CHNG 1 :

TNG QUAN V NI DUNG TI

1.1. t vn
Cng vi s pht trin ca khoa hc v cng ngh , cc thit b in t ,
ang v s tip tc c ng dng ngy cng rng ri v mang li hiu qu trong
hu ht cc lnh vc khoa hc k thut cng nh i sng x hi.
Vic gia cng, x l cc tn hiu in t hin i u da trn c s nguyn
l s . V cc thit b lm vic trn c s nguyn l s c u im hn hn so vi
cc thit b lm vic da trn c s nguyn l tng t , c bit l trong k thut
tnh ton.
S pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh in t cho ra i nhiu vi mch s
c ln vi gi thnh r v kh nng lp trnh cao mang li nhng thay i ln
trong ngnh in t. Mch s nhng mc khc nhau ang thm nhp trong
cc lnh vc in t thng dng v chuyn nghip mt cch nhanh chng. Cc
trng k thut l ni mch s thm nhp mnh m v c hc sinh , sinh vin
a chung do li ch v tnh kh thi ca n. V th s hiu bit su sc v k thut
s l khng th thiu vi sinh vin ngnh in t hin nay. Nhu cu hiu bit k v
k thut s khng ch ring i vi nhng ngi theo chuyn ngnh in t m
cn i vi nhng cn b k thut khc c s dng thit b in t.
1.2. Kho st vn
Hin nay nhng ng dng ca phn cng c s dng ngy cng nhiu v
ph bin , o qua cc con ph chng ta c th thy nhng bng qung co c s
dng n led hoc s dng vi x l hin th thi gian hay nhit . Chng
trng kh p mt v tin li. Trong dung gia nh cng c rt nhiu in t
mang tnh nng t ng nh : tivi , my vi tnh
ti chng em chn xut pht t tng s dng IC DS1307 thi gian
thc, cng vi vic mi ngi phi bit chnh xc ngy , gi thu xp vic lm
cho hp l . Vi tng ny chng em kt hp l thuyt v thc t lm
n Thit k lch vn nin in t hin th trn LCD .

1.3. Cc vn cn gii quyt ca bi ton

Bi ton Thit k lch vn nin in t hin th trn LCD t ra cc yu cu
sau :
- m bo hin th ng thi gian ngy thng nm, gi pht giy.
- C kh nng pht trin v m rng vo cc ng dng khc trong thc t.
- C bn cao , h thng chy n nh .
- Lp trnh thi gian thc cho AT 89S52 ri t p dng cho ng dng.
- Mch c hin th nhit .
1.4. Gii php
Gii php a ra p ng yu cu bi ton :
- S dng Vi iu khin AT 89S52.
- S dng chip thi gian thc DS1307.
- Xy dng chng trnh phn mm iu khin.
- Lp trnh cho nt bm tng gim gi pht.
- S dng cm bin nhit o nhit .
1.5. Mc ch ti
S cn thit, quan trng cng nhu tnh kh thi v li ch ca mch s cng
chnh l l do chng em chn v thc hin n Thit k lch vn nin in t
hin th trn LCD nhm ng dng kin thc d hc vo thc t.
S dng mt con IC thi gian thc DS1307 kt hp vi vi iu khin 89S52 ,
89S52 c nhim v c/ghi ( gi, pht, giy, ngy, thng, nm..) t chip
DS1307 . Hin th ngy thng nm, gi pht giy , nhit trn LCD.
Mc ch ca yu cu ti nh sau :
Mch hin th ngy ,thng ,nm ,th ,gi ,pht ,giy chnh xc trn LCD.
Khi thi gian bo thc trng vi thi gian thc th loa s pht ra m thanh.
Mch c s dng o nhit hin th LCD.

