Assignment of Electrical Electro Nic Principle Assignment

Lab experiment:
Ac equivalent circuit,
transformation theorems,
r-l-c circuit
Prepared by
ID number
PROGRAMME
: Desmond Goh Kai Hong

: 2015240591
: btec higher national diploma in
Electrical/electronic engineering
SEMESTER
:1
Prepared for
: siti syafinah ahmad hassan
Subject Name
: electrical and electronic

principle
Subject Code
Lab 1: Thevenins Theorem
Introduction
: r/601/1453
International college of advanced technology Sarawak (i-cats)
Thevenin's Theorem is any combination of batteries and resistances with two

terminals can be replaced by a single voltage source e and a single series
resistor r. The value of e is the open circuit voltage at the terminals, and the
value of r is e divided by the current with the terminals short circuited.
Any combination if sinusoidal AC sources and impedance's with two terminals
can be replaced by a single voltage source e and a single series impedance z.
The value of e id the open circuit voltage at the terminals, and the value of z is e
divided by the current with the terminals short circuited. In this case, that
impedance evaluation involves a series-parallel combination.
Objective
To identify the load impedance in the distribution system using Thevenin theorem.
To obtain impedance matching to the transmitter using maximum power
technique.
Equipment
Digital multimeter GDM-357
Jumper
Resistor(1k and 10k)
Load resistor (4.7k)
Breadboard
AC power supply
Laptop with EWB software
Procedure
Figure 1
Page | 1
1. A circuit by connecting with two resistor and one load resistor, R1, R2 and RL (1k,
10k and 4.7k) as shown in Figure 1 was constructed.
2. The power supply was turned on and was set to 12VAC as the supply voltage.
3. By using multimeter, the Thevenin voltage,VTH was measured by removed the
load resistance, RL as shown in Figure 2 below.
Figure 2
4.
By using multimeter, the impedance (Z TH) was measured by removed the load
resistance,RL and short circuited the VAC as shown in Figure 3 below.
5. The measurement containing the measured Thevenin voltage and impedance

values were recorded in a tabular form as shown in Table 1.
6. By using Thevenin theorem the Thevenin voltages(VTH(rms)),
impedance
(RTH(rms)/ZTH), Load current. IL(rms) and the power delivered to the load in circuit in
Figure 1 were calculated.
7. A conclusion was made.
Page | 2
Result
Parameter
VTH
ZTH
Measured
By using EWB and measured by using multimeter by carry out the experiment.
1.
Find VTH.
2.
Find ZTH
Page | 3
Calculation in theory
1.
To calculate the total resistance in the circuit by removing the load,RL.

RT = 10k0 1k0
= (10 j 0k) (1 j 0k)
11 j 0k
11k0
2.
To find the current flow in the circuit. On the same time, finding the current flow
at R2, 10k 0 .
VS = IT RT
12V 0 = IT (11K0)
12V0
IT = 11k0
IT = 1.09mA0
3.
To find the Thevenin voltage,VTH.
VTH I T R2
VTH 1.09mA0(10k0)
VTH 10.90V
Page | 4
4.
To find the RTH/ZTH by short circuit the AC power supply.
1
1
1
1k0 10k0
RTH/ZTH
1
1m0 0.1m0
1
(1m j 0) (0.1m j 0)
1
1.1m j 0
10
1.1m0
0.91k0
5.
To find the Load current ,IL(rms).
IL
VTH
RTH RL
10.9V0
(0.91k0) (4.70k0)
10.9V0
(0.91k j 0) (4.7k j 0)
10.9V0
5.61k j 0
10.9V0
5.61k0
1.94mA0
Page | 5
6.
To calculate the power deliveredto the load.

P= I2RL
(1.94mA0) 2 (4.7 k0)

(3.77 A0) ( 4.7 k0)
P 17.67mW
Page | 6
Discussion
Conclusion
Page | 7
Lab 2: R-L-C Circuit

Introduction
Superposition Theorem - Superposition theorem is one of those strokes of

genius that takes a complex subject and simplifies it in a way that makes
perfect sense. A theorem like Millmans certainly works well, but it is not quite
obvious why it works so well. Superposition, on the other hand, is obvious.
The strategy used in the Superposition Theorem is to eliminate all but one
source of power within a network at a time, using series/parallel analysis to
determine voltage drops (and/or currents) within the modified network for
each power source separately. Then, once voltage drops and/or currents have
been determined for each power source working separately, the values are all
superimposed on top of each other (added algebraically) to find the actual
voltage drops/currents with all sources active.
Objective
To verify current flow and voltage drop using Superposition Theorem.
Equipment
Digital multimeter GDM-357

Jumper
Resistor(200, 330 and 560)
Breadboard
DC power supply
Page | 8
Procedure
1.
Figure 2
By using related simulation software, a circuit shown in Figure 2 was
constructed.
2. A circuit by connecting with three resistor, R 1, R2 and R3 (200, 330, and
560) as shown in Figure 2 was set up .

