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two-phase flows
F. Petitpas
SMASH Team - MARSEILLE
Compressibles
Single phase
Single velocity
Incompressibles
Multi-phase
Multi-velocity
General models
Steam
Media A
Liquid
Media B
Detonation
ug
ul
Zone de
mlange =
interface
0.7
0.6
0.5
Liquide
pur
0.4
0.3
Gaz pur
liq <
liq > 1
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
x (m)
Multi-phase models
4-equation : Euler + mass equation
Thermal and mechanical equilibrium (T,p,u)
- Largely use for gas mixtures where thermal equilibrium condition is not so restrictive
- But unable to treat simple contact interface (interface condition of equal pressure and velocity are
violated)
5-equation : 4 equations + volume fraction equation (Kapila et al., 2001)
Mechanical equilibrium (p,u)
- Able to treat interfaces between non miscible fluids (liquid-gas)
- Able to treat mixture evolving in mechanical equilibrium
6-equation model
Velocity equilibrium (u)
7-equation (Baer & Nunziato, 1986)
Total disequilibrium
- Able to solve a large scale of problems
- Difficult to solve numerically
Capillary effects
Compaction effects
Low Mach computing
Etc.
k
+ .k = (Pk Pk' )
t
kk
+ .(kk u k ) = 0
t
k k u k
+ .( k ( k u k u k + Pk I)) = PI k + (u k ' u k )
t
k k E k
+ .( k ( k E k + Pk )u k ) = PI . k PI (Pk Pk ' ) + .(u k ' u k )
t
= u2
and PI = P1
Z1P2 + Z 2 P1
Z1u1 + Z 2 u 2
P
=
and I
=
Z1 + Z 2
Z1 + Z 2
11
It is difficult to solve and implies heavy costs regarding CPU and memory.
It contains extra unuseful physics to treat interface problems (two velocities and
two pressures)
Extra physical effects are difficult to introduce (as for example phase transition,
capillary effects, etc.)
, = 1
f = f o + f 1
12
4 conservative equations
= 12
2
2
21c1 + 12c2 x
dt
11 11u
+
=0
x
t
22 22u
+
=0
x
t
u (u + p)
=0
t + x
E + (E + p)u = 0
t
x
Equilibre mcanique
u1 = u 2 = u
p1 = p 2 = p
Variables de mlange :
= 11 + 22
E = 11E1 + 22 E 2
11p ,1 2 2 p , 2
e
+
1 1
2 1
p = p(, e, k ) =
1
+ 2
1 1 2 1
13
u
+u 1 =K
x
t
x
d1
2 c 22 1c12 u
= 1 2
2
2
dt
c
c
1 2 2 x
2 1 1
11 11u
+
=0
x
t
2 2 2 2 u
+
=0
t
x
u (u + p )
=0
t +
x
E + (E + p )u = 0
t
x
u
< 0 1 increases
x
Exemple K < 0
Liquide : phase 1
Bulles gaz : phase 2
u
> 0 1 decreases
x
14
Zone de mlange =
interface
0.7
0.6
0.5
Liquide pur
0.4
Gaz pur
0.3
liq <
liq > 1
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
x (m)
15
u cw , u, u + cw
d1
(
)
Kdiv
u
=
dt
11 + div ( u ) = 0
1 1
t
2 2
+ div ( 2 2 u ) = 0
t
u
(
div
u
+
u ) + p = 0
t
E + div [( E + p )u ] = 0
t
1000
1
1
2
=
+
2
2
1c1 2 c 22
c w
100
10
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
16
17
Euler equations:
+ div(u ) = 0
t
Mass balance
Momentum balance
1D simplification:
u
+ div(u u ) + grad(P) = 0
t
E
+ div((E + P )u ) = 0
t
u
+
=0
t x
u u + P
+
=0
t
x
E u (E + P)
+
=0
t
x
U F
+ =0
t x
U = (, u, E)T
F = (u, u + P, u(E + P))T
18
Computational mesh
i-1
i
i-1/2
i+1
i+2
i+1/2
The cell i is bounded by inlet and outlet sections i-1/2 and i+1/2.
The fluxes cross over these cell boundaries.
The unknowns are computed at the cell center and are piecewise constant functions in
the cell.
f
Example at a
given time
x
How to obtain average cells variables form on time step to an
other one
19
Numerical approximation
i-1
i
i-1/2
i+1
i+2
i+1/2
+
div
F
( )dVdt = 0
t V
n +1
i
t *
Fi+1/2 Fi*1/2
=U
x
n
i
CFL condition
20
At t=0
fR
x0
The initial data are know at a given time and are constant on the right
and left side.
A discontinuity connects the two state.
Question: How does the solution evolves at t>0 ?
21
x
u
>0
i1/2
u
<0
i1/2
x/t = ui-1/2
f
if x / t < u
i 1
i 1/ 2
f
i
if x / t > u
i 1/ 2
x
fi-1
fi
22
E u (E + P)
+
=0
t
x
W
W
+ A(W)
=0
t
x
analogue of
f
f
+u =0
t
x
W = (, u, P)T
u
A(W) = 0 u
0
1
+ = u + c , = u c , 0 = u
23
WL*
WL
u+c
WR*
WR
x
Solving the Riemann problem consist in determining the perturbed states WL*
and WR* after waves propagation from the known states WL and WR.
