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EE361

Project Proposal
Topic: Pros and Cons of Smart Grid
and Their Solution

Group Members
Shawn Sagar (S11098078)
Komal Singh (S11097510)
Krishneeldra Kumar (S11085764)
Ratu Deve Vosawale (S11090144)

Objectives
-

To identify the advantages and disadvantages of a smart grid system.

For every drawback of the smart grid system, a solution has to be generated to solve
the problem.

Analyze the operation, protection, management and information of a smart grid


system.

Abstract
This project is based on the different characteristics of a smart grid system. The major
aspects that would be analyzed for the smart grid system is the pros and cons and how to
solve the drawbacks of the system. Our group members decided to choose this particular
topic for our project because it was an interesting way to view and analyze the smart grid
electric system. This research project is very important because through the review done on
each feature of a smart grid, information can be generated on how to improve the system in
future designs and how a smart grid could be implemented in a country like Fiji in the future.

Introduction
Electricity has become a day to day need for the people and more often required at almost
every instant of life. The huge reliance on electricity and with the increasing demand for
cleaner energy requires a move towards modern electrical grids. This complication can be
addressed by replacing the existing grid with a smart grid. The smart grid is set to establish
two-way communication between the supplier and consumer.

This brings about benefit to both the supplier and the consumer having both parties track
the data for energy demand and usage in real time. The introduction of the smart grid
provides consumers with accurate energy usage data and its cost with real time monitoring
capabilities through smart meters. Smart meters provide incentives to consumers to manage
their energy usage and reduce their billing costs.
Another positive factor related with a smart grid is the ability to integrate renewable energy
supplies. This means that that solar and wind energy can be stored and distributed without
having it wasted no matter if the supply is greater than the demand.

Literature Review
Smart Grid - The New and Improved Power Grid: A Survey
Smart grid is more efficient in power delivering capabilities and has the ability to react to
different conditions that arise. Some important characteristics include:

- changing the flow of power between supplier and customer automatically to meet
demand.

- creating a smooth demand profile by decreasing the peak demand (this reduces capital
and plant costs).

- providing consumers with real time pricing would lure them to refrain from using power
at peak hours unless necessary.

- two-way communication, cyber security, computational intelligence.


- resilient, reliable, safe, clean, secure, sustainable and efficient system across generation,
transmission, substation, and distribution.
1.) Smart Infrastructure System
Smart energy sub-system
Generation

- Introduction of Distributed Generation(DG) through the use of solar and wind energy,
usually having a range of 3kW to 10000kW, this DG improves reliability and power quality.
Drawbacks include fluctuations in yielding solar and wind energy, the cost of DG is higher
than the centralized large scale generation. Steps for implementing DG includes: i.) To be
able to integrate DG to the current power system, ii) Facilitate and operating both
decentralized and centralized power system, iii) Ensure maximum power supply from DGs

and limited supply from the central system.

- Virtual Power Plant(VPP) is a central power controller for the DG system providing during
peak demand on short notice (more flexibility and efficiency). This would solve the
problem of fluctuations but it is a complex system(VPP). Also VPP ensures minimum loss
of renewable energy generated.

- The use of Vehicle to Grid(V2G) to meet peak demand.

Transmission
- Smart control, smart networks, and smart substation. Distribution Grid
- integration of appliances with smart power distribution in homes - determines
information on how to supply DC and AC power to specific appliances. Micro grid
- island mode, no need for voltage step up and transmission, reliable, self-healing, and more
use of renewable energy.
G2V
- Drawbacks - Overloading in uncontrolled charging
V2G

- Hybrid (fuel cell) vehicles generate and supply to the grid.


- Battery powered hybrid vehicles can be charged at off peak hours and supply during peak
if not in use.

- Solar vehicle can supply excess energy to the grid.


- Peak shaving is returning power to the grid in situation when there is greater demand.
- Valley filling is the charging of electric vehicles when the demand is low (off-peak hours).
2.) Smart Information System
Smart Meters

- Automatic metering infrastructure(AMI) and reading (AMR).


- Smart meters are able to connect and disconnect supply to appliances controlling and
maintaining the load.

- Also provides real time information on the current demand and pricing to encourage
minimum use of power during peak hours. Smart measurement and monitoring

- Sensors to detect failures and faults - isolate the failure to prevent the whole system from
failing with the use of wireless sensor networks(WSNs).