Chng ll:
GII THIU MT S IC C S DNGTRONG MCH
2.1. Gii thiu v PIC:

2.1.1. Tng quan v h vi iu khin:

Dng PIC u tin l PIC1650 c pht trin Microelectronics Division
thuc General_Instrument. PIC bt ngun t ch vit tc ca Programmable
Intelligent Computer (My tnh kh trnh thng minh) l mt sn phm ca
hng General Instruments t cho dng sn phm u tin ca h l PIC1650.
Lc ny, PIC 1650 c Pic l mt ho vi iu khin RISC c sn xut bi
cng ty Mirochip Technology dng giao tip vi cc thit b ngoi vi cho cc
my ch 15 bit CP1600, v vy, ngi ta cng gi PIC Peripheral Interface
Controller (B iu khin giao tip ngoi vi). CP1600 l mt CPU tt, nhng
li km v cc hot ng xut nhp, v vy PIC 8_bit c pht trin vo
khong nm 1975 h tr hot ng xut nhp cho CP1600. PIC s dng
microcode n gin t trong ROM, v mc d cm t RISC cha c s dng
thi by gi, nhng PIC tht s l mt vi iu khin vi kin trc RISC, chy
mt lnh mt chu k my (4 chu k ca b dao ng). Nm 1985 General
Instruments bn b phn vi in t ca h, v ch s hu hy b hu ht cc d
n lc qu li thi. Tuy nhin, PIC c b xung EPROM to thnh mt
b iu khin vo ra kh trnh. Ngy nay rt nhiu dng PIC c sn xut vi
hng lot cc module ngoi vi tch hp sn (nh USART,PWM,ADC.), vi b
nh chng trnh t 512 Word n 32k Word.
2.1.1.1.Mt s c tnh ca Vi iu khin PIC:
Hin nay c kh nhiu dng PIC v c rt nhiu khc bit v phn cng
nhng chng ta c th im qua mt vi nt sau:

8/16 bit CPU, xy dng theo kin trc Harward c sa i.

Flsah v ROM c th ty chn t 256 byte n 256 Kbyte.

Cc cng xut/nhp (I/O) mc logic thng t 0V n 5.5V, ng vi logic

0 v 1.

8/16 bit timer.

Cc chun giao tip ni tip ng b, khung ng b USART.

B chuyn i ADC Analog_to_digital converters, 10/12 bit.

B so snh in p.

Cc module Capture/Campare/PWM.

LCD.

MSSP Peripheral dng cho cc giao tip IC2,SPI.

B nh ni EPROM-c th ghi/xa ln ti mt triu ln.

Moudle iu khin ng c,c encoder.

H tr giao tip USB.

H tr giao tip CAN.

H tr giao tip LIN.

H tr giao tip IRDA.

Mt s dng c tch hp 7675b RF (PIC16f639,v RFPIC).

KEELOQ m ha v gii m.

DSP nhng tnh nng x l tn hiu s (dsPIC) c im thc thi tc

cao ca RISC CPU ca h vi iu khin PIC16F87XA.

Ch gm 35 lnh n.

Tt c cc lnh l mt chu k ngoi tr chng trnh con l hai chu k.

Tc hot ng:

DC_20MHz ng vo xung clock.

DC_200ns chu k lnh.

2.1.1.2. Nhng c tnh ngoi vi:

Timer0 : 8_bit nh thi/m vi 8_bit, prescaler.

Timer1 : 16_bit nh thi/m vi prescaler, c th c tng ln trong

sut ch Sleep qua thch anh/xung clock bn ngoi.

Timer2 : 8_bit nh thi/m vi 8_bit, prescaler, postscaler.

Hai module Capture, Compare,PWM:

Capture c rng 16 bit, phn gii 12,5ns.

Compare c rng 16 bit, phn gii 200ns.

phn gii ln nht ca PWM l 10bit.

C 13 ng I/O c th iu khin trc tip.

Dng vo v ra ln:

25mA dng vo cho mi chn.

20mA dng ra cho mi chn.

2.1.1.3. c im v tng t:
10 bit, vi 8 knh ca b chuyn i tng t sang s (A/D).
Brown_out Reset(BOR).
Module so snh v tng t:

Hai b so snh tng t.

Module in p chun VREF c th lp trnh trn PIC.

