Reproduction Performances of Javan Deer (Cervus timorensis) at Deer

Captivities Cariu and Ranca Upas Province of West Java

Deden Ismail
University of Mahasaraswati
Denpasar
2012
This research is conducted at Java n Deer (Cervus timorensis)

in two

locations of captivities exactly in Cairu at Regency of Bogor as a low

land and in Ranca Upas at Regency of Bandung as a high land. The two
locations have different of

height place, temperature , moisture, and

management of activities. This research is conducted for one year

(November 1999-December 2000). This research has aim at knowing the
reproduction performance of Java n Deer (Rusa Jawa) in two captivities
include: 1) Total development of new born deer, 2)

ratio of new born

deer, 3) the interval of periodical growth until the release of antler.

Based on the research it is found that: 1) the rate of new born Cervus
timorensis which born in Cairu 6,3 bi

(six point threefold more big if

compared in Ranca Upas, 2) many are the new born of female deer in the
two locations, 3) the antlers interval growth until release or separated in
the two locations at about 12-14 months. The population growth and
presentation in Cairu is more big than compared in Ranca Upas that
shows the reproduction pefor mance of Java Deer (Cervus timorensis)
that protected in Cairu is relative high quality if compared in Ranca
Upas.
Key Word: Reprduction Performance, Java Deer, Penangkaran.
ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION
In some of animal garden the deer performs a high reproduction level
(Jacoeb and Wiryosuhanto, 1994), and also at Penagkaran in Oilsinbai,
Timor island (Takandjandji, 1996) the population growth for six years at
around 300% and the efforts of penangkaran deer in Perak Malaysia
(PPRUK, 1998) for five years, experience the population growth about
70%. The gender of new born deer in some researches are variety, such as
the gender was borne are mostly the male or on the contrary and some
researchers give different arguments about the factor that the new born
have a specific gender, found in some of a various kinds of deer. This
research is conducted by Degayner and Jordan (1987) to a Deer Whitetail, it is said that the social domination (matrilineal) at white-tail deer
have an impact on the evolution delay, the copulation and the gender of
the new born deer. The mature female deer which dominant, will bear a
new born of doeroe and support the characteristic of matrilineal in a well
habitat, while, the subordinate of will born the dominant of the new born
stag/buck. The different items is also shows by Trivers and Willard
(1973) and Birgersson (1998) which stated that the female deer with a
better condition tend to bear many of the male deer. While at unhealthy
female deer tend to bear many of female deer: the result of male deer
reproduction in copulation with the female deer are variety. Hewison and
Gaillard (1996) in his research about Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus)said
that if the female deer has been experienced in facing the environmental
stress will tend to bear male deer, to avoid the local potential competency
of natural resources accepted by this descendant.
The characteristic of secondary male deer is characterized by the
essence of antlers. The essence of antlers is a characteristic that begin the
sexual interaction and a territory defense, where the form and its measure
depend on the environmental and factor genetic (Asher, 1992b). Antlers

deer has many branches and initialed of a pustule that find in the head. In
its growth, antlers deer is covered by skin that called velvet. Velvet will
get drying and will separated if having a perfect antlers growth. To reach
a perfectness of antlers growth needs the time for 4 months (Jacoeb and
Wiryosuhanto, 1994). Antlers at Java deer in NTT at the first time growth
at the age of 7-9 months (Takandjandji, 1995). After the copulation
season, that valid on autumn and will grows later in the spring season
(Jacoeb and Wiryosuhanto, 1994). The antlers will die, according to
Takandjandji (1995) on Java deer in Penagkaran Oilsonbai (NTT) is on
March, May and October. While according to Sinclair (1998), at the same
deer in Queensland, between the month of January-March will formulated
of antlers skin, in April-June the antlers skin become strong, on JulySeptember the antlers will grows strongly in every year (Jacoeb and
Wiryosuhanto, 1994; Takandjandji, 19950, while according to Sinclair
(1998), this occurs in every 9-24 months. Antlers will grows later after 1
month (Takandjandji, 1995), while according to Sinclair (1998) after 2
months.
The research on reproduction performances of Java deer (Cervus
timorensis) is conducted in a few of different location of Penangkaran in
Indonesia, because the limitation of Penangkaran deer, besides, many of
people are not understand that the deer have measured for commercial
interest if applying the deer of measure result and qualified as a cattle
breeding if based on the recent requirements.
This research intended to reveal the reproduction performance of Java
deer in the different topography and management.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
The Type of Research

This is a Specific Research and Case Study and Field Research (Ditjen
Dikti, 1982). Based on its characteristic, this research is an Exploration
Research (Hadi, 1994). The characteristic of this research is profoundly
conducted and completed observed an objected research.
Time and Location
This research is conducted for 12 months from November 1999 until
October 2000, in the location that is:
1. Penangkaran Rusa (Penangkaran deer) BKPH (Blok kesatuan
Pemangkuan Hutan) jonggol, RPH (Resor Pangkuan Hutan) Cariu,
Cariu

of

Bogor

regency.