- The use of sensors comes with several requirements: i) Quality of service, ii) resource
constraints, iii) remote maintenance and configuration, iv) high security requirements,
and v) harsh conditions of the environment.

- Phasor measurement unit(PMU) - AC conditions are measured through electrical waves.


It also has the Frequency monitoring network(FNET). PMU is capable of synchronous
island operation, power quality monitoring, and disturbances to the grid.
Information Management

Data modelling, integration, analysis and optimization of

information.

- The use of cloud computing Communication Technologies.


- Wireless and wired
3.) Smart Management
- Efficiency, demand profiling, cost and pricing, emission
4.) Smart Protection System
Failure Protection

- Prediction and prevention


- Identification and recovery -self healing, smart meter data collected
Security and Privacy
- Metering and measurement
- Information transmission
Smart Grid Technologies: Communication Technologies and Standards
Communication Technologies

- ZigBee - low power usage, energy monitoring, meter reading(automatic), Drawbacks


include low processing capability, vulnerable to interference with other devices, can be
corrupted due to noise conditions.

- Wireless Mesh - it is cheap, self-healing, load balancing, improved coverage, Drawbacks


include interference, and capacity of network.

- Cellular Network - long range communication, integration with smart meters, already in
existence, strong security, low costs of maintenance, Drawbacks include continuous
availability of cellular network communications.

- Power line Communication (PLC) - use of existing power lines to transmit, direct
connection the consumer meters, Drawbacks include nature of the power line
environment is harsh(noisy), quality of signal depends on the power line.

- Digital Subscriber Lines (DSLs)- uses the telephone network, low cost, high speed data
transmission, Drawbacks include reliability, maintenance, security.
Communication Requirements

- security
- reliability, availability and robustness
- scalability
- quality of service
Energy Theft Detection Issues for Advanced Metering Infrastructure in Smart Grid
System Model and Security Requirements

- Home Area Network(HAN) -ZigBee


-

Neighborhood Area Network(NAN) - Cellular network, WiFi technology

- Wide Area Network(WAN)


Security Requirements
- meter data, control data, bill information, personal information(customer)

Security Technology for Smart Grid Networks


Smart grids currently are outdated in terms of technology and are unreliable in many cases.
These deficiencies in the system result blackouts, unnecessary costs on utilities, tax payers
and consumers. Smart grids are enhanced by broadband capabilities and distributed
intelligence but vulnerabilities can occur if the system is not deployed with proper security
controls. If the systems are not protected properly, it can be open for cyber-attacks (hackers).
Smart grid security systems can be improved by using three major subsystems. These are:
-

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)

High end secured wireless networks

Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) technology

Cyber-attacks are mainly caused in the critical sectors of a smart grid system which can
result in terrorism, industrial espionage and equipment damage to name a few.

Figure 1: PKI Technology


PKI technology as stated earlier is one of the major security solutions for a smart grid. A PKI
technology system is a powerful tool that provides secure authorization and authentication
for the smart grid system. Since it is such a large piece of technology, it can be difficult to
operate and deploy. But once it is successfully implemented into a grid system, it will provide
the highest quality of protection that money can buy. The PKI technology is mainly digital
system where each sectors of a smart grid would be protected by supply authentication to
the employees of the different sectors. All the PKI system files are stored in the securely in a
local policy database.

Figure 2: Trusted Computing


When smart grids are installed, there a new functionality, modern broadband
communication and distributed intelligence, these advancements create more weaknesses
in the grid security. Another method that can improve the security of a smart grid system is
by trusted computing. This method ensures that malware does not enter into the software
processing devices. Embedded computer systems are utilized in the protection against
malware. This software is only supplied by the manufacturer of the security firm to ensure
that no tampering is done that would affect the smart grid programming system.
Other alternative security methods could be an incident response plan. In this plan, the steps
go from prevention to containment, then detection and notification and finally recovery and
restoration. A feedback loop will make the system more secure which will result in
subsequently less attacks.

Demand Response as a Market Resource Under the Smart Grid Paradigm


The major difference of a smart grid and a normal grid is that smart grids are purposed for
advanced metering infrastructure which relates in the improvement of demand-side
management, self-fixing electrical grids and energy efficiency to improve response to natural
disasters and supply efficiency.

