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SPE
SPE 19077
Wet Gas Flow Measurement
by N. Nederveen, Nederlandse Aardoliemaatschappij B.V.; G.V. Washington, Koninklijke/SheIl
E&P Laboratorium; and F,H. Batstra, Nederlandse Aardoliemaatschappij B.V.
SPE Member
ABSTRACT
Vent
meters, used in combination with
relationshipa published for orifice plates to
correct for wetness, can accurately meter wet gas.
This allows separators to be omitted from gas field
developments where they were used only to remove
entrained liquid before the gas was metered. Vortex
meters have also been investigated but they do not
give predictable readings. A calibration technique
based on the tracer dilution technique using inert
%ses haa been developed to calibrate wet-gas
meters.
INTRODUCTION
Wet-gas flow measurements play an important role in
the economical development of small gas fields in
the Netherlands. Traditionally, the Nederlandse
Aardolie Maatschappij (NAM), the largest gas
producer in the Netherlands, has developed small
fields by using separators at each production
location. This ensures that the gas is dry enough
to be metered accurately by conventional techniques
before it is co..tbined
with gas from other fielde
for transport to central processing plants where
the gas quality is brought up to sales standard.
However, with the low gas prices of recent years
(the gas price is coupled to the oil pzice), it is
uneconomic to equip small gas fields with
separators. Therefore, NAM has recently been
developing small fields without separation
equipment; the separation has been carried out at
the central processing plants. This requires the
wet gas to be metered accurately at each gas field
because the gas price and indeed the ownership of
each field is often different (Fig. 1).
Q..=
9
J.
covers an
Qg =
. .
y = &
and
K=
4(P1/Pg)
(ol/Pg)l4
(pg/P1)
14
levels.
=
1
tp
b
(3)
(Q1/Qg)
.-
-.,,
. .
------------
-.
. .--..-..=
--
...
. .
-------
PE 19077
&OJMENCLATURE
Qg
Q1
Q
tp
x
APPENDIX A Uncertainties
There are three main sources of uncertainty in the
results: the three venturi meters, the injection
water flow rate and the effect of the initial
wetness of the gas.
9
Expansion coefficient for gas
~
c1
Pg
Gas
P1
Liquid density
REFERENCES
with
1. Lin, Z. H., Two-phase flow measurements
orifices, Encyclopedia of Fluid Mechanics,
chapter 29, vol 3, Gulf 1986.
2. Schuster, R.: Wet gas can be measure5
accurately,M World Oil, July 1959.
3. Murdock, J.W.: Two-phase flow measurement with
orifices, Journal of Basic Engi~eering,
December 1962.
4. Chisholm, D.: Flow of incompressible two-phase
mixtures through sharp edge orifices, Journal
of Mechanical Engineering Science, Vol. 9 No. 1
1967
5. Chisholm, D.: Research note: Two-phase flow
through sharp edge orifices, Journal of
Mechanical Engineering Science, I.Mech.E. 1977.
Table 1.
Nomina1
9 Press. Temp.
Maximum
Liq/Gas
Gas Flow
(m3/day)i (kg/s) (bars) ( c) (m3/10m)1] (%)
I
180000
150000
95000
56000
75000
108000
72000
180000
1 Volumes
. I
I
40
82
1.7
1.4
0.9
0.5
0.7
1.0
0.7
1.7
are
at
38
39
32
42
43
35
38
83
85
86
98
97
80
78
1 bar
and
O C.
100
100
240
150
400
180
365
100
0.8
0,8
2.0
1.3
3.8
1.7
3.1
0.8
.
m
!.
,,
,.,
.,,
. ..-
k-:.
---..-
., 1 L,,;
;.
:/
;
;:
-.--
~->
,. :.
. .
>&
,.
..
..:<!
t..-
NAM.
Fig,1
Fxlnm
(ddlnw
.oochbkck)
2~---
,1
I.j
1.15
+
;.05-
1.1
+
1.05
+
1
Liquid/Gas
-l
100
200
300
400
Ratio (m3 / 106 rn3)
Fig. 3
LtP
es
Pcv
Test Loop
r
I
---
Well Head
Reference
tenturi
Ted
Venturi
I
I
Ii
!
\_____
*
I
1 ----
Equations
----
Test Ha Ider
tik:lr
----
----
Rg. 4
----
Test Facilities
300
Liquid/Gas
I
I
I
1
200
100
at
100bars
400
19077
SPE
.#
1.1
xx
xx
Xe
1.2
#*
***
1 .05-
1.15
x 9*+k
+~y
$:$.
~=: 4 0
1-
1.7 kg/s
1.4 kg/s
x 0.9 kg/s
*
o.95~
0.5 kg/s
o.95~
o
100
Liquid/Gas
400
300
200
Ratio (m3 /
50
100
Liquid/Gas
106 m3)
150
Ratio (m3 /
2(
106 m3)
1.15
1.05
H *X=:
**
1.1
J%
&*
1.05
Centre spray
0.95
High flow
I
~oo
0.95
Liquid/Gas
Fig. 6
Ratio (m3 /
100
Liquid/Gas
106 m3)
Single measurements
Low flow
x Wall
200
300
Ratio (m3 / 106 m3)
*+++
+
2~
1.15
1.1
g++
1.05
+ 85 Bar
A
t1
I
50
Liquid/Gas
Fig. 7
100
150
Ratio (m3 /
106 m3)
Pressure effect
0.95
200
o Low flow
98 Bar
High flow
10
5
15
Liquid flow rate (l/rein)
20
Tracer
domge
bottle
Tracer
flowmeter
1 Tracer flow
E-
Sample
bottle
Tracer flow
Gas flow -
Fig.
11
Tracer technique
schematic
I_-_-I
~ Trial 1
u Trial 2
Trial 3
=2!+
Fig. 13
Schematic
picture of offshore
rdatforms and final cauality
SPE 19077
7.0-
K8 2
6.0u
5.0-
W
E
4.0-
-1
*****
::~
*****
*****
*****
KB*************
*****************************
Kll
,
Aug.
Sept.
Apparent
overreading
Oct.
platform B
6.0
~
5.04
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
w
Aug.
Fig.
14
Apparent
overreading
Sept.
platform
B gas
Oct.
measurement
. .
$=
19077
Ten Arlo
( Sales point)
**
*+++*+#
Ilx
#
n
**
~u
xx
Den Velde
Hardenbera
4x-
x.
~
facilities
with
Fig. 15
Schematic
situation
map
locations
treating
(no ;iquid
knock out )
facilities
Coevorden / Hardenberg
/ Den Velde
area
,.