C th lp trnh ng vo n t nhng ng vo ca PIC v trn in p bn

trong.
Nhng ng ra ca b so snh c th s dng cho bn ngoi.
2.1.1.4. Cc c im c bit ca vi iu khin Pic:
C th ghi/xa ti 100.000 ln vi kiu b nh chng trnh Enhanced
Flash.
1000.000 ln ghi/xa vi kiu b nh EPROM.

EPROM c th lu tr d liu hn 40 nm.

C th lp trnh li di s iu khin ca phn mm.

Mch lp trnh ni tip qua hai chn.

Ngun n 5V cp cho mch lp trnh ni tip.

Watchdog Timer (WDT) vi b dao dng RC tch hp sn trn Chip cho

hot ng ng tin cy.

C th lp trnh mng bo v.

Tit kim nng lng vi ch Sleep.

C th la chn b dao ng.

2.1.2 . Gii thiu v PIC16F8XX v PIC16F877A:

PIC16F8XX l nhm PIC trong h PIC16FXX ca h vi iu khin 8_bit,
tiu tn nng lng thp, p ng nhanh, ch to theo cng ngh CMOS,
chng tnh in tuyt i. Bao gm cc nhm sau:

PIC16F83
PIC16CR83

PIC16F84

PIC16CR84

Tt c cc PIC16/17 iu c cu trc RICS. PIC16CXX cc c tnh ni

bc, 8 mc ngn xp tack, nhiu ngun ngt tch hp bn trong ln bn
ngoi. C cu trc Haward vi cc bus d liu v bus thc thi chng trnh
ring bit nhau cho php di mt lnh l 14_bit v bus d liu 8_bit cch
bit nhau. Tt c cc lnh iu mt mt chu k lnh, ngoi tr cc lnh r
nhnh chng trnh mt hai chu k lnh. Ch c 35 lnh v mt lng ln
cc thanh ghi cho php p ng cao trong ng dng.
H PIC16F8XX c nhiu tnh nng c bit lm gim cc thit b ngoi
vi, v vy kinh t cao, c h thng ni bt ng tin cy v s tiu th nng
lng thp. dy c bn s la chn b dao ng v ch c chn kt ni b
dao dng RC nn c gii php tit kim cao. Ch SLEEP tit kim ngun
v c th c nh thc bi cc ngun reset. V cn nhiu phn khc
c gii thiu bn trn s c ni cc phn k tip.

PIC 16F877A l dng PIC ph bin nht hin nay ( mnh v tnh nng,
40 chn, b nh cho hu ht cc ng dng thng thng). Cu trc tng
qut ca PIC16F877A nh sau:

8 K Flash ROM.
368 Bytes RAM.

256 Bytes EEPROM.

5 ports (A, B, C, D, E) vo ra vi tn hiu iu khin c lp.

2 b nh thi 8 bits (Timer 0 v Timer 2).

Mt b nh thi 16 bits (Timer 1) c th hot ng trong ch tit kim

nng lng (SLEEP MODE) vi ngun xung Clock ngoi.

2 b CCP( Capture / Compare/ PWM).

1 b bin i AD 10 bits, 8 ng vo.

2 b so snh tng t (Compartor).

1 b nh thi gim st (WatchDog Timer).

Mt cng song song 8 bits vi cc tn hiu iu khin.

Mt cng ni tip.

15 ngun ngt.

C ch tit kim nng lng.

Np chng trnh bng cng ni tip ICSP(In-Circuit Serial

Programming)

c ch to bng cng ngh CMOS

35 tp lnh c di 14 bits.

Tn s hot ng ti a 20MHz.
2.1.2.1. Cc c tnh ngoi vi bao gm :

Timer0: b m 8 bit vi b chia tn s 8 bit.

Timer1: b m 16 bit vi b chia tn s, c th thc hin chc nng m

da vo xung clock ngoi vi ngay khi vi iu khin hot ng ch sleep.

Timer2: b m 8 bit vi b chia tn s, b postcaler.

Hai b Capture/so snh/iu ch rng xung.

Chun giao tip ni tip USART vi 9 bit a ch.

