DESIGN OF COUNTERFORT RETAINING WALL

Hieght of cantilever wall from ground level

Unit weight of Earth
Angle of repose
Safe Bearing capacity of soil
Coffiecent of friction
Concrete
Steel
Nominal cover
Foundation depth
Counter forts width assume

m*c

m*c+sst
j=1-k/3 =
1
R=1/2xc x j x k
= 0.5
For soil, F

30

=
x
\

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

Cocrete M =

2
= 230 N/mm
3
=
7 N/mm
= 13.33

k=

q0

fe

1 Design Constants:-For HYSD Bars

sst =
scbc =
m

9.00
18
30
220
0.5

m
kN/m3

M
415
30
2.30
0.50

20

2
18000 N/m

Degree
kN/m3

mm
effective cover
m
m 500 mm

230
0.289
1
1

= #### N/mm2

0.95

11.30

mm

0.51

25 kN/mm2

= 0.289
=
=
+

0.904
0.913
0.5
= 0.33
0.5

2 Diamension of various parts :Hence height of wall above base H =

9.00 + 2.30 = 11.30 m
The ratio of length of slabe (DE) to base width b is given by eq.
q0
220
1
=
1
=
a =
2.2 y H
2.2 x
18 x 11.30
Keep a = 0.51
The width of base is given by Eq.
Ka
b = 0.95 H x
(1- a)x(1+3 a)

b =

40

20

wt. of concrete

13.33
x
7
13.33 x
7
+
0.289 /
3
7
x 0.904 x
1-sin F
=
Ka =
1+sinF

0.333
)x( 1

+ 1.53 )

Kp=

Ka

0.508
. Eq (1)

5.57

The base width from the considration of sliding is given by Eq.

0.7HKa
0.7
x 11.30 x 0.33
b =
=
= 10.76
m
(1-a) m
(
1
- 0.51 )x 0.5
This width is excessive. Normal practice is to provide b between 0.5 to 0.7 H .
Taking maximum value of H = 0.7
7.91
b
= 0.70 x 11.30 =
m
for design purpose
7.91
Hence Provided b =
m
The wall will be unsafe against sliding. This will be made safe by providing a shear Key at base .
Width of toe slab = a x b
=
0.51 x
7.91 = 4.03 m Provided toe slab = 4.00
m
taking the uniform thickness of stem =
1400 mm
= 1.40 m for design purpose
Hence width of heel slab =
7.91 - 1.40 - 4.00 = 2.51 m
Let the thickness of base slab
= 300 mm
= 0.3 m
1/4
1/4
H
11.30
Clear spacing of counter fort = 3.5 x
= 3.50 x
= 3.12 m
y
18

keep them at 3.00 m apart. Let us provide counterfort over toe slab, upto ground level at
3.00 m clear distance.
3 Stability of wall:Full dimension wall is shown in fig 1a
Let w1 = weight of rectangular portion of stem
w2 = weight of base slab
w3 = weight of soil on heel slab.
The calculation are arrenged in Table
Detail
w1
1
x
1.40 x 11.00 x
25
w2
1
x
1.40 x 7.91 x
25
w3
1
x
2.51 x 11.00 x
18
Sw
5453.42 kN-m
Total resisting moment =
Earth pressure
p

Ka x y x H2
2

Over turning
\

0.33

Over turning moment Mo =

F.S. against over turning

18
2

force(kN) lever arm

4.15
=
385
3.955
= 276.85
5.555
= 496.98
= 1158.83 total MR

1597.75
1094.94175
2760.72
5453.42
..(1)

x( 11.30 )2

11
3

= 1443

5453.42
1442.897

3.78

383.1

Moment about toe (KN-m)

383.07 kN

..(2)

kN-m
>

Hence
safe

mSw
PH

0.50 x #####
= 1.51 > 1.5
safe
383.07
To make safe against sliding A shear key will have provid under base , Also increase
width of base will have to increase..

F.S. against sliding =

Pressure distribution
net moment SM = 5453.42 1443 =
\ Distance x of the point of application of resultant, from toe is
b
SM
#####
=
= 3.46 m
=
x =
#####
6
Sw
b
7.91
x
=
Eccenticity e =
- 3.46 = 0.49 m
2
2
6e
#####
6x 0.49
SW
Pressure p1 at toe=
1+
=
x
1+
=
7.91
b
b
7.91

