Limit PDF

Limits
LIMITS
MARIA CZARINA T. LAGURA
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
July 9, 2016
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Limits
Definition of a Limit
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits
Definition (1.1. Definition of the Limit of a Function)
Let f be a function defined at every number in some open interval
containing a, except possibly at the number a itself. The limit of
a function f (x) as x approaches a is L, written as
lim f (x) = L, if this statement is true
xa
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Limits
Definition (1.1. Definition of the Limit of a Function)
containing a, except possibly at the number a itself. The limit of
a function f (x) as x approaches a is L, written as
lim f (x) = L, if this statement is true
xa
.
Given any > 0, however small, there exists a > 0 such that if
0 < |x a| < then |f (x) L| < .
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Theorem (1.2. Limit of a Linear Function)

If m and b are any constants, lim (mx + b) = ma + b.
xa
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity

xa
Theorem (1.3. Limit of a Constant)

If c is a constant, then for any number a
lim c = c.
xa
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity

xa
Theorem (1.3. Limit of a Constant)

If c is a constant, then for any number a
lim c = c.
xa
Theorem (1.4. Limit of the Identity Function)

lim x = a
xa
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Theorem (1.5. Limit of the Sum and Difference of Two Functions)

If lim f (x) = L and lim g (x) = M, then
xa
xa
lim [f (x) g (x)] = L M.
xa
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity

xa
xa
lim [f (x) g (x)] = L M.
xa
Theorem (1.6. Limit of the Sum and Difference of n Functions)

If
lim f1 (x) = L1 , lim f2 (x) = L2 , . . . , and lim fn (x) = Ln ,
xa
xa
xa
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity

xa
xa
lim [f (x) g (x)] = L M.
xa
Theorem (1.6. Limit of the Sum and Difference of n Functions)

If
lim f1 (x) = L1 , lim f2 (x) = L2 , . . . , and lim fn (x) = Ln , then
xa
xa
xa
lim [f1 (x) f2 (x) . . . fn (x)] = L1 L2 . . . Ln .
xa
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Theorem (1.7. Limit of the Product of Two Functions)

xa
xa
lim [f (x) g (x)] = L M.
xa
Theorem (1.8. Limit of the Product of n Functions)

If lim f1 (x) = L1 , lim f2 (x) = L2 , . . . , and lim fn (x) = Ln , then
xa
xa
xa
lim [f1 (x) f2 (x) . . . fn (x)] = L1 L2 . . . Ln .
xa
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Theorem (1.9. Limit of the nth Power of a Function)

If lim f (x) = L and n is any positive integer, then
xa
lim [f (x)]n = Ln .
xa
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Theorem (1.10. Limit of the Quotient of Two Functions)

xa
xa
lim
xa
f (x)
L
= , if M 6= 0.
g (x)
M
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Theorem (1.10. Limit of the Quotient of Two Functions)

xa
xa
lim
xa
f (x)
L
= , if M 6= 0.
g (x)
M
Theorem (1.11. Limit of the nth Root of a Function)

If lim f (x) = L and n is any positive integer, then
xa
lim
xa
n
n
f (x) = L,
if n is even, L > 0.
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Theorem (1.12)
If a is any real number except zero, then
lim
xa
mctlagura
1
1
=
x
a
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Theorem (1.12)
If a is any real number except zero, then
lim
xa
1
1
=
x
a
Theorem (1.13)
If a > 0 and n is a positive integer, or if a 0 and n is an odd
positive integer, then
p
n
lim n f (x) = L
xa
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Example:
Find the following limit and indicate the limit theorems being
applied:

1
lim x 2 + 7x 5
x3
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Example:
applied:

1
lim x 2 + 7x 5
x3
q
3
2
lim x x+2x+3
2 +5
x2
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Example:
applied:

1
lim x 2 + 7x 5
x3
q
3
2
lim x x+2x+3
2 +5
x2
lim (3x 7)
x5
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Example:
applied:

1
lim x 2 + 7x 5
x3
q
3
2
lim x x+2x+3
2 +5
x2
lim (3x 7)
lim 8r + 1r + 3
x5
4
r 1
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Example:
applied:

