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Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2014, Article ID 921750, 10 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/921750
Research Article
Pullback Attractor for Nonautonomous Ginzburg-Landau
Equation with Additive Noise
Yangrong Li and Hongyong Cui
School of Mathematics and Statistics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
Correspondence should be addressed to Hongyong Cui; chy0321@126.com
Received 23 February 2014; Accepted 29 August 2014; Published 19 October 2014
Academic Editor: Yansheng Liu
Copyright 2014 Y. Li and H. Cui. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Long time behavior of stochastic Ginzburg-Landau equations with nonautonomous deterministic external forces, dispersion
coefficients, and nonautonomous perturbations is studied. The domain is taken as a bounded interval I in R. By making
use of Sobolev embeddings and Gialiardo-Nirenberg inequality we obtain the existence and upper semicontinuity of the
pullback attractor in 2 (I) for the equation. The upper semicontinuity shows the stability of attractors under perturbations.
1. Introduction
Consider the following stochastic complex Ginzburg-Landau
equation with nonautonomous deterministic external force
and dispersion coefficients:
d = [( + ()) ( + ()) ||2 + + (, )] d
+ () d () ,
(GL)
where (, ) is unknown and complex-valued; I =

]0, 1[ R; dispersion coefficients (), () and external force
(, ) are all time-dependent; , , , and are positive real
constants; () is a given complex-valued function; () is
supposed to be a real-valued Wiener process on a complete
probability space. (For detail of conditions see Lemma 12.)
As a kind of Schrodinger type equation, complex
Ginzburg-Landau (G.-L.) equations arise in various areas
of physics and chemistry as pointed out by Temam [1].
Due to their rich mathematical properties, Ginzburg-Landau
equations have drawn much attention of mathematicians and
many related articles appear in literature, such as [17]. In [1
5], existence and attractors for deterministic G.-L. equations
are studied and in [6, 7], the authors take perturbations
into consideration and have investigated the existence of
attractors of solutions.
This paper deals with a nonautonomous case, equation

(GL). Note that, except for perturbations, external force
() and dispersions () and () are all time-dependent.
To investigate the long time behavior of solutions for
such stochastic equations with nonautonomous deterministic
terms, Wang [8, 9] generalized the theory on existence and
upper semicontinuity of attractors for random dynamical
systems (RDS), which provides us with abstract criteria (see
Lemmas 10 and 11) to investigate system (GL).
Since the spatial domain I is bounded and the G.L. equation has smoothing effect, Sobolev embeddings are
applied to obtain the asymptotic compactness of the system,
as well as constructing a compact random absorbing set,
which is needed to investigate not only the existence, but
also the upper semicontinuity (or the stability at = 0)
of pullback attractors for G.-L. system (GL). GialiardoNirenberg inequality also contributes to estimation of the
nonlinear term.
The main result of this paper contains Theorems 20 and
22.
This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 we recall
some concepts and abstract results on attractors of RDS and
define a cocycle for nonautonomous system (GL). Uniform
estimates of solutions are established in Section 3. The main
result of this paper is concluded in the last section.
Notations. In this paper, any function space should be

considered complex-valued except that there are particular
explanations. We denote by the norm of any (complex- or
real-valued) Banach space . The norm of a -times Lebesgue
integrable space (I), 0 < , is denoted by for
short and 2 =: . We often write = 2 (I) and =
01 (I) for convenience and denote the inner product of
by (, ) with (, V) = I V d, for all , V . To investigate
the stability of attractors, we use subscript or superscript
to indicate the dependence on when necessary. Letter
stands for positive constants independent of and may
change its value from line to line; ( ) indicates the exclusive
dependence on the parameters in the bracket.
2. Preliminary Result and the Cocycle

