Professional Documents
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Turbomachines
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Pump
3.2.1 Centrifugal pump
3.2.2 Theoretical consideration
3.3 Turbine
3.3.1 Reaction turbine
3.3.2 Impulse turbine
3.1 Introduction
Turbomachines are mechanical devices that either add energy to a fluid (pump) or extract
energy from a fluid (turbine).
3.2 Pump
Types of pump can be classified according to their principle of works. Positive Displacement
Pumps has an expanding volume on the suction side and a decreasing volume on the
discharge side. Liquid flows into the pumps as the volume on the suction side expands and
the liquid flows out of the discharge as the volume collapses. This machine is often used
where relatively small quantity of liquid is to be handled and where delivery pressure is quite
large.
Rotary (gear pumps, lobe pumps, vane pumps, progressive cavity pumps, peripheral
pumps, screw pumps)
Another type of pump is a rotodynamic pump. This machine is a kinetic machine in which
energy is continuously imparted to the pumped fluid by means of a rotating impeller,
propeller, or rotor. Centrifugal pump is one of the rotodynamic pumps.
Fluid from the suction pipe enters axially through the eye of the casing and flows radially
outwards to the edge of the impeller blades (vanes). Here the energy is added to the fluid by
the rotating impeller and discharged with increase pressure and velocity into the casing. The
snail-shaped of casing decelerates the flow to further increase the pressure.
A higher efficiency of centrifugal pump can be obtained by fitting a stationary diffuser (guide
vane outside the impeller as shown in Figure 3.2. These vanes help to guide and decelerate
the flow into the pump casing.
Next, we will see the mechanism of a centrifugal pump in adding energy to flowing fluid.
Consider a diffuser pump as shown in Figure 3.3.
Based on the Figure 3.3, points 1 and 2 are located at the inlet and exit of impeller. Points 3
and 4 are located at the exit of the pump diffuser and exit of pump respectively. At the same
time, point 2 is located at the inlet of diffuser.
Take Bernoulli equation between points 2 and 3 across the diffuser gives
p3 v32
v22
z2
z 3 hL 23
2g
2g
p2
(3.1)
p3 p 2
v22 v32
v22 v32
1 hL 23
hL 23
2g 2g
2 g v22
(3.2)
Here we can observe that if the diffuser is not installed, then v2 v3 and no increment in
pressure. However, with the diffuser, a part of velocity head has been replaced or converted
to pressure head. However many things must be taken into account so that the head losses
due to the diffuser assembly
L 23
, is small.
Next consider the Bernoulli equation between points 0 which located on the surface of fluid
in a reservoir (fluid source) and point 4, located on the surface of fluid in a tank. The equation
can be written as follow
p0
v02
p
v2
z 0 h p 4 4 z 4 hL 04 hLp
2g
2g
(3.3)
L 04
Lp
Then
h p z 4 z0 hL04 hLp
(3.4)
or
h p hs hh z hL04 hLp
(3.5)
Usually z is so small compared to hs and hh and can be neglected. Therefore, the final
expression for the energy added by pump can be written as
(3.6)
Here, H st hs hh is known as the Static head, or the level difference between the two
fluid surfaces to be transferred.
From Eq. (3.6), we can see that the energy produced by the pump must be able to transfer
fluid from points 0 to 4 and at the same time to overcome friction loss in pipe and loss in
pump itself. Since the unit for h p is in meter, therefore, this energy is known as Euler head
or H E .
H E H st hL04 hLp
(3.7)
Ppump QH E
where Q is the volume flow rate of fluid.
If the loss in pump is not considered, Eq. (3.6) becomes
(3.8)
hp H st hL04
(3.9)
Equation (3.9) can be physically described as the energy added by pump to the fluid and
frequently known as Manometric head, H M or
H M H st hL 04
(3.10)
Equation (3.10) also can be interpreted as the energy required by the fluid to move to level
H st and overcome the energy loss due to friction in pipe. Therefore, the power added to the
fluid is written as
Pfluid QHM
(3.11)
H E H M hLp
(3.12)
Next, consider Figure 3.5 which shown pressure gauges are fitted at the inlet and exit of a
centrifugal pump.
