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DESIGN DATA
Subject
It is required to check two 45 X 195 mm joists of Strength class C24 timber that act together to
form a domestic lintel with a clear span of 1 800 mm. The lintel is supported on two 38 x 89 mm
cripple studs at each end, giving an effective span of 1 800 + (2 x 38) = 1 876 mm. It supports
a pitched roof of 8.0 m span, an external wall panel, and the edge of the first floor which spans
4.0 m.
This design example illustratesthe use of $ factors, and provides a coqarison between
the two methodsgiven in EC5 for calculating the design loads.
I
Service class
Service class 2
Timber strength class and properties
BS EN 338
l%e required propemesfor Strength class C24 may be obtained porn BS jEN338, or from
,
Table 1 in the Introductionto the Design Examples.
Shear strength
Bending strength
Compression strength perpendicular to grain
Mean modulus of elasticity parallel to grain
Average density
fv,k
fm,k
=
=
=
=
=
?_
P_
2.5
24.0
5.3
11 000
420
N/mn?
N/n&
N/mm2
N/mm2
kg/m3
9omm
195 mm
Span
1 876 mm
Area
17 550 mm2
Section modulus
WY
90 x 1952
6
I,
90 x 1953
12
Breadth
Depth
2 x 45
90 x 195
Self-weight
9.81 p_A
lo9
9.81 x 420 x 17 550 =
lo9
bTRADA1994.F
0.072 kN/m
i
TRADA, Hughenden Valley, High Wywmbe. Bucks. HP14 4ND[ UK
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F5
Actions
Permanent actions
0.83 kN/m2 on play
0.25 kN/m2
0.31 kN/m2
0.35 kN/m2
0.35 kN/m2
0.25 kN/m2
1.50 kN/m*
Variable actions
Load durations are given in Table 3.1.6, and in TRADA3 Guidance Document GD2
Table 6.
Characteristic loads
Permanent duration
Roof and first floor ceiling
(0.83 + 0.25) x !$
4.320 kN/m
Wall panel
0.31 x 2.4
0.744 kN/m
(0.35 + 0.35) x qE
1A00 kN/m
0.072 kNlm
6.536 kN/m
First floor
Qk.1
0.25 x y
1.000 kN/m
ceiling
Medium-term duration
First floor
Qk.2
1.5oxqE
3.000 kN/m
Short-term duration
Roof
Qk.3
0.53 x y?!
2.120 kN/m
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Pamal safetyfactors for actions and materials are given in Tables 2.3.3.1 and 2.3.3.2 of
EC5, and in Table I of the NAD. They may also be obtained from T&1$6 and 8 of the
Introductionto the Design Examples.
I
Permanent actions
^/G =
1.35
Variable actions
TQ =
1.5
YM =
1.3
Table 2.3.3.1
Table 2.3.3.2
I
ULtiTE
DESIGN LOAD
In principle, the strength should be checked for each of the possible load cases, i.e.
permanent loads
permanent + long-tenn loads
permanent + long-term + medium-termlo&
permanent + long-teint + medium-term+ short-tenn loads
In practice, it is possible to ident@ one or two critical load cases.
The @ect of the design loadfor each load case (e.g. shear stress, bending stress, etc.) is
compared withthe corresponding design strength. The design strength is calculated as
x, - -&od%
Yu
Clause 2.2.3.2
Values of kw for solid timber in Service class 2 may be obtainedfrom EC5 Table 3.1.7,
or fromTable 9 in the Introductionto the Design Bamples. They are:
kMm
kw[ng
kmod.mutlw
kmDdshon
=
=
=
=
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
The value of kti that corresponds to the shortest load duration in eaah load case is
used.
Clause 3.1.7. (2)
Therefore the critical load case can be determined by dividing the total design load for
each load case by the corresponding value of k,,,,,+
aTRADA19!94.F
i Clause 2.3.2.2P(2)
COG%I- YQQU -I- CYQ,1Jb,iQk.i
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DOUBLEWALLLINTEL
Combination factors for the representative values of variable actions are given in Table 2
of the NAD and in Table 7 of the Introduction to the Design Examples.
0.5
0.5
0.7
F-,,,,
FUV
Fw
F&.+m
yJG,
1.35 x 6.536
Y&G,
y&G,
YGW
10.32 kN/m
14.07 kN/i
YQ(QU+ +o,,QqJ
+ YQ(QL-.Z
+
8.824
0.6
10.32
0.7
14.07
0.8
16.30
0.9
8.824 kN/I)I
YQQ~,
F
kZ
+0,1Qw
+ tio,3Qu)
=
16.30 kN/m
14.71 kN/m
14.74 kN/m
17.59 kN/m
18.11 kN/m
Fd
&)
and y&G,
3
4 0
1.5
Qw
+ 1.35 CQki
ycombe, Bucks.
AqA
1994.
F a)
F5
10.32 kN/m
13.32 kN/m
YJGk + 1.35CQk,i
14.22 kN/m
14.22 kN/m
13.32 kNlm
I=
17.09 kN/m
17.09 kN/m
F d,me&nm
Short-term load case
Fd =
6Gk
+ 1.5 Qk.2
as
TJGk
+ 1.35CQk,i
medium-term
or
Fd =
F dshm
F dnaliron
kmod.nrcd*m
8.824
0.6
14.71 kN/m
10.32
0.7
14.74 kN/m
14.22
0.8
17.09
0.9
17.78 kN/m
18.99 kN/m
It is evident that the simplifiedprocedure is no simpler in practice than the full design
procedure. Moreover, in this example it produces signi@antiy higher medium-tetmand
short-term design loads, as well as a different critical load case. In the rest of this
section, therefore, the resultsfrom the full design procedure will be used,
It is assumed that the floor joists will restrain the compression edge of the lintel against
lateral displacement. In these circumstances, k,inct= 1.O.
