State the Laws of thermodynamics. What is its importance ?

Zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system,
they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. This law helps define the notion of temperature.
First law of thermodynamics: When energy passes, as work, as heat, or with matter, into or out
from a system, the system's internal energy changes in accord with the law of conservation of
energy. Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the first kind are impossible.
Second law of thermodynamics: In a natural thermodynamic process, the sum of the entropies
of the interacting thermodynamic systems increases. Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of
the second kind are impossible.
Third law of thermodynamics: The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the
temperature approaches absolute zero.With the exception of non-crystalline solids (glasses) the
entropy of a system at absolute zero is typically close to zero, and is equal to the logarithm of the
product of the quantum ground states.
Derive the general flow equation and state the assumptions ?
Difference between otto cycle and diesel cycle.
S.no
1

Otto cycle
Diesel cycle
Otto cycle consist of two isentropic It consist of two isentropic, one
and two constant volume process
constant volume and one constant
pressure process

Heat addition take place of constant

volume
Compression ratio is equal to
expansion ratio
Efficiency is more than diesel cycle
for the same compression ratio and
heat input

3
4

Heat addition take place at constant

pressure
Compression ratio is greater than
expansion ratio
Efficiency is less

Describe the function of injector with a sketch.

The injector or atomiser is also an important part of the diesel engine which breaks up the
fuel and sprays into the cylinder into a very fine divided particles. Figure shows the type of an
injector in which fuel is delivered from the pump along the horizontal pipe connected at A. The
vertical spindle of the injector is spring loaded at the top which holds the spindle down with a
pressure of 140 bar so that the fuel pressure must reach this value before the nozzle will lift to
allow fuel to be injected into the engine cylinder. The fuel which leaks past the vertical spindle is
taken off by means of an outlet pipe fitted at B above the fuel inlet pipe

What is the difference between vapour compression and vapour absorption cycle ?
S.no

Aspect

Energy Input

Moving part

Evaporator
pressure

Vapor Absorption System

Vapor absorption system takes in
low grade energy such as waste heat
from furnace, exhaust team or solar
heat for its operations.

Vapor Compression System

Vapor compression system takes in high
grade such as electrical or mechanical
energy for its operation of compressor used
in the cycle.

It uses a small pump as moving part, It uses a compressor driven by an electric

which is run by a small motor.
motor or engine.

It can operate with reduced

The refrigerant capacity decreases with
evaporator pressure, with little
lowered evaporator pressure.
decrease in refrigerant capacity.
The performance of vapor
The performance of vapor compressing
Load variation absorption system does not change
system is very poor at partial load.
with load variation
In vapor absorption system, the
In a vapor compression system, it is
liquid refrigerant leaving the
desirable to superheat vapor before leaving
Evaporator exit evaporator does not put any bad
the evaporator, so no liquid can enter the
effect on the system except to reduce
compressor.
the refrigerant effect.
Since water is used as refrigerant, With cascading, the temperature can be
thus the lowest temperature attained lowered upto -150C or even less
is above 0C.
temperature.

Lowest
temperature

Coefficient of
The COP of the system is poor.
Performance

Capacity

The COP of the system is excellent.

For a single compression system, it is not

It can built in capacities well above
possible to have a system with more than
1000 TR.
1000 TR capacity.

Refrigerant

Water or ammonia is used as

refrigerant.

Chloroflourocarbon, hydroflorocarbon and

hydrochlorofluorocarbon are used in most
of the systems.

Explain the principle of working of carnots reverse cycle.

Reversed Carnot Cycle
Carnot cycle is a reversible cycle, and it becomes the Carnot refrigeration cycle when the process
reversed. The direction of heat and work interactions are totally reversed, thus
Thus, - Heat absorbed from low-temperature-reservoir is Ql - Heat rejected to a high
temperature-reservoir is Qh - Work done is Wnet-in

Reversed Carnot cycle is same as that of conventional Carnot Cycle except the direction of the
processes.