v02
p1 v12
z
z hL 01
2g 0 2g 1
p0
(3.13)
p1
z0 z1
v12
v2
hL 01 hs 1 hL 01
2g
2g
(3.14)
We can see that p1 becomes negative (gauge pressure) to suck fluid into the pump. Next, take
Bernoulli equation from points 2 and 4 gives
p2
v22
p
v2
z2 4 4 z4 hL 24
2g
2g
(3.15)
v22
v22
z4 z2
hL 24 hh
hL 24
2g
2g
p2
(3.16)
p2 p1
v22
v12
hh
hL 24 hs
hL 01
2g
2g
v22 v12
hh hs hL 24 hL 01
2g 2g
(3.17)
If we consider the same diameter of suction and delivery pipe, then v2 v1 and we obtain
p2 p1
hh hs hL 04
(3.18)
H st hL 04 H M
(3.19)
or
p2 p1
Here we can see that the pressure difference at the inlet and exit also gives the manometer
head of the pump.
From Eqs. (3.19) and (3.11), we can see that the power given to the fluid can also be written
as follow
Pfluid p2 p1 Q pQ
(3.20)
As shown in Figure 3.6a, the impeller rotates with angular velocity . The fluid is assumed
to enter the impeller at r1 , with relative velocity W1 tangent to the blade angle 1 . Here the
(3.21)
or
(3.22)
Pshaft Tshaft
(3.23)
(3.24)
Pshaft QU 2V 2 U1V 1
(3.25)
The shaft power per unit weight of flowing fluid is then expressed as
hi
QU 2V 2 U1V 1 U 2V 2 U1V 1
m
Qg
g
(3.26)
Eq. (3.26) is known as the shaft work head produced by the impeller and hi is known the ideal
head or Euler Head, H E .
HE
U 2V 2 U1V 1
m
g
(3.27)
Additional insight can be obtained by rewriting Eq. (3.27) in different form. To see this, from
Figure 3.6 we get
(3.28)
and
(3.29)
(3.30)
Substitute Eqs. (3.30) and (3.29) into Eq. (3.28), then we get
HE
2g
2g
2g
(3.31)
The first term on the right hand side represents the increase in the kinetic energy of the fluid.
The second term represents the pressure head rise that develops across the impeller due to the
centrifugal effect and the last term represents the diffusion of relative flow in the blade
passages.
In many cases, the tangential component of absolute velocity at inlet V 1 (swirl velocity) can
be considered zero or 1 900 . In this case, Eq. (3.27) becomes
HE
U 2V 2
g
(3.32)
ii)
cot 2
U 2 V 2
Vr 2
(3.33)
Vr 2
Q
Q
A2 kD2b
(3.34)
where k is the area occupied by the impeller blade at the total exit area. b and D are the width
and the diameter of the impeller respectively, as shown in Figure 3.7.
HE
U 22 U 2 cot 2
Q
g
g kD2b
(3.35)
Eq. (3.35) clearly indicates that the head varies linearly with discharge Q as shown in Figure
3.8. The slope of the graphs depend on the types of the impeller blade where 2 900 is
known as the radial blade, 2 900 is forward-curved blade and 2 900 is backward-curved
blade (See Figure 3.9). However, pumps with forward-curved blades often cause pump surge
and suffer unstable flow condition.
P
Power gained by the fluid (power output)
O
shaft power driving the pump (power input) PI
(3.36)
The overall efficiency arises from three sources, the mechanical efficiency mech , manometric
efficiency mano , and the hydraulic efficiency hyd , so that
O mechmanohyd
(3.37)
mano
hyd
gQH E
PI
gQH E
gQH M
PO
gQH m
(3.38)
(3.39)
(3.40)
Question
1) Sketch velocity triangles at outlet for three types of impeller blades. Explain special
characteristics of each type of impeller.
Solution
Forward Impeller
> 900, U2 < V2
Radial Impeller
= 900, U2 = V2
Backward Impeller
< 900, U2 > V2
2) Show that the theoretical pressure head rise through the impeller of a centrifugal pump is
given by
1 2
2
2
Vr1 U 2 Vr 2 cosec 2 2
2g
where
Vr1
Vr 2
U2
A centrifugal pump is discharging water at the rate of 8.25 liter/s at 1200 rpm. The inlet and
outlet diameters of the impeller are 12 cm and 24 cm respectively. The width of the impeller
at inlet and outlet are 16 mm and 8 mm respectively. The vanes are curved back 25 at the
tangent at outlet. Calculate the increase in pressure, as the water passes through the impeller.