Figure 3: Industry drivers of smart grid


The expectations of a smart grid in terms of demand response (DR), distributed generation
and renewable energy and direct effects on the transmission system operation and
wholesale energy market. This can be controlled by implementing technologies such as
information technologies and enhancement in communication. From the diagram shown
above, it can be utility environment is shown in terms of the flow of information and power.
The power flow is unidirectional from the central power plants to demand, and from lower
voltages to higher voltages is the information flow.
An example of demand response resource is:
-

Energy is supplied but it is not regulated.

The energy supply may turn on or off, but is not dispatched.

They are either cleared for contingency reserve or committed for energy.

Contingency reserve can be offered ($/MW/hr)

Real-time markets, day-ahead and reliability assessment can be offered.

Whole payments can be made subject to the performance of the demand supplied.

Opportunities and Challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks in Smart Grid


Wireless sensor networks (WSN) used in electric power systems have significant advantages
over traditional communication technologies. WSN is recognized in term of delivery,
generation and utilization which makes it an important component of future electric power
systems i.e. smart grids.
Due to the increasing electricity demand and also the non-linear and complex nature of
power distribution network are responsible for causing network congestion issues. These
network congestions are the reason for the major blackouts over the past few years. New
concept of electric power grid systems i.e. the smart grid has emerged to address the
blackout issues.
Some of the major improvements smart grids brings into power systems are:
-

Reliability

Efficiency

Safety

Smoother integration of renewable sources

Automated control

Modernized communication technology

Figure 4: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)

A smart grid has three major subsystems, power delivery, power generation and power
utilization. Wireless sensor networks (WSN) has the ability of enhancing all the subsystems.
When the smart grid system breaks down due to environmental factors misoperation or
equipment failure, this can result in huge economical loss. Through better monitoring and
protection devices such as relays and circuit breakers they breakdowns could be avoided or
damage limited. Most existing smart grid systems have monitoring, remote sensors and fault
diagnosis which is too expensive when applied on a large scale. Low cost is the major
advantage which makes wireless sensor network technology cost effective and feasible
communication and sensing solution for a smart grid system.
WSN technology maybe an economical friendly solution for power system monitoring but
there are challenges that need to be overcome to successfully implement the technology into
the system. Some of the challenges are:
-

Rough environmental conditions

Latency and reliability requirements

Variable link capacity and packet errors

Resource constraints

Pros and Cons of Smart Grid


Smart Meters
Smart grids have electric meters which are devices that records and tracks the electricity
usage of each customer. The smart meters have slowly been replacing the analog meters that
reads the electricity consumption one a month whereby the employees (meter readers) from
the electrical companies travel to each residence and take the meter readings where
eventually the electricity bills are generated through this information. If a meter reader for
some reason cannot enter a residence, an estimation on the meter reading will be taken
whereby the customer may receive a slightly more or less to the bill amount they normally
get. Also, in many cases the analog meters tend to get tampered with by the customers to
reduce the amount of electricity bill. The tampering on the analog meters are done by placing
magnets or by placing small pins inside the meters to slow down the circular disk rotation
and eventually reducing the readings on the meter. All these obstacles can be solved though
the smart meter.
Some of the advantages of smart meters that can benefit both the electric companies and
customers are:
-

Removing manual meter reading.

More efficient use of power resources.

Faster monitoring of electric system.

Reducing power outages and balancing electric loads through the use of real-time
data.

Based on demand, raising and lowering the electricity cost through dynamic pricing.

Saving money through limited power plants construction.

Providing a comprehensive feedback on energy usage.

Reducing greenhouse emission from the vehicles driven by the meter readers.

Controlling greenhouse emission from existing power plants.

Modernizing the electrical companies.

The disadvantages of smart meters are:


-

The transition and process to a new technology.

Managing the feedback from the customers regarding the new meters and its
operation.

Ensuring that the smart meters cannot be hacked or tempered with.

Managing the finance that is taken into account in ordering and installing the new
meters.

For customers, it could be difficult at time in verifying that the meters are calibrated
properly.

The protection of private personal data of customers.

Disposing the old analog meters can be a concern for the environment.

