08 r05310306 Thermal Engineering II

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Code No: R05310306 Set No. 1

III B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2008
THERMAL ENGINEERING-II
( Common to Mechanical Engineering and Automobile Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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1. (a) Describe the working of Orsat apparatus for determining the volumetric com-
position of dry flue gases with the help of neat sketch.
(b) The dry exhaust gases from a petrol engine contained 2 percent by volume
of CO and negligible hydrogen. If the fuel contained 84% carbon and 16%
hydrogen by weight, all hydrogen is burnt and all carbon may be assumed to
burn either to CO2 or to CO calculate
i. mass of air supplied per kg of fuel.
ii. proportion of carbon burn to CO2 . [8+8]
2. (a) Establish a condition for maximum discharge of flue gases through chimney.
(b) Calculate the draught in mm of water column produced by a chimney 30 m
high when the average temperature of hot gases is 225 0 C and the temperature
of outside air is 20 0 C. The quantity of air supplied is 18 kg/kg of fuel. [8+8]
3. Steam at 10 bar and 0.98 dry expands through a convergent divergent nozzle to
a back pressure of 0.1 bar. The discharge through the nozzle is 0.55 kg/s. The
enthalpy drop used for reheating the steam by friction in the divergent portion is
10% of the overall enthalpy drop. Determine
(a) the throat pressure

(b) number of nozzles required if the throat area of each nozzle is 0.5 cm2
(c) exit diameter of each nozzle
(d) cone angle of divergent portion if its length is 10 cm. [16]
4. Steam issues from the nozzle of a simple impulse turbine with a velocity of 900 m/s.
The nozzle angle is 200 . Mean blade diameter is 25 cm and the speed of rotation
is 20,000 rpm. Mass flow rate of steam is 0.18 kg/s. Draw the velocity triangles
and calculate the tangential force on the blades, axial force, power developed, blade
efficiency, inlet angle of blade for shock-less in flow of steam. [16]
5. (a) Define the term degree of reaction for the reaction turbine and show that its
value is 0.5 for the Parson’s reaction turbine.
(b) In a reaction turbine, both the fixed and moving blades have same tip angles of
300 and 220 for inlet and outlet respectively. The mean blade speed is 90 m/s
and steam consumption is 8 kg/s. Determine the power required if isentropic
heat drop in a pair is 23.5 kJ/kg. [8+8]
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6. (a) Draw the schematic diagram of low level counter flow jet condenser and explain
its working principle.
(b) What are the advantages and limitations of surface condensers over jet con-
densers? [8+8]
7. Compare the maximum work delivered by an air craft gas turbine which works with
two stage compression with inter cooling. The compressor pressure ratio is 4 and
the temperature limit is 1000 K, for the given ambient condition 1 bar and 301 K.
If the temperature and pressure at 6000 m altitude is -25 0 C and 0.5 bar, find the
percentage change in network output, efficiency and exhaust gas temperature if the
volume flow rate is 2.5 m3 /s. [16]
8. (a) Draw the neat sketch of Turboprop engine and explain its working principle.
(b) What are the important elements used in rocket engines? Explain their func-
tions. [8+8]
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1. A boiler uses coal having the following % composition by mass: Carbon = 80%,
H2 = 6.5%, O2 = 4.5%, Moisture = 2.0% and the remaining 7% being ash and
incombustible matter. Calculate:
(a) the stoichiometric air required for complete combustion of 1 kg of this fuel
(b) If the actual air supplied is 17 kg / kg of coal, hydrogen is completely burnt,
80% of carbon burns to CO2 and the remainder 20% to CO.
Determine the volumetric analysis of the products of combustion. Assume air