Solution
Applying Bernoulli equation between inlet and outlet at the impeller
2
P1 V1
P V
hp 2 2
g 2 g
g 2 g
P1 V1
P V
UV
2 2 2 2
g 2 g g 2 g
g
Then the pressure head rise is
P2 P1 V1 V2 U 2V 2
h
g
2g
g
2
Vr1 Vr 2 V 2 2U 2V 2
2
2g
It is known that
V 2 U 2 Vr 2 cot 2 then
V Vr 2 U 2 Vr 2 cot 2 2U 2 U 2 Vr 2 cot 2
h r1
2g
2
Vr1 U 22 Vr 2 1 cot 2 2
2g
2
Vr1 U 22 Vr 2 cosec 2 2
(Proved)
2g
2
2 250
The rise in pressure is calculated as
P2 P1 gh then
Q
8.25 103
Vr1
1.37 m/s
D1b1 0.12 0.016
Vr 2
Q
8.25 103
1.37 m/s
D2b2 0.24 0.008
U 2 r2
2N
2 1200 0.24
r2
15.08 m/s
60
60
2
Therefore
h
2 9.81
Finally
P2 P1 gh (Ans)
3) A centrifugal pump supplies water at the rate of 400 liter/s and the pressure difference
across pump is 200 kN/m2. Diameter and width of the impeller at outlet are 40 cm and 10
cm respectively. Blade thickness occupied 10 percent of the circumference. Impeller inlet
diameter is half of the outlet diameter. If the blades are radial, find:
(i) The pump power input if overall efficiency is 80 percent
(ii) The impeller speed in rpm, and
(iii) Inlet blade angle if flow velocity is constant
Assume losses in casing and impeller are negligible, zero whirl at inlet and diameter of
suction and delivery pipes are equal.
Solution
Given Q 400 liter/s, p 200 kN/m2, D2 = 0.4m, b2 = 0.1m, k = 90%, D1 = D2/2, 2 900
Overall efficiency is defined as 0
Poutput
Pinput
0.8
Poutput
0.8
80
100 kW (Ans)
0.8
U 2V 2
g
and for a radial impeller (shown in Figure Q2), we can see that U 2 V 2 therefore
HE
U 22
and
g
U 2 H E g 14.14 m/s
However U 2 r2
2N
r2 then
60
60 14.14
675 rpm (Ans)
2 0.2
U1
2N
2 675
r1
0.1 7.07 m/s
60
60
Q
0.4
3.54 m/s
2r2b2 k 2 0.2 0.1 0.9
V1 3.54
0.5
U1 7.07
4) A centrifugal pump was used to displaced water at 0.33m3/s. The specifications of the
pump are shown below. It runs at 2000rpm and the pressure difference between the
delivery pipe and suction pipe is 100kPa. The flow velocity is constant. The blade angle
at outlet is 24 degree backward blades. Assumed that there is no whirl flow at inlet and
neglect all the losses in pipe.
Inlet
Outlet
Diameter (mm)
100
200
160
80
Determine:
a) The absolute velocity angle at outlet
b) The manometric efficiency
Solution
Given Q 0.33 m3/s, N = 2000rpm, p 100 kPa, 2 240
Constant flow velocity Vr1 Vr 2
From Figure 3.6, we can see that
tan 2
Vr 2
V 2
Q
0.33
6.56 m/s
2r2b2 k 2 0.1 0.08 1
U 2 r2
2N
2 2000
r2
0.1 20.95 m/s
60
60
Vr 2
and therefore
U 2 V 2
V 2 U 2
Vr 2
6.56
20.95
6.21 m/s
tan 2
tan 240
Subsequently tan 2
Vr 2 6.56
1.056
V 2 6.21
p 100kPa
10.19 m
g
g
HE
U 2V 2 20.95 6.21
13.26 m
g
g
man
H M 10.19
5) A centrifugal pump supplies water at the rate of 750liter/s against manometric head of
15m of water. Pump running at 800rpm. Losses in impeller and casing of the pump is
given by 0.03 V22 where V2 is absolute water velocity at impeller out. Manometric
efficiency of the pump is 85%. If the flow velocity is constant at 3m/s and assumed zero
whirl at inlet, determine
a) Blade angle at outlet
b) Impeller diameter at outlet
c) Impeller width at outlet if blade thickness is negligible
d) The pump input power if overall efficiency is 75%.