Clause 5.2.2(5)
Since the bearing factor, kf.91b.
increases the effective bearing strength, it is unnecessary
to use it unless the unfactored bearing strengthproves to be inadequate.
;bTRADA1994.F
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F5
The simplified procedure is a little simpler than the full design procedure, but it generally
produces rather higher design loads, as in this example. In the rest of this section the
results from the full design procedure will be used.
It is assumed that the floor joists will restrain the compression edge of the lintel against
lateral displacement. In these circumstances, k, = 1.0.
Clause 5.2.2(5)
Since the bearing factor, kw, increases the effective bearing strength, it is unnecessary
to use it unless the unfactored bearing strength proves to be inadequate.
SHORT-TERMLOAD
CASE
Shear force
Bending moment
Md
F,L
2
16.30 x 1 876
2
F,L*
_
8
16.30 x 1 8762
8
15 290 N
7 171 000 Nm
0.9
Shear strength
Design shear stress
Td
fV+,
1.5 v,
A
_kmd fv,k
YM
=
=
1.5 x 15 290
17 550
1.31 N/rnn#
0.9 x 2.5
1.3
1.73 N/mm2
Sh&u
st>h
satisfactory
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TRADA,
Hughenden
Valley,
High Wycombe,
p TRAqA
1994.
F(a)
F5
Bendingstrength
Design bending stress
%&Y
WY
Design bending
f&d
1;
000 =
400 i
24
57 NIP&
16.62 N/mm2
Yt.4
uw&y
<
B-ding
St--%@
fm.dy
satisfacto~
strength
u~,90,d
Bearing area
15 290 ,
2 x 38 x $9
2.26 N/mm
0.9 x 5.3
1.3
3.67 N/mm2
kmdfc,sQ,k
YM
Section
adequate in
bending, shear
and bearing
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE - Deflection
Deflections are calculated using the mean modulus of elasticity and Ae mean shear
modulus, except in the case of single solid timber members.
EC5 and NAD; Clause 4.1(3)
It is necessary to calculate separately the deflections due to permanent, long-term,
medium-tetm and short-term actions, as the kdc/factors for time-related deformation
(creep) d@er for each load duration.
Instantaneous (initial) deJzecti0n.s due to individual actions are calculated using the
unfactored characteristic values of the loads. The resulting deflections are combined
using the expression
CC,
Q,.,
+ &,iQ,.i
0.4
0.4
0.2
b TRADA
1994. F(cQ
TRADA,
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Deflection formulae
4nrr
uJi.
instantaneousdejlemon
utit (1 + k& = final deflection
u,
F SW
uo
u1
=
=
u2
Clause 4.1(4)
Values of kMfor solid timber in Service class 2 may be obtainedj?om EC5 Table 4. I or
from Table 10 in the Introductionto the Design Examples. They are:
kmem
kww
=
kd&mcdiUm =
kd&Sho~
=
0.80
0.50
0.25
0.00
Using Formula (1) from the Bending Formulae in the Introduction to the Design Examples, the
instantaneous deflection due to a u.d.1.
Fxrvdl 1 8762
11 Ooox 55610000
5 x 1 876* 19s
384
+- 5
1=
0.3074 FIcT,&mm
Calculation of dehctions
FW
Load
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NhUl
0.3021,:,
mm
Permanent
CG, = 6.536
2.01
0.8
Long-term
Qk.1 = l.ooo
0.31
0.5
0.47
Medium-term
Qke2 =
3.000
0.92
0.25
1.15
Short-term
Qk.3 = 2.120
0.65
0.00
0.65
OT
1994. F
F5
u2fin
uNtfin
Clause 4.3.1(2)
Clause 4.3. I (3)
Cibuse 4.3.1(3)
L/300
L/200
L/200
U2,imt
u2.1.inst
tJ*,22,2.imt
~*.32.3.imt
and
u2.2.imt
and
u2.3,imt
0.65
~*,*2.*,imt
1c/l,l2.*.inst
0.4
0.81mm
x 0.65
1.17 mm
1.14,mm
1.17;mm
6.25!mm
~1.32.3,imt
0.31
x 0.65
1C/1.22.2.imt
0.4
0.92
U2,imt
*2,imt,mpx
<
u2.imt
L/300
1876/300
required
as
U2,imt.max
Instantaneous
deflection
satisfactory
is the greatest of:
h,en
Ul,fin
U2.l.fln
3.62
0.47
0.4 x
and
qfin
u2.2.fl
~l.lU2,l.fin
3.62 +
and
u1,fln +
U2.3.fln
3.62
0.65
Therefore
!J4,2U2,2,flm
1.15 + 0.4
k.3U2.3.fi
1.15 + 0.2
+
0.4 x 0.47
4.68 mm
x 0.65 =
$09 mm
1.15 =
4.92 mm
9.09 mm
9.38 mm
k3U2.3.fl
x 0.47 + 0.2
thJU2.uin
x 0.65 =
!h.2U2,2.fi
+ 0.4
kt,fin
UIKt.fin,mu
Unct.fin <
L/200
1876/200
Final
U,t.fin.mpxa required
net
deflection
satisfactory
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