contains 23% of Oxygen by mass. [16]
2. (a) Show that for maximum discharge from a chimney, gas temperature is nearly
twice the atmospheric temperature.
(b) Find the height of a chimney to get net draught of 13 mm, temperature of
chimney gases 320 0 C, temperature of air 30 0 C and the mass of air used per
kg of fuel 20 kg. One kg of air occupies a volume of 0.7734 m3 at NTP. [8+8]
3. Steam expands from a pressure of 10 bar and 300 0 C to 0.5 bar in a convergent
divergent steam nozzle of 1 sq.cm.of throat area. Calculate the rate of flow and
exit area when the flow is frictionless adiabatic. State whether the rate of flow will
increase or decrease if the friction losses equal to 5% of the total heat drop are
considered to take place between throat and exit. Give reasons in support of your
answer. [16]
4. Steam with absolute velocity 300 m/s enters the stage of an impulse turbine pro-
vided with a single row wheel. The nozzles are inclined at 200 to the plane of
wheel and the rotor blades are equiangular. The rotor with mean diameter 100 cm
rotates with speed of 3000 rpm. Estimate the power developed in the blade if the
axial thrust in the blades is 145 N. It may be assumed that due to friction in the
blade passages the kinetic energy due to outgoing relative velocity is only 67% of
the kinetic energy due to incoming relative velocity. [16]
5. (a) Show that for maximum diagram efficiency of a reaction turbine blade steam
speed ratio is equal to cosα, where α is angle of absolute inlet velocity.
(b) What are the assumptions used in the above problem? And also derive the
expression for maximum efficiency. [8+8]
6. (a) Draw the schematic diagram of parallel flow jet condenser and explain its
working principle.
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(b) Explain the advantages and limitations of surface condensers over jet con-
densers. [8+8]
7. (a) Draw the schematic layout of gas turbine cycle with regenerator, intercooler
and reheating. Explain salient features.
(b) Derive the thermal efficiency of gas turbine unit with multi stage compression
with inter-cooling. [8+8]
8. (a) What are the advantages and limitations of Ram jet engine over turbojet
engine? Explain them briefly.
(b) Discuss the relative merits and demerits of gas pressurization system over the
pump pressurization system? [8+8]
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1. The composition by weight of fuel is 65% hexane (C6 H14 ) having a net calorific
value of 43080 kJ/kg and 35% Benzene (C6 H6 ) having a net calorific value of 38900
kJ/kg. Determine
(a) Air fuel ratio for stoichiometric mixture and the calorific value of 1 m3 of the
mixture at STP treating the fuels as gases. 1 kg-mol of fuel has volume 22.42
m3 at STP.
(b) The CO2 % by volume in the dry products of combustion from a 30% rich
mixture. Assume complete combustion of H2 . [16]
2. (a) What is a steam trap? Explain expansion type of steam trap with a neat
sketch.
(b) What is the function of a steam separator? Discuss with a neat sketch any
one type of steam separators. [8+8]
3. The nozzles of a certain turbine have a throat diameter of 0.6 cm each. The power
developed by the turbine is 150 kW and the steam consumption is about 5.25
kg/kWh. The upstream pressure is 14 bar and the temperature is 300 0 C. The
back pressure is 0.05 bar. Assuming that the flow is isentropic between entrance
and exit, find the number of nozzles and the actual steam consumption in kg/kWh
based on these conditions. Neglect the velocity of approach. If 12% of the total heat
drop is wasted between throat and exit, find the exit diameter and final condition
of steam. What will be the overall efficiency of the nozzle? [12]
4. A velocity compounded impulse turbine has two rows of moving blades with a fixed
row of guide blades between them. The steam leaves the nozzle at 900 m/s in a
direction at 180 to the plane of rotation. Blade speed is 150 m/s and the blade
outlet angles for first moving blade 240 , fixed blade 260 and second moving blade
300 . Friction factor is 0.9 for all rows. Determine thrust and power developed for
the steam supply of 1.25 kg/s. [16]
5. (a) Draw the schematic and combined velocity triangle of a Parson’s reaction
turbine and explain its working principle along with pressure variations.
(b) Explain the performance of the reaction turbine if degree of reaction is zero
and one. [8+8]
6. (a) What are the functions of condensers in a steam power plant? Explain with
a simple diagram.
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(b) A surface condenser is designed to handle 10,000 kg of steam per hr. The steam
enters at 0.08 bar and 0.9 dry and the condensate leaves at the corresponding
saturation temperature. The pressure is constant throughout the condenser.
Estimate cooling water flow rate per hr, if the cooling water temperature rise
is limited to 10 0 C. [8+8]
7. (a) What is the influence of isentropic efficiency of compressor and turbine on

thermal efficiency of gas turbine unit? Explain with suitable diagrams.
(b) Explain the working of regenerative gas turbine cycle with p-V and T-s dia-
grams. [8+8]
8. (a) Define and explain terms relevant to turbojet engine

