GATT

IMPORTANT FACTORS
1. GATT was marked by a series of eight negotiating rounds aimed at steadily
reducing trade barriers. (History., 1999)
2. The GATT is an international agreement signed by 23 countries in 1947 to
promote liberalization of foreign trade.
3. It was created as a reaction against the protectionism that prevailed in the early
30
4. This call was accepted after World War II, when the Havana Charter which in
turn also failed to apply was signed.
5. Between some of its policies are to prohibit quantitative restrictions and those
forms of export sibsidio as dumping or tariff reductions.
6. The GATT helped establish a multilateral trading system, which became more
and more liberal through rounds of business negotiations (Boundless, 2015)
7. At 47 years old, GATT was replaced by the World Trade Organization (WTO).
8. GATT and WTO are not the same. The GATT is a system of rules established
among the nations that are part of it. The WTO the participants established more
stringent rules on investment and trade in service industries and recognized
intellectual property rights: trademarks. (Que es GATT, 2008)

OBJECTIVES
GATT's primary goal was to raise living standards and seek full employment by
establishing mutually beneficial trade arrangements and sought to reduce or eliminate
tariffs and prohibit other trade controls such as import quotas. (Krugman, 2012)

Core principles of the GATT

The objectives of the GATT 1947 were to establish an orderly and transparent
framework within which barriers to trade could be gradually reduced and international
trade increase. To do so, the agreement contained some underlying principles and
provisions that were developed over successive rounds of negotiations (The wto
agreements series )
Four principleS of GATT.

Most-favoured nation (NMF): This is the fundamental principle of GATT, and

it is no coincidence that appears in Article 1 of the GATT 1947. It provides that
each contracting party of GATT must provide all other contracting parties the
same trading conditions as the most favorable conditions They are extending
each; ie, each contracting party must treat all contracting parties in the same way
it treats its "most favored nation (The wto agreements series )

Reciprocity: The GATT advocates the principle of "rights" and "obligations".

Each contracting party has a right, such as access to markets of other trading
partners on a MFN basis, but also an obligation to reciprocate with trade
concessions on an MFN basis. In a sense, this is closely related to the MFN
principle (The wto agreements series )
Transparency: In a transparent trading system the need to harmonize the system
of import protection, so it is essential that trade barriers can be reduced through
the negotiation process. Therefore, the GATT limited the use of quotas, except in
some specific sectors such as agriculture, and advocated import regime based on
a "tariff-only" regime. In addition, the GATT and now the WTO, requires
contracting parties many notifications regarding agricultural and trade policies
so that they can be examined by other parties to ensure that they are compatible
with the GATT / WTO (The wto agreements series )
Tariff reductions and bindings: When the GATT was established tariffs were
the main form of trade protection, and in the early years of negotiations dealt
mainly consolidation and reduction of customs duties. The text of GATT 1947
establishes the obligations of the contracting parties in this regard. (The wto
agreements series )

Good/bad opinions about them

The origin of the Gatt was the need for the United States to sell more products
and increase their level of employment (Soberanis)
Former director of the Gatt, Eric Wyndham, after the Second World War the
agony of the period, the restriction of trade and payments, these economic and
political reasons, have to be removed by a letter of international monetary
collaboration (Bretton Woods) and a letter for International trade (Havana)
(Soberanis)
The objective of Gatt of promoting a more open trading system, stable and
transparent global scale and reduce protectionism and discrimination
GATT sought to reduce or eliminate tariffs and prohibit other trade controls such
as import quotas and the Trade increased by 7% between 1948 and 1990
(Krugman, 2012)
Restraint in the commercialization of basic products, Reduction of tariffs to
promote trade between nations. (Boundless, 2015)

THE MEMBERS GATT

1948, Entry into force. On 1 January 1948, GATT entered into force, and this was made
up by 23 founding members. (El gatt y su evolucion hacia la omc., 2013)
Today, the World Trade Organization, the offspring of the GATT, has 162 members, all
of which have adopted the principle of non-discrimination. It is difficult to overstate the
contribution of this basic principle to growth and development on a world scale and to
the establishment of closer relations among nations. (Wto.org. , 2016)

CONCLUSION
In conclusion we can say that the GATT was an organization that helped the economic
growth of countries that integrated through low tariffs that were imposed between these
countries, seizing this a great tool for some countries, but in the 80s, the inevitable
world economic growth took this need to be reformed by the limited scope of what led
to the creation of the WTO in the year 1995.