4010.52 kN-m
7.91
= 1.318
6
<

1.318

201 <
kN -m2

220

Hence safe
Hence safe

In order to make it safe, increase the length of toe slab DE to

5.10
m, So that total wiodth is = 9.01
The revised computations are arranged in table
Detail
force(kN) lever arm Moment about toe (KN-m)
w1
5.25
2021
1
x
1.40 x 11.00 x
25
=
385
w2
3.955
1247
1
x
1.40 x 9.01 x
25
=
315
w3
6.655
3307
1
x
2.51 x 11.00 x
18
=
497
total
M
6575.90
Sw = 1197.30
R
6576
1442.90
5133.00
net moment SM =
=
kN-m
\ Distance x of the point of application of resultant, from toe is
b
9.01
SM
#####
=
= 4.29 m
=
= 1.502
x =
#####
6
6
Sw
b
9.01
x
=
Hence safe
Eccenticity e =
- 4.29 = 0.22 m
< 1.502
2
2
6e
#####
6x 0.22
152.2 < 220
SW
Pressure p1 at toe=
1+
=
Hence safe
x
1+
=
9.01
b
b
9.01
kN -m2
6e
#####
6x 0.22
#### < 220
SW
Pressure p2 at Heel
1=
Hence safe
x
1=
9.01
b
b
9.01
kN -m2

The Pressure intencity p1 under E is p1

152.20 - 113.60
x
9.01
The Pressure intencity p2 under B is p2
p1 = 152.20

p = 152.20

152.20 - 113.60
x
9.01

5.10

= ####

kN-m2

6.50

= ####

kN-m2

4 Design of Heel slab:-

Clear spacing between counter fort

= 3.00 m
The pressure distribution on the heel slab is shown in fig 1b .consider a strip 1 meter
wide.Near the outer edge C. The upward pressure intencity = #### kN/m2 witch is minimum at C.
Down ward load due to weight of Earth. = 11.00 x
1
x 1.00 x 18 = 198.0 kN-m2
Down ward weight of slab per unit area = 1.40 x
35.0 kN-m2
1
x 1.00 x 25 =
Hence net pressure intensities will be P = 198.00 + 35.00 - ####
= 119.4 kN-m2
Maximum negative bending moment in heel slab.at counter fort is
119.4 x
3.00 2'=
Pl2
M1
=
=
89.55 kN-m
12
12
89.55 x
BM
10 6
Effective depth required =
=
= 313 mm
0.913 x
1000
Rxb
119.4 x
3.00
Shear force V
=
= 179
kN
2
For balance section , having
P
tc =
=
0.72 %
0.33
N/mm2
,
V
179 x 1000
this is
Hence depth required from shear point of veiw d =
=
= 543 mm
excessive
tc x b
0.33 x 1000
However keep =

tv

400
179
1000

60

mm providing effective cover =

x
x

1000
340

Area of steel at supports is given by Ast =

N/mm2

0.53
89.55
230 x

mm

d =

> 0.33

400

60

340 mm

Shear reinforcement required

10'6
x
=
0.904 x 340
= 3.14 x

1267

mm2

12 x 12 = 113
3.14xdia2
4
4
80
Spacing A x1000 / Ast
113 x
mm
\
=
1000 / 1267 =
Hence Provided
mm c/c
80
12 mm F bar, @
Let us check this reinforcement for development length at point of contraflexure is situated at distance
of 0.211.L In over case, the slab is continuous, but we will assume the same position of contraflexure
i.e. at 0.211 x 3.00
=
0.63 m from the face of conunterforts.
using

12

mm bars

Shear force at this point is given

pL l
2 2

- x

L
2

= p

l
2

mm2

- x

3.00
103878
N
- 0.63 =
2
Assuming that all the bars will avilable at point of contraflexure,
N-mm
89550000
M = sst x Ast x j x d =
230 x 1267 x 0.904 x 340 =
Lo = 12 F
or d, witch ever is more = 340 mm
Ld = 45x F = 45
x
12 = 540
mm
89550000
M
Lo
+
=
+ 340 = 1202 > 540
Hence safe
\
103878
V
Cotinue these bars by a distance lo = d = 340 mm beyond the point of contraflexure. After that, curtail
half bars, and continue the remaining half throughout the length. At the point of curtailment,
mm
length of each bar available =
> Ld = 540 mm Hence safe
630 + 340 = 970
=

119.4 x

These bars will be provide at the top face of heel slab. Maximum Passive B.M. =
\

