Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.1
This practice covers the loads for the design of support structures, equipment and
other facilities. The loads include gravity (dead and live) loads, process-generated
loads, wind and earthquake.
1.2
2.1
2.2
Table 1 lists the specification codes and standards which shall be used as specified in
this practice.
Table 2 lists the standards and practices which shall be used with this practice as
applicable.
TABLE 1
STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS
ASCE Standard / Guidelines
ASCE-7 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Structures
ASCE Petrochemical Energy Reports
Wind Loads and Anchor Bolts for Petrochemical Facilities, 1997 (ASCE Stock # 40262)
Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation and Design of Petrochemical Facilities, 1997 (ASCE Stock # 40264)
ICBO (International Conference of Building Officials)
Uniform Building Code (UBC) - Structural Design Provisions
TABLE 2
PRACTICE
IP 4-1-4
ACI Standard
318 Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete
API Standards
620 Recommended Rules for Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low Pressure Storage Tanks
650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
2.3
Local codes and standards may be substituted for the ones referenced herein
provided the following provisions are met:
a.
The resultant design meets the safety and serviceability criteria attained
through this practice.
b.
Substitution is accepted by the authorities where the facility is to be located
and by the Owner's Engineer.
DESIGN
GENERAL
I
3.1.
The following basic loads that shall be considered in the structural design include:
a.
b.
Dead loads
Live loads
c.
d.
e.
f.
3.2
3.3
LIVE LOADS
R
3.4
Minimum live loads which shall be used to design structural elements and
appurtenances shall be per ASCE-7 except as modified herein:
COMPONENT DESIGN
LOADED AREA
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
Note:
(1)
May be reduced for members having an influence area greater than 400 ft2 (37 m2),
per ASCE-7.
WIND LOADS
I
3.5
Wind loads shall be calculated based on procedures provided in ASCE-7 with the
following additions/clarifications.
a.
Basic wind speed (V) and importance factor (I) shall be as specified by the
Owner.
b.
Exposure Category C shall be used unless the terrain condition of the site
justifies a different exposure category subject to the approval of the Owner.
c.
Gust effect factors for flexible building and structures may be calculated by
alternate methods acceptable to the Owner. A building or structure shall be
considered flexible only if it has a fundamental natural frequency less than
1Hz.
d.
e.
EARTHQUAKE LOADS
I
3.6
Earthquake loads for structures shall be calculated and applied in accordance with
ASCE-7 or UBC with the following additions/clarifications:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Effective peak acceleration coefficient (A a), effective peak, velocitybased acceleration coefficient (Av), and Soil Profile Type per ASCE-7.
2.
Seismic zone factor (Z), Importance factor (I), Site coefficient (S)based on type of soil profile, per the UBC.
3.
3.7
Earthquake load for tanks designed according to API 650 and API 620, shall be per
the seismic provisions provided in the Appendices of those standards.
3.8
Fluid loads shall be based on the maximum level of fluid during operation and shall be
considered as dead loads in determining the applicable load factor or safety factor.
PROCESS LOADS
I
3.9
3.10
3.11
Impact loads for hoist and equipment handling facilities shall be as follows:
a.
Impact load shall be considered as live load in the selection of load factors or
safety factors in the applicable load combinations.
b.
Vertical, lateral, and longitudinal impact loads on the supports for moving
bridge cranes, trolleys and davits, and monorail cranes shall be per ASCE-7.
c.
3.12
3.13
Davits (exclusive of manhole davits) shall be designed for the weight (mass) of
the heaviest piece of equipment that they may be required to lift, plus the
weight of rigging equipment, plus the impact load, but not less than a total load
of 1000 lb (454 kg). Design shall be based on use of a single sheave pulley
block. All davits shall be legibly marked with the safe working load (SWL).
d.
Impact loads for other moving equipment shall be determined in conjunction
with the equipment manufacturer.
Thermal loads shall be considered for support structures, foundations and elements
thereof based on the effects of differential temperature, and shall reflect the following:
a.
Thermal loads shall be considered as dead load in the selection of load factors
or safety factors in the applicable load combinations.
b.
Thermal effects shall be based on the difference between ambient or
equipment design temperature and the installed temperature, whichever is
more severe.
Forces due to sliding friction shall be based on the following coefficients of static
friction:
a.
b.
PTFE on PTFE:
Steel on Steel:
0.10
0.40
c.
Steel on Concrete:
0.45
d.
3.14
3.15
The coefficient of static friction for use on proprietary sliding surfaces and
coatings shall be per the manufacturers specification and is subject to
Owners approval.
Pipe anchor and guide loads produced from thermal movement, internal pressure,
and surge shall be considered. Such loads shall be treated as dead load but need not
be combined with wind or earthquake loads.
MAINTENANCE LOADS
Bundle pull loads shall be considered for structures and foundations supporting heat
exchangers subjected to bundle pulling during maintenance based on the following:
a.
b.
c.
Bundle pull load shall be a longitudinal force equal to 100% of the tube bundle
weight, but not less than 2000 lb (900 kg), applied at the centroid of the tube
bundle.
Bundle pull load shall be considered as a live load.
Bundle pull force (shear) shall be assumed transmitted by only one (either)
shell support, unless specified otherwise.
CONSTRUCTION LOADS
I
3.16
Erection loads shall be determined in conjunction with the erection contractor and
equipment manufacturer.
3.17
3.18
OPERATION
NORMAL
ABNORMAL
(UPSET)
ERECTION
TESTING
EMPTY
(SHUTDOWN)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
80% of full wind
X
X
X (2)
X
X
X
X
X
X
Notes:
(1)
Wind and Earthquake are not considered to act simultaneously.
(2)
1/3 full wind or wind at 45 mph (20 m/s), whichever is greater.
R,C
3.19
For consideration of allowable stress and serviceability design, the load combinations
shall include, as appropriate:
a.
Basic allowable stresses may be increased 33% when wind or earthquake
loading is included.
b.
For the testing load condition only, basic allowable stresses may be increased
20% when wind loading is excluded, but the net load factor shall not be below
1.0.
c.
3.20
3.21
X
X
X
X
When normal surge loads are combined with wind or earthquake loads, the
basic allowable stresses may be increased 50%, but not above the yield point
of the material.
When excluding loads other than dead loads results in more critical loading condition,
then such exclusion shall be considered.
For consideration of strength (limit state) design, the load combinations shall include,
as appropriate:
a.
For the testing load condition only, all load factors may be multiplied by 0.83
when wind load is excluded.
b.
When normal surge loads are combined with wind or earthquake loads, all
load factors may be multiplied by 0.67, but the net load factors shall not be
below 1.0.
X
X (2)
3.22
The material strength reduction factors used for strength (limit state) design shall be
consistent with the selected load factors. In particular, for reinforced concrete design
per ACI 318, the alternate strength reduction factor provided in Appendix C of that
code shall be used with the load factors specified in ASCE-7.
9/68
6/70
1/72
6/72
6/75
6/78
12/90
12/93
6/97
Revision Memo
Original Issue of Basic Practice
Revision 1
Revision 2
Revision 3
Revision 4
Revision 5
Revision 6
Revision 7
Revision 0 - Original Issue of retitled International Practice
Complete rewrite of IP to consolidate design load performance requirements of BP 4-1-3
(Design Loads), BP 4-1-5 (Wind Loads), and BP 4-1-6 (Earthquake Loads) into a single
document relying more on Building Codes and Industry practices.
Exxon Research and Engineering Company, 1993, 1997