Questions:

1.For slabs reinforcing ,at least 1/2 of the tensile reinforcements from the zone of positive moments,but not least
than(3 )bars/meter,must be extended beyond the support edge.
2.Concrete slabs behave primarily as (FLEXURAL) members.
3.From the analysis of the slabs reinforcing it can be observed that,if a rectanglar slab is longer,the load distribution
on the shorter side (INCREASES).
4.A concentrated load on a slab causes shearing stresses on a section around the load.This effect is reffered as
(PUNCHING SHEAR).
5.The slabs subjcted to double bending actions,can be designed as one way slabs(on the shorter direction) if the ratio
of the sides is greater than ( 2).
6.The various forces that act on a structure are kept in balance,preventing the structure from toppling,sliding,bending
or twisting.The technical therm for this phenomenon is (equilibrium/stability) .
7.At the punching shear analysis ,the basic control perimeter u1 may normally be taken to be at a distance (2*d) from
the loaded area.
8.When the shear design is considered for loaded areas situated near openings at a distance (<=6*d),that part of the
control perimeter is considered to be ineffective.
9.For slabs with circular column heads for which LH<2.0*hH,a check of the punching shear stresses is only req. on the
control section (OUTSIDE) the column head.
10.The self-weight of a str. is considered as a (DEAD) load.
11.The design procedure for punching shear is based on checks at a series of (CONTROL SECTIONS) wich have a
similar shape as the basic control section.
12.Buckling is a type of failure due to (instability) of a member or str. under perfectly axial compression and without
transerse load.
13.(LIVE) loads are variable,unpredictibe and mobile,such people,furniture,snow,rain and ice.
14.Effective length of a column is the lenght used to account for the shape of the (defection curve);it can be also
defined as buckling length.
15.Lateral loads are caused by (WIND/EARTHQUAKE) and, in general,are considered to act horizontally.
16.First order effects is defined as the action effects calculated without consideration of the effect of (STR.
DEFORMATION),but including geometric imperfections, giving a total moment compatible with the ultimate c.s.
resistance.
17.Load that changed rapidly, that are apllied sudenly or that are the result of an ampliffied rhythmic movement are
called (dynamic loads).
18.Second order effects are additional action effects caused by (structural deformation).
19.The net effect of a dynamic load is that it increases it's actual ( frequency/fatique resistance ).
20.Biaxial bending is defined as a simultaneuos bending about (2 PRINCIPAL AXIS).
21.A vehicle starting or stopping in a garrage is considered to be a (LIVE ) load for a structure.
22.For a double reinfoced concrete slab with Lx<Ly and

Qy=

^4

4 + ^4

,then Qx>Qy.

<2 ,knowing that Q=Qx + Qy; Qx=

^4

4 + ^4

*Q and

Lx<Ly ; ax=ay;

23. Loads that result from a sudden collision or an explosion are called DYNAMIC/IMPACT loads.
24. The contact area between a precast hollow core reinforced concrete slab and a supporting beam leads to
(PUNCHING SHEAR).
25. All loads applied to a structure, whether gravity or lateral, make their way down through the structures
components to (FOUNDATION/GROUND).
26. A simply supported on two parallel edges rectangular concrete slab has the resistance reinforcements disposed on
(ONE DIRECTION).
27.( COMPRESSION) is the tendency of a structural element to be crushed.
28. In the case of a reinforced concrete slab simply supported on contour, when L=5 and s=2 (width) then the
reinforced design model is ( one way slab ).

