International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 7, Issue 3, MayJune 2016, pp. 163172, Article ID: IJCIET_07_03_016

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ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
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A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON PARTIAL

REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH
SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH, RICE HUSK
ASH & STONE DUST
K Sampath Kumar, U M Praveen, A Prathyusha, V Akhila, P Sasidhar
Department of Civil Engineering
Nova College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India
ABSTRACT
A Large quantities of waste materials and by-products are generated from
manufacturing processes, service industries and municipal solid wastes, etc.
As a result, solid waste management has become one of the major
environmental concerns in the world. With the increasing awareness about the
environment, scarcity of land-fill space and due to its ever increasing cost,
waste materials and by-products utilization has become an attractive
alternative to disposal. High consumption of natural sources, high amount
production of industrial wastes and environmental pollution require obtaining
new solutions for a sustainable development.
Ordinary Portland cement is recognized as a major construction material
throughout the world. Significant research has been going-on in various parts
of the world on the subject. Some waste materials and by-products have
established their credentials in their usage in cement-based materials and for
others research is in progress for exploring the potential applications. This
waste, utilization would not only be economical, but may also result in foreign
exchange earnings and environmental pollution control. Industrial wastes,
such fly ash and silica fume are being used as supplementary cement
replacement materials. Currently, there has been an attempt to utilize some
amount of bagasse ash, rice husk ash and stone dust.
Cite this Article: K Sampath Kumar, U M Praveen, A Prathyusha, V Akhila,
P Sasidhar, A Comprehensive Study On Partial Replacement of Cement with
Sugarcane Bagasse Ash, Rice Husk Ash & Stone Dust, International Journal
of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(3), 2016, pp. 163172.
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K Sampath Kumar, U M Praveen, A Prathyusha, V Akhila, P Sasidhar

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. GENERAL
In civil engineering, theoretical knowledge is an application for practical knowledge
which is quite different in any field. In civil engineering aspects now-a-days the
construction of buildings, industries, residential complexes etc. are more essential.
These are included with high expensive of cost, to built up. For that, the no. of
techniques are implemented to reduce the cost of construction in all aspects.
Economically it is very useful for construction purpose.
Replacement of a material with another material is one type of technique which is
mostly using in now-a-days to reduce the cost. Replacing of cement (or) coarse
aggregates (or) fine aggregates with other materials which is made to be an
economical.

1.2. NEED OF THE PRESENT PROJECT

Cement is the most costlier and energy intensive component of concrete. The unit cost
of concrete can be reduced by partial replacement of cement with SCBA, RHA & SD.
Concrete making with conventional material is becoming costlier day by day. More
over concrete suffers little resistance to cracking. These problems may overcome by
inclusion of these admixtures into concrete.

1.3. MATERIALS USED

1.3.1. Cement
The most common cement used is ordinary Portland cement. Out of the total
production, ordinary Portland cement accounts for about 80-90 percent. Many tests
were conducted to cement (53 Grade) some of them are consistency tests, setting
tests, soundness tests, etc.
1.3.2 Fine Aggregate
Locally available free of debris and nearby river bed sand from ferri river is used as
fine aggregate. The sand particles should also pack to give minimum void ratio,
higher voids content leads to requirement of more mixing water. In the present study
the sand conforms to zone II as per the Indian standards.
1.3.3 Coarse Aggregate
The crushed aggregates used were 20mm nominal maximum size and are tested as per
Indian standards and results are within the permissible limit.
1.3.4 Water
Water available in the college campus conforming to the requirements of water for
concreting and curing as per IS: 456-2000.

2. INTRODUCTION OF ADMIXTURES
From these by-products in concrete production brings a positive effects to the
environment which reduces waste disposals. Since we reduce the cement production
also. AGRO INDUSTRIAL MINERAL ADMIXTURES is a factory which reduces
the emissions generated by the disposal of all by-products.

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A Comprehensive Study On Partial Replacement of Cement with Sugarcane Bagasse Ash,

Rice Husk Ash & Stone Dust

Due to these admixtures there is a change in concrete in both physical and

chemical conditions. The physical effects are the mixture which depends on size,
shape, and textures of particle. The chemical effects are capability of providing
aluminous compounds which react chemically in the presence of water like calcium
hydroxide etc., the two scientists namely GOLDMAN &BENTUR Said that by
mixture of these admixtures there is a physical effects are more than the chemical
effects.
The admixtures which are used for the replacement of cement are as follows.

SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH

RICE HUSK ASH
STONE DUST (or) QUARRY DUST

3. PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
3.1. GENERAL
The materials used in the experimental work namely cement, Bagasse ash, Rice husk
ash, Stone dust, fine aggregates and coarse aggregate have been in laboratory for use
in mix designs. The details are present below.