2.1. Pullback Attractors for Cocycles. In this part we recall
some theory of pullback attractors for RDS with nonautonomous deterministic terms. The reader is referred to [8
10] for more details.
Suppose we are given a nonempty unbounded subset T of
R, a probability space (, F, P) and a Banach space (, )
with Borel -algebra B().
Definition 1. A nonautonomous random set
=
{(, )}, := {(, ) : T, } of is a setvalued mapping: T 2 which is measurable with
respect to F in . That is, the value (, ) of every
(, ) T is a closed nonempty subset of and the
mapping d(, (, )) is (F, B(R))-measurable
for each fixed and T.
Definition 2. Suppose there are two groups { }R and
{ }R acting on T and , respectively. (T, { }R ) and
(, F, P, { }R ) are called two parametric dynamical systems if
(i) : R T T is a mapping such that 0 is the
identity operator on T;
(ii) + = for all , R;
(i ) : R is a (B(R) F, F)-measurable
mapping such that 0 is the identity operator on ;
(ii ) + = for all , R and P = P for all R.
Definition 3. Class D is defined for any fixed R+ as

the collection of all nonempty and bounded nonautonomous
random sets of , of which every member = {(, )},
satisfies
2
lim ( , ) = 0
(1)
for each T and P-a.e. ,

where = sup .
Definition 4. Let (T, { }R ) and (, F, P, { }R ) be two
parametric dynamical systems. A mapping : R+ T
is called a cocycle on over (T, { }R ) and
(, F, P, { }R ) if for all T, , and , R+ , it

satisfies that
(i) (, , ) : R+ is (B(R+ ) F
B(), B())-measurable;
(ii) (0, , ) is the identity operator on ;
(iii) ( + , , ) = (, , ) (, , ).
If, in addition, (, , ) : is always a continuous
mapping on , is called a continuous cocycle.
Let in the sequel be a continuous cocycle on a Banach
space over (T, { }R ) and (, F, P, { }R ).
Definition 5. Suppose = {(, )}, D . Then is called
a D -pullback absorbing set for if for all T, P-a.e.
and, for every D , there exists a = (, , ) > 0 such
that
(, , ) ( , ) (, )
. (2)
If, in addition, for each T and P-a.e. , (, ) is a

closed subset of and is measurable with respect to F in ,
then we say is a closed measurable D -pullback absorbing
set for .
Definition 6. is said to be D -pullback asymptotically
compact in if for all T and P-a.e. , sequence
{( , , , )}
=1 has a convergent subsequence in
whenever ( , ) with {(, )}, D and
.
Definition 7. A random variable () : (0, ) is called
tempered with respect to { }R if
lim
log ( ) = 0 P-a.s.,
(3)
where applies only to two-sided time.

Proposition 8. By Definition 7 the following properties hold
true.
(i) If a random variable () is tempered, then
lim ( ) = 0,
lim ( ) = 0
(4)
> 0.
(ii) If random variables 1 () and 2 () are both tempered, so are 1 () + 2 () and 1 ()2 ().
Definition 9. A nonautonomous random set A = {(, )},
of is called a D -pullback attractor for if the following
conditions are satisfied for every T and P-a.e. .
Consider
(i) A D and (, ) is compact in ;
(ii) A is invariant; that is,
(, , ) (, ) = ( , ) ,
0;
(5)
(iii) A attracts every set in D ; that is, for every =

{(, )}, D ,
lim dist ( (, , ) ( , ) , (, )) = 0,
(6)
where dist (, ) denotes the Hausdorff semimetric in
defined as
dist (, ) = sup inf ,

, .
(7)
The following results are borrowed from Wang [811].