1
lim x 2 + 7x 5
x3
q
3
2
lim x x+2x+3
2 +5
x2
lim (3x 7)
lim 8r + 1r + 3
x5
4
r 1
5
x 2 49
x7 x7
lim
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Exploration:
x2
Given a function g (x) = x4
. Use a calculator to tabulate to four
decimal places values of g (x) when x is 3, 3.5, 3.9, 3.99, 3.999 and
when x is 5, 4.5, 4.1, 4.01, 4.001. What does g (x) appear to be
approaching as x approaches 4? Confirm the answer analytically by
computing lim g (x) and indicate the limit theorems being applied.
x4
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Definition (1.14. Definition of Right-Hand Limit)

(a, c). Then the limit of f (x), as x approaches a from the
right, is L, i.e.
lim+ f (x) = L
xa
if for any > 0, however small, there exists > 0 such that if
0 < x a < then |f (x) L| < .
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Definition (1.15. Definition of Left-Hand Limit)

(d, a). Then the limit of f (x), as x approaches a from the left,
is L, i.e.
lim f (x) = L
xa
if for any > 0, however small, there exists > 0 such that if
0 < a x < then |f (x) L| < .
Theorem (1.16)
lim f (x) exists and is equal to L if and only if lim f (x) = L and
xa
xa
lim+ f (x) = L both exist and are equal to L.
xa
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Examples:
Sketch the graph of each function. Find lim g (x) if it exists. (i.e.
x0
find lim g (x) and lim+ g (x))

x0
x0
(
|x|,
Let g be defined by g (x) =
2,
mctlagura
LIMITS
if x 6= 0,
if x = 0.
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Examples:
x0

x0
x0
(
|x|, if
2,
if
(
4 x 2,
Let h be defined by h(x) =
2 + x 2,
mctlagura
LIMITS
x=
6 0,
x = 0.
if x 1,
if 1 < x.
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Examples:
x0

x0
x0
(
|x|, if
2,
if
(
4 x 2,
2 + x 2,
Let f be defined by f (x) =
mctlagura
|x3|
x3 .
LIMITS
x=
6 0,
x = 0.
if x 1,
if 1 < x.
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Examples:
x0

x0
x0
(
|x|, if
2,
if
(
4 x 2,
2 + x 2,
x=
6 0,
x = 0.
|x3|
x3 .
x+ 5,
9 x 2,
3 x,
mctlagura
if x 1,
if 1 < x.
LIMITS
if x < 3,
if 3 x 3,
if 3 < x.
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Definition (1.17. Definition of Function Values Increasing Without

Bound)
I , containing a, except possibly at the number a itself. As x
approaches a, f (x) increases without bound, written as
lim f (x) = +
xa
if for any number N > 0 there exists a > 0 such that if

0 < |x a| < then f (x) > N.
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Definition (1.18. Definition of Function Values Decreasing Without

Bound)
I , containing a, except possibly at the number a itself. As x
approaches a, f (x) decreases without bound, written as
lim f (x) =
xa
if for any number N < 0 there exists a > 0 such that if

0 < |x a| < then f (x) < N.
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Theorem (1.19)
If r is any positive integer, then
1
lim 1r
x0+ x
= +
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Theorem (1.19)
1
lim 1r
x0+ x
lim
x0
1
xr
= +
(
,
=
+,
if r is odd,
if r is even.
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Example
1
f (x) =
1
x 2 +x+2
x 2 2x3
lim f (x)
x3+
2
lim f (x)
x3
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Example
1
f (x) =
1
x 2 +x+2
x 2 2x3
lim f (x)
x3+
2
lim f (x)
x3
f (x) =
x 2 4
x2 .
Find lim+ f (x).

x2
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Example
1
f (x) =
1
x 2 +x+2
x 2 2x3
lim f (x)
x3+
2
lim f (x)
x3
f (x) =
g (x) =
x 2 4
x2 .
4x 2
x2 .
Find lim+ f (x).

x2
Find lim g (x).

x2
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Definition (1.20. Definition of the Limit of f (x) as x Increases

