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Well Drilling
Lesson 12
Laminar Flow - Slot Flow
Read:
Homework #6
On the Web
Due Friday, October 4, 2002
3
Area of equivalent
slot = Wh = r2 r1
Height of slot =
= (r 2 r1 )
Width of slot = W = (r 2 + r1 )
F2 = p 2 W y = p
L W y
dL
F3 = WL
F4 = y + yWL = + d y WL
dy
Consider:
- pressure forces
- viscous forces
6
At steady state,
F = ma
F=0
F2 + F 3 F4 = 0
d
dpf
pWy - p L Wy + WL - + y WL = 0
dL
dy
Simplifying,
dp f
d = 0
dy
dL
dpf
=y
+ 0
dL
dv
But, =
dy
dp f
dv
=
=y
+
dy
dL
o
8
dp f
y + 0 dy
dL
dv = -
2
0 y
y dp f
v =
+ v0
2 dL
Since v = 0 when y = 0,
v0 = 0
9
h dp f 0 h
0=2 dL
h dp f
0 = 2 dL
(hy y )
2
10
(hy y )
2
q = vdA = vWdy
W dp f
q =
2 dL
(hy y ) dy
h
Integrating,
But
Wh dp f
q=
12 dL
2
Wh = (r2 r1 ) and h = r2 r1
11
12 v
dp f
=
2
dL
(r2 r1 )
In field units,
psi/ft, cp., ft/sec, in
Wh 3 dp f
q=
12 dL
q
q
v= =
2
2
A (r2 r1 )
dp f
v
=
2
dL 1000(d 2 d1 )
12
Example 4.22
Compute the frictional pressure loss for a 7 x
5 annulus, 10,000 ft long, using the slot flow
representation in the annulus. The flow rate
is 80 gal/min. The viscosity is 15 cp.
Assume the flow pattern is laminar.
6
7
13
Example 4.22
The average velocity in the
annulus,
_
q
80
v =
=
2
2
2
2
2.448(7 5 )
2.448(d 2 d1 )
_
v = 1.362 ft/s
_
dp f
v
=
2
dL
1000 (d 2 d1 )
14
Example 4.22
p f
dp f
v
=
2
dL
1000(d 2 d1 )
p f = 51 psi
(= 51.0750 )
rw
=
2
dp f
dL
17
dp f
8 v
=
2
dL
rw
w
r w dp f
=
2 dL
rw 8 v
=
*
2
2
rw
_
4 v
=
rw
18
4 v
rw
w 1 4 v 4 v
=
= *
=
rw
rw
96 v
Changing to field units, =
d
sec-1, ft/sec, in
(circular pipe)
19
Annulus:
From the slot flow approximation,
w
But,
h dp f
( r2 r1 ) dp f
=
=
2 dL
2
dL
_
12 v
=
2
dL
( r2 r1 )
dp
Eq. 4.60 c
20
(r2 r1 ) 12 v 6 v
=
w =
2
2 (r2 r1 ) r2 r1
_
_
w
1 6 v
6v
=
=
=
r 2 r1
r 2 r1
In field units:
Where,
144 v
=
d 2 d1
(annulus)
v is in ft/sec
d 1 and d 2 are in inches
21
Example 4.24
q
(i) Avg. vel., v =
2
2
2.448(d 2 d1 )
_
200
v=
2
2
2.448 8.097 4.5
_
v = 1.803 ft / s
23
Example 4.24
1
2+
dp f
Kv
n
Press.Drop ,
=
dL 144,000(d 2 d 1 )1+ n 0.0208
0.3
1
2+
dp f
9,400(1.803) 0.3
0.3
=
dL 144,000(8.097 4.5)1.3 0.0208
_
n
dp
= 0 . 0779 psi/ft
dL
= 77.9 psi/1,000 ft
24
48 v
1
=
2 +
(d 2 d 1 )
n
1
48 * 1.803
=
2 +
0.3
8.097 4.5
w = 128 s
= 75 RPM
25
( varies)
26
PUMP
27
Types of Flow
Laminar Flow
Flow pattern is linear (no radial flow)
Velocity at wall is ZERO
Produces minimal hole erosion
28
Types of Flow
Turbulent Flow
Flow pattern is random (flow in all directions)
Tends to produce hole erosion
Results in higher pressure losses
(takes more energy)
Provides excellent hole cleaningbut
30
Types of flow
Turbulent flow, contd
Mud properties have little effect on pressure losses
Is the usual flow type inside the drill pipe and collars
Thin laminar boundary layer at the wall
Fig. 4-30. Laminar and turbulent flow patterns in a circular pipe: (a) laminar
flow, (b) transition between laminar and turbulent flow and (c) turbulent flow
31
N Re
In field units,
vd
=
N Re =
928 v d
32
N Re =
928 v d
where
_