HEAT TRANSFER

ME-333
Lecture 4
Summer 2016

Selected Exercise Problems

1-3C: What is the caloric theory? When and why

was it abandoned?

The caloric theory is based on the assumption that heat is a fluid-like

substance called the "caloric" which is a massless, colorless, odorless
substance.
It was abandoned in the middle of the nineteenth century after it was
shown through experiments that there is no such thing as the caloric.
The "caloric theory" was superseded in favor of the mechanical
theory of heat (Laws of Thermodynamics)
Sadi Carnot that heat and mechanical work are equivalent.
Second law of thermodynamics in 1850 by Rudolf Clausius
Rudolf Clausius in which the concept of entropy

1-8C: When modeling an engineering process, how is the right

choice made between a simple but crude and a complex but
accurate model? Is the complex model necessarily a better choice
since it is more accurate?
If the simplest model can give reasonable results that reflects the

essential features of the process should be the first choice

Complex models can be more accurate but require complicate

numerical solution, time consuming.

1-9C: On a hot summer day, a student turns his fan on when he

leaves his room in the morning. When he returns in the evening, will
his room be warmer or cooler than the neighboring rooms? Why?
Assume all the doors and windows are kept closed.
Room will be warmer.
Because energy is added to the room air in the form of electrical

work.

1-14C: What are the mechanisms of energy transfer to a closed

system? How is heat transfer distinguished from the other forms of
energy transfer?
Energy can be transferred by heat, work, and mass.
Energy can be transferred through various gradients (Electric

Potential gradient, concentration gradients, temperature gradient)

An energy transfer is heat transfer when its driving force is

temperature difference.

1-11C: An ideal gas is heated from 50C to 80C (a) at constant

volume and (b) at constant pressure. For which case do you think the
energy required will be greater? Why?
For the constant pressure, energy required will be greater.
This is because the heat transfer to an ideal gas is mcpT at

constant pressure and mcvT at constant volume, and cp is

always greater than cv.

1-48C: Consider two houses that are identical, except that the walls
are built using bricks in one house, and wood in the other. If the
walls of the wood house are twice as thick, which house do you
think will be more energy efficient?
The house with the lower rate of heat transfer through the walls
will be more energy efficient.
How to decide the rate of heat transfer (conduction)?

Thermal conductivity (which is 0.72 W/m.C for brick and

0.17 W/m.C for wood, Table 1-1)

wood wall is twice as thick but it has about one-fourth the
conductivity of brick wall
So, wood house is more energy efficient

 1-15: Consider a 150-W incandescent lamp. The filament of the

lamp is 5-cm long and has a diameter of 0.5 mm. The diameter of
the glass bulb of the lamp is 8 cm. Determine the heat flux, in
W/m2,
(a) on the surface of the filament and
(b) on the surface of the glass bulb, and
(c) calculate how much it will cost per year to keep that lamp on for
eight hours a day every day if the unit cost of electricity is
$0.08/kWh.

1-23: Water is heated in an insulated, constant

diameter tube by a 5-kW electric resistance heater.
If the water enters the heater steadily at 15C and
leaves at 60C, determine the mass flow rate of
water.

 1-145: An ice skating rink is located in a building where the

air is at Tair = 20C and the walls are at Tw = 25C. The

convection heat transfer coefficient between the ice and the
surrounding air is h = 10 W/m2K. The emissivity of ice is
= 0.95. The latent heat of fusion of ice is hif = 333.7 kJ/kg
and its density is 920 kg/m3.
(a) Calculate the refrigeration load of the system necessary
to maintain the ice at Ts = 0C for an ice rink of 12 m by 40
m.
(b) How long would it take to melt = 3 mm of ice from
the surface of the rink if no cooling is supplied and the
surface is considered insulated on the back side?

Problem Sheet Chapter-1

1-10C ; 1-16E; 1-18; 1-21; 1-22; 1-24; 1-28; 1-31; 1-32E;
1-53; 1-56; 1-57E; 1-59; 1-62; 1-68; 1-74; 1-86; 1-95;
1-100; 1-102; 1-106; 1-107; 1-109