CS bn ngoi.

Cc c tnh Analog:

8 knh chuyn i ADC 10 bit.

Hai b so snh.

B nh flash vi kh nng ghi xa c 100.000 ln.

Cng nh EEPROM vi kh nng ghi xa c 1.000.000 ln.

D liu b nh EEPROM c th lu tr trn 40 nm.

Kh nng t np chng trnh vi s iu khin ca phn mm. Np c

chng trnh ngay trn mch in ICSP (In Circuit Serial Programming)
thng qua 2 chn. Watchdog Timer vi b dao ng trong.

Chc nng bo mt m chng trnh.

C th hot ng vi nhiu dng Oscillator khc nhau.

2.1.2.2. S lc v vi iu khin PIC 16F877A:
-

S chn :

Hnh 2.1 S khi PIC 16F877A

Nhn xt:
T s chn v s nguyn l, ta rt ra cc nhn xt ban u nh sau
PIC16F877A c tt c 40 chn
o 40 chn trn c chia thnh 5 PORT, 2 chn cp ngun, 2 chn GND, 2
chn thch anh v mt chn dng RESET vi iu khin.
o

5 port ca PIC16F877A bao gm :

PORTB : 8 chn

PORTD : 8 chn

PORTA : 6 chn

PORT E : 3 chn

PORT C : 8 chn

Mi chn ca vi iu khin PIC 16F877A c mt chc nng khc nhau.

Trong c mt s chn a cng dng: mi chn c th hot ng nh mt
ng xut nhp hoc l mt chn chc nng c bit dng giao tip vi cc
thit b ngoi vi.
2.1.2.3. Cu trc phn cng ca PIC 16F877A:
PIC l tn vit tt ca Programmable Intelligent computer do hng
General Instrument t tn cho con vi iu khin u tin ca h. Hng
Micrchip tip tc pht trin sn phm ny v cho n hng to ra gn 100
loi sn phm khc nhau.
PIC16F887A l dng PIC kh ph bin, kh y tnh nng phc v
cho hu ht tt c cc ng dng thc t. y l dng PIC kh d cho ngi mi
lm quen vi PIC c th hc tp v to nn tn v h vi iu khin PIC ca
mnh.

Cu trc tng qut ca PIC16F877A nh sau :

o
8K Flash Rom
o

368 bytes Ram

256 bytes EFPROM

5 port vo ra vi tn hiu iu khin c lp

2 b nh thi Timer0 v Timer2 8 bit

1 b nh thi Timer1 16 bit c th hot ng c ch tit kim

nng lng vi ngun xung clock ngoi
o

2 b Capture/ Compare/ PWM

1 b bin i Analog -> Digital 10 bit, 8 ng vo

2 b so snh tng t

1 b nh thi gim st (Watch Dog Timer)

1 cng song song 8 bit vi cc tn hiu iu khin

1 cng ni tip

15 ngun ngt

2.1.2.4. T chc b nh:

Cu trc b nh ca vi iu khin PIC16F877A bao gm b nh chng
trnh (Program memory) v b nh d liu (Data Memory).

2.1.2.4.1. B nh chng trnh:

B nh chng trnh ca vi iu khin PIC16F877A l b nh Flash, dung
lng 8K word (1 word cha 14bit) v c phn thnh nhiu trang nh hnh
di.

