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TRANSMISSION LINE
Propagation Constant ( )
R jL G jC ;
either
conductors, or both combinations of conductors, ( /m).
Zinline
= Zo
L = total series inductance of the transmission line per unit length,
including inductance due to magnetic flux both internal and external
to the conductors, (H/m).
G = shunt conductance of the transmission line per unit length. The
losses that are proportional to the square of the voltage between the
conductors or the square of the electric field in the medium, (S/m).
C = shunt capacitance of the transmission line per unit length, (F/m).
Secondary Constants
Zo = characteristic impedance; impedance measured at the source
when the line is infinite ().
Z
;
Y
Z = series impedance per section
Z = R + j L ( /m)
Type
Zo
()
RG-59
(coax)
73
RG-11
(coax)
75
RG214
(coax)
RG-58
(coax)
Twin
Lead
50
Outsid
e
Diame
ter (in)
Freq
(MH
z)
A
(dB/
100ft
)
Applications
100
3.4
TV antennas, cable
TV, HF antennas
400
7.1
100
2.5
400
5.5
100
2.0
400
4.7
900
7.8
0.242
0.405
0.405
R j L
;
G j C
VHF antennas
Satellite
TV
antennas,
UHF
and microwave
Vs
r e fle c te d w a v e
Z L Zo
; matched line
; Non Resonant (Resistive, Flat) Line
Z L Zo ; Z L R jX
53.
5
0.195
100
5.3
CB antennas
300
100
0.55
TV antennas
Z L 0 , Z L , Z L jX
Reflection Coefficient ( )
Vector quantity that represents the ratio of the reflected voltage
to the incident voltage.
Z L Zo
Z L Zo
Vmax Vmin
Vmax Vmin
a. at matched line; ZL = Zo
= 0; most desirable
b. at short circuited line; ZL = 0
= -1
c. at open circuited line; ZL =
=1
Z Zo
SWR =
Vmax
Vmin
1
1
SWR
Zo
; Zo>ZL
ZL
SWR =
ZL
Zo
Z L jZo tan
Zo jZ L tan
E q u iv a le n t c irc u it
; ZL>Zo
ANTENNA
A structure that is generally a metallic object, often a wire or
group of wires, used to convert high frequency signals into
electromagnetic waves and vice versa.
Note: The higher the SWR, the greater is the mismatch between
the line and the load.
a. at matched line; ZL = Zo
SWR = 1; most desirable
b. at short circuited line; ZL = 0
SWR =
c. at open circuited line; ZL =
SWR =
Double Stub.
- Adjustable stub which could cope with frequency or load impedance
changes and still give adequate matching.
Balun (Choke, Sleeve or Bazooka).
- A circuit element used to connect a balanced line to an unbalanced
line or antenna.
Directional Coupler.
- Used to measure the power being delivered to a load or an antenna
through a transmission line.
Reflectometer.
- A device used to measure standing wave.
Slotted Line.
- A piece of coaxial line with a narrow longitudinal slot in the outer
conductor which permits convenient and accurate measurement of
standing waves.
Smith Chart.
- A polar impedance diagram, which consists of two sets of circles, or
arcs of circles, which are so arranged that various important
quantities connected with mismatched transmission lines may be
plotted an evaluated fairly easily.
1. Radiation Pattern
- Polar diagram or graph showing actual relative strength or field
intensity at a fixed distance, as a function of the direction from the
antenna system.
- It shows the range and directional characteristics of an antenna.
()
6. Beamwidth
- Angular separation between two half-power (-3dB) points in a major
lobe of an antenna radiation pattern.
- Degree of concentration of the antennas radiation.
3 dB
6 dB
b a c k lo b e
9 dB
n u ll
m a jo r lo b e
90
60
15
b e a m w id th
2. Bandwidth
- The range of frequency over which an antenna will radiate
effectively or satisfactory.
3. Polarization
- Orientation of the electric field relative to the antenna structure.
- The electric vector is always parallel to the antenna elements.
4. Antenna Impedance (Ra)
- The ratio of applied voltage to the flowing current.