Lemma 10. Let be a continuous cocycle on over
(, F, P, { }R ) and (T, { }R ). Then has a unique D pullback attractor A in D if and only if is D -pullback
asymptotically compact in and has a closed measurable
D -pullback absorbing set in D .
Given a metric space . For every , let be a
continuous cocycle over (T, { }R ) and (, F, P, { }R ).
Lemma 11. Suppose for each , has a D -pullback
attractor A = { (, )}, , particularly, A 0 = { 0 ()} ;
then for every R and ,
dist ( (, ) , 0 (, )) 0 0 , (8)
if provided
(i) for every R+ , R, , and with
0 , , with , it holds that
lim

(, , ) = 0 (, , ) ;
(9)
(ii) there exists a mapping 0 (, ) : R R such that

the family
= { (, ) = { : 0 (, )} : R, }
D ;
(10)
(iii) , has a D -pullback absorbing set =
{ (, )}, such that for all R and ,
lim sup (, ) 0 (, ) ,
0
(11)
where 0 is as in (ii) and = sup , for all

;
(iv) for every R and ,
(, )
2.2. Nonautonomous Stochastic G.-L. Equations. Given R

and , consider equations defined for I =]0, 1[ R,
d = [( + ()) ( + ()) ||2 +
(13)
+ (, )] d + () d () ,
with initial-boundary value conditions
(, ) = 0 () ,
(, )|I 0,
(14)
where the unknown (, ) is a complex-valued function;

dispersion coefficients (), (), and external force (, )
are all time-dependent and real-valued functions; , , , and
]0, 1] are positive constants; () 01 (I) 2 (I); ()
is supposed to be a two-sided real-valued Wiener process on
a complete probability space (, F, P), where = {
(R, R) : (0) = 0}, F is Borel -algebra induced by the
compact open topology of , and P is the corresponding
Wiener measure on (, F).
To define a proper cocycle for system (13), we first
define the related parametric dynamic systems as follows. Let
{ }R be the group acting on R satisfying
= + , R,
(15)
and { }R the group acting on (, F, P) such that

() = ( + ) ()
, R,
(16)
where we have identified () with

(, ) = () ,
(17)
Then by Definition 2 it is evident that (R, { }R ) and

(, F, P, ( )R ) are two parametric dynamical systems.
We now define a continuous cocycle over (R, { }R )
and (, F, P, { }R ) for system (13). Consider the onedimensional Ornstein-Uhlenbeck equation
d d = d,
(18)
of which a stationary solution is provided by
() = ( ) ( ) () d,
0
R.
(19)
with
It is known that there exists a -invariant set
P() = 1 such that ( ) is continuous in for every

and the random variable |( )| is tempered (see, e.g.,
,
from ).
[8, 10, 12, 13], and hereafter we will not distinguish
Therefore, by Proposition 8 and [12, Proposition 4.3.3] (see
also [1416]), there exists a tempered variable () > 0 such
that
6
() () ,
(20)
where () satisfies
(12)
( ) (/2)|| () ,
R.
(21)
Let ( ) = ( ), () = ||2 , and

V (, , , V0 ) = (, , , 0 ) ( )
with V0 = 0 ( ) .
(22)
Then if () solves (13)-(14), V() should satisfy, by (18), (22),

and () 01 (I) 2 (I),
dV
= ( + ()) V ( + ()) (V + ( ))
d
(23)
+ V + (, ) + ( + ()) ( ) ,
3. Uniform Estimates of Solutions
with conditions
V (, , , V0 ) = V0 = 0 ( ) ,
V (, , , V0 )I = 0,
where V0 = 0 (). By the property of solution trajectories

of well-possessed nonautonomous dynamical systems one
can readily check according to Definition 4 that (28) defines
a continuous cocycle for problem (13)-(14) on over
(R, { }) and (, F, P, { }), where { }R and { }R are
given by (15) and (16), respectively.
To investigate the (D -) pullback attractor in for
system (13), hereafter in this paper, we let, for an arbitrarily
fixed > 0, D be the class satisfying Definition 3 with
= .
(24)
for all R and I =]0, 1[. Since (23)-(24) is a

deterministic problem, by the standard Galerkin method
as in [17] or similar arguments of [2] (see also [1, 5, 6] for
autonomous G.-L. equations), we have the following wellpossessedness result.
In this section we estimate the solution of problem (13)-(14) to

establish a D -random absorbing set, as well as to obtain the
D -pullback asymptotic compactness for the cocycle under
assumptions of Lemma 12. We begin with two useful lemmas.
Lemma 13 (Youngs inequality). Let , > 0. Then for every
, satisfying 1 < , < , (1/) + (1/) = 1, it holds that
Lemma 12. Assume that