Without Bound)
Let f be a function that is defined at every number in some
interval (a, +). The limit of f (x), as x increases without
bound, is L, which is written as
lim f (x) = L
x+
if for any > 0, however small, there exists a number N > 0 such
that if x > N then |f (x) L| < .
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Definition (1.21. Definition of the Limit of f (x) as x Increases

Without Bound)
Let f be a function that is defined at every number in some
interval (, a). The limit of f (x), as x decreases without
bound, is L, which is written as
lim f (x) = L
if for any > 0, however small, there exists a number N < 0 such
that if x < N then |f (x) L| < .
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Theorem (1.22)
1
lim 1r
x+ x
=0
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Theorem (1.22)
1
lim 1r
x+ x
lim 1r
x x
=0
=0
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Examples:
Find the limit lim f (x) then support your answer graphically.
1
f (x) =
f (x) =
g (x) =
x+
4x3
2x+5
2x 2 x+5
4x 3 1
3x+4
2x 2 5
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Theorem
With angles measured in radians
1
lim
x0
sin x
x
= 1,
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Theorem
1
x0
lim
sin x
x
lim
1cos x
x
x0
= 1,
= 0,
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Theorem
1
x0
lim
sin x
x
lim
1cos x
x
x0
3
= 1,
= 0,
lim sin x = 0, and
x0
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Theorem
1
x0
lim
sin x
x
lim
1cos x
x
x0
3
= 1,
= 0,
lim sin x = 0, and
x0
4
lim cos x = 1.
x0
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Examples:
Find lim
x0
tan x
x .
mctlagura
LIMITS
Limits
Algebra of Limits
One-Sided Limit
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity
Examples:
tan x
. Solution:
x0 x

lim tanx x = lim sinx x cos1 x
x0
x0
Find lim
=1
mctlagura
1
1
= 1.
LIMITS

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Limits

Theorem (1.2. Limit of a Linear Function)

Theorem (1.2. Limit of a Linear Function)

Theorem (1.3. Limit of a Constant)

Theorem (1.2. Limit of a Linear Function)

Theorem (1.3. Limit of a Constant)

Theorem (1.4. Limit of the Identity Function)

Theorem (1.5. Limit of the Sum and Difference of Two Functions)

lim [f (x) g (x)] = L M.

Theorem (1.5. Limit of the Sum and Difference of Two Functions)

lim [f (x) g (x)] = L M.

Theorem (1.6. Limit of the Sum and Difference of n Functions)

Theorem (1.5. Limit of the Sum and Difference of Two Functions)

lim [f (x) g (x)] = L M.

Theorem (1.6. Limit of the Sum and Difference of n Functions)

lim [f1 (x) f2 (x) . . . fn (x)] = L1 L2 . . . Ln .

Theorem (1.7. Limit of the Product of Two Functions)

lim [f (x) g (x)] = L M.

Theorem (1.8. Limit of the Product of n Functions)

lim [f1 (x) f2 (x) . . . fn (x)] = L1 L2 . . . Ln .

Theorem (1.9. Limit of the nth Power of a Function)

Theorem (1.10. Limit of the Quotient of Two Functions)

Theorem (1.10. Limit of the Quotient of Two Functions)

Theorem (1.11. Limit of the nth Root of a Function)

Definition (1.14. Definition of Right-Hand Limit)

Definition (1.15. Definition of Left-Hand Limit)

lim+ f (x) = L both exist and are equal to L.

find lim g (x) and lim+ g (x))

find lim g (x) and lim+ g (x))

find lim g (x) and lim+ g (x))

find lim g (x) and lim+ g (x))

Let f be defined by f (x) =

Definition (1.17. Definition of Function Values Increasing Without

if for any number N > 0 there exists a > 0 such that if

Definition (1.18. Definition of Function Values Decreasing Without

if for any number N < 0 there exists a > 0 such that if

Find lim+ f (x).

Find lim+ f (x).

Find lim g (x).

Definition (1.20. Definition of the Limit of f (x) as x Increases

Definition (1.21. Definition of the Limit of f (x) as x Increases

lim sin x = 0, and

lim sin x = 0, and

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