Hnh 2.2 B nh chng trnh PIC 16F877A

 m ha c a ch 8K word b nh chng trnh, thanh ghi m

chng trnh PC c dung lng 13 bit.
Khi vi iu khin reset, b m chng trnh s tr v a ch 0000h. Khi
c ngt xy ra th thanh ghi PC s tr n a ch 0004h.
B nh chng trnh khng bao gm b nh Stack v khng c a ch
ha bi b m chng trnh.
2.1.2.4.2. B nh d liu:
B nh d liu ca PIC l b nh EEPROM c chia ra lm nhiu bank.
B nh d liu ca PIC16F877A c chia thnh 4 bank. Mi bank c
dng lng 128 byte.
Nu nh 2 bank b nh d liu ca 8051 phn chia ring bit : 128 byte
u tin thuc bank1 l vng Ram ni ch cha d liu, 128 byte cn li
thuc bank 2 l cng cc thanh ghi c chc nng c bit SFR m ngi dng
khng c cha d liu khc trong y th 4 bank b nh d liu ca
PIC16F877A c t chc theo cch khc.
Mi bank ca b nh d liu PIC16F877A bao gm c cc thanh ghi c
chc nng c bit SFR nm cc cc nh a ch thp v cc thanh ghi mc
ch dng chung GPR nm vng a ch cn li ca mi bank thanh ghi. Vng
nh cc thanh ghi mc ch dng chung ny chnh l ni ngi dng s lu d
liu trong qu trnh vit chng trnh. Tt c cc bin d liu nn c khai bo
cha trong vng a ch ny.
Trong cu trc b nh d liu ca PIC16F877A, cc thanh ghi SFR no
m thng xuyn c s dng (nh thanh ghi STATUS) s c t tt c
cc bank thun tin trong vic truy xut. S d nh vy l v, truy xut mt
thanh ghi no trong b nh ca 16F877A ta cn phi khai bo ng bank
cha thanh ghi , vic t cc thanh ghi s dng thng xuyn gip ta thun
tin hn rt nhiu trong qu trnh truy xut, lm gim lnh chng trnh.

Hinh 2. 3 : B nh d liu PIC16F877A

Da trn s 4 bank b nh d liu PIC16F877A ta rt ra cc nhn xt

nh sau :
- Bank0 gm cc nh c a ch t 00h n 77h, trong cc thanh ghi dng
chung cha d liu ca ngi dng a ch t 20h n 7Fh. Cc thanh ghi
PORTA, PORTB, PORTC, PORTD, PORTE u cha bank0, do truy
xut d liu cc thanh ghi ny ta phi chuyn n bank0. Ngoi ra mt vi cc
thanh ghi thng dng khc ( s gii thiu sau) cng cha bank0
- Bank1 gm cc nh c a ch t 80h n FFh. Cc thanh ghi dng
chung c a ch t A0h n Efh. Cc thanh ghi TRISA, TRISB, TRISC,
TRISD, TRISE cng c cha bank1
- Tng t ta c th suy ra cc nhn xt cho bank2 v bank3 da trn s
trn.Cng quan st trn s , ta nhn thy thanh ghi STATUS, FSR c
mt trn c 4 bank. Mt iu quan trng cn nhc li trong vic truy xut d liu
ca PIC16F877A l : phi khai bo ng bank cha thanh ghi . Nu thanh ghi
no m 4 bank u cha th khng cn phi chuyn bank.
2.1.3 Khi qut chc nng cc Port trong vi iu khin PIC 16F877A:
Cng xut nhp (I/O port) chnh l phng tin m vi iu khin dng
tng tc vi th gii bn ngoi. S tng tc ny rt a dng v thng qua qu
trnh tng tc , chc nng ca vi iu khin c th hin mt cch r rng.
Mt cng xut nhp ca vi iu khin bao gm nhiu chn (I/O pin), ty
theo cch b tr v chc nng ca vi iu khin m s lng cng xut nhp v
s lng chn trong mi cng c th khc nhau. Bn cnh , do vi iu khin
c tch hp sn bn trong cc c tnh giao tip ngoi vi nn bn cnh chc
nng l cng xut nhp thng thng, mt s chn xut nhp cn c thm cc
chc nng khc th hin s tc ng ca cc c tnh ngoi vi nu trn i
vi th gii bn ngoi. Chc nng ca tng chn xut nhp trong mi cng hon
ton c th c xc lp v iu khin c thng qua cc thanh ghi SFR lin
quan n chn xut.Vi iu khin PIC16F877A c 5 cng xut nhp,
gm PORTA, PORTB, PORTC, PORTDv PORTE.