Area of Bottom steel Ast2

3
4

Ast1

3
4

x 1267 =

PL2
16
950

3
4
mm2

M1

= 3.14 x 12 x 12 = 113 mm2

3.14xdia2
4
4
119
Spacing A x1000 / Ast
113 x
mm
\
=
1000 / 950 =
Hence Provided
mm c/c
120
12 mm F bar, @
1000 x 113
Actual Ast
=
=
942
mm2
120
Let us check this reinforcement for development length crierion at point of contraflexur,
103878 N
M
Where V = Shear at point of contraflexure=
+Lo>Ld
Inherent in criterion :
Distance from face of supports
V
= 0.63
m
Assuming that all bars are available at point of contraflexure,
N-mm
66577677
M = sst x Ast x j x d =
230 x 942 x 0.904 x 340 =
Lo = 12 F
or d, witch ever is more = 340 mm
Ld = 45x F = 45
x
12 = 540
mm as before
66577677
M
+Lo>Ld =
+ 340 = 981 > 540
Hence safe
\
103878
V
Thus continue all bottom bars to a point distance Lo =
340 mm from the point of contraflexure,
i.e. upto a distance = 630
- 340 =
290 mm from the center of sports.
At this point half bars can be discontinued. Since this distance is quite small,
it is better to continue these bars upto center of counterfors.
using

12

mm bars

Reinforcement near B :- The c/c spacing of reinforcement near B may be increased, because P decrease
due to increase in upward soil reaction. Consider a strip 1 m wide near B
Upward soil reaction at B is =
124.4 kN/m2
As found earlier.
Net downward load p' = weight of earth + weight of counterforts - upward soil reaction
25 ) - 124.4 = 86.1
\ Net downward load p' = 198.00 +( 0.50 x
kN/m2
This is about
= 86.10 / 119.4 = 0.721 of load intencity at C
Hence spacing of steel bars = 100
/ 0.721 = 100 mm c/c at the top face, near supports
Spacing of steel bars at the bottom face, at mid span=
119
/ 0.721 =
200 mm c/c
Distribution steel =
Using 12

0.12
100

1000 x

mm F bars, Area

\ Spacing =
Shear reinforcement.

1000

400
P D2
4
113

=
=

3.14 x (
4

mm2

480
12

)'2

x
= 236 mm say =
480
shear stress at C = tv =
0.53

230

113

mm2

mm c/c

100 x 1267
= 0.37 %
1000 x 340
Permissible shear stress for 0.37 % steel provided t c = 0.25 N/mm2 (See Table 3.1)
Safe if t v < t c
Here
0.53 > 0.25 Hence shear reinforcement required
Vc = tc b x d=
0.25 x 1000 x
340 = ####
or
85 kN
N
Consider a section distance x1 from face of counterfort, where shear force is =
85 kN
% of steel provided =

85.0
1.50 - x1
or x1 = 1.50 - 0.60 = 0.90
=
1.50
207
Hence shear stirrups are required upto distance =
0.90 m on either side of each counterforts.
The position is given by=

The requirement is there form a strip of unit width paassing through C,

such that shear force at the counterforts isd
= 85.0
kN
Net down ward pressure at B = 86.10
Net down ward pressure at C = 119.40 kN/m2,
kN/m2
Lt net down ward pressure at B1=w1 x 3/2=1.5w1
This is equal to = 85.0 kN
85.00
However at Y1 from C,
w=
= 56.67
kN/m2
1.50
119.40 86
w1= 119.40 y1
=
119.4 - 13.27 Y1 = 56.7
2.51

y1 =

4.70

Hence shear reinforcement is required in triangular portion on the other side of counterforts shown hatched in fig .
However, we will provide shear strirrups in reangular portion x1 x y1=

0.90 x

4.70 = 4.23 m on

either side of counterforts.