Bibliografa
(2016). Obtenido de Wto.org. :
https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/agrmntseries2_gatt_e.pdf
Boundless, B. B. (21 de 07 de 2015). The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT). . Obtenido de https://www.boundless.com/business/textbooks/boundlessbusiness-textbook/international-business-4/international-trade-agreements-andorganizations-39/the-general-agreement-on-tariffs-and-trade-gatt-196-1789/
El gatt y su evolucion hacia la omc. (2013). Obtenido de Es.slideshare.net. :
http://es.slideshare.net/jvelasco07/el-gatt-y-su-evolucion-hacia-la-omc?
next_slideshow=1
History., G. E. ( 1999). "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Gatt). Obtenido de
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade.asp
x
Krugman, P. (2012). Economia Internacional. MADRID: Pearson.
Que es GATT. (2008). Obtenido de http://definicion.de/gatt/
Soberanis, J. A. (s.f.). El Gatt: Antecedentes y Propositos. Obtenido de
http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/publica/librev/rev/jurid/cont/11/pr/pr5.pdf
The wto agreements series . (s.f.).

World Trade Organization

Important Facts
The WTO was formed at the end of the GATT's Uruguay Round that ran from 1986
to 1994, and it was established in January 1995 with the aim of helping global
commerce flow.
The WTO replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which had
laid down the rules of commerce since 1947. GATT covered agreements about
goods, WTO also covers agreements about trade in services, inventions, creations
and designs.
In November 2001, members meeting in the Qatari capital Doha launched a new
"round" of talks to liberalise trade in new areas to open markets and remove trade
barriers to develop poorer economies. It is known formally as the Doha
Development Agenda.

The agreements were scheduled to run until the end of 2004, but the target was
shifted to the end of 2006 after the Cancun conference collapsed and the Hong
Kong meeting made limited headway, so the talks have remained stalled.

Objectives
The important objectives of WTO are:
Support fair competition, particularly in agriculture, intellectual property and
services. (Gerona Morales, 2005)
Manage and implement multilateral trade agreements negotiated in the Uruguay
round.
Releasing imports and reduce tariffs, by opening accounts in the capital and interest
rates.
Keep open services markets, establishing solutions for the differences.
Prescribe the granting of a special treaty to developing countries.
Secure employment and a large increase in effective demand.

To cooperate with other major international economic institutions involved in global

economic management (Sierralta Ros, 2014)

Interesting things about the organization

The World Trade Organization provides a forum for negotiating agreements aimed
at reducing barriers to international trade and to ensure equal conditions for all, thus
contributing to economic growth and development.
The three official languages are Spanish, French and English.
Transparency clear information about policies, rules and regulations
Trade facilitation has become a major topic of the negotiations of the Doha Round.
Interpretation of agreements and commitments the economic environment becomes
more prosperous, peaceful and reliable for both importers and exporters.
Greater credibility of trade policy private companies and governments.
Multilateral liberalization reduces and eliminates trade barriers
Principles
Trade without discrimination: countries cannot normally discriminate between
their trading partners. (Sierralta Ros, 2014) Grant someone a special favour and
you have to do the same for all other WTO members
National treatment: Imported and locally-produced goods should be treated
equally
Freer trade: Opening markets can be beneficial. Lowering trade barriers is one of
the most obvious means of encouraging trade.
Predictability: gives businesses a clearer view of their future opportunities. With
stability and predictability, investment is encouraged,.
Fair competition: it is a system of rules dedicated to open, fair and undistorted
competition .How dumping is designed to secure fair conditions of trade.
(exporting at below cost to gain market share) (Sierralta Ros, 2014). try to
establish what is fair or unfair, and how governments can respond,

Encouraging development: The WTO system contributes to development.On the

other hand, developing countries need flexibility in the time they take to implement
the systems agreements. (Sierralta Ros, 2014)

WTO functions
1. Manager multilateral agreements.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Forum for trade negotiations.