2.2. Chip DS1307

Chip DS1307 l chip ng h thi gian thc (RTC : Real-time clock), khi
nim thi gian thc y c dng vi ngha thi gian tuyt i m con ngi
ang s dng, tnh bng giy, pht, giDS1307 l mt sn phm ca Dallas
Semiconductor (mt cng ty thuc Maxim Integrated Products). Chip ny c 7
thanh ghi 8-bit cha thi gian l: giy, pht, gi, th (trong tun), ngy, thng,
nm. Ngoi ra DS1307 cn c 1 thanh ghi iu khin ng ra ph v 56 thanh ghi
trng c th dng nh RAM. DS1307 c c v ghi thng qua giao din ni tip
I2C (TWI ca AVR) nn cu to bn ngoi rt n gin. DS1307 xut hin 2 gi
SOIC v DIP c 8 chn nh trong hnh 2.4 :

Hnh 2.4. Hai gi cu to chip DS1307.

Cc chn ca DS1307 c m t nh sau:

- X1 v X2: l 2 ng kt ni vi 1 thch anh 32.768KHz lm ngun to dao
ng cho chip.
- VBAT: cc dng ca mt ngun pin 3V nui chip.
- GND: chn mass chung cho c pin 3V v Vcc.
- Vcc: ngun cho giao din I2C, thng l 5V v dng chung vi vi iu
khin. Ch l nu Vcc khng c cp ngun nhng VBAT c cp th DS1307
vn ang hot ng (nhng khng ghi v c c).
- SQW/OUT: mt ng ph to xung vung (Square Wave / Output Driver),
tn s ca xung c to c th c lp trnh. Nh vy chn ny hu nh khng
lin quan n chc nng ca DS1307 l ng h thi gian thc, chng ta s b
trng chn ny khi ni mch.

- SCL v SDA l 2 ng giao xung nhp v d liu ca giao din I2C m

chng ta tm hiu trong bi TWI ca AVR.
Cu to bn trong DS1307 bao gm mt s thnh phn nh mch ngun,
mch dao ng, mch iu khin logic, mch giao in I2C, con tr a ch v cc
thanh ghi (hay RAM). Do a s cc thnh phn bn trong DS1307 l thnh phn
cng nn chng ta khng c qu nhiu vic khi s dng DS1307. S dng
DS1307 ch yu l ghi v c cc thanh ghi ca chip ny. V th cn hiu r 2 vn
c bn l cu trc cc thanh ghi v cch truy xut cc thanh ghi ny thng
qua giao din I2C. Phn ny chng ta tm hiu cu trc cc thanh ghi trc v cch
truy xut chng s tm hiu trong phn 2, iu khin DS1307 bng AVR.
Nh ti trnh by, b nh DS1307 c tt c 64 thanh ghi 8-bit c nh
a ch t 0 n 63 (t 0x00 n 0x3F theo h hexadecimal). Tuy nhin, thc cht
ch c 8 thanh ghi u l dng cho chc nng ng h (ti s gi l RTC) cn li
56 thanh ghi b trng c th c dng cha bin tm nh RAM nu mun. By
thanh ghi u tin cha thng tin v thi gian ca ng h bao gm: giy
(SECONDS), pht (MINUETS), gi (HOURS), th (DAY), ngy (DATE), thng
(MONTH) v nm (YEAR). Vic ghi gi tr vo 7 thanh ghi ny tng ng vi
vic ci t thi gian khi ng cho RTC. Vic c gi t 7 thanh ghi l c thi
gian thc m chip to ra. V d, lc khi ng chng trnh, chng ta ghi vo
thanh ghi giy gi tr 42, sau 12s chng ta c thanh ghi ny, chng ta thu
c gi tr 54. Thanh ghi th 8 (CONTROL) l thanh ghi iu khin xung ng ra
SQW/OUT (chn 6). Do chng ta khng dng chn SQW/OUT nn c th b qua
thanh ghi th 8.T chc b nh ca DS1307 c trnh by trong hnh 2.5

Hnh 2.5. T chc b nh ca DS1307.