i. Ram efficiency
ii. propeller efficiency
iii. transmission efficiency
iv. propeller efficiency
v. propulsive efficiency
vi. overall efficiency.
(b) Explain the working principle of a hybrid rocket engine with a neat diagram?
List its applications. [8+8]
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1. (a) Draw the T-S and H-S diagrams of reheat cycle representing all the salient
points.
(b) In a steam power plant the condition of steam at inlet to the turbine is 20
bar, 300 0 C and the condenser pressure is 0.1 bar. Two feed-water heaters
operate at optimum temperatures of 1500 C and 1000 C. Determine the quality
of steam at turbine exhaust, cycle efficiency and fraction of steam bleed into
heaters.
[6+10]
2. (a) Derive an expression connecting the height of a chimney and the draught it
produces in terms of temperature of outside air and the mean temperature of
the flue gases.
(b) How much air is used per kg of coal burnt in a boiler having a chimney of 35
m height to create draft of 20 mm of water, when the temperature of the flue
gases in the chimney is 370 0 C and the temperature of the boiler house is 34
0
C. Take volume of 1 kg of air at NTP as 0.7734 m3 . [8+8]
3. A steam turbine develops 160 kW of power with a specific steam consumption
of 19.4 kg/kWh. The steam enters the nozzle at 12 bar, 220 0 C and leaves at
1.2 bar. If the diameter of the nozzle at the throat is 7 mm, find the number of
nozzles required. If 8% of the total enthalpy drop is used to overcome friction in
the divergent part of the nozzle, determine the exit diameter of the nozzle and the
condition of the steam leaving the nozzle. [16]
4. In an impulse turbine the steam issues from the nozzle with speed of 600 m/s and
blade speed is 120 m/s. The velocity is compounded by passing the steam through
a ring of moving blades, through a ring of fixed blades and finally through a ring
of moving blades. The nozzle angle is 180 and the blade exit angles and relative
velocity coefficients are
1st row moving: 200 and 0.8 ; Fixed row: 250 and 0.85 ; 2nd row moving 300 and
0.9 Find the diagram efficiency under these conditions and the power output for
steam flow rate of 5 kg/s. [16]
5. (a) What are the differences between impulse and reaction turbines? Explain.
(b) A reaction turbine has a speed of 3000 rpm and the mean diameter of blading
at a certain pair is 750 mm. The exit angle of the blade is 200 , both fixed
and moving blades being identical. The steam flow rate is 810 kg/min. If the
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power developed per pair is 220 kW and the steam pressure is 2.74 bar and
saturated, calculate the inlet blade angle and blade height. [8+8]
6. (a) Differentiate between wet air pump and dry air pump and also derive the
equation for volumetric efficiencies for both the cases.
(b) A surface condenser deals with 2100 kg of steam per hour and the air leakage
amounts to 0.8 kg per hour. The temperature of air pump suction is 35 0 C
and the vacuum is 680 mm of Hg when the barometer reads 760 mm of Hg.
Determine the capacity of wet air pump which has a volumetric efficiency of
75%. [8+8]
7. (a) What are essential components required for the operation of gas turbine cycle
and explain their functionality.
(b) What are the advantages and limitations of gas turbine power generation units
in comparison with other power generating units. [8+8]
8. (a) Define and explain the terms:

i. Thrust
ii. Thrust power,
iii. Effective jet exit velocity,
iv. Propulsive efficiency related to turbojet engines.
(b) Describe the nuclear rocket engine with a neat sketch and explain its merits
and demerits. [8+8]
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com The Complete Information About Colleges in Andhra Pradesh

Code No: R05310306 Set No. 1

(a) the throat pressure

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Code No: R05310306 Set No. 1

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Code No: R05310306 Set No. 2

Determine the volumetric analysis of the products of combustion. Assume air

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Code No: R05310306 Set No. 2

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Code No: R05310306 Set No. 3

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Code No: R05310306 Set No. 3

7. (a) What is the influence of isentropic efficiency of compressor and turbine on

8. (a) Define and explain terms relevant to turbojet engine

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Code No: R05310306 Set No. 4

3. A steam turbine develops 160 kW of power with a specific steam consumption

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Code No: R05310306 Set No. 4

8. (a) Define and explain the terms:

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