(i) R+ , R+ , R+ , ]0, 1], () 01 (I; C)
2 (I; C);
(ii) () (R; R) and supR |()| 3;

1
,
(25)
V R.
Then, for each V0 , the initial-boundary value problem
(23)-(24) has a unique weak solution
V (, , , V0 ) (, ; )
(, ; )
4 (, ; 4 (I)) .
(26)
(, , , 0 ) = V (, , , V0 ) + ( )
with 0 = V0 + ( ) .
(27)
Then under assumptions of Lemma 12 it is evident that

solves problem (13)-(14) and is (F, B())-measurable in
, continuous in both , and 0 . Consider the
mapping : R+ R with
(, , , 0 ) = ( + , , , 0 )
= V ( + , , , V0 ) + ( ) ,
(30)
By Lemma 14 we derive the following estimates for later

convenience.
Corollary 15. Let I R. Then it holds true for every
well-defined () that
44 3 ,
66 4 2 ,
2 6/7 8/7
4 .
(31)
Lemma 16. Let assumptions of Lemma 12 hold. Then for every

R, , and D , there exists a =
(, , ) 1 and a positive constant , which depends on
but is independent of , , , and , such that the solution
V(, , , V0 ) with V0 ( , ) of (23)-(24) satisfies, for
all , that
2
V (, , , V0 )

(28)
(29)
where 1/ = (/) + ((1/) (/)) + (1 )(1/).
Besides, V(, , , V0 ) is (F, B())-measurable in and

continuous in V0 with respect to the norm of for each .
Let
> 0.
Lemma 14 (Gagliardo-Nirenbergs inequality). Let

(R ), (R ), 1 , . Then for 0 < ,
(/) < 1, there exists a constant such that
(iii) () (R; R) and (, ) 2 (R; ) are such

that
2
(/2) (| ()|4 + (, ) ) d < +
+ /
(| ()|4 + (, ) ) d + () + ,
(32)
2
V (, , , V0 ) d
where = (, ); from (34)(36) it follows that
4
+ V(, , , V0 )4 d
(| ()|4 + (, ) ) d + () + ,
(33)
where () is the tempered random variable given by (20) and

(21).
Proof. Taking the inner product of (23) with V in and
taking the real part, we get
1 d
V2
2 d
+ Re ( () , V) + Re (( + ) ( ) , V) .
(34)
By conditions () = ||2 , |()| 3, and ( ) =
( ) we derive that
Re (( + ()) (V + ( )) , V)
2 + 1 + 2
(|V|2
) d
2 I
2 + 1 + 2
) d
(
2 I
4
2
+ (, ) + (| ()|4 + ( ) + ( ) )
2
(, ) + | ()|4 + ( ) + ,
where = (, , ). Multiply (38) by and integrate over

] , [, R+ , to get, for each ,
()
4

V(, , , V0 )4 d
2
+ ||2 + 2 V2 + 2|V|2 ) , V)
() (| ()|4 + (, ) ) d
V44
+ ( + ()) (V|V|2 + ||2 V + V2 2 + 2|V|2 V) d