V 7 thanh ghi u tin l quan trng nht trong hot ng ca DS1307,

chng ta s kho st cc thanh ghi ny mt cch chi tit.
Thanh ghi giy (SECONDS): thanh ghi ny l thanh ghi u tin trong b
nh ca DS1307, a ch ca n l 0x00. Bn bit thp ca thanh ghi ny cha m
BCD 4-bit ca ch s hng n v ca gi tr giy. Do gi tr cao nht ca ch s
hng chc l 5 (khng c giy 60 !) nn ch cn 3 bit (cc bit SECONDS6:4) l c
th m ha c (s 5 =101, 3 bit). Bit cao nht, bit 7, trong thanh ghi ny l 1
iu khin c tn CH (Clock halt treo ng h), nu bit ny c set bng 1 b
dao ng trong chip b v hiu ha, ng h khng hot ng. V vy, nht thit
phi reset bit ny xung 0 ngay t u.
Thanh ghi pht (MINUTES): c a ch 0x01, cha gi tr pht ca ng
h. Tng t thanh ghi SECONDS, ch c 7 bit ca thanh ghi ny c dng lu
m BCD ca pht, bit 7 lun lun bng 0.
Thanh ghi gi (HOURS): c th ni y l thanh ghi phc tp nht trong
DS1307. Thanh ghi ny c a ch 0x02. Trc ht 4-bits thp ca thanh ghi ny
c dng cho ch s hng n v ca gi. Do DS1307 h tr 2 loi h thng hin
th gi (gi l mode) l 12h (1h n 12h) v 24h (1h n 24h) gi, bit6
(mu green trong hnh 4) xc lp h thng gi. Nu bit6=0 th h thng 24h c
chn, khi 2 bit cao 5 v 4 dng m ha ch s hng chc ca gi tr gi. Do gi
tr ln nht ca ch s hng chc trong trng hp ny l 2 (=10, nh phn) nn 2
bit 5 v 4 l m ha. Nu bit6=1 th h thng 12h c chn, vi trng hp
ny ch c bit 4 dng m ha ch s hng chc ca gi, bit 5 (mu orangetrong
hnh 4) ch bui trong ngy, AM hoc PM. Bit5 =0 l AM v bit5=1 l PM. Bit 7
lun bng 0. (thit k ny hi d, nu di hn 2 bit mode v A-P sang 2 bit 7 v 6
th s n gin hn).
Thanh ghi th (DAY ngy trong tun): nm a ch 0x03. Thanh ghi
DAY ch mang gi tr t 1 n 7 tng ng t Ch nht n th 7 trong 1 tun. V
th, ch c 3 bit thp trong thanh ghi ny c ngha.
Cc thanh ghi cn li c cu trc tng t, DATE cha ngy trong thng (1
n 31), MONTH cha thng (1 n 12) v YEAR cha nm (00 n 99). Ch ,
DS1307 ch dng cho 100 nm, nn gi tr nm ch c 2 ch s, phn u ca nm
do ngi dng t thm vo (v d 20xx).

Ngoi cc thanh ghi trong b nh, DS1307 cn c mt thanh ghi khc nm

ring gi l con tr a ch hay thanh ghi a ch (Address Register). Gi tr ca
thanh ghi ny l a ch ca thanh ghi trong b nh m ngi dng mun truy cp.
Gi tr ca thanh ghi a ch (tc a ch ca b nh) c set trong lnh Write m
chng ta s kho st trong phn tip theo, AVR v DS1307. Thanh ghi a ch c
ti t trong hnh 2.6, cu trc DS1307.

Hnh 2.6. Cu trc DS1307.

2.3.