3. By using multimeter, the current flow at resistor 200, 330, and 560
was measured.
4. By using multimeter, the voltage drop at resistor 200, 330, and 560
was measured .
5. The measurement of the measured voltages and currents were recorded in
tabular form as shown in Table 2.
6. By using superposition theorem, the currents flow and the voltages drop at each
resistor as shown in Figure 2 was calculated..
7. In the Table 2, the calculated answers were compared.
8. A conclusion was made.
Page | 9
Result
Short Circuit the 9V
EWB
I1
14.72m
I2
A
5.4574
I3
mA
9.2615
mA
Theory
Measured
(mA)
14.72
(mA)
14.36
Theory(
Measur
V1
V)
2.94
ed (V)
2.93
2.9438
I1
mA
3.0562
I2
5.46
5.39
V2
3.06
3.04
mA
3.0562
I3
9.26
9.05
V3
3.06
3.04
mA
Shot Circuit the 6V

EWB
Theory
Measured
Theory(
Measur
(mA)
18.85
(mA)
18.49
V1
V)
6.22
ed (V)
6.18
I1
18.85m
V1
6.2216
I1
I2
A
4.9614
V2
mA
2.7784
I2
4.96
4.82
V2
2.78
2.76
I3
mA
13.89m
V3
mA
2.7784
I3
13.89
13.55
V3
2.78
2.76
mA
By using EWB and measured by using multimeter by carry out the experiment.
(Short circuit the 9V)
1.
Find Current, I1.
2.
Find Current, I2.
Page | 10
3.
Find Current, I3.
4.
Find Voltage, V1.
5.
Find Voltage, V2.
Page | 11
6.
Find Voltage, V3.
Page | 12
Page | 13
By using EWB and Measured by using multimeter by carry out the experiment.
(Short circuit the 6V)
1.
Find Current, I1.
2.
Find Current,I2.
3.
Find Current, I3.
4.
Find Voltage, V1.
Page | 14
5.
Find Voltage, V2.
6.
Find Voltage,V3.
1.To find total Current (Itotal)
Page | 15
2. To Find Voltage across the 560 resistor, (Vtotal )
Calculation in theory
A. Short circuit 9V
1.
To calculate the total resistance in the circuit.
Page | 16
1
1
1
RT = 200 + 330 560

1
89
= 200 + 18480
18480
= 200+ 89
= 407.64
2.
To find the current flow in the circuit. On the same time, find the current flow, I1 at
resistor 200.
VS = IT +RT
6V = IT + 407.64
6V
IT = 407.64
IT =14.72mA
IT = I1
I1 = 14.72mA
3.
By using Current divider to find current flow,I2 at resistor 330.
330
I2 = 560 330 14.72mA
33
I2 = 89 14.72mA
I2 = 5.46mA
4.
To find the current flow, I3 at resistor 200

I3 = I1 - I2
I3 = 14.72mA - 5.46mA
I3 = 9.26mA
Page | 17
5.
To find the voltage drop at resistor 200.

V1 = I1R1
V1 = (14.72mA) (200)
V1 = 2.94V
6.

V2 = I2R2
V2 = (5.46mA) (560)
V2 = 3.06V
7.

V3 = I3R3
V3 = (9.26mA) (330)
V3 =3.06V
Page | 18
B. Short circuit 6V
1.
To calculate the total resistance in the circuit.
1
1
1
RT = 330 + 560 200

1
19
= 330 + 2800
2800
= 330+ 19
= 477.37
2.
To find the current flow in the circuit. On the same time, find the current flow, I1 at
resistor 200.
VS = IT +RT
9V = IT + 477.37
9V
IT = 477.37
IT =18.85mA
IT = I1
I1 = 18.85mA
3.
By using Current divider to find current flow,I2 at resistor 330.
200
I2 = 560 200 18.85mA
5
I2 = 19 18.85mA
I2 = 4.96mA
4.
To find the current flow, I3 at resistor 200

I3 = I1 - I2
I3 = 18.85mA - 4.96mA
I3 = 13.89mA
Page | 19
5.

V1 = I1R1
V1 = (18.85mA) (330)
V1 = 6.22V
6.

V2 = I2R2
V2 = (4.96mA) (560)
V2 = 2.78V
7.