I
+ 2 (3|V| || + || |V| + |V| || ) d

I
+ V44 + 44 (by Lemma 13)
4
V44 + ( )
(by (31) and 01 (I)) ,
2
(35)
V44
where = (, , ). Since similarly we have
2 1
(, ) + V2 + V2
2
2
2
4
2
4
+ (| ()| + ( ) + ( ) ) ,
4
() ( ( ) + 1) d + V0 .
2
V (, , , V0 )
+
2
V (, , , V0 ) d
4
+ V(, , , V0 )4 d
2
() (| ()|4 + (, ) ) d
(36)
(39)
Notice that ||4 ||6 + . Therefore, replacing in (39) with

and by (20)-(21) we obtain
Re ( () , V) + Re (( + ()) ( ) , V)
1
2 1
(, ) + V2 + V2
2
2
2
2
2
+ | + ()| ( )
(38)
= Re ( ( + ()) (|V|2 V + 2V||2 + V2
V2 + V2 + V2 + V44
d
2
()
V (, , , V0 )2 d
V (, , , V0 ) +
2
= Re (( + ()) V + ( ) (V + ( )) , V)
(37)
which implies that
= V2 Re (( + ()) (V + ( )) , V) + V2
V44
d
V2 + V2 + V44
d
2
(2 + 1) V2 + (, )
4
2
+ (| ()|4 + ( ) + ( ) ) ,
6
() ( ( ) + 1) d + V0
(| ()|4 + (, ) ) d
2
( ) d + + ( , ) ,
(40)
where is a positive constant depending on but independent

of , , , and . Since D , by Definition 3 there exists a
= (, , ) 1 such that
2
( , ) 1 ,
(41)
which along with (40) and (20)-(21) completes the proof.

all ,
2
V (, , , V0 ) d
1
4
V(, , , V0 )4 d
1
= Re (( + ()) (V + ( )) , V) + V2
Re ( () , V) Re (( + ()) ( ) , V) .
(45)
= Re (( + ()) (|V|2 V, V))
(| ()|4 + (, ) ) d + () + ,
(42)

(21).
Proof. Notice that (1) for all ] 1, [. Hence, by
(33) we have
2
V (, , , V0 ) d
1
1 d
V2 + V2
2 d
Re (( + ()) (V + ( )) , V)
Proof. Taking the inner product of (23) with V in and

taking the real part, we have
Estimate the first term in the right hand side of (45) to get
(52). Since () = ||2 , we have

(21).
+ Re (( + ()) (V2 + 2|V|2 ) , V)

+ Re (( + ()) (22 V||2 + 3 ||2 + 2 V2 ) , V) .
(46)
By the condition |()| 3, for all R, we have
Re (( + ()) (|V|2 V, V))
= Re (( + ()) (|V|2 |V|2 + V|V|2 V) d)
I
4
V(, , , V0 )4 d
1
(1)
= |V|2 |V|2 d Re (VV) |V|2 d

I
2
V (, , , V0 ) d
(1)
+ () Im (VV) |V|2 d
I
4
V(, , , V0 )4 d
= |V|2 |V|2 d
(| ()|4 + (, ) ) d + () + ,
(43)

all ,
2
V (, , , V0 )
( () + 1)
(|V|2 ) d
2 I
(47)
()
(VV VV) |V|2 d
2
I
2
1
= (3(|V|2 ) + 2 () (VV VV) |V|2
4 I
for all 1, which concludes the lemma.
(| ()|4 + (, ) ) d
+ |VV VV|2 ) d
1
= M d 0,
4 I
R,
where denotes the conjugate transpose of matrix and

= [|V|2 , VV VV] ,
3
].

(48)
I R.
(49)
M=[
Recall the Agmon inequality that
+ ( () + 1) ,
(44)
() 1/2 1/2 ,
By Lemma 13, |()| 3, and (49) we estimate the second

term in the right hand side of (46) to obtain
Re (( + ()) (V2 + 2|V|2 ) , V)
+ () 3|V|2 || |V| d
I
2
V2 + ( ) V44
4
2
V2 + ( ) V44 ,
4
(50)
where is a positive constant independent of , , and .