Forum tore solve trade disputes.
Examination of trade policies of Members.
Provider of technical assistance and training for developing countries.
Cooperating with other international organizations

Key Subjects
The Doha Round began in November 2001 as a mechanism for the global economy in
crisis, but so far the negotiations have failed, since one of its objectives is to improve the
trading prospects of developing countries.
One of the sensitive issues is agriculture in compliance with the commitment to further
trade reform that had contracted members at the end of the Uruguay Round, the aim is to
reduce trade distortions caused by high export tariffs products. The negotiations shall also
take into account the existing social and political sensitivities in this sector and the needs of
developing countries.
Even while there has been an agreement in the Doha round because they do not agree
among WTO members.
Advantages
Promotes trade and therefore this creates income for the country in this manner The
Prison State may allocate resource management trade.
Seeks to treat the differences that emerge through consensus, aimed at solving the
problems in a peaceful way.
The WTO rules promote good political practices that is geared to the leaders of nations to
not make the same mistakes of the past by guidelines for good management.
Disadvantages
Because the integration has failed to be complete, have been many marginalized areas,
which leads to great inequality.
Growth in the unemployment rate as a result of foreign direct investment that is not the
fully regulated, especially by foreign labor is affected.
Small entrepreneurs are relevant affected localities because they cannot compete against
domestic large multinationals.
Members that make up the world trade organization
The Word Trade Organization was founded on January 1 1995.
It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland and is comprised of 162 members.
Conclusion
We can say that the WTO is the only international organization that cares trade between
countries, logically also has pros and cons, one of the positive things is that the WTO
promotes trade agreements and in the same way countries can settle their differences
peacefully, as something negative we could say there would be unfair competition because
small entrepreneurs cannot easily compete with multinational companies

Bibliography
Universidad Politcnica Salesiana Library

El comercio de productos agrcolas en la Organizacin Mundial del Comercio. (2005).

Quito- Ecuador: Abya- Yala.
Sierralta Ros, A. (2014). Comercio Internacional. Medelln: Universidad de Medelln.
Virtual library Ebrary
Miranda, J. (2016). El mecanismo de solucin de diferencias de la OMC y la
supranacionalidad (1st ed.).Colombia: Ediciones Abya-Yala. Retrieved from
Ebrary:
http://bibliotecavirtual.ups.edu.ec:2051/lib/bibliotecaupssp/detail.action?
docID=11162374&p00=wto

WEB
WTO. (2016). Diez cosas que se puede hacer la OMC . Retrieved from
Organizacin Mundial del Comercio:
https://www.wto.org/spanish/thewto_s/whatis_s/10thi_s/10thi00_s.htm
WTO. (2016). Programa de Doha para el desarrollo. Retrieved from
Organizacin Mundial del Comercio:
https://www.wto.org/spanish/tratop_s/dda_s/texts_intro_s.htm

FOREIGN TRADE

INTRODUCTION
Trade treaties are trade agreements that are signed between two countries, between one
country or group of countries which aims to increase international trade in goods and
services and improving commercial and financial relations; with decreasing red tape in the
timeliness exports and imports between the countries signed agreements, elimination of
customs duties, the annual increase in import quotas for some products.
MAIN TREATIES (COMMERCE)

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA )

Is a comprehensive trade agreement that sets the rules of trade and investment between
Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Has systematically eliminated most tariff and nontariff barriers to free trade and investment between the three countries. (Bergher, 2014)

Objectives
Promote conditions for fair competition.

Increase investment opportunities.

To provide adequate protection for intellectual property rights.

Promote trilateral, regional and multilateral cooperation, among others.

Eliminate trade barriers between Canada, Mexico and the United States, it
stimulates economic development. (Bergher, 2014)
Importance

This trade agreement with the trade and investment levels in North America Have
Increased, bringing strong economic growth, job creation, and better prices and selection in
consumer goods. North American Businesses, Consumers, families, workers, and farmers
have all benefited.
Trade Agreement America Central y Caribe (CAFTA)

Encourage expansion and diversification of trade in the region,

Remove barriers to trade and facilitate cross-border movement of goods and
services,
Promote conditions of fair competition in the free trade zone
Substantially increase investment opportunities and enforce intellectual property
rights. (Arias, 2013)
Members: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Repblica
Dominicana y Estados Unidos. (Arias, 2013)
Disadvantages:
It would be a setback for labor and human rights in Central America and the EE.UU