24
u
p*R = p*L
u*R = u*L
u+c
pR R cR u R = p*R R cR u*R
pR cR R = p*R cR *R
x
pL pR + ZRuR + ZLuL
u =
ZR + ZL
*
*R
p pR
= R +
cR
*L
p pL
= L +
cL
26
P=1 bar
u=0 m/s
u=0 m/s
=10 kg /m3
=1 kg /m3
4500
10
4000
3500
3000
2500
densite
vitesse
2000
1500
1000
500
1
0
27
28
The Riemann problem solution is a local solution of the Euler equations between
two discontinuous initial states.
It is the cornerstone of all numerical schemes used in gas dynamics, shallow water
and modern multiphase codes
Recommended literature:
E.F. Toro (1997) Riemann solvers and numerical methods for fluid dynamics.
Springer Verlag
29
4 conservative equations
= 12
2
2
21c1 + 12c2 x
dt
11 11u
+
=0
x
t
22 22u
+
=0
x
t
u (u + p)
=0
t + x
E + (E + p)u = 0
t
x
Equilibre mcanique
u1 = u 2 = u
p1 = p 2 = p
Variables de mlange :
= 11 + 22
E = 11E1 + 22 E 2
11p ,1 2 2 p , 2
e
+
1 1
2 1
p = p(, e, k ) =
1
+ 2
1 1 2 1
30
1
(2c22 1c12 )
+ u.1 = 2
.u
2
1c1 2c2
t
+
1 2
Difficulty to guarantee that
0 < 1 < 1
2) The volume fraction varies across acoustic waves: Riemann solver difficult
to construct.
31
6+1-equation model
+ u 1 = ( p1 p 2 )
t
x
= 11 + 2 2
E = 11 E 1 + 2 2 E 2
11 11u
+
=0
t
x
2 2 2 2 u
+
=0
t
x
u u 2 + (1p1 + 2 p 2 )
+
=0
t
x
1 1 e1 1 1 e1 u
u
+
+ 1 p1
= p I (p1 p 2 )
t
t
x
2 2 e 2 2 2 e 2 u
u
+
+ 2p 2
= p I (p1 p 2 )
t
t
x
6 equations + 1 redundant
equation (coming from the
summation of energies):
( Y1 e1 + Y2 e 2 +
t
c f2 = Y1 c12 + Y2 c 22
The volume fraction is constant through
right- and left-facing waves when relaxation
effects are absent ( = 0).
1 2
1 2
u ) u (Y1 e1 + Y2 e 2 + u ) + (1p1 + 2 p 2 )
2
=0
2
+
x
32
3-step methods
a)
b)
c)
33
+u 1 =0
t
x
11 11u
+
=0
t
x
2 2 2 2 u
+
=0
t
x
u u 2 + (1p1 + 2 p 2 )
+
=0
t
x
1 1 e1 1 1 e1 u
u
+
+ 1 p1
=0
t
t
x
22 e 2 22 e 2 u
u
+
+ 2p2
=0
t
t
x
An advection equation
1
+u 1 =0
t
x
A conservative part
U F
+
=0
t x
with
U = (( )1 , ( )2 , u , E )T
F = (( )1 u , ( )1 u , u + p, ( E + p )u )T
+u 1 =0
t
x
1ni +1 = 1ni
t
( u1 )*i +1/ 2 ( u1 )*i 1/ 2 1ni ( u *i +1/ 2 u *i 1/ 2 )
x
with
Uni+1 = Uni
t * n n
(F (Ui , Ui+1 ) F* (Uni1, Uni ))
x
U = (( )1 , ( )2 , u , E )T
F = (( )1 u , ( )1 u , u + p, ( E + p )u )T
(e)kin+1 = (e)kin
t
(eu)k*i+1/ 2 (eu)k*i1/ 2 + (p)kin u*i+1/ 2 u*i1/ 2
x
))
35
Riemann solver
W
W
=0
+ A(W)
t
x
+u 1 =0
t
x
11 11u
+
=0
t
x
2 2 2 2 u
+
=0
t
x
u u 2 + (1p1 + 2 p 2 )
+
=0
t
x
1 1 e1 1 1 e1 u
u
+
+ 1 p1
=0
t
t
x
22 e 2 22 e 2 u
u
+
+ 2p2
=0
t
t
x
3 waves speeds
0
0
A(W) = p1 p2
0 0
u 0
0 u
0
0
0 0
0
0
1
u
0
0 0 1c12
0 0 2c22
0
0
2
+ = u + cf , = u cf , 0 = u
with
cf = Y1c12 + Y2c22
2
36
u* =
pL pR + ZR u R + ZL u L
ZR + ZL
*kL = kL
= kR
*
kR
*
kR
= sk R
with
p = 1 p1 + 2p2
= 11 + 22
Z = c
cf2 = Y1c12 + Y2c22
sk L = s k L
*
37
+u 1 =
t
x
(p1 p 2 )
11e1
= p I ( p1 p 2 )
t
2 2 e 2
= p I ( p1 p 2 )
t
11
=0
t
11 11u
+
=0
t
x
2 2 2 2 u
+
=0
t
x
u u 2 + (1p1 + 2 p 2 )
+
=0
t
x
2 2
=0
t
1 1 e1 1 1 e1 u
u
+
+ 1 p1
=
t
t
x
p I(p1 p 2 )
2 2e 2 22 e 2 u
u
+
+ 2p2
=
t
t
x
p I(p1 p 2 )
u
=0
t
E
=0
t
