GAMBAR TEKNIK (TECHNICAL DRAWING)

1. GAMBAR TEKNIK, Edisi ke-11, Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill, Dygdon, Novak
2. MENGGAMBAR TEKNIK, Edisi ke-8, Wallen J,Luzadder, p.e, Erlangga

Peralatan Gambar Teknik (manual)

Pensil Gambar :
1. Pensil kayu. Harga murah tetapi sulit untuk
mempertahankan ketebalan garisnya.

2. Pensil Otomatis (mekanik) : Harga lebih

mahal tapi lebih mudah mempertahankan
ketebalan garis. Ukuran batang karbon 0.25;
0,35; 0,5

Compass (Jangka): untuk membuat lingkaran yg

cukup besar. Pilihlah jangka yg cukup tegar
sehingga menghasilkan garis lingkaranyg baik

A0 841 1189 mm
A1 594 841 mm
A2 420 594 mm
A3 297 420 mm
A4 210 297 mm (8.27 11.69")
A5 148 210 mm
A6 105 148 mm
A7 74 105 mm
A8 52 74 mm

A Sizes (mm)

B Sizes (mm)

C Sizes (mm)

4A0

1682 x 2378

2A0

1189 x 1682

A0

841 x 1189

B0

1000 x
1414

C0

917 x 1297

A1

594 x 841

B1

707 x 1000

C1

648 x 917

A2

420 x 594

B2

500 x 707

C2

458 x 648

A3

297 x 420

B3

353 x 500

C3

324 x 458

A4

210 x 297

B4

250 x 353

C4

229 x 324

A5

148 x 210

B5

176 x 250

C5

162 x 229

A6

105 x 148

B6

125 x 176

C6

114 x 162

A7

74 x 105

B7

88 x 125

C7

81 x 114

A8

52 x 74

B8

62 x 88

C8

57 x 81

A9

37 x 52

B9

44 x 62

C9

40 x 57

A10

26 x 37

B10

31 x 44

C10

28 x 40

Paper sizes in millimetres

A0

1189

841

A1

841

594

A2

594

420

A3

420

297

A4

297

210

A5

210

148

A0,A1

technical drawings, posters

A2,A3

drawings, diagrams, large tables

A4

letters, magazines, forms, catalogues, laser printer and

photocopying machines

A5

note pads

A6

postcards

B5,A5,B6,A6

books

C4,C5,C6

envelopes for A4 letters: unfolded (C4), folded once (C5),

folded twice (C6)

B4,A3

newspapers, supported by most copying machines in

addition to A4

Type of Line

Continuous - thick

Continuous - thin

Line
Thickness
(mm)
A0

A1

A2
A3
A4

0.
7

0.
5

0.
35

0.
35

0.
25

0.
18

Application

Visible outlines

Fictitious outlines
Imaginary intersection of surfaces
Dimension lines, projection lines,
intersection lines and leaders
Hatching
Outlines of revolved sections
Adjacent parts and tooling
Fold and tangent bend lines
Short centerlines

hand or ruled with zig-zag

0.35

0.25

0.18

Indication of repeated detail

Break lines (other than on an axi
0.50

0.35

0.25
Hidden outlines

0.35

0.25

0.18

Penggaris:
Rapido Pen

1.

Penggaris lurus

2.

Penggaris segitiga

3.

Mal (untuk membuat lingkaran)

4.

Busur dejarad

PROYEKSI

Orthographic projection is a means of representing a three-dimensional

object in two dimensions. It uses multiple views of the object, from points
of view rotated about the object's center through increments of 90.
Equivalently, the views may be considered to be obtained by rotating the
object about its center through increments of 90.
The views are positioned relative to each other according to either of two
schemes: first-angle or third-angle projection. In each, the appearances of
views may be thought of as being projected onto planes that form a
transparent "box" around the object:

n first-angle projection, each view of the

object is projected in the direction (sense) of
sight of the object, onto the interior walls of the
box; that is, each view of the object is drawn on
the opposite side of the box:

A two-dimensional
representation of the object
is then created by "unfolding"
the box, to view all of the
interior walls:

An isometric drawing of a cube.

Note that the perimeter of the 2D
drawing is a perfect regular
hexagon, all the black lines are of
equal length and all the cube's
faces are the same area.

Limits of isometric projection

A problem with isometric projection is that because the lines representing each dimension are parallel on the
page, objects do not appear larger or smaller as they extend closer to the viewer. While advantageous for
architectural drawings and sprite-based video games, this can easily result in situations where depth and
altitude are impossible to gauge, as is shown in the illustration to the right. Most contemporary video games
have avoided this situation by dropping isometric projection in favor of perspective 3D rendering utilizing
vanishing points. Some of the famous "impossible architecture" works of M. C. Escher exploit this isometric
limitation. Waterfall (1961) is a good example, in which the building is isometric but the faded background is not.

The blue sphere is two levels higher than the red one, but this
cannot be seen if one looks only at the left half of the picture. If the
pier that the blue sphere is on were extended by one square, it
would align perfectly with the square the red sphere is on, creating
an optical illusion, making it look like both spheres are on the same
level.