 Push more people into poverty while increase the wealth of the elite and help
advance the ALCA process
Corporate globalization and neoliberalism, gives corporations and market forces
control include: privatization, lower wages, sweatshops or sweatshops,
environmental destruction. (Arias, 2013)
Trade Agreement South America

Mercosur

It is a customs union formed by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and subsequently it

has two associated countries: Chile and Bolivia, with whom there are trade agreements and
consider the commitment to expand their domestic markets, through integration to
accelerate economic development. (Weisleder, 2011)
Objective:
Achieve the most efficient use of available resources.
Free movement of goods and services.
Adoption of a trade policy. (Weisleder, 2011)
Can
It is a community of countries that voluntarily joined whose objective is to achieve a more
balanced and independent, integral development through integration. And it consists of
Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. And I made up the bodies and institutions
of the Andean Integrated System (SAI). (Weisleder, 2011)
.
Objective:
Accelerating growth through social integration and economic cooperation.
To encourage participation in the regional integration process .
Improve the standard of living of its inhabitants. (Bergher, 2014)
Trade Agreement Africa Economic Community Of Central African States
(C.E.E.A.C E.C.C.A.S)
Signed in October 1983 in Libreville, Gabon.
Entered into force in December 1984.
Due to the internal crisis in some member states, the ECAC experiment closing
period from 1992 to 1998
In 2012, heads of state and government decided to reactivate the community
(Bergher, 2014)
Its main trading partners: France, Spain, Italy, Belgium, Germany, Usa, Japan (Bergher,
2014)

Objective
Its main objective is the promotion and strengthening of dynamic harmonious cooperation
and balanced and self-sustaining in all areas of economic and social activity, to achieve
collective autonomy and raise living standards. (Bergher, 2014)
Trade Agreement Asia - Pacific (APTA)
Previously it was called Bangkok Agreement was signed in 1975.
It is a preferential tariff arrangement that aims to promote economic development through a
continuous process of expansion of trade among members and for further international
economic cooperation through trade liberalization countries. (Weisleder, 2011)
Members: Bangladesh, China, India, Republic of Korea, Lao People's Democratic
Republic, Sri Lanka, Nepal and the Philippines. (Weisleder, 2011)
It is the only operational trade agreement that includes China and the Republic of India
The APTA is considered the only trade agreement that includes China and India, accounting
for 11% of world trade. (Bergher, 2014)
European Union
It is the world's biggest exporter of manufactured goods and services. It is also the largest
Import market for more than 100 countries and this simplified system is very beneficial for
consumers and investors both European and international.
CECA: In short, the "creation of a common market with free movement of goods, persons
and capital related to the coal and steel arises. (Bergher, 2014)
CEE: The Community objective was to achieve economic integration, including a common
market and customs union between the six founding members: Belgium, France, Italy,
Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany. (Bergher, 2014)
EURATOM: European Atomic Energy Community. Its aim is the unification and common
management of resources based on nuclear power of the member countries. (Bergher,
2014)
Biography
Arias, M. E. (2013). TRadado de libre Comercio . En M. E. Arias, TRadado de libre
Comercio (pgs. 250-270) Estados Unidos . EUNED Editorial Universidad Estatal
A Distancia .
Bergher, E. V. (2014). Tradados de libre comercio. colombia: Ecoediciones.
Weisleder, S. (2011). Tratado De Libre Comercio . En S. Weisleder, Tratado De Libre
Comercio (pgs. 66-69). Estados Unidos : EUNED Editorial Universidad Estatal a
Distancia .

