhD,FACEPProfessorofEmergencyMedicine,ProfessorofInternalMedicine,ProgramDirectorforEmergencyMedicine,CaseMedicalCenter,
UniversityHospitals,CaseWesternReserveUniversitySchoolofMedicine
BarryEBrenner,MD,PhD,FACEPisamemberofthefollowingmedicalsocieties:AlphaOmegaAlpha,AmericanHeartAssociation,AmericanThoracicSociety,
ArkansasMedicalSociety,NewYorkAcademyofMedicine,NewYorkAcademyofSciences,SocietyforAcademicEmergencyMedicine,AmericanAcademyofEmergency
Medicine,AmericanCollegeofChestPhysicians,AmericanCollegeofEmergencyPhysicians,AmericanCollegeofPhysicians
Disclosure:Nothingtodisclose.
Acknowledgements
EugeneHardin,MD,FAAEM,FACEPFormerChairandAssociateProfessor,DepartmentofEmergencyMedicine,CharlesDrewUniversityofMedicineandScience
FormerChair,DepartmentofEmergencyMedicine,MartinLutherKingJr/DrewMedicalCenter
Disclosure:Nothingtodisclose.
WilliamLober,MD,MSAssociateProfessor,HealthInformaticsandGlobalHealth,SchoolsofMedicine,Nursing,andPublicHealth,UniversityofWashington
Disclosure:Nothingtodisclose.
FranciscoTalavera,PharmD,PhDAdjunctAssistantProfessor,UniversityofNebraskaMedicalCenterCollegeofPharmacyEditorinChief,MedscapeDrugReference
Disclosure:MedscapeSalaryEmployment

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