Solution
Given Q 750 liter/s, H M 15 m, N = 800rpm,
Lp
Man
HM
HM
15
85% Then
HE
H M hLp 15 0.03V22
V2 9.39 m/s
2
2
2
However, V2 Vr 2 V 2 then
HE
U 2V 2
17.65 m
g
gH
E 17.65 g 19.45
Therefore U 2
m/s
V
8.90
Vr 2
3
0.284
U 2 V 2 19.45 8.90
As a result
2 15.850 (Ans)
U 2 r2 D2 2 19.45 m/s
Here, 2N 60 2 800 60 D2 2 83.79 rad/s
Then D2 2U 2 0.464 m (Ans)
Vr 2
Q
Q
3 m/s
A2 2r2b2 k
Therefore
b2
Q
0.750
0.171 m (Ans)
2r2Vr 2 k 2 0.232 3 1
Poutput
Pinput
gQH M
Pinput
75%
Then
Pinput
gQH M
0.75
g 0.75 15
0.75
147.15 kW (Ans)
6) A centrifugal pump supplies water at the rate of 150 liter/s and running 1500rpm.
Diameter and width of the impeller at inlet are 200 cm and 15 cm, while at outlet 400cm
and 8mm respectively. The blades are backward-curved type with angle 380. Neglecting
all the losses and determine pressure difference across the impeller.
Solution
Given Q 15 liter/s, N = 1500rpm, D1 = 0.2m, b1 = 0.15m, D2 = 0.4m, b2 = 0.08m
380
Pressure difference across the impeller:
Pressure difference across the impeller is defined as
p gH M
Since there are no losses across the pump H M H E
The circumferential velocity at outlet is calculated as
U 2V 2
g
U 2 r2
2N
2 1500
r2
0.2 31.42 m/s
60
60
Q
Q
0.15
1.49 m/s
A2 2r2b2 k 2 0.2 0.08
Vr 2
1.49
or tan 38
31.42 V 2
U 2 V 2
Therefore
V 2 31.42
1.49
29.51 m/s
tan 38
U 2V 2 31.42 29.51
94.52 m
g
9.81
7) A centrifugal pump supplies 13600 liters of water per minute. The pump produces
manometric head of 22.5m when rotates at 1500rpm. Determine
a) Diameter of impeller at outlet
b) Blade angle at outlet
Assume manometric efficiency is 75% and head loss in pump due to friction is V2/30,
with V is the absolute velocity exit of water exit the impeller. The area of outlet is
0.112D2 with D is the outlet diameter and the water enters without whirl.
Solution
Given Q 13600 liter/m, N = 1500rpm, H M 22.5 m , Man 75% ,
Lp
V22 30
A2 0.112D 2
Diameter of impeller at outlet:
Flow velocity at outlet is calculated as
Vr 2
Q
0.227
2.026
m/s ..(i)
2
A2 0.112 D2
D22
Man
HM
0.75 , Then H E 30 H M hLp H M V22 30 therefore, absolute
HE
velocity at outlet is V2 15
Euler head is also defined as H E
V 2
U 2V 2 D2 2V 2
and therefore
g
g
gH E
3.747
(ii)
D2 2
D2
0.227 3.747
152
2
0.112 D2 D2
Vr 2
U 2 V 2
Vr 2
Vr 2
tan 1
Then 2 tan 1
U
V
U
V
2 2
2 2
Here Vr 2
U2
V 2
Q
0.227
10.96 m/s
A2 0.112 D 2
D2
32.36 m/s
2
3.747
9.09 m/s, then
D2
2 25.220 (Ans)
8) A centrifugal pump with outlet diameter 400mm width of outlet impeller 15mm is
required to produce manometric head of H M 60 500Q 2 where Q is the volume
flowrate. The diameter at the inlet is 200mm works at 1450rpm with backward curved
impeller of 450. The impeller blades occupy 10% of the curcimference. The manometric
and overall efficiency of the pump are 85% and 75% respectively. Determine
a) Volume flowrate, Q
b) Power input
c) Blade angle at inlet.