Energy Storage
There are many times when the supply exceeds demand in electric companies. When this
happens, it is vital that the extra energy produced from renewable plants does not go to
waste. The basic concept is to harvest energy at a constant rate regardless of the demand.
There are number of methods in which energy can be stored. These are:
Hydro Pump Storage during off-peak hours, the extra energy produced is used to pump
water back to the upper reservoir. This water is later used in the regular flow during the
peak hours. The efficiency of this method is around 75%.
Hydrogen Storage -

through a process called electrolysis, oxygen and hydrogen are

produced using the surplus electric power. This energy can later be used by the combustion
of the oxygen and hydrogen combination to power any type of engines such as a gas turbine.
Compressed Air air is pumped into a tank through the use of a motor- compressor. This
compressed air can be reversed when the energy is needed. Basically, the motor turns into a
generator and the compressor acts as a turbine. The efficiency of this method is about 70%.

Flywheel Energy - additional energy produced is set on a heavy spinning motor which
maintains constant speed due to the large inertia. This removes air resistance and results in
higher frequency when used in vacuumed enclosures.
Thermal Energy excess energy is stored in a particular medium at a certain temperature
which will enable the energy to be used later. Some examples of thermal energy storage are;
heated gravel, hot water, concrete slabs and molten salts. Also, a unique method is using off
peak energy to produce ice and later use it for air conditioning in large buildings. This makes
the energy cheaper and cleaner at night. Thermal energy storage is the second most popular
method used in America behind pumped storage.
Battery Storage this method of storage is already a popular figure in todays technology.
Batteries provide clean and efficient energy and also provide stored energy instantaneously.
The challenge in this method is creating batteries that are large enough to store energy in
the megawatt (MW) units. 76MW batteries exist in the market with 500MW batteries are in
development.
Some of the pros of energy storage in a smart grid system are:
-

Improves grid reliability.

Integration of fossil and renewable sources.

Smart integrated energy system.

Implements proper use of alternating renewable sources.

Decreases the requirement for larger peak generation capacity

The cons of energy storage in a smart grid system are:


-

Extra complexity and cost.

Round trip inefficiencies the cause of energy loss.

More space requirements for additional infrastructure.

A Reliability Perspective of the Smart Grid


Power grids are getting more complex each year due to the growing electricity demand,
energy and environmental sustainability and better efficiency, reliability and security. This
problem can be solved through advancement in information technology and communication
that provides a solution known as smart grids.
Some of the major factors that is provided from a smart grid system is:
-

Better operator assistance and awareness.

Two-way communication between utility and customer.

Better market efficiency.

Renewable sources integration

Powering a digital economy through enhanced quality of service.

Improving reliability through automatic control.

Smart grid systems can be categorized into 5 aspects:


-

Demand response.

Electric transportation.

Reliability.

Electric storage devices.

Renewable resources.

Some of the challenges faced in maintaining the reliability of a smart grid are:
-

Increasing grid congestion.

Instability and complexity of the grid.

Larger transfers over lengthy distances resulting in the increasing instability and
reduction of reliability.

Electric Transportation
Electric vehicles continue to increase in popularity since global warming is rapidly become
major problem. These vehicles play an important part in reducing greenhouse emissions and
dependence on fossil fuel. The features of electric vehicles are similar to storage resources
and demand response from a reliability point of view. A significant of load growth is
resembled by the increasing demand inconsistency and reliability issues in the charging
schemes and also the customer interaction with the E.V vehicle. At times, depending on the
efficiency of the electric vehicle battery, charging time may be too long and result in
unavailability of the vehicle for the user.
Information Technology Infrastructure for a Smart Grid
Bidirectional communication in a smart grid is instantaneous among all the individual loads
to the grid control centers which includes significant equipment at the transmission and
distribution levels. This involves immense number of data transaction for automation and
analysis.
It is important that the data latency and communication congestion is managed properly for
faster control responses, efficient analysis and distribution of intelligence in the
infrastructure. Reducing the need for large data exchange and data processing is enabled
through a distributed system.

Operations
[1]
The smart energy sub-system consisting
of Generation, Transmission and
Distribution.
- For Generation, renewable energy
sources such as solar and wind
energy (3kW to 10000kW) are
introduced through Distributed
Generation(DG). Some Drawbacks of
DG includes fluctuations and higher
costs compared to a centralised large
scale generation. However, with the
use of Virtual Power Plant(VPP)
which acts as a central power
controller for DG has the ability to
provide during peak demand on short
notice (more flexibility and efficiency).
VPP ensure maximum penetration of
renewable energy sources.
- Transmission side of the infrastructure
can be updated to smart networks,
control, and sub-station.
- For the Distribution grid, integration of
appliances with smart power
distribution.
- Microgrids with island mode ensures
reliability, self-healing, and more use
of renewable energy.
- G2V has drawbacks of overloading in
uncontrolled charging.
- V2G comprises of (i)Hybrid(fuel cell)vehicles generate and supply to the
grid, (ii)Battery powered hybrid
vehicles can be charged at off peak
hours and supply during peak hours
when it is not in use, (iii)Solar vehicles
can supply excess energy to the grid.