In

the

height

of

200-500m

dpl,

temperature 22 0 -34 0 C, the moisture between 60-80% with the rain

rate between 1000-1200mm per year.
2. Penangkaran deer Ranca Upas, (BKPH Tambak Ruyung Timur,
KPH Southern Badung, the District of Ciwidey, Badung, Regency.
The height 1600-1700m dpl, temperature 18 0 -23 0 C, the moisture
75-95% with the rain rate 1220-1500mm.
Object Research
The object of this research is Java deer (Cervus timorensis). The
application used in this research is thermometer, hygrometer, camera, to
create photo and photo slide; video camera.
Data Analysis
Variable in this research is independent variable, and dependent variable.
Independent variable in this research is the management protection in the
Penagkaran deer (Cervus timorensis), while a dependent variable is the
reproduction performance that of Java Deer (Cervus timorensis) that
include:

1. The Total Development of the new born deer

2. The ratio of gender
3. The time the new born deer of antlers and the release of antlers
The definition operational of re production performance of Javan Deer
(Cerves Timorensies) in the research is :
1) The development of the total new born deer is the percentage rate
growth or lessening new born

deer

which borne on that year

if

compared with the previous year in the subsequent of interval.

2) The comparation ratio between the gender of new born male deer
with female that borne on the total borne
3) The time growth interval and the release of antlers : is a

longer

time when antlers of the male deer began to grow until the antlers
is

separated to die. The statistical analysis applied is the descriptive

statistic, that specialized in determining the different gender of new

borne

on the two location of captivities used

by

Chi square test

(Statistica 6.0)
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The Total Development of Javan new born, can be seen from the effects
for cattle breeding.
The growth of Javan deer in the efforts of Penangkaran Javan der in Cariu
and Ranca Upas can be seen on the table 1 and table 2.
Table 1.

Development of Javan deer fawn in Cariu from 1996 - 2000

Year

Male

Female

Total

1996
1997
1998

2
3
4

4
7
9

6
10
13

The birth
growth
increase (%)
66,67
116,67

1999
2000
Total

2
18
5
18
16
56
The total rate of the birth per year

20
23
72

233,33
283,33
700,00
175,00

Source: BKPH Jonggol (data processed)

Table 2

The Growth of The Birth Anak Javan Deer in Ranca Upas

from the year 1982-October 200.

Year

Male

Female

Total

Reproduction
Growth

1982

1983

150,00

1984

50,00

1985

50,00

1986

-50,00

1987

0,00

1988

0,00

1989

0,00

1990

0,00

1991

0,00

1992

0,00

1993

200,00

1994

150,00

1995

50,00

1996

50,00

1997

50,00

1998

-100,00

1999

-100,00

2
48

0,00
500,00
27,78

2000
Total

0
2
22
26
The rates of birth growth per year

Source: KPH of Southern Bandung (the data is processed)

In table 1, in Penangkaran in Cairu, if compared in Ciaru if
compared with the total the new born of Javan deer in 1996, so the
percentage growth of the new born Javan Deer from 1996 until October
2000 as many as 175%. Anda then from the table 2, in Penangkaran Ranca
Upas, if compared with the total of the new had borne of Javan in 1982,
and the and the percentage rate the newborn of Javan Deer from 1996
until October 2000 at about 175%. Furthermore, from the table 2, in
Penangkaran Ranca Upas, if compared with the total new born of Javan
deer the growth rate of the new born growth ratet of the Javan Deer per
year is 27, 78%.
From the table 1 and table 2 above, can be determined that the
percentage of the new borne Java Deer per year in Carius is about 175%
is far greater if compared with the Ranca Upas is about 27,78%, or the
percentage rate the new born Java Deer in Ciaru is greater 6,3 times if
compared

in Ranca Upas, and this

shows that

the reproduction

performance of Javan Deer that protected in Cariu to be relative more

better of compared in the Ranca Upas, besides, this item shos the
management protection of Javan Deer in Cariu is more better if compared
in Ranca Upas.
From this research performance can also be seen with the
population growth of deer as a Penangkaran result, shows that the deer is
easy to adapt and grows wit. The environment out of its original habitant
(PPRUK, 1998, Sinclair, 1998)
Furthermore, in this research is also is clarified that the long
duration of sex applied peruode at Javan Deer protected Cariu and ranca
Upas at around one until two days, and this is based on the opinion shows
by Takenjandji, (1995), Takenjandji (1998) and Sinaga (1997) and