V3 = I3R3
V3 = (13.89mA) (200)
V3 =2.78V
8) To find the total Current (Itotal) and total voltage(Vtotal) across the 560 resistor
I2(total)=I2(6V) + I2(9V)
I2(total)= 5.46mA + 4.96mA
I2(total)=10.42mA
V2(total) = I2(total)R560
V2(total) = (10.42mA)(560)
V2(total) = 5.8352V
Page | 20
Discussion
Based on Superposition Theorem, to ascertain the contribution of each individual
source, all of the other sources first must be "turned off" (set to zero).
As we can see the result in practical, the current flow in each resistor is different.
I1a in 6V is 14.36mA and I1b in 9V is 18.49mA.
I2a in 6V is 5.39mA and I2b in 9V is 4.82mA
I3a in 6V is 9.05mA and I3b in 9V is 13.55mA.
And the voltage drop in each resistor also will be different.
V1a in 6V is 2.93V and V1b in 9V is 6.18V.
As the precautions,the experiment is carried out without necessary delay in
the process to prevent the wire from heating up which would increased the resistance
of the circuit. As a result, it would affecting the result of the experiment. The Voltage
supply has been checked by using multimeter to ensure the voltage supply is the
same which is 9V. Every resistor has been checked by using multimeter to ensure
that the correct resistor used before the experiment started. The resistor of R 2 and
R3 is in parallel series so the voltage measured in experiment, calculation in theory
and in EWB should be the same.
Beside that, there are some source of error. The resistors have been used
constantly for lab work, and have been exposed to regular wear and tear. That could
have altered the values of the experiment. The power supplied is not supplied
constantly. There is a voltage drop after the switch is on and off frequently when it is
checked by using multimeter. By using calculation in theory, there is an error. The
error is the decimal places problem. By using measured in experiment, there is an
error in the experiment. The error is the measured voltage and current is not fixed
due to the power supply not supplied constantly.
Therefore there are ways to improve the result, which is using a brand new
resistor, using a more accuracy DC power supply and in calculation in theory, fixed a
decimal fixed point for the calculation calculated.
Page | 21
Conclusion
By using superposition theorem, I can determine the current in 6V at resistor 200,I1
is 14.36mA, at 560, I2 is 5.39mA, and at 330, I 3 is 9.05mA. Whereas in 9V the
current in 330, I1 is 18.49mA, at 560,I2 is 4.82mA and at 200,I3 is 13.55mA.
By using superposition theorem, I also can determine the voltage drop in 6V at
resistor 200, V1 is 2.93V, at 560 and 330,V2 and V3 is 3.04V. Where as in 9V, at
resistor 330,V1 is 6.18V, at 560 and 200, V2 and V3 is 2.76V.
Page | 22
Lab 3: R-L and R-C circuit

Introduction
A R-L series circuit is a circuit that consisting an inductance and resistor yet a R-C
circuit is a circuit resistor and capacitor connected. Inductors and capacitors have the
ability to store energy. It is important to determine the voltages and currents that arise
in circuits composed by resistors, and either inductors or capacitors, when energy is
released or acquired by the inductor or capacitor as a consequence of an abrupt
change in the DC voltage or current in the circuit. The description of the voltages and
currents in this type of circuits is done in terms of differential equations of first order.
Objective
To verify current growth or decay in an L-R circuit and voltage growth or decay in
a C-R circuit.
Equipment
Page | 23
Procedure
Figure 3
1. A circuit as shown in Figure 3 was set up.
2. When the switch are at A position, the current flow at the circuit and the result
was calculated and sketched.
3. When the switch are at B, the current flow at the circuit and the result was
calculated and sketched.
Figure 4
4. A circuit as show in Figure 4 was set up.
5. When the switch are at A position, the voltage drop at the capacitor and the
result was calculated and sketched.
6. When the switch are at B, the voltage drop at the capacitor and the result was
calculated and sketched.
Page | 24
Result
Experiment Figure 3
Current flow at the circuit when the switch are at A position.
Time (s)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Current (A)
0
1.0807
2.0257
2.3658
2.4646
2.4912
2.4979
2.4995
2.4999
10
2.5
Page | 25
Current flow at the circuit when the switch are at B position.
Time (s)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Current (A)
2.5
1.8949
0.7011
0.2093
0.05576
0.01422
0.0034435
0.0008241
0.0001907
0.00004348
0.000009933
0.000002217
5.031E-07
1.067E-07
2.43E-08
16
6.9E-09
Page | 26
Experiment Figure 4
Voltage drop at the capacitor when given a voltage supply
Voltage (V)
Time (s)
1
1.417E-07
4.5627
9.4886
11.27
11.81
11.95
11.99
12.00
Page | 27
Voltage drop at the capacitor when voltage supply was cut off.
Time (s)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Voltage (V)
12
9.0747
3.3596
1.003
0.2673
0.06815
0.01651
0.0039514
9.146E-04
2.086E-04
4.78E-05
1.077E-05
2.5301E-06
6.668E-07
2.582E-07
1.67E-07
1.472E-07
1.429E-07
1.420E-02
1.418E-07
1.417E-07
Page | 28
Page | 29
Discussion
Charge and Discharge of a Capacitor
The circuit shows a capacitor in series with a resistor and DC source. When
switch is in a, the battery will send current through the resistor and charge
the capacitor. The voltage Vc is initially zero and the voltage VR is the same as
VS, so the capacitor charges at a fast rate. As a capacitor charges, the voltage
VC increase and VR decreases and the current reduces until VC=VS. If the
switch is moved to position b, the charge rushed out of the capacitor through
the resistor, dissipating all the energy as heat until no current flows and
VC=VR=0.
On and Off in LR circuit
A LR Series Circuit consists basically of an inductor of inductance L
connected in series with a resistor of resistance R. The resistance R is the
DC resistive value of the wire turns or loops that goes into making up the
inductors coil. After a time the voltage source neutralizes the effect of the self
induced emf, the current flow becomes constant and the induced current and
field are reduced to zero.
Conclusion
In the conclusion, I was able to verify current flow in an L-R circuit and voltage
growth/drop in a C-R circuit. In the L-R circuit, when is given power supply,the
Current flow(A) in the inductor increase with Time(s). This show that the Time(s) is
proportional to the square root of Current (A) which will give out an equation of
Time ( s ) Current ( A)
. Whereas,when the voltage has been cut off, the Current
flow(A) in the inductor decrease with Time(s). This show that the Time (s) is inversely
proportional to the Current flow (A) which will give out an equation of
Time ( s )
1
Current ( A) . In the C-R circuit, the voltage in the capacitor increase from
1.4176E-7V to 12V with time when there is given voltage.This show that the Time(s)
is proportional to the square root of Voltage (A) which will give out an equation of
Time ( s ) Voltage (V )
. When the supply has been cut off, the voltage in the
capacitor drop from 12V to 1.417E-7V with time.This show that the Time (s) is
Page | 30
inversely proportional to the Voltage(V) which will give out an equation of
Time ( s )
1
Voltage (V )
Page | 31