SISTEMA MULTILATERAL DE COMERCIO Y LA OMC

LA OMC
La Organizacin Mundial del Comercio (OMC) se ocupa de las normas que rigen el
comercio entre los pases. Su objetivo es ayudar a los productores, los exportadores y
los importadores a llevar adelante sus actividades, eliminando obstculos (aranceles)
que unifiquen el comercio.
Los principios fundamentales de la OMC son la apertura de las fronteras, la garanta
del principio de la nacin ms favorecida y del trato no discriminatorio entre los
Miembros y la transparencia en sus actividades. La apertura de los mercados
internacionales. (www.wto.org, 2016)

LA OMC Y ECUADOR
El proceso de adhesin se inici en septiembre de 1992. Ecuador comenz a presentar
documentos y a responder pedidos de los pases miembros del GATT, las negociaciones
se iniciaron en enero de 1994. Sixto Durn Balln, considero importante la adhesin del
Ecuador a organismos y en 1995 Ecuador comienza a formar parte de la OMC. Fue el
primer pas del mundo en negociar su adhesin a la OMC sin haber formado parte de
Ronda Uruguay ni del GATT.(SILVA, s.f.) (Tobar, 2003)

DESVENTAJAS DEL INGRESO DEL ECUADOR A LA OMC

Los aranceles bajos no beneficiaron al sector agricultor. (MORALES)

No se trabaj con los principales sectores productivos del pas; es decir no se les
dio espacio para indicar sus necesidades, sino solo se comunic las decisiones
tomadas. (Tobar, 2003)

VENTAJAS DEL INGRESO DEL ECUADOR A LA OMC

El Ecuador se vuelve previsible para sus socios comerciales.

Se realiza una revisin de la legislacion nacional sobre la materia.

Permiti apoyar las politicas orientadas al fomento de las exportaciones

Logra la solucion de sus diferencias comerciales con otros paises (Tobar, 2003).
Dio la pauta para que el pas ingrese en el nuevo orden mundial, de apertura y
globalizacin de las economas como la base de desarrollo inmediato y futuro.
Reduccin de subsidios a las exportaciones.
Se abri paso a la produccin y venta del sector agrcola.
El Ecuador puede hacer denuncias ante prcticas comerciales desleales y
perjudiciales para la economa, sin temor a que no sean consideradas.
Ecuador ingresa a la OMC como primer exportador mundial de banano, pero
como un pas en "en vas de desarrollo.
Se goza de un trato ms justo y transparente y no discriminatorio comercialmente
por el relativo tamao econmico en el mundo.
Existen mayores posibilidades de ingreso a otros mercados.
(LALAMA, 2002)
La Comisin de Auditoria del Ecuador acudiendo a la OMC pudieron demostrar
que la excesiva deuda adquirida por el Ecuador era ilegtima e inconstitucional
logrando eliminar los intereses (7 millones) (RAMONET, 2015).

ECUADOR Y LA OMC EN LA ACTUALIDAD

17 de febrero de 2016: El Ecuador comienza a eliminar gradualmente la sobretasa

a la importacin

16 de octubre de 2015: Persisten las divergencias entre los Miembros de la OMC

con respecto al recargo a la importacin por motivos de balanza de pagos
impuesto por el Ecuador

29 de junio de 2015: Los Miembros de la OMC celebran consultas con el Ecuador

sobre los recargos a la importacin que ha impuesto este pas por motivos de
balanza de pagos.

El dficit dejado por el gobierno de Lucio Gutirrez (335 millones), llevo a el gobierno
de Alfredo Palacios a firmar del tratado de Libre Comercio y a pesar de que el Ecuador
ya era parte de la OMC, no se vean resultados sobresalientes en su balanza de pagos.
En 2008 tras la crisis econmica el presidente Correa toma medidas econmicas y
sociales para que dicha cada no sea de gran impacto.
La cada del precio del petrleo afecto a Ecuador ya que representa la quinta parte de los
ingresos nacionales y formaba un 50% de las exportaciones. (TV, 2015). Esto llevo a
Ecuador aumentar la sobretasa a ciertos productos de importacin con el fin de
mantener la balanza de pagos y aumentar el consumo nacional. La sobretasa, que afecta
a alrededor del 30% de las importaciones, consiste en:

5% para las importaciones de "bienes de capital no esenciales y materias primas

no esenciales"
15% para las importaciones de "sensibilidad media"
25% para las importaciones de cermica, neumticos, motocicletas y televisores.

