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Lecture 8
(Chapter 9)
Introduction
The electrical systems used as
actuators for control are:
1. Switching devices mechanical
switches and solid-state switch
2. Solenoid type device
3. Drive system motors (AC, DC,
Stepper)
SME 3252: Mechatronics
Lecture 8
7.2.1: Relay
An electrical switch that opens and closes
under the control of another electrical circuit
When a current flows through the coil, the
resulting magnetic field attracts an armature
that is mechanically linked to a moving contact
The movement either makes or breaks a
connection with a fixed contact
When the current to the coil is switched off, the
armature is returned by a force approximately
half as strong as the magnetic force to its
relaxed position
Usually this is a spring, but gravity is also used
commonly in industrial motor starters.
Sources: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Figure 9.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
7.3.1: Diode
a semiconductor device, allows current to flow through it in
only one direction
Some applications of diode:
as a rectifier that converts AC (Alternating Current) to DC
(Direct Current) for a power supply device
to separate the signal from radio frequencies
as an on/off switch that controls current
Several different types of single diodes
Figure 9.3
Bridge rectifier
4 diodes in a single package is called a
BRIDGE or BRIDGE RECTIFIER
To achieve full-wave rectification
Convert AC voltage to DC pulsating
voltage
Figure 9.4
Figure 9.5
Triac characteristic
Several thyristors
and triacs
Figure 9.6
Figure 9.7
NPN
PNP
SME 3252: Mechatronics
Lecture 8
Transistor Configuration
3 basic configurations:
common emitter (CE),
common base (CB),
and common collector
(CC)
common - denote the
element that is common
to both input and output
circuits
SME 3252: Mechatronics
Lecture 8
Transistor as a switch
If the circuit uses the transistor as a switch, then biasing is arranged
to operate on regions of the output curves known as saturation (red)
and cut-off (yellow).
"cut-off" region - are zero input base current, zero output collector
current and maximum (supply rail) collector voltage
"saturation - BJT will be biased, maximum base current is applied,
maximum collector current flow and minimum collector emitter
voltage.
Figure 9.9
7.3.4: MOSFET
Acronym for metal-oxide semiconductor fieldeffect transistor, a common type of transistor in
which charge carriers, such as electrons, flow
along channels
The width of the channel, which determines how
well the device conducts, is controlled by an
electrode called the gate, separated from
channel by a thin layer of oxide insulation
The insulation keeps current from flowing
between the gate and channel
MOSFETs are useful for high-speed switching
applications and also on integrated circuits in
computers.
SME 3252: Mechatronics
Lecture 8
MOSFET
7.4: Solenoid
Solenoids are actuators capable of linear motion
They can be electromechanical (AC/DC), hydraulic, or
pneumatic driven - all operating on the same basic
principles
Give it energy and it will produce a linear force
E.g. - for pushing buttons, hitting keys on a piano, valve
operators, and even for jumping robots
DC solenoids operate on the same basic principles as a
DC motor
The difference between a solenoid and a motor is that a
solenoid is spring loaded and cannot rotate.
Mechanical Considerations
One very important thing to
consider with a solenoid is the
stroke
The stroke distance (maximum
distance a plunger can travel) is
sufficient for your application
Also able to handle the sudden
non-linear high speeds and high
forces expected from such an
actuator
SME 3252: Mechatronics
Lecture 8
End of Lecture 8