Let us provide 4 legged stirrups of
8
mm F wire
'2
2
3.14 x (
8 )
PD
Using 8 mm F bars, Area =
=
=
201
mm2
4
4
Asv.ssv.d
201 x 230 x 340
Sv=
=
=
167
mm
V - Vc
179 - 85.00 )x 1000
mm F
lgd strirrups @
Hence provided these 8
160 mm c/c either side of each counterforts.
4
5 Design of toe slab :Since the toe slab is also large, provide counterforts over it, upto ground level at
3.00 m clear distance face to face. The toe slab will thus bend like a contious slab.
Assume total depth of toe slab
0.5
m
=
500 mm or
Total weight of toe slab =
1
1
x
25 = 12.50 kN//m2
0.50 x
x
Net upward pressure intencity at
D = 152.20 - 12.50 = 139.70 kN//m2
Similarly Net upward pressure intencity at E = 130.35 - 12.50 = 117.85 kN//m2
Cosidering strip of unit width at D.
139.70 x
3.00 2
wl2
Max. negative B.M.
=
= 104.8 x 10'6
kN/m2
12
12
104.78
x 10 6
BM
Effective depth required =
=
= 338.8
mm
0.913
1000
Rxb
x
139.7 x 3.00
Shear force V
=
= 209.6
kN
2
Taking a permissible stress tc = 0.30 N/mm2
assuming % steel
0.5 % table 3.1
The depth of slab required from shear point of view is given by d= V / (b x tc)
210 x 1000
d
=
= 698.7 mm
1000 x 0.300
This is excessive ,However we will keep the same depth as that of heel
and provide shear strirrups to take up excessive shearing stress.
mm providing effective cover =
However keep = 400
60 mm d = 400 - 60 = 340 mm
104.78
x
10'6
Area of steel at supports, at bottom is Ast =
= 1482
mm
230 x 0.904 x 340
= 3.14 x 12 x 12
3.14xdia2
using
12 mm bars
A
=
= 113 mm2
4
4
76.3
Spacing A x1000 / Ast
113 x
mm
\
=
1000 / 1482 =
Hence Provided
12 mm F bar, @ 70 mm c/c
1000 x 113
Actual Ast
=
=
1615
mm2
70
Let us check this reinforcement for development length crierion at point of contraflexur,
M
Where the point of contraflexure occure at
+Lo>Ld
Inherent in criterion :
= 0.63 m
distance x rom supports
V
Hence shear force at the point of contraflexure is V =
3.00
w L
V=
- x
- 0.63 =
121539.0
N
= 139.7 x
2
2
114133161 Nmm
M=
=
230 x 1615 x 0.904 x 340
Lo = 12 F
or d, witch ever is more = 340 mm
Ld = 45x F = 45
x
12 = 540
mm
114133160.70
M
+Lo>Ld =
+ 340 = 1279 > 540
Hence safe
\
121539
V
Hence satisfied , continue these bars, at the bottom of toe slab, beyond the point of contraflexure
by a distance of Lo= 340.0 mm i.e. by a distance of
630 + 340.0 = 970 mm

from the face of counterforts

x M1

Area of Bottom steel Ast2

Again, positive B.M.

\

3
4

3
4
3
4

x 104.78 x
x

10'6

= 78.6 x

3
x 1482 =
4
= 3.14 x 12 x
4
113 x
/
1000
1112 =
mm c/c
100
Ast1

10 6
1112

N-m
mm2

12 = 113 mm2
3.14xdia2
4
Spacing = A x1000 / Ast
102
mm
\
=
Hence Provided
12 mm F bar, @
1000 x 113
Actual Ast
=
=
1130
mm2
100
Let us check this reinforcement for development length crierion at point of contraflexur,
M
+Lo>Ld Where V = Shear at point of contraflexure= 121539 N
Inherent in criterion :
V
Assuming that all bars provided at top face,are available at point of contraflexure,
N-mm
79893212
M = sst x Ast x j x d =
230 x 1130 x 0.904 x 340 =
Lo = 12 F
or d, witch ever is more = 340 mm
as before
Ld = 45x F = 45
x
12 = 540
mm
79893212
M
+Lo>Ld =
+ 340 = 997 > 540
Hence safe
\
121539
V
Thus continue all bottom bars to a point distance Lo =
340 mm from the point of contraflexure,
i.e. upto a distance = 630
- 340 =
290 mm from the center of sports.
At this point half bars can be discontinued. Since this distance is quite small,
it is better to continue these bars upto center of counterfors.
At a section distance 1 meter from E,
Reinforcement at E :using

12

mm bars

152.2 - ####
x 0.90 = 148.30 kN/m2
9.01
Net upward pressure = 148.3 \
= 135.8 kN/m2
12.50
= 135.8 / 139.70 = 0.97 of w at D
This is about
\
Spacing of bottom steel = 76.3 / 0.97 =
79
mm
say
=
0 mm
= 102
Spacing of top steel
/ 0.97 =
105
mm
say
= 100 mm
0.12
Distribution steel
=
x 1000 x
400 =
480
mm2
100
'2
3.14 x ( 12 )
P D2
Using 12 mm F bars, Area =
=
=
113
mm2
4
4
1000 x 113
mm c/c
= 236 mm say = 230
\ Spacing =
480
209.6
shear force at D
kN
Shear reinforcement
=
upward soil pressure

Shear stress t v

= 152.2

shear force
Beam Ht.x beam wt.

209.60 x 1000
=
1000 x 340

0.62

N/mm2

table
100 x 1615
= 0.47 % \
tc = 0.29 N/mm2
3.1
1000 x 340
Permissible shear stress tc for 0.47 % steel provided t c = 0.29 N/mm2 (See Table 3.1)
Safe if t v < t c
Here
0.62 > 0.29
Shear reinforcement required
Vc = tc b x d=
98600 N
0.29 x 1000 x
340 =
or 98.6 kN
Consider a section distance x1 from face of counterfort, where shear force is = 98.6 kN
98.6
1.50 - x2
or x2 = 1.50 - 0.70 = 0.80 m
The position is given by=
=
1.50
209.60
% of steel provided =

Hence shear stirrups are required upto distance =

0.80 m on either side of each counterforts.
The requirement is there form a strip of unit width paassing through D, Let us consider a strip through E1,
distance y2 from D, such that shear force at the counterforts is
kN. To find the position of Y 2
98.6
consider the net pressure distribution below the toe.