45% para las importaciones de bienes de consumo final (se redujo en un 5%)
(www.wto.org, 2016)

Atendiendo a las peticiones de los Miembros de la OMC, est previsto que el Comit de
Restricciones por Balanza de Pagos retome sus consultas con el Ecuador en junio,
despus de que el pas evale por cuarta vez cmo contribuye la medida a mejorar la
situacin de su balanza de pagos.
Una vez que Ecuador anuncio la rebaja de los aranceles, se han escuchado varios
opciones para reemplazarlas como el Timbre Cambiario, pero aun nada concretado de
manera oficial.

CONCLUSION FINAL:
Que el Ecuador se uniera a la OMC trajo consigo un cambio innegable en el crecimiento
del Ecuador en todos los mbitos, pero que no fue aprovechado por gobiernos
anteriores. Es claro, que desde el inicio del mandato de Rafael Correa, los mercados
internacionales se vieron atrados por invertir en nuestro pas y que se lleg a muchos
consensos con los pases miembros de la OMC. El Ecuador de ahora es totalmente
incomparable con el de hace 15 aos, es un cambio totalmente radical en todos los
aspectos; las inversiones en educacin, vivienda, salud, leyes; muchas de ellas gracias al
comercio y al cambio fomentado en sus leyes. El modelo de comercio adoptado por
Ecuador de la OMC influyo mucho en este cambio.
El Gobierno decidi adoptar medidas que de una u otra manera ayudaron a recaudar
fondos para poder equilibrar la balanza de pagos, pero que de nada sirvi porque el
excesivo gasto pblico era inminente. Estas medidas arancelarias acarrearon problemas
con la OMC, que hasta la fecha se siguen analizando por el organismo puesto que el
pas fue el ms afectado por la cada del precio del petrleo. Para que estas medidas
sean eficaces y puedan lograr el fin deseado, se debera revisar la aplicacin de estas
medidas a determinados productos que no afectan a la produccin nacional y que al
contrario si son ingresados y consumidos dentro del pas podran generar una mayor
recaudacin por concepto de aranceles lo que beneficiara directamente al pas y a los
consumidores.
En la situacin en la que se encuentra nuestro pas a causa del sismo suscitado, es
importante que nuestro gobierno analice bien los fondos a destinarse sin descuidar el
dinero destinado al comercio que es el mayor ingreso que nos permitir salir adelante.

Bibliografa
LALAMA, V. S. (2002). LA AGRICULTURA ECUATORIANA EN EL CONTEXTO
COMERCIAL DE LA OMC Y SU CRECIEMIENTO. QUITO, PICHINCHA,
ESTADO.

MORALES, R. (s.f.). DESVENTAJAS POR INGRESO A LA OMC. BIBLIOTECA

ECONOMICA BCE.QUITO.
RAMONET, I. (22 de JULIO de 2015). WWW.YOUTUBE.COM. Obtenido de
WWW.YOUTUBE.COM: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=sXBiOAYsAY8
RENDON, N. (17 de JULIO de 2015). ELCOMERCIO.COM. Obtenido de
ELCOMERCIO.COM:
http://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/jaimenebot-protestasguayaquil-marchas.html
SILVA, S. B. (s.f.). www.elcomercio.com. Obtenido de www.elcomercio.com:
http://www.elcomercio.com/opinion/columna-sebastianborjasilvaorganizacionmundialdelcomercio-opinion-comercio.html
Tobar, B. (2003). El ingreso del Ecuador ala OMC simulacro de negociacin.
Quito Ecuador: Ediciones Abya-Yala.
TV, T. (17 de JULIO de 2015). YOUTUBE.COM. Obtenido de YOUTUBE.COM:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A08wuXd6dRo
UNIVERSO, D. E. (15 de JULIO de 2015). WWW.ELUNIVERSO.COM. Obtenido
de WWW.ELUNIVERSO.COM:
http://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2015/05/24/nota/4910081/vicepre
sidente-jorge-glas-cambio-matriz-productiva-va-tomando-forma
V., S. (s.f.). www.sica.gov.ec. Obtenido de www.sica.gov.ec: www.sica.gov.ec
www.wto.org. (2015). Obtenido de www.wto.org:
https://www.wto.org/spanish/thewto_s/whatis_s/tif_s/org6_s.htm
www.wto.org. (2016). Obtenido de www.wto.org:
https://www.wto.org/spanish/thewto_s/whatis_s/wto_dg_stat_s.htm