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Lab experiment:

: Desmond Goh Kai Hong

: siti syafinah ahmad hassan

: electrical and electronic

International college of advanced technology Sarawak (i-cats)

Thevenin's Theorem is any combination of batteries and resistances with two

International college of advanced technology Sarawak (i-cats)

5. The measurement containing the measured Thevenin voltage and impedance

International college of advanced technology Sarawak (i-cats)

International college of advanced technology Sarawak (i-cats)

To calculate the total resistance in the circuit by removing the load,RL.

To find the Thevenin voltage,VTH.

International college of advanced technology Sarawak (i-cats)

To find the RTH/ZTH by short circuit the AC power supply.

To find the Load current ,IL(rms).

International college of advanced technology Sarawak (i-cats)

To calculate the power deliveredto the load.

(1.94mA0) 2 (4.7 k0)

International college of advanced technology Sarawak (i-cats)

International college of advanced technology Sarawak (i-cats)

Lab 2: R-L-C Circuit

Superposition Theorem - Superposition theorem is one of those strokes of

Digital multimeter GDM-357

International college of advanced technology Sarawak (i-cats)

560) as shown in Figure 2 was set up .

International college of advanced technology Sarawak (i-cats)

Shot Circuit the 6V

Find Current, I1.

Find Current, I2.

International college of advanced technology Sarawak (i-cats)

Find Current, I3.

Find Voltage, V1.

Find Voltage, V2.

International college of advanced technology Sarawak (i-cats)

Find Voltage, V3.

International college of advanced technology Sarawak (i-cats)

International college of advanced technology Sarawak (i-cats)

Find Current, I1.

Find Current, I3.

Find Voltage, V1.

International college of advanced technology Sarawak (i-cats)

Find Voltage, V2.

1.To find total Current (Itotal)

International college of advanced technology Sarawak (i-cats)

2. To Find Voltage across the 560 resistor, (Vtotal )

To calculate the total resistance in the circuit.

International college of advanced technology Sarawak (i-cats)

RT = 200 + 330 560

By using Current divider to find current flow,I2 at resistor 330.

To find the current flow, I3 at resistor 200

International college of advanced technology Sarawak (i-cats)

To find the voltage drop at resistor 200.

To find the voltage drop at resistor 560.

To find the voltage drop at resistor 330.

International college of advanced technology Sarawak (i-cats)

To calculate the total resistance in the circuit.

RT = 330 + 560 200

By using Current divider to find current flow,I2 at resistor 330.

To find the current flow, I3 at resistor 200

International college of advanced technology Sarawak (i-cats)

To find the voltage drop at resistor 330.

To find the voltage drop at resistor 560.

To find the voltage drop at resistor 200.