Self weight of toe slab

=
12.50
Hence net pressure intencity below D an dE are
below D
152.2
12.50
=
139.7
=
kN/m2, and below E 130.4 - 12.50
Let the net pressure intencity at E 1 = w2 x 3/2 = 1.5 w2 kN/m2
This is equal to
\ Shear force at the counterforts at E 1 = w2 x 3/2 =1.5m w2 kN/M2
98.60
w2=
= 65.73
kN/m2
1.50
139.70 117.9
However at Y2 from D,
w2= 139.70 y2
=
139.7 - 4.284
5.10
Equating the two we get, = 139.70 - 4.28 Y2
65.7 \ y2 = 17.30
=
This is > than DE
DE = 5.10
Hence shear force at E is more than
98.6 kN/m2
=
Actual shear forceat E =
1.50 x 117.85 = 176.8 kN/m2
Considered a section distence Z from the face of dounterforts (Point E), where S.F. is
98.6
98.60
1.50 Z
The position of Z is given =
= or Z = 1.50 - 0.84
=
1.50
176.78
Hence shear stirrups are to be procided for a region DEE 2 D 1 , where EE2

= #### kN/m2

98.6 kN
.(1)

Y2

(2)

m
m

kN
= 0.70

0.70 m only.

However, we will provide shear strirrups for whole of rectangular area (shown dotted),

for width DD 1 ,= x2 =
legged stirrups of

0.80 m and length DE

= 0.70 m
8
mm F wire
'2
3.14 x (
8 )
P D2
Using 8 mm F bars, Area =
=
=
402
mm2
4
4
Asv.ssv.d
402 x 230 x 340
Sv=
=
=
283
mm
V - Vc
209.6 - 98.60 )x 1000
mm F
lgd strirrups @
Hence provided these 8
200 mm c/c either side of each counterforts.
8
Let us provide

6 Design of stem (vertical slab)

The stem acts as a continuous slab. Considred 1 m strip at B .
ph = KayH1
The intencity of earth pressure is given by.
= 0.33 x
18 x 10.90 = 65.4 kN/m2
Hence revised H1=
11.30 - 0.40 = #### m
2
2
65.40 x(
3
L
)
ph
B.M. =
x
=
=
49050000
N-mm
12
12
49050000
BM
Effective depth required =
=
=
232
mm
0.913
1000
Rxb
x
Providing effective cover =
60 mm, so total depth
= 232 + 60 = 292
mm
However provide total depth d = 300 mm and effective thickness = 300 60
= 240 mm
this increased thickness will keep the shear stress within limit so that additional shear
reinforcement not required.
65.4
x
3
N
98.10 x 1000
tc
Shear force V =
=
98.1
kN
=
= 0.41
\
2
1000 x 240
mm2
2
this is less than =
tc
=
0.3
N/mm at 0.5% reinfocement (see Table 3.1)

