EE 313 Summer 2016

Homework 3 Solutions

2.2.5 An LTIC system is specified by the equation

( + + )() = ( + )()
a. Find the characteristic polynomial, characteristic equation, characteristic roots, and
characteristic modes of this system.
b. Find y0(t) the zero-input component of the response y(t) for t0, if the initial conditions are
y0(0-)=2 and y0(0-)= 15.98
Sol:
The characteristic polynomial is 2 + 4 + 13
The characteristic equation is 2 + 4 + 13 = 0, ( + 2 3)( + 2 + 3) = 0
The characteristic roots are = 2 3
The characteristic modes are 1 (2+3) 2 (23)
Therefore () = 2 cos(3 + ) () = 2 2 cos(3 + ) 3 2 sin(3 + )
Setting t=0 and substituting initial conditions gives us
5 = . cos()
= 10
}

15.98 = 2. cos() 3. sin()

= 3
Thus, the zero input response is

() = 10 2 cos (3 )
3

2.3.2 Find the unit impulse response of a system specified by the equation
( + + )() = ( + + )()
Sol:
The characteristic equation is 2 + 5 + 6 = ( + 2)( + 3) = 0
Thus,
() = 1 2 + 2 3
() = 21 2 32 3
Setting t=0, and substituting (0) = 0, (0) = 1 (these initial conditions are obtained using the fact
that degree of characteristic polynomial is N=2) we get
0 = 1 + 2
1 = 1
}
1 = 21 32
2 = 1
2
3
Therefore, () =

Hence, impulse response is specified as

() = () + [() ()]() = () + [ () + 7 () + 11 ()]()
= () + ( 2 + 3 )()

2.4.6 Using direct integration, find

()() ()
()() ()
Sol:
(i)

()() () = 0 sin() ()( )

Since & ( ) are both nonnegative, () = ( ) = 1

()() () = 0 sin() = (1 cos())()

MATLAB Implementation :
In the provided demo specify x(t) and h(t) as
x=@(t) sin(t).*heaviside(t);
h=@(t) heaviside(t);

(ii)

Similarly, cos() () () = 0 cos() = sin() ()

MATLAB Implementation:
In the provided demo specify x(t) and h(t) as
x=@(t) cos(t).*heaviside(t);
h=@(t) heaviside(t);

2.4.10 (b) The unit impulse response of an LTIC system is

() = ()()
Find this systems (zero-state) response y(t) if the input x(t) is
()
Sol:
For () = 4 2 cos(3) () (), using pair 12 from the convolution table with = 2, =
3, = 0, = 1. Therefore,
3
= tan1 [ ] = 71.56
1
)
cos(71.56 2 cos(3 + 71.56 )
() = 4 [
] ()
10
4
[0.316 2 cos(3 + 71.56 )]()
=
10
1 2
= 4 [

cos(3 + 71.56 )] ()
10

2.4.18 (e) Find and sketch c(t) = x1(t)*x2(t) for the pairs of functions illustrated below

Sol:
1

() =
0

() =

= tan1 ( 1) + ,
+1
2

( 1) 0

= tan1 (0) tan1() = ,

+1
2

MATLAB Implementation:
In the provided demo specify x(t) and h(t) as
x=@(t) (1./(t.^2+1)).*heaviside(-t);
h=@(t) heaviside(t-1);

( 1) 0

2.4.22 Two linear time-invariant systems, each with impulse response h(t), are connected in cascade,
refer to figure below. Given input x(t) =u(t), determine y(1). That is, determine the system response at
time t=1 for the cascade system shown.

Sol:

Using the graph of the system response () = ( 2 + 1) (() ( 2))

From convolution formula y(t) at t=1 is

(1) = ()(1 ) where () = () ()

Since x(t) is causal, the upper limit of the integral is 1.
Also, since h(t) is causal the lower limit of the integral is 0.
Over the range [0,1] x(t)=u(t) =1
Therefore,
1

(1) = ()
0

( )
3 2
() = ( + 1) (
+ 1) =
+
2
2
24 2
0
Thus,
1

(1) = (
0

3 2
11
+ ) =
= 0.34375
24 2
32

2.4.32 The autocorrelation of a function x(t) is given by () = ()( ). This equation is

computed in a manner nearly identical to convolution.
a. Show () = () ()
b. Determine and plot rxx(t) for the signal x(t) depicted below [Hint: rxx(t)=rxx(-t)]

Sol:
(a)

() () = ()(( )) = ()( ) = ()

(b)
Since rxx(t) is an even function (as mentioned in the hint), we only need to compute rxx(t) for either t 0
or t 0. In either case, the autocorrelation function is computed by convolving the original signal with its
reflection.
For t<-2, rxx(t)=0
2
2

+2

+1

( ) + +1 + 1

For -2 t -1, () = 0
For -1 t 0, () = 0

+ 2 + 2
1

+2

3
6

2
2

Since, rxx(t) = rxx(-t) we have

2
+ 2 + 2 ,
2 < 1
2
3 2 4
+ + ,
1 < 0
6
2 2 3
() = 3 2 4
+ ,
0<1
6
2 2 3
2
2 + 2 ,
1<2
2
{0

MATLAB Implementation:
t=linspace(-2.5,2.5,501);
rxx=(t.^2/2+2*t+2).*((t>=-2)&(t<-1));
rxx=rxx+(-t.^3/6-t.^2/2+t/2+4/3).*((t>=-1)&(t<0));
rxx=rxx+(t.^3/6-t.^2/2-t/2+4/3).*((t>=0)&(t<1));
rxx=rxx+(t.^2/2-2*t+2).*((t>=1)&(t<2));
plot(t,rxx,'k')

+2+3

xlabel('t')
ylabel('r_{xx}(t)')

2.4.35 Show that an LTIC system response to an everlasting sinusoid cos(wot) is given by
() = |( )|[ + ( )]
Where

() = ()

Sol:
Consider the input () = and letting = in below equation we get

() = () = () () = () = ()

Where () = ()
Thus,
() = ( )
Using equation (2.40) from textbook, we have input () = cos( ) = [ ] and y(t) is
() = [( ) ] = {|( )| ( +( )) } = |( )|[ + ( )]

2.6.1 (b) Explain with reasons, whether the LTIC system described by the following equation is (i)
stable or unstable in the BIBO sense, (ii) asymptotically stable, unstable or marginally stable. Assume
that the systems are controllable and observable.
( + + )() = ( + )()

Sol:
The characteristic polynomial for given equation is
(2 + 3 + 2) = ( + 1)( + 2)
This results in characteristic at 0, -1 and -2.
One of the roots (0) is on imaginary axis and two other (-1 and -2) are in the Left Hand Plane (LHP).
Since, one of the roots is on imaginary axis the system is marginally stable and thus BIBO unstable.

2.6.7 A continuous-time LTI system has impulse response function

() = (. ) ( )
=

a. Is the system causal? Prove your answer.

b. Is the system stable? Prove your answer.
Sol:

Expanding () =
=0(0.5) ( ) yields

() = () + 0.5( 1) + (0.5)2 ( 2) + (0.5)3 ( 3) +

(a) Since, h(t) = 0 for t<0 the given system is causal.

(b)
=0(0.5) ( ) = =0(0.5) ( ) = =0(0.5) =

finite. Thus, the given system is stable.

10
10.5

= 2 which is