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Mohammad Ul Hassan
INTRODUCTION
Principle of evaporative cooling has been used since long back, during summer use of
khush (fibre) curtains and water sprayed over it for air cooling. Other example of
evaporative cooling are use of shurahi pot for water cooling, cooling tower, spray
ponds etc. But the determination of the extent of cooling is limited up to the wet bulb
temperature. In Conventional Cooler air is passes at uniform rate through wetted pad.
In this process humidity increases sometimes which is not desirable. In Two Stage Air
Cooler the primary air is cooled by a contact surface which is maintained at lower
than temperature of incoming atmospheric air. In both the process minimum
temperature can be achieved theoretically is wet bulb temperature (WBT) of the
incoming air.
PROPOSED MODIFICATION
The temperature of air decreases from i to o in Conventional Cooler. in indirect
evaporative cooler the temperature of i 1 is lower than temperature at i and if
proceeding is done on the constant WBT Line then it goes up toO 1 which is lower
than the previous O. This indicates that if temperature of air at i is cooled to
i1prior to entry to main cooler by any means lower temperature can be achieved. This
suggests need of cooling of air prior or in other words two stages cooling. The
equipment based on this principle is designated as Two Stage Air Cooler and
theoretically one may reach up to the dew point temperature.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The heat exchanger is fitted on the back panel of the cooler, the inlet is connected
with the secondary pump situated inside the cooler tank so that water supply from for
the exchanger is from the tank and outlet is connected with a pipe to discharge the
water in the same tank connected
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Nomenclature
DBT = Dry bulb temperature
WBT = Wet bulb temperature
A1 = area of inlet of cooler
A3 = area of outlet of cooler
T1 dbt = dry bulb temperature of air inlet to heat exchanger
T2 dbt = dry bulb temperature of air after passing through heat exchanger
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Calculation of Velocity
Velocity was calculated at five different points then average of them is taken for both
inlet and outlet for high speed, medium speed and low speed respectively. The
velocity of air may vary for different atmospheric conditions
Table 1 Velocity at inlet of cooler at different points in different speed
Side
Points
1
2
3
4
5
Average
Inlet
High speed
(m/s)
3.70
3.10
2.75
3.20
3.00
3.15
Medium
speed
(m/s)
3.10
2.80
2.40
2.90
2.80
2.80
Outlet
Low speed
(m/s)
High speed
(m/s)
2.80
2.50
2.10
2.50
2.60
2.50
4.20
3.30
1.10
1.20
1.20
2.20
Medium
speed
(m/s)
3.45
3.10
0.90
1.10
1.20
1.95
Low speed
(m/s)
3.15
2.70
0.80
1.00
1.10
1.75
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Average Velocity
1
3.15
2.80
2.50
DBT
3
2.20
1.95
1.75
1
31.5
31.5
31.5
WBT
2
27.5
27.4
27.4
3
21.9
22.2
23.2
1
22.6
22.9
23.2
3
20.50
20.7
21.0
Average Velocity
1
3.15
2.80
2.50
High
Medium
Low
DBT
3
2.20
2.00
1.80
WBT
1
31.5
31.5
31.5
3
24.0
24.3
24.5
1
22.5
22.8
23.1
3
21.4
21.7
21.9
High
Medium
Low
Speed
High
Medium
Low
Speed
High
Medium
Low
Velocity
(m/sec)
1
3.15
2.8
2.5
Dry bulb
temperature ( )
3
2.2
1.95
1.75
Dew point
temperature
1
18.62
19.13
20.33
1
31.5
31.5
31.5
3
21.9
22.2
22.5
Specific humidity
(kg/kg )
3
19.70
20.20
20.22
1
0.01346
0.01392
0.01437
Specific enthalpy
(KJ/Kg)
1
66.10
67.26
68.43
2
27.5
27.4
27.4
3
58.67
59.71
60.43
3
0.01443
0.01472
0.01501
Wet bulb
temperature ( )
1
22.6
22.9
23.2
3
87.37
87.46
87.55
Specific volume
(m3/Kg)
1
0.3540
0.3114
0.2805
1
0.8809
0.8815
0.8821
w
(kg/kg )
(1-3)
7.43
7.55
7.67
(3-1)
9.67*10-4
8.00*10-4
6.40*10-4
333
1
46.40
47.92
49.46
H
(kJ/kg
)
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3
20.5
20.7
21.0
Relative
humidity (%)
3
0.3563
0.3154
0.2830
Make
up
water
(kg/hr)
1.2441
0.9083
0.6462
3
0.8844
0.8556
0.8569
Area
(m2)
1
0.099
0.099
0.099
3
0.1384
0.1384
0.1384
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Mohammad Ul Hassan
Speed
Energy
consumption
Kwh
0.201
0.196
0.191
High
Medium
Low
Time to refill
water tank
(hr)
24:54
34:07
47:54
Carnot COP
COP
30.71
31.72
32.46
13.20
12.00
11.36
High
Medium
Low
Speed
High
Medium
Low
Speed
Velocity
(m/sec)
1
3.15
2.8
2.5
3
2.2
2.0
1.8
Dew point
temperature
1
18.44
18.96
19.47
Wet bulb
temperature
Relative
humidity (%)
1
31.5
31.5
31.5
1
22.5
22.8
23.1
1
45.89
47.41
48.95
3
24.0
24.3
24.5
Specific humidity
(kg/kg )
3
20.25
20.57
20.93
1
0.01331
0.01376
0.01422
Specific enthalpy
(kJ/kg )
1
2
31
31
31
3
21.4
21.7
21.9
3
79.56
79.70
80.53
Specific volume
(m3/kg)
1
0.3527
0.3145
0.2806
1
0.8841
0.8813
0.8819
3
0.01493
0.01524
0.01559
H
(kJ/kg )
w
(kg/kg )
(1-3)
(3-1)
-3
3
0.3535
0.3193
0.2885
Make up
water
(kg/hr)
3
0.8612
0.8624
0.8635
Area
(m2)
1
2.0616
0.099
0.1384
High
65.72
62.12
3.60
1.62*10
Medium
66.87
63.20
3.67
1.48*10-3
1.7012
0.099
0.1384
Low
68.04
64.30
3.74
1.37*10-3
1.42282
0.099
0.1384
Speed
Energy
consumption
Kwh
Time to refill
water tank
(hr)
Carnot COP
COP
High
Medium
Low
0.183
0.178
0.173
15:02
18:13
21:47
39.6
41.29
42.5
6.9540
6.5833
6.2369
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24
24.3
24.5
24
23
21.9
22.2
22.5
22
21
20
High
Medium
Speed
Low
Effects
Temperature attained in Two Stage Air Cooler is lower than Conventional Cooler.