Area of steel near conuterforts is

Reinforcement corresponding to p

=
=
=

Using 12

mm F bars, Area

\ Spacing =
Actual AS provided= 1000

1000
113
90

=
x
1200
=

49050000
230 x 0.904 x 240
is = pbd/100
0.50 %
0.50 x
1000 x 240
100
P D2
4
113

1256

3.14 x (
4

94

mm2 and

12

984

mm2

1200

mm2

)'2

mm say =
100As
bd

mm2

113

90

mm c/c

100 x 1256
= 0.52
1000 x 240

Let us check these bars for devlopment length, near points of contraflexure, so as to satisfy the criterion
M
For fixed beam or slab carrying U.D.L. , the point of
+ Lo > Ld
=
contraflexure is at a distance of 0.211 L
V
contraflexure point = 0.211 x 3.00 = 0.63 m from the face of counterforts ,
shear force at this point given by V= pL/2(l/2-x)+(L/2)
pL
L
l
3
l
V =
= p x
- x = 98.1 x
- 0.63
-x +
2
2
2
2
2
Assuming that all the bars will be available at the point of contrflexure,
= 85.3 kN
N-mm
62661343
M = sst x Ast x jc x d = 230 x 1256 x 0.904 x 240 =
Lo = 12 F or D , whichever is more
= 240 mm
Ld = 45 F =
45
x
12
= 540 mm
62661343
M
+
Lo
+ 240 =
975
mm > 540
Hence safe
=
V
85.30 x 1000
It is thus essencial to continue all the bars upto a point distance=
240 mm beyond
point of contraflexure, i.e. upto a point 240 + 630 = 870 mm say = 900 mm from the
face of counterforts. These bars are to be provided at the inner face of stem slab.
3 x M1
3
Maximum positive B.M.
=
=
x
49050000
=
36787500
N-mm
4
4
3x Ast
3
Area of steel =
=
= 1256 =
942
mm2
4
4
'2
3.14 x ( 12 )
P D2
Using 12 mm F bars, Area =
=
=
113
mm2
4
4
1000 x 113
= 120 mm say = 120
mm c/c
\ Spacing =
942
100As
113
100 x 942
Actual AS provided= 1000
= 942 mm2 and
=
= 0.1 %
x
bd
120
1000 x 942
Let us check these bars for devlopment length, near points of contraflexure, so as to satisfy the criterion
M
Assuming that all reinforcement is extended upto poin
+ Lo > Ld
=
of contraflexure.
V

N-mm
46996007
M = sst x Ast x jc x d = 230 x 942 x 0.904 x 240 =
Lo = 12 F or D , whichever is more
= 240 mm
Ld = 45 F =
45
x
12
= 540 mm
V
= 85.3 As before
46996007
M
+
Lo
+ 240 =
791
mm > 540
Hence safe
=
V
85.30 x 1000
The spacing of reinforcement at B , found above can be increased with height .
The pressure p h and hence the bending moment decreaases linearly with height.

Ast

Hence the spacing of bars can be increase gradually to say 300 mm c/c near top.
0.12
2
Distribution reinforcement
=
x 1000 x 300 =
360
\
mm
100
'2
3.14 x ( 10 )
P D2
Using 10 mm F bars, Area =
=
=
79
mm2
4
4
1000 x
79
= 218 mm say = 200
mm c/c
\ Spacing =
360
7 Design of main counterfort.
Let us assuming thickness of counterforts is = 500 mm. The counterfort will thus
be spaced @
300
x
50
= 350 cm c/c. They will thus receive earth pressure from
a width of 3.5 m
and down ward reaction from heel slab for width of
3.5 m
At any section at depth h below the top A, the eerth pressure acting on each counter forts will be
1
=
x
18.00 x
h
x
3.5
=
21 h kN/m
3

and that at B
At C,
At B,

similarly, net down ward pressure on heel at c is

92.6 kN/m2
= 10.90
x
18
+ 0.40 x
25
- #### =
81.8 kN/m2
= 10.90
x
18
+ 0.40 x
25
- 124.4 =
Hence reaction transferrred to each counterfort are will be
= 92.6
x
3.50 = 324.10
kN/m
= 81.8
x
3.50 =
kN/m
286.3
The variations of horizontal and vertical forces on counterfort are shown in fig.

The critical section for the counterfort will be F, since below this, enormous depth will be available to resist bending.

Pressure intencity at h = 9.00 m is =

21
x 9.00 = 189 kN/m
1
Shear force at F =
x
189 x 9.00 =
850.5
kN
2
2551.5 kN-m or 2551500000 N-mm
B.M.
= 850.5 x
9
/
=
3
Conterforts act as a T beam. However, even as a reactangular beam, depth required
2551500000
BM
Effective depth required =
=
= 2364
mm
0.913
500
Rxb
x
Providing effective cover =
60 mm, so total depth
= 2364 + 60 = 2424 mm
However provide total depth d = 2500 mm and effective thickness = 2500 60
= 2440 mm
Angle F of face AC is given by Tan F =
2.51 / 10.90 =
0.2 \
F = 13
=
0.225
and
\ sin F
cos F = 0.974
Depth F 1 C 1
2030 mm
= AF 1 sin F =
9
x 0.225 = 2.03 m or
+
300 = 2330
\
Depth FG = 2030
Asssuming that the steel reinforcement is provided in
20 mm space
2 layer with
between them and providing a nominal cover 30 mm and main bars of
mm F dia
20
the effective depth will be
=
2330 -(
+
20
+
12 + 10 = 2258 mm
30
2551500000
Area of steel at supports, at bottom is Ast =
= 5436
mm
230 x 0.904 x 2258
= 3.14 x 20 x 20
3.14xdia2
using
20 mm bars
A
=
= 314 mm2
4
4
2
layers
\ No. of bars 5436 / 314 =
18 No. provode these in
M
d
2258
Effective shear force
=
=
2318 mm
Q
tan F where d' =
d'
0.974 =
cos F
2551500000
=
850500
x 0.24 = 586323.9862
N
\ Effective shear force
2318
586323.9862
tv
=
= 0.505888 N/mm2
\
500 x
2318
100xAs
100 x
18
x 314
area of steel
=
= 0.5 % \ tc = 0.29 N/mm2
500
2318
b xd
x
thus the shear stress tv is more than permisssible shear stress tc. However, the vertical
and horizontal ties provided in counterforts will bear the excess shear stress.
11.30 = 3.4
the height h where half of the reinforcement can curtailed will be equal to H H =
below A, i.e. at point H. To locate the position of point of curtailmenton AC, draw Hl parallel to FG.
240
Thus half bars can be curtailed at l. However these should be extent by a distance 12 F =
beyond l, i.e. extented upto l1. The location of H corresponding to l1 can be locate by drawing line l1H1
parallel FG. It should be noted that l1G should not less than 45 F =
curtailed, if desired,