Information & Communication


[1]

- Smart meters, Automatic metering

infrastructure(AMI) and Automatic meter


reading(AMR) enables various
operations including connecting and
disconnecting supply to appliances by
controlling and maintaining the load. AMI
provides real time information on the
current demand and pricing to
encourage minimum use of power
during peak hours.
Smart measurement and monitoring,
with the use of sensors has the
capability to detect failures and faults.
This allows to isolate the fault and
prevent the whole system from
failing.The sensors have quality of
service and security requirements to be
met. Phasor measurement unit(PMU)
measures the AC waves conditions and
is capable of synchronous island
operation and power quality monitoring.
Information management through Data
modelling, integration, analysis and
optimisation of information. Also through
the use of cloud computing.
Communication technologies via
wireless and wired.
[2]

- Communication technologies including

zigBee, Wireless Mesh, Cellular


Network, Powerline
Communication(PLC), Digital Subscriber
Lines(DSLs)
Communication Requirements include
security, reliability, availability and
robustness, scalability, quality of service.

Protection

Management

[1]

[1]

- Failure protection by predicting and - Efficiency, demand profiling, cost

preventing. Identification and


recovery self-healing, smart meter
data collected.
Security and privacy for metering
and measurement, and information
transmission.

and pricing, emission.


[4]

- Reliability of renewable
resources, demand response
and load management, storage
devices, electric transportation.

[3]

- Security requirements in the sense

of meter data, control data, bill


information, personal information
(customer).
AMI security requirements include
confidentiality, integrity, availability,
privacy.
Attacker model includes curious
eavesdroppers(neighbours),
greedy customers(crack the
meters to steal), malicious
eavesdroppers(attackers with
vicious purposes), swanky
attackers, active
attackers(terrorists).
Attackers are in form of customers,
organised crime and utility
company insiders.
Energy theft detection techniques
include classification based(fuzzy,
Neural network), state
based(sensor, physical
monitoring), Game theory based

[5]

- Reliability interns of providing

electricity with 100% availability


without fluctuations and
operation in island mode during
natural disasters or
attacks(terrorism).
Energy efficient communications
wireless/wired for NAN, HAN,
WAN.
Power Usage Efficiency(PUE)
Energy Efficient: facility
management, IT equipment,
data centres. Reduction
ifnelectrical bill of data centres,
Powering data centres with
renewable energy.
Having servers(or network
equipment) which are less busy
to sleep,However, the quality of
service is affected.

Operations
[5]

- Electric Vehicle Charging

Information & Communication


[3]

- System Model includes Home Area

Infrastructure (EVCI), V2G.


Uncontrolled charging reduces power
quality, more power loss, harms
equipment(utility), overloads
transformer.

Network(HAN) consisting of ZigBee,


Neighbourhood Area Network(NAN)
including WiFi, WiMAX, 3G/4G Cellular
Network, Wide Area Network (WAN)
including fibre optic.

Protection

- Active Network

[4]

Management(ANM) includes
protection relays, protection
planning, fault location.
Cyber security
security coordination based on
SCADA(Government).

[4]

- Power line Communication(PLC)


- Distributed energy resources through
-

advanced controls ensures greater


renewable penetration.
Smart metering(AMI)
Monitoring and controlling by using
SCADA which is only restricted to high
voltage.Improving existing ICT.
Active Network Management(ANM)
enables integration between power
electronics and ICT for more DG.
Energy Web provides balance in power
generation and distribution to
consumers. It also provides real time
pricing.
Smart metering and infrastructure(SMI)
ZigBee
[5]

- Advanced communications to provide


-

real time pricing and Time of use(ToU),


hour to hour price in the market.
Machine to Machine(M2M)
communications for integration between
distribution generators and also
appliances. It also enables self
organisation into island mode
(microgrid).