Gii thi u v cm bin nhi t LM 35 DZ

Hnh 2.7 :S chn ca cm bin nhi t LM 35

LM35 l cm bin nhi t analog ,nhi t c xc nh bng cch o

hi u i n th ng ra ca LM 35
n v nhi t :0C
C mc i n p thay i trc tip theo 0C ( 10 mV/0C)
C hi u nng cao,cng sut tiu th l 60 uA
Sn phm khng cn phi cn chnh nhi t i khi s dng
chnh xc thc t : 1/4 0C nhi t phng v 0C ngoi khong -55
0
C ti 150 0C
Chn + Vs (1) l chn cung cp i n p cho LM 35DZ hot n g t 4 20
V
Chn Vout ( 2) l chn i n p u ra LM35 c a vo chn Analog ca
cc b ADC

 Chn GND l chn ni mass: Chn ny ny trnh hng cm bin cng nh

lm gim sai s qu trnh o.
2.4. Gii thi u v LCD 16TC2A
LCD (Liquid Crytal Direct) TC16C2 l mn hnh hin th th lng gm c:
+ LCD
+B Driver (Mch iu khin )
Mn hnh LCD v b Driver c thit k tch hp sn vi nhau bi
nh sn xut,khi s dng ch cn giao tip vi b Driver qua cc chn. LCD
TC16C2. L loi mn hnh hin th c 16 k t x2 dng, bao gm tt c
cc k t chun v m t s k t c bi t nhng khng c k t c du ting
Vi t.
2.4.1: S chn ca LCD 16TC2A:

Hnh 2.7: S chn ca LCD 16TC2A

2.4.2:Chc nng v nhi m v ca cc chn:

STT chn

K hi u

Chc nng chn

Vss

Chn ni t cho LCD, khi thit k mch ta ni

chn ny vi GND ca mch iu khin

Vdd

Chn cp ngun cho LCD, khi thit k mch ta

ni chn ny vi VCC=5V ca mch iu khin

Vee

La chn tng phn ca mn hnh

RS

Chn chn thanh ghi (Register select). Ni

chn RS vi logic 0 (GND) hoc logic 1 (VCC)
chn thanh ghi.
+ Logic 0: Bus DB0-DB7 s ni vi thanh ghi lnh
IR ca LCD ( ch ghi - write) hoc ni vi b
m a ch ca LCD ( ch c - read)
+ Logic 1: Bus DB0-DB7 s ni vi thanh ghi d
liu DR bn trong LCD.

R/w

Chn chn ch c/ghi (Read/Write). Ni

chn R/W vi logic 0 LCD hot ng ch
ghi, hoc ni vi logic 1 LCD ch c.

Chn cho php (Enable). Sau khi cc tn hiu

c t ln bus DB0-DB7, cc lnh ch c chp
nhn khi c 1 xung cho php ca chn E.
+ ch ghi: D liu bus s c LCD chuyn
vo(chp nhn) thanh ghi bn trong n khi pht hin
mt xung (high-to-low transition) ca tn hiu chn
E.
+ ch c: D liu s c LCD xut ra DB0DB7 khi pht hin cnh ln (low-to-high transition)
chn E v c LCD gi bus n khi no chn E
xung mc thp.

D0

D1

Tm ng ca bus d liu dng trao i

thng tin vi MPU. C 2 ch s dng 8 ng
bus ny :
+ Ch 8 bit : D liu c truyn trn c 8
ng, vi bit MSB l bit DB7.
+ Ch 4 bit : D liu c truyn trn 4 ng
t DB4 ti DB7, bit MSB l DB7

D2

10

D3

11

D4

12

D5

13

D6

14

D7

15

Vdd

Ngun dng cho n nn

16

Vss

GND cho n nn

Bang 2.1: Chc nng va nhi m vu ca cac chn

2.4.3. Gi tr i n p:

i n
p vo
Dng
cung cp
hi n thi

i n
p
nhi t
bnh
thng

iu

hi u

ki n

Min

Typ

Max

Vdd = +5v

4,7

5,3

Vdd Vdd= +3v

2,7

5,3

Idd

Gi tr chun

Vdd= 5V

1,2

3
-

mA

-200C

Vdd

00C

4.2

4.8

5.1

250C

3,8

4,2

4,6

Vo

500C

3,6

4,0

4,4

700C

i n
p led
mn hnh
LCD

VF

250C

4,2

4,6

Bang1.2: Bang gia tri i n ap ca man hnh LCD