m
mm

900 mm similarly, other bars can be

Design of Horizontal ties:The vertical stem has a tendency to saprate outfrom the counterforts, and hence
should be tie to it by horizontalties. At any depth h below the top, force causing sepration
1
x
18 h x 3.00 =
18
h kN/m
3
h
=
9
force =
18
x
9
= 162 kN/m
here
\

steel required

using

10 mm f

spacing

162

=
2

x 1000
230

704

mm

legged ties, As

2x3.14
x(
4

10

223

mm

1000

however provide 200

x 157
704

mm c/c at bottom and gradualy increase to

)2= 157

mm2

300 mm at top

Design of vertical ties:Similar to the stem slab, heel slab has also tendency to seprate out from counterforts,
due to net down ward force, unless tied properly by vertical ties.
324.10 x 3.00
The down wars force ar C will be
277.8
kN/m
3.50
286.30 x 3.00
The down wars force ar B will be
245.4
kN/m
see fig.
3.50
Near end C, the heel slab is tied to counterforts with the help of main reinforcement of counterforts.
277.8 x 1000
=
=
1208
mm
steel required at C
230
2x3.14
using
12 mm f 2
legged ties, As =
x( 12 )2= 226
mm2
4
1000 x 226
=
=
187
mm
say
180
mm
\
spacing of ties
1208
245.4 x 1000
steel required at B
=
=
1067
mm
230
2x3.14
using
12 mm f 2
legged ties, As =
x( 12 )2= 226
mm2
4
1000 x 226
=
=
212
mm
say
210
mm
\
spacing of ties
1067
Thus the spacing of vertical tie can be increase gradually from
mm c / c at C to
180
210 mm
8 Design of front counterforts :Refer fig 1 The upward pressure intencity varies from 152.2 kN/m2 at D,
to ##### kN/m2 at E.
Down ward weight of 500 mm thick toe slab =
12.5 kN/m2
0.5 x
25 =
2
hence net w at D =
139.7 kN/m
152.2 - 12.5 =
117.9 kN/m2
= 130.35 - 12.5 =
The center to center spacing of counterforts, 500 mm wide is
3.50 m.Hence upward force transmitted
117.9 x
to counterforts at D 139.7 x 3.50
= 488.95 kN/m and at E
3.50 = 412 kN/m
The counterforts bent up as cantilever about face FE. Hence DF will be in compression while D 1 E 1 will be
in tension, and main reinforcement will be provide at bottom face D 1 E 1
and at E

489.0 + 412.5 )x
5.10 =
2299
kN/m
2.0
412 +
x 489.0
5.10
2
acting at x =
x
= 2.62 m from E
412
+
3
489.0
6028
B.M.
= 2299
x
KN-m
OR
\
2.62 =
6028000000 N-m
6028000000
d
=
=
3634
mm
\
500 x 0.913
Providing effective cover =
80 mm, so total depth
= 3634 + 80 = 3714 mm
However provide total depth d = 3800 mm and effective thickness = 3800 80
= 3720 mm
Thus project the counterforts
1500 mm above groud level,to point F 1 as shown in fig 4
6028000000
Area of steel near conuterforts is
=
= 7796
mm2
230 x 0.904 x 3720
Total upward force

Using 25

mm F bars, Area

\ No of bars

7796

P D2
4

16

'2
3.14 x ( 25 )
=
491
mm2
4
provide these in one layer and continue by a
No
distance of 45 F beyond E