Given 0, R, , and ] 1, [, integrating
(55) over ], [ and by (20) we find that
2
V (, , , V0 )
2
V (, , , V0 )
6
4
+ ( ( ) + 1) (V ()4 + 1) d
2
4
+ ( (, ) + () ) d
where = (, , , ). Similarly, for the last term of (46)

we have
V (, , , V0 )
Re (( + ()) (22 V||2 + 3 ||2 + 2 V2 ) , V)
2 (3 |V| ||2 |V| + ||3 |V|) d
4
6
V2 + ( ( ) V44 + ( ) + ( ) ) .
4
(51)
From (46)(51) and Lemma 13 it follows that
For the last term of (45), by Lemma 13 again we get
( ( ) + 1) d
2
4
( (, ) + () ) d,
where is a positive constant independent of , , and .

Integrating (56) with respect to over ] 1, [ and replacing
with , by (21) we derive that
2
V (, , , V0 ) d
4
V(, , , V0 )4 d
1
+ ( () + )
+ () + +
Re (( + ()) ( ) , V)
2
V2 + | + ()|2 ( )
4
2
2
V2 + | ()|2 ( ) + 2 ( )
4
6
V2 + | ()|4 + ( ) + ,
4
2
4
( (, ) + () ) d,
2
V (, , , V0 )
(53)
(| ()|4 + (, ) ) d
2
4
( (, ) + () ) d
1
+ ( () + )2 +
( () + )
(54)
(57)
where depends on but is independent of , , , and . Let

= (, , ) 1 be the same as in Lemma 17. Then from
(57) and (42) it follows that
( () + )
where = (, ). Since, by (31) and Lemma 13 again,
(| ()|4 + (, ) ) d
+ ( () + )2 ,
(58)
from (45), (52), and (53) we conclude that

d
6
V2 ( ( ) + 1) (V44 + 1)
d
2
+ ( (, ) + | ()|4 ) ,
6
V2 + ( ( ) + 1) V44 + ( ) + .
2
(52)
4
2
Re ( () , V) (, ) + V2 ,
( ( ) + 1) V()4 d
2
V (, , , V0 )
Re (( + ()) (V + ( )) , V)
V2 + V44 + ,
8
6
V2 + (4 V44 + 4 + ( ) )
4
V2
(56)
which completes the proof.

(55)
To derive uniform estimates on the solutions of (13)(14), recall from (28) that
(, , , 0 ) = V (, , , V0 ) + () ,
(59)
where V0 = 0 ( ). Hence, for = or , we have
2
(, , , 0 )
2
2V(, , , V0 ) + 2()2
(60)
R. Moreover, by the temperance of () and assumption

(iii) of Lemma 12 one can readily verify that
2
lim ( , ) = lim J ( , )
= 0,
2
2V(, , , V0 ) + 2()2 ( () + 1) .
(65)
Moreover, by the temperance of () it is evident that V0

comes from a nonautonomous random set in D provided,
and so does 0 . Therefore, Lemmas 16 and 18 imply the
following lemma.
(, , , 0 ) with 0 ( , ) of (13)-(14) satisfies, for
all , that
2
(, , , 0 )
(| ()|4 + (, ) ) d
(61)
+ () + ,
2
(, , , 0 )
( () + 1)
Theorem 20. Let assumptions of Lemma 12 hold. Then for

each ]0, 1] the cocycle associated with problem (13)-(14) has
a unique D -pullback attractor A = { (, )}, in 2 (I).
4.2. Upper Semicontinuity. In the sequel we denote by (, ,
) the cocycle corresponding to the solution (, , , 0 )
with () = 0 of (13) (to indicate the dependence of ),
and let 0 (, ) be the solution operator generated by the
deterministic nonautonomous system
d
= ( + ()) ( + ()) ||2 + + (, ) ,
d
(66)
and that
which indicates by Definition 3 that D . Therefore,

by Definition 5, definition (28), and Lemma 19 (62), is
a closed (and moreover, compact by Sobolev compactness
embeddings) measurable D -pullback absorbing set for . In
addition, it is evident that is D -pullback asymptotically
compact in . Hence, by Lemma 10 we obtain the following
existence result.
2
(| ()| + ) d
(, ) = 0 () ,
(62)
+ ( () + 1)2 ,
4. Pullback Attractors for Stochastic