Semuadi (1998). In this research is also found that the circle of sex
applied on the Javan Deer in Cariu and in Ranca Upas is at not far
different with the ideas from Takandjandji (1995), Semiadi (1998).
The Ratio Gender of the Javan Deer Fawn
This research performs that the ratio gender of the gender male
deer compared with female which borne in Carik as 16: 56 or 1: 3, 5
(Table 1I) while in Rance Upas as 22 : 26 or 1 : 1,2 (Table 2).
Furthermore, from this research performance, in Ciaru or in Ranca
Upas, founded are mostly the new borne of Female Javan deer compared
with the male Javan Deer, and the different between the total amount of
new born Javan deer female compared with the different new born of
Javan Deer have a real different (P<0, 05).
The different result from captivity

in Oilsonbai Nusa Tenggara

Timur (NTT), where the tendency area mostly found at new born of male
deer or if compared with the new born female. This caused by the
probability of female Javan Deer in Cariu and in Ranca Upas never been
experienced in facing the strong of environment stress such on NTT, that
caused by the shortage of grass for consume and the air with a high
temperature. As the result will grown many of new born female deer.
While the female deer that have been experiences to face the environment
stress tend to give a new born of male deer, to avoid the potential
competition of natural resource in the local environment that will be
faced by his descendants (Hewisson and Gaillard, 1996). Besides,

it

could caused by a flock of deer in Carisk and also in Ranca Upas the
association of individu in the flock is not strongly, it means, there is no
flock of deer with constant flock, so many ofa female deer with a
dominant characteristic in that group. This tend to bear the new born of
female will support the character of materialized in its position in a flock

or group and still maintaining the better habitat. This performance is

based on the Degayner and Jordan (1987) to the deer white-tail, although
for this reason the Javan Deer need conducting a further profound
research.

The Time Growth and the Release of Antlers.

In the research in Cariu and Ranca Upas, Antlers Javan Deer
grows after the Javan Deer female age between 7-9 months. This is based
on the from Takandjandji (1995) at Timorensis Deer protected in NTT
Antlers at Javan Deer in Cariu grows between December-February while,
in ranca Lepas Antlers will griws between November-January Antlers will
grows later less for one months after its Antlers is separated to die. The
hard at about 6-7 months. Interval the time for Javan Deer growth in
Cariu and Ranca Upas from the separating Antlers until the next Antlers
which grows and separated later at about 12-14 months, based on the
ideas shows by Jacob and Wiryosuhanto (1994), Tajendjandji (1995), and
Sinclair (1988).
The release Antlers at generally, is the hard antlers, and the skin
Antlers have been separated, so the Antlers looks clean. When antlers
will separated, at around the Antlers with a color white. The time when
Antlers will separated, the deer usually act depressive, carefully, even
though afraid if Antlers that Antlers that will separate touched by deer or
another material, and often separated herself from the other of male deer,
male deer doesnt have Antlers be cause the Antlers is separate or still
young and have the position subordinate score, while in the group of
female nature deer that consist of the group. Young deer and the now born
deer and then the social status of male deer with the young antlers or
without antlers are on the same dominant position with the female deer as

a head group or sometimes under the subordinate position. This is based

the ideas of Alikodra (1990) and Word (1998).
A pair of antlers not separated on the same time, and sometimes
separated from the one antlers with another antlers at about 1-2 days. The
old pustule of separted antlers, usually bleed and the blood will become
dry in a few hours later.
The deer without having antlers, at generally have a quite
characteristic and submission to (bow) to other male deer which has a
hard antlers, when feeding the greass will get together in the flock with
the male deer. The release antlers of Javan Deer carik, generally occurs in
January until June with the highest frequency on April, while in ranca
Upas, antlers dies or separated between Mei until June. Therefore it will
find the Upas. The time of Antlers release is based on the Timorensis
Deer that protected in NTT (Tajandjandji, 1995), but different with the
Javan Deer and Maluku Deer that protected in Queesnalnd Australia
(Sinclair, 1998). Thus copulation season is characteristic by more male
and a close relationship with sexual power to have a copulation release of
antlers will followed by the ability of the male sexual to having.
The hard of antlers has a close relationship with the merease of
hormone testosterone and androsteredion directly will accelerate the
growth and proliferasi cell promodial in the front of head bones that
begin with the growth of pedicle, velvent, and then antlers become hard.
The essence of testotern and androstenedion will gradually increase when
the forming of pedicle until the being velvet, and easy to grow when the
antlers become hard. When antlers is releasing in the copulation season
will cause the decrease of concentration testosterone and androstenedion
in the blood. The Different Interval of the time for antlers release is also
caused by the different of breeding management, such as the way to
feeding them and the types of food, stable copulation organization, the

controlling of cattle healt and soon, become the breeding management is

also impact to the growth and the release of antlers (Asher, 1992 b;
Jacoeb and Wiryosuhanto, 1994, Takandjandji, 1995 ; Takandjandji and
Sinaga, 1997; Tuckwell, 1997; Semiadi, 1998; Sinclair 1998).
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
From this research could be concluded that 1) The rate
percentage the new born of Javan Deer in Cariu 6,3 times bigger if
compared with in Ranca Upas, 2) Many new born of new born female
deer is borne at two location, 3) The interval of antlers growth until the
antlers release on the two location is about 12-14 months and 4) the
growth of population and the parentage population of new born in Cairu
is more big if compared in Ranca Upas shows that the reproduction
performance of Javan. Deer that protected in Cariu relative more better if
compared with Ranca Upas.
It is suggested that this research could be an initial step for
conducting a further research in the location of other Penangkaran Deer
with the variable of reproduction performance, management and a various
environmental and any other kinds of deer.