\ No of bars

491

16

No

provide these in one layer and continue by a

distance of 45 F beyond E

M
3.30
From fig 4 tanF =
tan F
d'
5.10
6028
3.30
V
=
= 1250.49 kN
1250486
N
x
2299 3.72
5.10
1250 x 1000
and tv
=
=
0.672
N/mm2
500 x 3720
100xAs
100 x
16
x 491
table
area of steel
=
= 0.42 % \ tc = 0.270 N/mm2 3.1
500
3720
b xd
x
since
tv
tc
shear reinforcement is required
>
2x3.14
using
12 mm f 2
legged ties, As =
x( 12 )2= 226
mm2
4
Vc
= tcxbxd =
0.270 x
500 x
3720 = 502200
V1
502200 = 748286 N
=
V
- Vc
= 1250486
ssv.Asv.d
226 x 3720
230 x
subject to a maxi.
=
=
=
259
mm
\
sv
300 mm
Vs
748286
However providethese @ 250 mm c/c provide 2 x
12 mm f bars on top for holding.
9 Fixing effect in stem, toe and heel :At the junction of stem, toe and heel slab fixing moment are included,which
are at right angles to their normal direction of bending. These moment are not determine , but
normal reinforcement given below may be provided.
(I) In stem@ 0.8x0.3 =0.24% of cross section, to be provided at inner face,
in vertical direction,for a length 45 F
0.24
=
x 1000 x 300 =
720
\ Ast
mm2
100
'2
3.14 x ( 10 )
P D2
Using 10 mm F bars, Area =
=
=
79
mm2
4
4
1000 x
79
= 109 mm say = 100
mm c/c
\ Spacing =
720
Length embedment in stem, above heel slab = 45 x 10
=
450 mm
(II) In toe slab @ 0.12% to be provided at the lowae face
0.12
=
x 1000 x 500 =
600
\ Ast
mm2
100
'2
3.14 x ( 10 )
P D2
Using 10 mm F bars, Area =
=
=
79
mm2
4
4
1000 x
79
= 131 mm say = 130
mm c/c
\ Spacing =
600
Length embedment in stem, above toe slab =
45 x 10
=
450 mm
(III) In heel slab @ 0.12% to be provided in upper face
0.12
=
x 1000 x 500 =
600
\ Ast
mm2
100
'2
3.14 x ( 10 )
P D2
Using 10 mm F bars, Area =
=
=
79
mm2
4
4
1000 x
79
= 131 mm say = 130
mm c/c
\ Spacing =
600
Length embedment in stem, above heel slab = 45 x 10
=
450 mm
Each of above reinforcement should anchored properly in adjoining slab, as shown in fig 5
Effective shear force

10. Design of shear key:The wall is in unsafe in sliding, and hence shear key will have to be provided, as shown in fig. 6

Let the depth of key =a intensity of passive pressure P p devloped in front of key depend upon
the soil pressure P in front of the key
Pp
=
KpP = 3.00 x 130.35 = 391.05 kN/m2
\ total passive pressure Pp = Pp x a =
391.05 a
18
Sliding force at level D1C1
=
0.33 x
x(
11 +
a
)2
2.00
or PH
.(2)
=
3.00 x(
11 +
a
)2
Weight of the soil between bottom of the base and D1C1 = 9.01 ax 18 = ##### a
##### + 162.18 a
Refer force calculation table
\ SW =
Hence equilibrium of wall, permitting F.S. = 1.5
against sliding we have
m Sw+Pp
0.5 x ( 1158.83 + #### a)+ 391.05 a
1.5
=
=
PH
3
x( 11.30 + a2
)
1.5 x(

11

11

a)2
a)2

0.5 x (
3
= 579.42 +
=

11.3
+ a)2
=
2
127.69 +
22.6 a + a
=
=
a2
or a =
or a =
Hence keep depth of key =
Now size of key =
0
x
PH =
3.00 x(
3.00 x(
=
PH =
383.07
391.05
=
(

128.76

104.92
82.32
a2
-0.013

0
11.30
11.30
kN
a
0.00 kN
##### + 162.18
##### + 162.18

+ #### a)+ 391.05 a

x
1.5
81.09 a+ 391.05 a
4.5
+ 104.9 a
a- 22.6 a + #### - 128
a 1.07
-1.07
- 82.32 a
+
=
-20 mm
m say
mm. and width of key
0 mm
mm
+
a
)2
+
0.00 )2
=

1158.83

391.05

0.00

Hence
=
a
SW =
0.00
x
=
1158.8
kN
=
Actual force to be resisted by the key at F.S. 1.5 is
= 1.5PH - mSW
= 1.5
x 383.1 - 0.5 x #### =
-4.81 x 1000
= #DIV/0! N/mm2
\ shear stress =
0
x 1000
-4.81 x
0
x 1000
Bending stress =
1/6
x 1000 x(
0 )2
2
#DIV/0! N/mm
=
Hence safe
The details reinforcement shown in fig 7

-4.81

kN