G.-L. Equations
4.1. Existence. In this part, for each ]0, 1] we establish the
existence of the D -pullback attractor A for system (13).
=
Consider the nonautonomous random set
{ (, )}, with
2
J (, )}
(63)
for each R and , where J (, ) is given by

J (, ) = ( () + 1)
2
(| ()|4 + ) d
(67)
and given by
0 (, ) 0 = ( + , , 0 ) ,

(21).
(, ) := { :
(, )|I 0,
(68)
where (, , 0 ) with () = 0 solves the problem (66)(67). Analogously to cocycles (, , ), under assumptions
of Lemma 12 0 (, ) is a continuous operator from to ,
and moreover, it has a D -pullback attractor A0 = { 0 ()} .
R+ , R, , and 0 , 0 with 0 0 as 0,
it holds that
lim (, , ) 0 = 0 (, ) 0 .
0
(69)
Proof. Let V (, , , V0 ) = (, , , 0 ) ( ) with

V0 () = 0 () and write (, , ) = V (, , , V0 )
(, , 0 ). Then by (23) and (66), satisfies
d
= ( + ()) ( + ())( (V + ( )) ())
d
+ + ( + ()) ( ) ,
(70)
+ ( () + 1)2 ,
(64)
where is the constant found out by Lemma 19. It is evident
that J (, ) : R+ is (F, B(R))-measurable for each
where () = ||2 . Since, for each fixed ,
() = V0 0 = 0 () 0 0 as 0,
(71)
there exists a 0 ]0, 1] such that, for the fixed ,

2 2
V0 0 + 1 ]0, 0 ] .
Let > be an arbitrarily fixed time. By Agmon inequality

(49) and (62) we have
(72)
Taking the inner product of (70) with in and taking

the real part we have
1 d
2 + 2
2 d
= 2 Re (( + ()) ( ( ) ()) , )
(73)
+ Re (( + ()) ( ) , ) .
2
2
= Re (( + ()) ( ( ) + ( ||2 ) ) , )
2

2 ( + ( ) + + + ( ) )
I
|| d
2
2
+ ( + 2 ) ( ( ) + 2 )
2
2
( + 2 ) 2 + ( )
()2
(,, )d
(,, )d
2
( ) (, , ) d
()2
2
+ ( sup ( ) ) (,, )d
<<
(, , ) d.
(79)
which completes the proof.

(74)
Theorem 22. Let assumptions of Lemma 12 hold. Then for

every R and ,
lim dist ( (, ) , 0 ()) = 0.
0
(75)
Then from (73)(75) it follows that

d
(, , )2
d
2
( (, , , 0 ) + 2 + 1) (, , )2
2
2
+ ( ) ( (, , , 0 ) + 2 + | ()|2 + 1)
2
(, , ) (, , )2 + ( ) (, , ) ,
(,, )d
as 0,
where depends on but is independent of . Similarly by

Lemma 13 we have
( ) (1 + | ()|2 ) + 2 .
Since (, , ) =
( ) (, , 0 ), from
(71) and (79) it follows that
2
( + , , , 0 ) ( + , , 0 )
2
2
2 ( + , , ) + 22 ( ) 0, (80)
( ( ) + 2 )
Re (( + ()) ( ) , )
(78)
(, , , 0 )
2
( + 2 ) ,
(, , ) d < +.
Therefore, replacing with in (76) and by Gronwall

lemma we have
2
( + , , )
Re (( + ()) ( ( ) ()) , )
In the sequel we consider ]0, 0 ]. By the condition ()