29. For any structure to be stable or not move, all the forces acting on it and all of its components must be ( in
equilibrium ).
30. When the floor load is carried in both directions (the ratio:length/width<2) to four supporting beams around the
slab panel, then the reinforcing design model for the slab is (a two way slab ).
31. While loads are external forces applied to a body,(STRESSES/INTERNAL FORCES ) are the internal resistance of the
body to those forces.
32. The following definition: Combining high strength concretes with high strength steels in an active manner, by
tensioning the steel and holding it against the concrete and putting the concrete in to compression refers to ( prestressed concrete ).
33. ( DUCTILITY) is the tendency of a structural member be stretched.
34. The minimum thickness for slab with shear reinforcement is ( Hf>200 mm ).
35. (SHEAR STRESS) is the tendency of a structural member to be sliced.
36. The full pre-stressing term refers to the complete elimination of (tensile stresses) in members.
37. The ( Bending/flexure ) of a simply supported beam under load produces tension along the bottom of the beam
and compression along the top.
38. In punching design, the basic control perimeter u1, may be taken at a distance from the loaded area equal with ( 2
x d ).
39. The imaginary plane passing through the center line of a beam, along its length at which no tension or no
compression occurs, is called neutral plane or ( neutral axis ).
40. Punching shear can occur in a flat-slab structure at the contact zone between ( the column and slab ).
41. Bending is also reffered to as ( flexure ).
42. The following relation represents : the control perimter at which shear reinforcement is not required.
43. CRANE/SCRIPETE allow heavy object to be moved with much less force that their weight alone.
44. TORSION is the tendency of a force on a body to produce rotational movement about any choosen point. In
mathematical terms,TORSIONAL MOMENT is the product of force multiplied with the distance of the force about
about a choosen point of rotation.
45. On the bond lengths, the stress in tendons decreases.
46. STABILITY is the condition in which gravity and lateral loads that tend to crush/slide, bend or overturn a structure
are resisted so that the structure as a whole, does not move.
47. The method of prestressing that involves the stressing against the hardened concrete of tendons, or steel bars
which are not bonded to the concrete refers to ( post-tensioning ).
48. ( Structural Engineers ) are primarly concerned with applying the principle of stability and equilibrium to calculate
all forces acting on a structure and its individual members, then selecting the size, shape and material to resist those
forces with a reasonable margin of safety.
49. The design of prestressed concrete elements is based (upon the assumptions of S.M on SLS ).
50. In pre-tensioning, if the elastic strain (elastic shortening) in the concrete is smaller when the tendons are cut, then
the loss in the tendon stress is ( smaller at the transfer of the pre-stressed concrete ).
51. For the serviceability limit state design are used ( both maximum and minimum )values of the loads and
strengths.
52. The connection of cantilever beam projecting out from a builting is an example of a (fixed end ) support.
53. If 2 tendons are tensioned successively , then the loss of pre-stressed in FIRST tendon is greater.
54. A ( Hinged ) support prevents translatational movement in all directions, but can not prevent any rotational
movement.
55. For a prestressed beam design, the moment M-min, corresponds to the situation, when on the beam acts/act
DEAD LOADS/SELF-WEIGHT.
56. A man standin on a beam, is an example of ( live/CONCENTRATED ) load.
57. The critical condition for no tension in the bottom part in the middle of an eccentric pre-stressed beam, under
service loads is SIGMA(c,inf)=0.
58.(DEAD/Distributed) loads are spread out over an area of floor or over a length of a member.

59.In the relation of the total curvature,the term 1/r1 represents:( RIGIDITY/THE EQ. OF DELFECTION
CURVE/curvature)
60.As a result of the stress created in a material,the material will tend to change shape or deform.The amount of
shortening or lengthening,measured against the original unstressed length is called (DEFLECTION/STRAIN/flexure).
61.Time depending prestressing losses are caused by (CREEP,SHRINKAGE,RELAXation ).
62.Steel behaves ( POORLY/THE SAME EXCEPT BUCKLING) in compression as/than in tension.
63.Immediate prestressing losses are caused by ( SLIP OF ANCHORAGE FRICTION,ELASTIC SHORTENING).
64.Concrete bahaves (BETTER ) in compression as/than in tension.

65.The following relation: Ec,eff=1+(,0) ,represents (EFFECTIVE MODULUS OF ELAST. OF THE CONCRETE ).
66.When stressed beyong it's (YIELDING POINT) ,a deformed material will no longer return to it's original unstressed
shape when the stress is removed.
,

67.The relation As,min=

,represents : ( MINIMUM AREA OF REINF. OF THE SECTION )