Ra = Rr + Rd
a. Radiation Resistance (Rr) the ratio of radiated
antenna power to the square of the RMS current at feed
point. It is an AC resistance equivalent of parallel tuned
circuit or the fictitious resistance which if replaced by the
antenna would dissipate the same power as it radiates.
b. Loss Resistance or Ohmic Resistance (Rd) actual
resistance losses in the antenna wire themselves.
5. Antenna Efficiency ()
- It is defined as ratio of the power radiated by the antenna to the
power delivered to the feed point.
- It is also defined as the ratio of radiation resistance to the total
system resistance.
P
Rr
transmitted
Rr Rd
Pinput
3. Half-wave Dipole
30
0 .7 0 7
3 dB
s id e lo b e s
2. Elementary Doublet
15
30
- length is
or multiples of 2
- radiation pattern: toroid (bi-directional)
4. Folded Dipole
- Single antenna which consists of 2 elements, one is fed directly and
the other coupled conductively at the ends
60
90
7. Field Strength (Field Intensity) ()
- A quantity which is inversely proportional to the distance from the
source, hence it is proportional to the square root of power density.
60l e i sin
d
where: d = distance
le = antenna length
i = antenna current
= angle of the axis of the wire and the point of maximum
radiation.
= wavelength
e le m e n ts
D m ax
D m ax
10
10
0.55
0.45
2
r e fle c to r
b. Broadside Array
D r iv e n
e le m e n t
D ire c to r
8. Other Antennas
a. Helical Antenna
- A broadband VHF and UHF antenna which is used when it is
desired to provide circular polarization characteristics
- Consists of a loosely wound helix backed up by a ground plane,
which is simply a screen made of chicken wire
a. Parabolic Antenna
- High gain antenna generally used for UHF and microwave bands.
c. End-Fire Array
- A linear array; directivity is parallel to the plane formed by the
elements and perpendicular to the elements.
d. LPDA (Log Periodic dipole Array)
- A broadband antenna array in which dipole lengths and spacing
increase with distance from a source, with the transmission line being
transposed between adjacent dipole elements.
- Provides constant impedance across the bandwidth.
- A band of driven elements which provides good gain over an
extremely wide range of frequencies.
e. YagiUda Array
- Developed by Japanese Physicist Yagi and Uda.
0 2
70
D
D
A p 6
b. Discone Antenna
- A combination of a disk and a cone in close proximity
- A ground plane antenna evolved from the vertical dipole and having
a similar radiation pattern
- A constant angle, low gain antenna, but it is omnidirectional
b. Horn Antennas
- A microwave antenna produced essentially by flaring out the end of
a circular or rectangular waveguide into the shape of a horn, for
radiating radio waves directly into space.
- Ideal for terminating waveguides to provide gradual transformation,
improve directivity and reduce diffraction.
c. Loop Antenna
- A single turn coil carrying RF current
- Used for direction finding, because they do not radiate in (or receive
radiation from) a direction at right angles to the plane of the loop
Hi Z
F u ll
W ave
T r a n s m is s io n
lin e
Lo Z
s tu b
2. Delta matching
- Is accomplished by spreading the ends of the feed line and
adjusting the spacing until optimum performance is reached.
3. Gamma matching
The most popular single-ended antenna impedance-matching method
used for medium and low power antennas. A sliding damp is included
in the assembly to permit fine -- tuning for minimum SWR at the time
of installation.
4. Quarter Wave Matching
- A section of transmission line one-quarter wavelength long placed
between the load and the line.
REVIEW PROBLEMS:
1. A very low-loss coaxial transmission line has 30 pF/ft of
distributed capacitance and 75 nH/ft of inductance. What is its
characteristic impedance?
2. The spacing between a twowire open air AWG 21
transmission line is 24 inches. Solve for the characteristic
impedance of the transmission line.
3. A piece of RG 59 coaxial cable has 75 characteristic
impedance and a nominal capacitance of 69 pF/m. What is its
inductance per meter? If the diameter of the inner conductor is
0.584 mm and the dielectric constant of the insulation is 2.23.
What is the outer conductor diameter?
4. What is the impedance of a balance 4-wire with a diameter of
0.25 cm and spaced 2.5 cm apart using an insulator with a
dielectric constant of 2.56?