Perspective vs Isometric Drawing

By now you may have noticed that perspective drawing techniques differ from other types of commonly seen
technical imagry. In Fig. 13 you have three examples of 3/4 view illustrations that are not in perspective view.
They are classified as Isometric, Dimetric, and Trimetric drawings. In these types of illustrations all parallel
lines remain parallel and therefor, never converge at a single point. Although they can be very useful for
conveying technical information, they lack the quality of realism when compared to the perspective view
drawing example in Fig. 14.

(a) pan, (b) button, (c) round, (d) truss, (e) flat, (f) oval
pan head: a low disc with chamfered outer edge.
button or dome head: cylindrical with a rounded top.
round head: dome-shaped, commonly used for machine screws.
truss head: lower-profile dome designed to prevent tampering.
flat head or countersunk: conical, with flat outer face and tapering inner face allowing it to sink into the material.
oval or raised head: countersunk with a rounded top.
bugle head: similar to countersunk, but there is a smooth progression from the shaft to the angle of the head, similar to the bell of a bugle.
cheese head: disc with cylindrical outer edge, height approximately half the head diameter.
fillister head: cylindrical, but with a slightly convex top surface.
socket head: cylindrical, relatively high, with different types of sockets (hex, square, torx, etc.).
mirror screw head: countersunk head with a tapped hole to receive a separate screw-in chrome-plated cover, used for attaching mirrors.
headless (set or grub screw): has either a socket or slot in one end for driving.

In the following six examples, you will see a perspective grid and our subject in various aspects discussed in the previous
paragraph. Fig. 8 is a Normal View 1 Point Perspective drawing. Fig. 9 is a Worm's Eye View 1 Point Perspective drawing. Fig. 10
is a Bird's Eye 1 Point Perspective drawing. Fig. 11 is a Bird's Eye or High 3/4 View 2 Point Perspective drawing. Fig. 12 is a
Bird's Eye 3 Point Perspective drawing. If you were to extend the vertical vanishing point lines downward, they would converge at
the Nadir Station point.

Linear Dimensioning

Angular Dimensioning

CHAIN-PARALLEL DIMENSIONING

Examples of chain and parallel dimensioning are above below. The advantage of parallel dimensioning is that there is no build-up of tolerances.

Dimensioning Diameters

Dimensions of diameters are shown on view providing greatest clarity

Dimensioning Holes

Dimensioning Chamfers/Countersinks

Metric Screw Threads

Thread Designation
The complete designation of a screw thread gives
the thread symbol e.g. M for Metric
the thread size e.g. 6
the thread pitch e.g. x 1
the tolerance class e.g. 6H(Female) 6g (male)
the length of thread if not dimensioned separately eg. x 30 LNG
Notes:
If the thread is standard course then the pitch need not be shown. However it is better that it is always shown
If the tolerance grade for the pitch diameter and the major diameter is the same then only one needs to be shown.
Threads right handed (clockwise turn to screw in) unless a -LH suffix is added to indicate left hand thread.
The Class of Fit is a measure of the degree of fit between mating internal and external threads.

Classes of Fit
Three main Classes of Fit are defined for metric screw threads :
FINE: This has a tolerance class of 5H for internal threads and 4h for external threads.
MEDIUM: This has a tolerance class of 6H for internal threads and 6g for external threads.
COARSE: This has a tolerance class of 7H for internal threads and 8g for external threads.
If one class is shown for a male thread i.e 6g then the tolerance applies to the pitch dia and the major diameter. A dual tolerance is
shown (5h6g) when a different tolerance is applied to the Pitch dia (5h) and the major dia (6h). The same principle applies to the
female thread e.g. a tolerance grade (6H ) applies to both pitch dia and the minor dia. A tolerance grade (6H7H) refers to 6H for
the pitch dia and 7H for the minor dia. The typical designation for a thread on a drawing is as follows
M8 - 6e..This is a M8 course male thread with a 6e external(male) tolerance (before coating)
M8 x 1 - 6e.. This is a M8 course male fine thread with a 6e external(male) tolerance (before coating)
M8 - 6H... This is a M8 course female thread with a 6H internal(female) tolerance (not coated)
M8 - 6H - LH This is a Left hand M8 course female thread with a 6H internal(female) tolerance (not coated)
Pipe Threads
The typical designation for a Pipe Threads
R 1/2 External Taper - Sealing on Thread (BS 21)
Rc 1/2 Internal Tape - Sealing on Thread(BS 21)
Rp 1/2 Internal Parallel- Sealing on Thread (BS 21)
G 1/2 A,B or ext External Parallel - Not Sealing on Threads -Additional seal required(BS2779)
G 1/2(F = full thread) Internal Parallel Not Sealing on Threads -Additional seal required (BS2779)

Drawing of Weld Symbols

The British Standard for weld symbols is BS EN 22553. When identification of the weld process is required as part of the weld
symbol the relevant weld process code is listed in BS EN ISO 4063.

Basic Weld Symbol

The weld symbol always includes
An arrow line
2.A reference line
3.A symbol

Note: Weld symbols on the full reference line relates to welds on the near side of the plate being welded. Weld symbols on the
dashed line relates to weld on the far side of the plate. If the welds are symmetrical on both sides of the plate the dashed line is
omitted. If the dashed line is above the full line then the symbol for the nearside weld is drawn below the reference line and the
symbol for the farside weld is above the dashed line

Table of Weld Symbols

Complementary Symbols

Supplementary Indication

Dimensioning Welds