68.Materials that exhibit plastic deformation when are stressed beyond the yiled point,"giving notice" before
rupture,are called ( DUCTILE ) materials.
69.The losses due to slip in the anchorage devices appear (DURING PRE-STRESSING PROCESS,IMMEDIATE PRESTRESSING ).
70.Materials that rupture suddenly with increasing stresses,exhibiting no yield point and providing no "notice" are
called ( BRITTLE ).
71.Short columns usally faill by (CRUSHING) but a slender column is liable to fail by buckling.
72.The poin at which a stressed material ruptures(breaks) is called ( ULS).
73.To reduce or to eliminate the tensile stresses at any section of a prestressed concrete beam it is convenient to use
( BENT OR CURVED(PARABOLIC)) tendon.
74.The ( STIFNESS ) is the ability of a material to resist deformation(strain) when stressed.
75.In a prestressed beam with parabolic tendons,the horizontal component of the prestressing force gives a (
BENDING ) effect.
76.The tendency of a material to weaken or fail at a stress below the yield point,when the stress is repeatedly applied
and removed is called (FATIQUE ).
77.In a prestressed beam with parabolic tendons,the vertical component of the prestressing force gives a ( SHEAR )
effect.
78.The tendency of a material to continue to deform over time when left under load for an extended period is called
( CREEP ).
79.In a prestressed beam with parabolic tendons,the tendon profile causes an ( UPWARD ) deflection.
80.Columns are primarly subjected to (CONCENTRATED/COMPRESSIVE OR AXIAL) loads,which can be axial or
eccentric.
81.In prestressing,when a controlled amount of concrete tension is permited at full service load,then the prestressing
is considered to be (sls/PARTIAL).
82.The ( EXCENTRICITY ) of a load is the distance between the line of action of the load and the geometric center of
the element's c.s.
83.Using the prestressing method,smaller members can be used to support the same loads,or the same-sized
members can be used for ( LONGER ) spans.
84.An axial load has ( 0 ) eccentricity.
85.Prestressed concrete elements requires the use of ( HIGH ) strength concretes and steels than reinforced concrete
elements.
86.( THE PRE-TENSIONING ) method is suited for mass production(in factory) where the "long-line system" is used.
87.A braced frame is a (STRUCTURAL STEEL ) frame.
88.In prestressing,the tendons deflection at the ends ( REDUCES ) the eccentricity of prestressing force near the ends
of a member.

89.A ( POST-TENSIONED ) structural member may be constructed assembling separate pre-cast units which are
constrained to act together by means of tensioned,often curved ,tendons.
90. Prestressed reinforcements are necessary to produce and keep a satisfactory ( PRE-STRESSED FORCES ) in
members.
91. All loads must eventually work their way down through a structure to its ( FOUNDATION ) and ultimately to the
ground, meaning soil or rock.
92. Strand consists of a group of wires span in ( HELICAL ) form around a common longitudinal axis.
93 The design method of a prestressed concrete member that consists in the determination of the concrete and steel
stresses under service load, the ultimate moment and the ultimate shear, is called
( REVIEW OF THE MEMBER ).
94. The ( DESIGN ) of a prestressed concrete member consists in the selection and proportion of a concrete section,
in the determination of the amount and eccentricity of the prestressing reinforcement an the amount of longitudinal
and web of non prestressed reinforcing steel.
95. The structural engineer analyzes the structural behaviour of the building asa a whole, as well as that of each
member within the building, to ensure the building's ( STABILITY ) and to properly size its structural components.
96. The fundamental aim of prestressed concrete design is to limit ( TENSILE ) stresses and hence flexural cracking in
the concrete under working conditions.
97. Ultimate limit states are associated with collapse, loss of equilibrium of the structure, failure by excessive
deformation and ( RUPTURE/LOSS OF STABILITY ).
98. Frames are structures that generally consist of vertical and horizontal ( MEMBERS/ELEMETS ).
99. Serviceability limit states correspond to conditions beyond which the following service requirements for a
structure or structural member are no longer met: deformatios, deflections, cracking and ( VIBRATION ).
100. In prestressing design, the stress values under working loads must be considered in terms of ( MAX. AND MIN.
VALUES ).
101.( COLUMNS ) are vertical structural members that primarily resist compression.
102. In prestressing design, at any sections the stresses produced by the prestress force must be considered
(IN CONJUCTION WITH ) the stresses caused by maximum and minimum values of applied moment due to dead and
live loads, assuming that stresses will corespond to elastic behaviour.
103. (BEAMS ) are horizontal structural members that primarily resist bending.
104. An axial tensed prestressed concrete element is considered to be decompressed when the applied loads is equal
with (pre-stressed force in final phase ).
105. (Girders ) are larger beams that support other smaller beams.
106. In an axial tensed prestressed concrete element, when the applied load is greater that the prestressed force then
in the element will appear (tensile ) stresses.
107. (BEARING ) walls carry loads by supporting structural members such as girders, beams or columns.
108. Prestressed force at transfer is (HIGHER ) then the "long-term" value as a result of subsequent losses caused by
elastic shortening, creep and schrinkage of the concrete member.
109.The condition at transfer represents a (TRANSITORY) stage in the life of the prestressed concrete structural
member.
110. In prestressing design is neccesary to consider the effect of limiting the (ECCENTRICITY) to a maximum practical
value for the section under consideration.
111. In an one-way reinforced concrete slab, the main steel should form the (LOWER ) layer of reinforcement to give
it the maximum lever arm
112. For continuous slabs, bottom reinforcements are required within the span and top reinforcement over
(SUPPORTS ).
113. In order to produce acceptable final stress levels throughout the lenght of a prestressed concrete member, it
may be neccesary to reduce either the prestressed force or the (ECCENTRICITY) near the ends of the member.
114. In post tensioning after stressing , the remaining space in the ducts may be left empty ( unbounded
construction) or, more usually will be filled with (CEMENT PASTE) under high pressure (bounded construction).

