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33
CONCRETE
INSTITUTE
INTRODUCTION
AUSTRALIA
METHODS OF COMPACTION
electric motor-in-head
air vibrators.
Table 1 Characteristics and applications of internal vibrators (after Table 5.1.5 ACI Committee 309 1)
Diameter
of head
(mm)
Recommended
frequency(1)
(Hz)
Average
Radius of
(2)
amplitude
action(3,5)
(mm)
(mm)
Rate of
concrete
placement(4,5)
(m3/h per
vibrator)
Application
2040
150200
0.40.8
80150
0.84
3060
140210
0.51.0
130250
2.38
Concrete of 100150 mm
slump in thin walls, columns,
beams, precast piles, thin slabs,
and along construction joints.
May be used to supplement
larger vibrators in confined
areas.
5090
130200
0.61.3
180360
4.615
80150
120180
0.81.5
300510
1131
130150
90140
1.02.0
400610
1938
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
e
W+w
Table 2 Summary of causes of surface defects relating to concrete, placement and compaction
Causes*
Defect
Properties of fresh
concrete
Honeycombing
Insufficient fines
Low workability
Early stiffening
Excessive mixing
Too large an aggregate
for placing conditions
Lean
Sand with a high FM
Low workability
Low FM sand
Excessive cement or
pozzolan
Particle degradation
Excessive sand
High air content
Placement
Compaction
Form Streaking
Excessive amplitude
or frequency
Aggregate
Transparency
Subsidence
Excessive or external
vibration
Over-vibration of
lightweight concrete
Colour Variation
Non-uniform colour of
materials
Inconsistent grading
Variation in proportions
Incomplete mixing
Calcium chloride can cause
dark streaks
Too high a slump
Over-manipulation
Too rapid
Insufficient vibration
Segregation
Failure to decrease
consistency near the top
of deep lift
*A full summary of causes is given by ACI Committee 309 3 from which this Table has been derived.
Table 2 Continued
Causes*
Defect
Properties of fresh
concrete
Sand Streaking
Lean mixture
Over-sanded bleeding mix
Sand deficient in fines
Low air content
Placement
Layer Lines
Form Offsets
Compaction
Excessive vibration
Excessive amplitude
Over-manipulation
Cold joints
Too dry
Early stiffening
Delayed delivery
Lack of vibration
Failure to penetrate into
previous layer
Excessive amplitude
Non-uniform spacing of
immersion
*A full summary of causes is given by ACI Committee 309 3 from which this Table has been derived.
REFERENCES
10
11
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX A
CHECKLIST FOR SUPERVISORS
APPENDIX B
CHECKLIST FOR OPERATORS USING POKER
VIBRATORS
10
11
12
13
14
APPENDIX C
C1
10
C2
REVIBRATION
C3
OVER-VIBRATION AND
UNDER-VIBRATION
11
Queensland
12
Victoria