3, for all R, we have
(76)
where is a positive constant independent of and (, , )

is given by
2
(, , ) := sup (, , , 0 ) + 2 + | ()|2 + 1.
0<00
(77)
(81)
Proof. We prove that the result verifies the four conditions

of Lemma 11. First, it is evident that condition (i) is actually
proved by Lemma 21. To verify the rest, let
0 () = J (, )=0
(82)
2
= (| ()|4 + ) d + ,
where is the constant as in (63). Since = { (, )},

for each ]0, 1] defined by (63) is a compact D -pullback
absorbing set for in , conditions (ii) and (iii) of Lemma 11
hold and condition (iv) follows from the fact that
(, ) (, ) 1 (, ) .
]0,1]
]0,1]
(83)
Then the theorem is concluded.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests
regarding the publication of this paper.
10
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their thanks to anonymous
reviewers for their valuable comments. This work was partially supported by the NSFC Grants 11071199 and 11371183.
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Abstract and Applied Analysis

where (, ) is unknown and complex-valued; I =

This paper deals with a nonautonomous case, equation

Abstract and Applied Analysis

Notations. In this paper, any function space should be

2. Preliminary Result and the Cocycle

(ii ) + = for all , R and P = P for all R.

Definition 3. Class D is defined for any fixed R+ as

for each T and P-a.e. ,

(, F, P, { }R ) if for all T, , and , R+ , it

If, in addition, for each T and P-a.e. , (, ) is a

where applies only to two-sided time.

Abstract and Applied Analysis

(iii) A attracts every set in D ; that is, for every =

dist (, ) = sup inf ,

The following results are borrowed from Wang [811].

(ii) there exists a mapping 0 (, ) : R R such that

where 0 is as in (ii) and = sup , for all

2.2. Nonautonomous Stochastic G.-L. Equations. Given R

where the unknown (, ) is a complex-valued function;

and { }R the group acting on (, F, P) such that

where we have identified () with

Then by Definition 2 it is evident that (R, { }R ) and

of which a stationary solution is provided by

P() = 1 such that ( ) is continuous in for every

Abstract and Applied Analysis

Let ( ) = ( ), () = ||2 , and

Then if () solves (13)-(14), V() should satisfy, by (18), (22),

3. Uniform Estimates of Solutions

where V0 = 0 (). By the property of solution trajectories

for all R and I =]0, 1[. Since (23)-(24) is a

In this section we estimate the solution of problem (13)-(14) to

Lemma 12. Assume that

Then under assumptions of Lemma 12 it is evident that

By Lemma 14 we derive the following estimates for later

Lemma 16. Let assumptions of Lemma 12 hold. Then for every

where 1/ = (/) + ((1/) (/)) + (1 )(1/).

Besides, V(, , , V0 ) is (F, B())-measurable in and

Lemma 14 (Gagliardo-Nirenbergs inequality). Let

(iii) () (R; R) and (, ) 2 (R; ) are such

(/2) (| ()|4 + (, ) ) d < +

Abstract and Applied Analysis

where = (, ); from (34)(36) it follows that

where () is the tempered random variable given by (20) and

where = (, , ). Multiply (38) by and integrate over

+ ( + ()) (V|V|2 + ||2 V + V2 2 + 2|V|2 V) d

+ 2 (3|V| || + || |V| + |V| || ) d

+ V44 + 44 (by Lemma 13)

where = (, , ). Since similarly we have

Notice that ||4 ||6 + . Therefore, replacing in (39) with

= Re ( ( + ()) (|V|2 V + 2V||2 + V2

which implies that

Abstract and Applied Analysis

where is a positive constant depending on but independent

which along with (40) and (20)-(21) completes the proof.

= Re (( + ()) (|V|2 V, V))

where () is the tempered random variable given by (20) and

Proof. Taking the inner product of (23) with V in and

where () is the tempered random variable given by (20) and

+ Re (( + ()) (V2 + 2|V|2 ) , V)

= |V|2 |V|2 d Re (VV) |V|2 d

Lemma 18. Let assumptions of Lemma 12 hold. Then for every