3.2. Cement [IS: 2386-1963]

Ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade was used in this project.
The general standard values of different tests on cement described below.
Table 1
SL.NO.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

PARTICULARS
Normal consistency
Specific gravity
Setting time
Initial setting time
Final setting time
Soundness test of cement
Fineness of cement

OPC 53 GRADE
32%
3.15
45 min
583 min
3 mm
2.33

3.3. FINE AGGREGATE (As per IS: 383)

Aggregates smaller than 4.75mm and up to 0.075mm are considered as fine
aggregate.
3.3.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY
The specific gravity of fine aggregate are in a ranges between 2.6 to 2.9.

3.4. COARSE AGGREGATE (As per IS: 383)

Aggregates greater than 4.75mm are considered as coarse aggregates. Generally the
size of coarse aggregates used are 20mm and 10mm.
3.4.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY
The specific gravity of coarse aggregates used is 2.427 and 2.474.

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K Sampath Kumar, U M Praveen, A Prathyusha, V Akhila, P Sasidhar

3.5. PROPERTIES OF ADMIXTURES

3.5.1. PROPETIES OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH
In our project sugarcane bagasse ash was collected from KCP sugar industries
VUYYURU. The below mentioned SCBA composition was obtained with the help of
Industry.
Table 2
SL.NO.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

COMPONENTS
SiO2
Fe2O3
Al2O3
CaO
MgO

MASS %
55.76
0.72
1.79
1.68
2.02

Sugarcane bagasse ash was sieved by IS: 300 micron sieve before mixing in
concrete.
3.5.2. PROPERTIES OF RICE HUSK ASH [IS: 456-2000] (Clause no.5.2.1.3)
The Rice husk ash was collected from RICE MILL, Jupudi.
Table 3
COMPONENTS
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
Na2O3
K 2O
LOI
Specific gravity

OPC
20.99
6.19
3.86
65.96
0.22
0.17
0.60
1.73
3.00

RHA
88.32
0.46
0.67
0.67
0.44
0.12
2.91
5.81
2.11

Rice husk ash was sieved by IS: 300 micron sieve before mixing in concrete.
3.5.3. PROPERTIES OF STONE DUST [IS: 2386-1963] (part-3)
The Stone dust was collected from QUARRIES, Jupudi.
A. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Table 4 (a)
PROPERTY
Specific gravity
Bulk relative density (kg/m3)
Absorption (%)
Moisture content (%)
Fine particles less than 0.075
mm (%)
Sieve analysis

STONE DUST
2.54 2.60
1720 1810
1.20 1.50
Nil

TEST METHOD
IS 2386-1963 (part 3)
IS 2386-1963 (part 3)
IS 2386-1963 (part 3)
IS 2386-1963 (part 3)

12 15

IS 2386-1963 (part 1)

Zone II

IS 383 1970

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A Comprehensive Study On Partial Replacement of Cement with Sugarcane Bagasse Ash,

Rice Husk Ash & Stone Dust

B. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES (OR) COMPOSITION [IS: 4032-1968]

Table 4 (b)
COMPONENTS

STONE DUST

SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO

TEST METHOD
IS: 4032 1968
IS: 4032 1968
IS: 4032 1968
IS: 4083 1968
IS: 4083 1968

62.48
18.72
6.54
4.83
2.56

4. CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONS

Table 5
OPC
100%
94%
88%
82%
76%
70%

SCBA
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%

RHA
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%

SD
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%

6. WORKABILITY
6.5.1 Workability of concrete
Table 6
SL.NO.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

% REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%

SLUMP VALUE (mm)

14
15
17
18
19
20

6.8.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

The compressive strength is evaluated by placing a cubical specimen between the
loading surfaces of compression testing machine of capacity 2000 KN, in such a way
that the smooth surface receives the directly and the load is applied until failure of the
cube, along the sides of the cube. The compressive strength is determined by the ratio
of failure load to the cross sectional area of the specimen.
The compressive strength of concrete has been evaluated by testing four cubes of
size 15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm, the testing procedure is shown in fig. (p) & fig. (q).
The results are tabulated in table-7 and the graph is drawn, shown in graph-1.

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K Sampath Kumar, U M Praveen, A Prathyusha, V Akhila, P Sasidhar

Before test:

After test:

Fig. (p)

Fig. (q)

Testing of Cubes in compressive

compressive testing machine for Compressive Strength
Table 7

% Replacement of cement
7 days
28 days

0%
29.44
34.8

2%
40.8
41.6

4%
31.6
40

6%
21.5
34.5

8%
21.2
27.5

10 %
20
22

Graph 1

Compressive strength values (N/mm2)

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0

4
7 days

10

28 days

Mix Proportion %

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A Comprehensive Study On Partial Replacement of Cement with Sugarcane Bagasse Ash,

Rice Husk Ash & Stone Dust

6.8.2. SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

The Split tensile strength of concrete have been evaluated by testing the cylindrical
specimens of size 15 cm diameter and 30 cm length. The testing procedure is shown
in fig. (r) & fig. (s).
The split tensile tests are done by placing a cylindrical specimen horizontally
between the loading surface a compression testing machine and the load is applied
until failure of cylinder, along the vertical. The split tensile test values determined for
different specimens from tests are presented in table-8. The result obtained from the
experimental work for 7 & 28 days are shown in the charts as given below.
Before test:

After test:

Figure (r)

Figure (s)

Testing of cylinder in compressive testing machine for tensile strength

Table 8

% Replacement of
cement
7 days
28 days

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10 %

2.1
2.86

2.7
3.13

2.68
3.04

2.6
2.76

1.8
2.26

1.48
2.19

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K Sampath Kumar, U M Praveen, A Prathyusha, V Akhila, P Sasidhar

Tensile strength values (N/mm2)

Graph - 2
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

4
7 days

10

28 days

Mix Proportion %

7. RESULT
CUBES:
Testing values for 7 days
Normal mix
29.4 N/mm2
Mixture of 2%
40.8 N/mm2
Mixture of 4%
31.6 N/mm2
Mixture
xture of 6%
21.5 N/mm2
Mixture of 8%
21.2 N/mm2
Mixture of 10%
20.0 N/mm2
Testing values of 28 days
Normal mix
Mixture of 2%
Mixture of 4%
Mixture of 6%
Mixture
ixture of 8%
Mixture of 10%

34.8 N/mm2
41.6 N/mm2
40.0 N/mm2
34.5 N/mm2
27.5 N/mm2
22.0 N/mm2

CYLINDERS:
Testing values for 7 days
Normal mix
Mixture of 2%
Mixture of 4%
Mixture of 6%
Mixture of 8%

2.1 N/mm2
2.7 N/mm2
2.68 N/mm2
2.60 N/mm2
1.80 N/mm2

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A Comprehensive Study On Partial Replacement of Cement with Sugarcane Bagasse Ash,

Rice Husk Ash & Stone Dust

Mixture of 10%

1.48 N/mm2

Testing values for 28 days

Normal mix
2.86 N/mm2
Mixture of 2%
3.13 N/mm2
Mixture of 4%
3.04 N/mm2
Mixture of 6%
2.76 N/mm2
Mixture of 8%
2.26 N/mm2
Mixture of 10%
2.19 N/mm2
The Compressive and Tensile strength of cubes & cylinders are increases at 6% which
includes 2% of each admixture, when compared to normal mix &other mix
proportions.

8. CONCLUSIONS

It has been observed that by the incorporation of SCBA, RHA & SD as a partial
replacement to cement in plain concrete, increases workability when compared to
workability with reference to concrete made without admixtures.
The mix proportion of 6% replacement of cement with SCBA (2%), RHA (2%) & SD
(2%) showed good properties like Compressive and Tensile strength.
It has been observed that cement replacement using SCBA, RHA & SD can go up to
8% safely through strength values are less compared to 2% replacement of cement
and is most economically feasible.

9. SCOPE FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATION

Experiments can be encouraged with different proportions of replacement of cement

in terms of other mineral and chemical admixtures.

Durability aspects can also be investigated with different proportions of admixtures.

Studies can be made when the mixes are exposed to high temperatures.

REFERNCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]

[9]
[10]
[11]

Admixtures specifications as per IS:9103

Indian standard Recommended Guidelines for concrete mix design (IS:102621982)
Indian standard Specification for Coarse and Fine aggregate from Natural
sources for concrete (IS:383-1970)
Methods of test for strength of concrete (IS:2386-1963)
Indian standard Ordinary Portland Cement (IS:8112)
Indian standard Plain and Reinforced concrete (IS:456-2000)
Specification for 53 grade ordinary Portland cement (IS:12269-1989)
Minimum grade of cement for different exposures with normal weight
aggregates of 20mm normal maximum size (IS:456-2000) (Clauses 6.1.2,
8.2.4.1, and 9.1.2)
Indian standard Methods of tests for Strength of concrete (IS:516-1959)
Indian standard Methods of tests for Spilt Tensile Strength of Concrete
(IS:5816-1999)
Methods for physical tests on cement (fineness part-2, soundness part-3, setting
time part-5, compressive strength part-6) (IS:4031-1988)

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[12]
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M.S.SHETTY, Concrete Technoloty, S.CHAND & COMPANY Ltd New Delhi.

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Bandwal, Anand Khangan and Rahul Jichkar, Utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse
Ash as A Supplementary Cementitious Material In Concrete and Mortar - A
Review, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 6(4), 2015,
pp. 94106.
Richard Onchiri, Kiprotich James, Bernadette Sabuni and Claude Busieney, Use
Of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as A Partial Replacement For Cement In
Stabilization of Self-Interlocking Earth Blocks, International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, 5(10), 2014, pp. 124130.
Abeer Sabri Bshara, Er. Y. K .Bind and Prabhat Kumar Sinha, Effect of Stone
Dust On Geotechnical Properties of Poor Soil, International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, 5(4), 2013, pp. 3747.

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