Reason
In Two Stage Air Cooler the air is pre-cooled sensibly in the heat exchanger so the
better cooling is performed this departure of temperature may be better explain by
psychometric chart.
In high velocity/speed some water droplets may not find sufficient time for
evaporation and at the exit air is sensibly cooled
This departure may be considered due to water spray at wet bulb temperature
provides sensible cooling of air which has already humidified adiabatically.
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0.2831
0.2885
0.4
0.3563
0.3535
Mohammad Ul Hassan
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
High
Medium
Low
Speed m/sec
Effect
As the velocity decreases mass flow rate also decreases
Reason:
Mass flow rate decreases with decreased velocity because area of inlet and outlet is
constant so mass flow rate varies according to velocity.
Change in enthalpy
7.43
7.55
7.67
3.6
3.67
3.74
High
Medium
Low
Conventional
cooler
Speed
Effect
Change in enthalpy for incoming and outgoing air in combined arrangement is more
than direct cooling arrangement.
Change in enthalpy increases with decrease in speed for the same setup.
Reason
The incoming air condition is same for both the arrangement but the outgoing air in
former case is much lower than Conventional Cooler so in case of Two Stage Air
Cooler arrangement change in enthalpy is more.
Refrigeration Effect
Data ref Table no 4 and 5
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Refrigeration effect
2.6473
2.38127 2.27
1.2726 1.17183
1.07899
0
High Medium
Speed
Low
Effect
Refrigeration effect for Two Stage Air Cooler is more than Conventional Cooler.
Reason
Since the change in enthalpy in case of Two Stage Air Cooler is more than
Conventional Cooler only. So refrigeration effect in combined process is also more.
As mass flow rate decreases with decrease in speed so the refrigeration effect also
decreases with decrease in speed
Energy Consumption
Data ref Table no 4 and 5
0.191
0.173
0.196
0.178
0.21
0.2
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.201
0.183
Speed m/s
Effect
Energy consumption for Two Stage Air Cooler is more than Conventional Cooler
only.
Reason
Energy consumption for Two Stage Air Cooler is higher than direct cooling only
because in former case along with fan and primary pump secondary pump is also
running but in direct cooling secondary pump is not running so energy consumption
is less.
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Mohammad Ul Hassan
Energy consumption by the cooler fan is less for lower speed so it decreases with
decreasing speed.
COP
15
13.206
10
6.954
11.995
11.3644
6.583
6.237
0
High
Medium
Speed (m/s)
Low
Effects
1. The COP for Two Stage Air Cooler is more than the Conventional Cooler only.
2. The COP for the same set up decreases with the decrease in speed.
Reason
Instead of energy consumption is more in case of Two Stage Air Cooler the COP is
more because as compare to energy consumption the cooling is more in this case so
the refrigeration effect is also more hence COP is more in case of Two Stage Air
Cooler.
COP decrease with the decrease in speed in both the cases because effect of the
decrease in energy consumption with decrease in speed is less as compared to the
effect of decrease of refrigeration effect
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2.0616
1.7012
1.42282
1.2441
0.9083
0.5502
High
Medium
Low
Speed
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Effect
Make up water requirement is more for Conventional Cooler than Two Stage Air
Cooler.
The makeup water requirement for the same set up decreases with the decrease in
speed for both the process.
Reason
High
0:00:00
24:00:00
47:54:00
Medium
34:07:00
Speed
Low
15:02
18:13
21:47
24:54:00
48:00:00
Conventinal
Cooler
Comparison of COP of Simple Air Cooler v/s Two Stage Air Cooler v/s
Conventional Window Air Conditioner
APPLIANCES
COP
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13.206
6.954
2.846
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Mohammad Ul Hassan
15
6.954
10
2.846
5
0
CONCLUSION
Following are the fruitful result outcome of indirect two stage air cooler their details
have been provided in result and discussion.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Two stage indirect air cooler is energy effective, eco friendly, cost effective cooling
system and with some further modification it may be hope as replacement of air
conditioner.
In direct cooler expected limit lower temperature was 22.6 where as experimentally
the temperature attains is 24. In indirect cooler system the expected temp was 20.5
where as the actual temperature attain is 21.9 less than the wet bulb temperature with
lesser relative humidity than 100%.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
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[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
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