[6]

- Security of smart grid through the

use of Supervisory Control and


Data Acquisition(SCADA), High
end secured wireless networks,
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
technology.
Protection against Malware,
Trusted computing.
[8]

- Damage limitation with the use of


circuit breakers and relays.
[9]

- cyber security with SCADA and


Admin IT

- Government with SCADA


interaction

Management
[7]

- Demand response effected by

distribution generation,
transmission system, and
controlled by information and
communication technologies
Demand response resources
include energy supply not
regulated, offer of contingency
reserve, assessment offered for
real time markets, day ahead
and reliability, wholesales
trading and scheduling.
[8]

- improvements in smart grid with


the use of WSNs in terms of
managing reliability, efficiency,
safety, smoother integration of
renewable sources, automated
control.

Operations

Information & Communication


[8]

- Wireless sensor nodes(WSN) is

recognised in terms of delivery,


generation and utilisation. Provides
solution for network congestion due to
the non linear, complex nature of power
networks.
Drawbacks of WSNs include rough
environmental conditions, latency and
reliability requirements, variable link
capacity and packet errors, resource
constraints.
[9]

- Real time operational communication


- Administrative operational
communication
[10]

- Communication requirements in terms of

reliability and availability, Automatic


management, high coverage and
distances, large number of
communication nodes, communication
security, ease in maintenance.
End to end communication

Protection

Management

Methodology
Research
Since this project is research based, thorough readings have been done in order to
understand the concept of smart grids and its operation. The major medium for research was
the internet. Particularly, the IEEE digital library was used to gather the journals that
consisted of the information on smart grids. The project is based on the pros and cons of
smart grids and their solution, therefore any journals related to this topic were downloaded.
A number of documents on the IEEE digital library were locked, whereby the links to those
journals will be given to the course coordinator, Dr. Islam since he has access.
Apart from the IEEE digital library, other research papers were read online which were not
IEEE standards but included valuable information related to the project.
Planning and Management
All of the members in the group will be responsible for the management of the project since
this is a group project. Certain tasks in the project are the responsibility of certain group
members, this should not prevent the members communicating with one another.
Communication is an important factor in a project and it generally decides whether a project
fails or succeeds. As for the planning of the project, the group members will follow the work
plan set out in this proposal.
Effective Coordination
Weekly meetings will be conducted to discuss and update each individual on the project.
Communication will be done through social media, emails and mobile phones. An online
cloud storage, Google Drive is also created by the group leader where all the project research
work is stored. Again, the work plan will be followed accordingly to ensure tasks are
completed on time.

Work Plan
Week 1-2 in the first two weeks of the semester, the students learned what EE361 unit was
about and the topics that that will be taught throughout the semester. Smart grid and every
aspect of the system was the core subject of the course. The project topics were uploaded
online and the students chose their respective group members and project topic. The
selected topic and team members were posted online on Moodle.
Week 3 - The group members will work on the project proposal whereby each student should
read and summarize journals on smart grids and their pros and cons and how to solve the
disadvantages of the smart grid system. Most documents will be taken out of the IEEE digital
library as stated in the methodology. The project proposal task distribution will be done
equally so that each group member will be responsible for their respective workload.
Week 4-6 - Project proposal wrapped up in week 4 and submitted to course coordinator.
Work on the project will continue with the group members doing their fair share of reading
and research on the smart grid system. Since the project is a review topic, there will not be
any hardware and software included. Therefore, the members should find every possible
advantages and disadvantages regarding the smart grid system and collect as much
information as possible. Plenty journals will have to be read in order to achieve this task.
Also, a meeting with the course coordinator Dr. Islam will be conducted to discuss the
project.
Week 7 - A progress report will be made on what has been done in the project so far. Possibly
a short presentation by each groups on their respective smart grid topics.
Week 8-12 Continuation on the project with detailed analysis on each pros and cons of the
smart grid system. For each drawback of the smart grid, a solution has to be generated on
how the problem can be solved.
Week 13-14 Final report write-up, final presentation and one on one personal reviews.

Conclusion
-

Power grid complexity can be solved through the progression of communication and
information technology that is known as the smart grid.

The smart grid system has many advantages that benefits the electrical companies
and consumers. Not all systems are perfect, therefore the smart grid system does have
drawbacks which will be thoroughly analyzed throughout this project and a possible
solution will be generated.

Finally, the advancement of technology such as a smart grid would provide a brighter
future for the people and the environment.

Reference

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