Relaxation system
38
de1
dv
+ pI 1 = 0
dt
dt
11e1
= p I ( p1 p 2 )
t
e k e 0k + p Ik v k v 0k = 0
de2
dv
+ pI 2 = 0
dt
dt
2 2 e 2
= p I ( p1 p 2 )
t
time integration
1
dv
pIk =
p k dt = 0
0 I
vk vk 0 dt
Y1e1 Y1e10 + Y2e2 Y2e02 + pI1 Y1v1 Y1v10 + pI2 Y2v2 Y2v02 = 0
p I1 = p I 2 = p I
p I = p
) (
) (
v1 = v1 (p )
v 2 = v 2 (p )
Closure relation:
1 + 2 = 1 ( )1 v1 (p ) + ( )2 v 2 (p ) = 1
Then, we determine:
f (p ) = ( )1 v1 (p ) + ( )2 v 2 (p ) 1
0
p v k (p ) k = ( )k v k
40
p k
+ 2
1 1 2 1
Phasic EOS permits to reset internal energies:
e k = e k (p new , k k , k )
41
1D example:
Water-Air shock tube
Peau = 1 bar
eau = 1 kg/m3
AIR
EAU
Vitesse (m/s)
Pression (Bar)
10000
500
9000
450
8000
400
7000
350
6000
300
5000
250
4000
200
3000
150
2000
100
1000
50
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.4
x (m)
0.6
0.8
x (m)
1000
900
0.9
800
0.8
700
0.7
600
0.6
500
0.5
400
0.4
300
0.3
200
0.2
100
0.1
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
x (m)
Solution exacte
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
x (m)
Solution numrique
42
t = 137s
t = 274s
t = 291s
t = 344s
t = 350s
t = 554s
t = 577s
43
44
45
p
P0
sl=cte
s=cte
Liquid
Vapor
Vapor
Liquid
s=cte
sv=cte
c2 = v 2
p
<0
v s=cte
11
+ div (11u ) = m
1 = Y 1
t
2 2
+ div ( 2 2 u ) = m
1 = Y 1
t
dY
d
Avec Y 1 = 1 = 1 1
dt dt
d1
m
1
= Kdiv (u ) + AQ1 +
dt
I
47
Mechanical relaxation
Mass transfer
Lois dtat :
e1(1, p) =
p + 1p,1
(1 1)1
e2(2 , p) =
and for
Heat transfer
e = 11e1 + 22e2
+ e0,1
p
+e
(2 1)2 0,2
p
p
e 1 1 1 + 2 2 2
2 1
1 1
p(, e, 1, 2 ) =
1
+ 2
1 1 2 1
Kinetic parameters : , H =
48
Thermodynamic closure
Assumption : Each fluid is governed by the stiffened gas EOS:
p(, e) =( 1) ( e q ) p
Repulsive effects (gas,
liquids and solids)
Attractive effects
(liquids and solids)
h ( T) = CV T + q
T
s ( p, T) = CV ln
+ q'
1
( p + p )
T
g ( p, T) =( CV q' )T CV T ln
+q
1
( p + p )
, P , CV , q, q'
49
Lv (kJ/kg)
30
2500
25
2000
20
1500
15
1000
10
500
5
0
300
350
400
T (K)
450
500
300
350
hl (kJ/kg)
400
T (K)
450
500
450
500
hg (kJ/kg)
1200
2800
2700
1000
2600
800
2500
600
2400
2300
400
2200
200
0
2100
300
350
400
T (K)
450
500
2000
300
350
400
T (K)
50
Dodcane liquide
Dodcane vapeur
Pvapeur = 1 bar
vapeur = 2 kg/m3
Pression (bar)
Vitesse (m/s)
1000
350
300
Rarefactions
Phase transfition
front
250
100
200
150
10
100
Choc
50
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
x (m)
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.7
0.8
0.9
x (m)
1000
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
100
0.6
0.5
0.4
10
Phase transition
front
0.3
Contact discontinuity
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
x (m)
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
x (m)
51
52
53
54
Detonation problems
PMMA
Iron
Explosive
Lif
Explosive+ Al Particles
High velocity
impact for ignition
(1500 m/s)
- 7 fluids
- EOS SG, JWL, IG
- Density ratio : 9000
55
g1 = g2
Relaxation
T1 = T2
qcond = T
q
56
Bubble growth
No gravity
Under gravity
57
58