115. The design of prestressed concrete member is based on mantaining (CONCRETE STRESSES ) within specified
limits at all stages of the life of the member.
116. if the tensile stress in conrete is limited to Fctm than all stresses can be calculated on the assumption that the
section is (COMPRESSED )
117. Concrete's structural usefullness derives from its ( COMPRESSIVE ) strength
118. In pre-tensioned elements, the prestressed force is transfered to the concrete by ( BOND ) over
a definite length at each length of a member.
119. Steel reinforcing bars are combined with concrete to resist (TENSILE ) stresses, resulting in reinforced concrete,
a formidable structural material.
120. At the ends of a pretensioned beam with straight tendon, the tranfer of stresses is (linear- 0 ).
121. The compressive strength of concrete is ( INVERSE/INDIRECTLY ) proportional to the ratio of water to cement in
any particular concrete mix.
122. The concrete cover of reinforcing bars is required to protect the bars against corrosion and ( FIRE ).
123. In post-tensioned members, the prestressed force is concentrated over a small area at ( THE END ) of the
member.
124. Welded wire fabric (also called welded wire mesh) consists in a grid of steel wires ( WELDED ) at the
intersections.
125. The "end block" regions of the post-tensioned elements must be ( HIGHLY ) reinforced by steel to resist the
bursting tensioned forces.
126. In post-tensioning, the end block reinforcement will generally consist of (
) which surround the
ancorages.
127. After a prestressed member has been designed to satisfy serviceability requirement, a check must be carryed to
ensured that the ultimate moment of resistance and shear resistance are adequate to satisfy the requirements for
( USABILITY ).
128. All solid 3 dimensional bodyes have a point in which the mass of that body can be considered to be
concentrated.That point is called ( CENTER OF MASS )
129. In prestressing design, if it is found that the ultimate state requirements are not met, additional untensioned or
partially tensioned steel may be added to increase the ultimate ( LIMIT STATE ).
130. Shear in prestressing concrete is considered at (
).
131. Flat two-dimensional bodies (such a cross-section through a member) have no depth and there for no mass.The
point at which the area of a section is considerd to be concentrated is called ( CENTROID).
132. The response of the prestressed element in resisting shear is similar to that for reinforced concrete, but aditional
effects of the compression due to ( PRE-STRESSING FORCE ).
133. The shear resistance of a prestressed element is ( HIGHER ) by the effect of prestressing force.
134. Prestressed concrete - involves the application of initial ( TENSILE ) stresses to the concrete prior to actual
loading.
135. In calculating the design shear force Ved it is (
) to take in to account the vertical component of
force in any inclined tendons which will tend to act in a dirrection that resists shear.
136. If the magnitude of the prestressed force is choosed so that the bending stress due to prestress eccentricity are
equal and opposite to the bending stresses resulting from the external load, the net resulting stress in concrete in the
middle of the span section is ( COMPRESSION ).
137. Concrete can be produced on site (variously refered to as site-cast, cast in place or in situ) or produced of-site,
refered as ( PRE-FABRICATED/PRE-CAST ).
138. A continuous beam is considered to have (
) with the supports so that the beam is free to rotate.
139. A continuous beam should be analysed for the loading arrangements which give (
) at each section.
140. A structure should be analysed for each of the critical loading condition which produce (
) at any
particular section.