Solution
Given D1 = 200mm, D2 = 400mm, b2 = 15mm, N = 1450rpm, H M 60 500Q 2 m ,
U 2V 2
where
g
U 2 r2
2N
r2 30.37 m/s.
60
Q
Q
Q
58.94Q
A2 2r2b2 k 2 0.2 0.015 0.9
Vr 2
or V 2 U 2 Vr 2 cot 2 30.37 58.94Q cot 45 30.37 58.94Q m/s
U 2 V 2
Man
H M 60 50Q 2
0.85 ..(i)
U 2V 2
HE
g
g 60 50Q 2
0.85
30.37 30.37 58.94Q
The volume flowrate is calculated as
Poutput
Pinput
82.34kW
0.75 then
Pinput
U1 r1
tan 1
2N
r1 15.19 m/s, and
60
V1
therefore
U1
V1
58.94 0.124
1 58.94 0.124
1
tan 1
tan
tan 0.481
15.19
15.19
U1
1 tan 1
25.690 (Ans)
3.3 Turbine
Turbines are devices that transform hydraulic energy into mechanical energy in terms of
rotation, and then transform again into electric energy through electric generator that
connected directly to the turbine shaft.
Usually turbines consist of a wheel or runner that connected to a shaft. This runner consists of
a number of blades or bucket that attached to this wheel.
Turbine can be classified into two basic types impulse turbine and reaction turbine. Both
of these turbines are used to generate electricity.
ii)
Volute (Scroll case) Completely surrounds the runner. The volute is designed so
that the cross-sectional area decreases along the fluid path to keep the fluid
velocity constant.
iii)
Guide vane (wicket gates) mounted around the periphery of the runner to direct
the fluid on to the runner at the appropriate angle.
iv)
Runner The main component of turbine. The runner gets energy from flowing
water and connected to shaft to generate electric.
v)
Draft tube To guide the waste fluid into the tailrace. The draft tube is designed
in reducing velocity so that the kinetic energy lost at inlet can be minimized. The
end of draft tube must be submerged below the water level in tailrace to ensure
that the hydraulic turbine is filled with fluid
vi)
The basic theory of a Francis turbine can be developed by considering the rate of change of
angular momentum of fluid as it passes between the inlet and outlet sections of the runner.
Figure 3.11 depicts the flow conditions that occur for the entire runner.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Figure 3.11b Velocity triangles for three different types of runner angle
The developed torque on the runner is due to the changes in magnitude and velocity of the
passes can be derived as following
r1V 1 m
r2V 2 m
r1V 1 r2V 2
Trunner m
(3.36)
or
(3.37)
Prunner Trunner
(3.38)
(3.39)
Prunner QU1V 1 U 2V 2
(3.40)
The turbine power per unit weight of flowing fluid is then expressed as
ht
QU1V 1 U 2V 2 U1V 1 U 2V 2
m
Qg
g
(3.41)
Eq. (3.41) is known as the turbine head added by flowing fluid across the runner ht is known
the turbine head or Turbine Euler Head, H T . Practically V 2 is suppressed to zero to get
high turbine head
HT
U 1V 1
m
g
(3.42)
Comparing Eq. (3.42) with Eq. (3.40) gives another expression for turbine power as follow
Prunner gQHT
(3.43)
The efficiency of Francis turbine can be determined by comparing the input-output power. If
(3.44)
V12 2 g
lt
(3.45)
H T H Eff V12 2 g
(3.46)
(3.47)
hyd
Prunner
PEff
(3.48)
Assume the power gained by shaft is Pshaft , then the mechanical efficiency is defined as
mech
Pshaft
Prunner
(3.49)
Pshaft
PEff
(3.50)
Question
1. Show that the degree of reaction (R) of reaction turbine is
V1 V2
2WD
2
R 1
where V1
V2
WD
Solution
Take Bernouli equation across turbine runner
2
P1 V1
P V
Z1 2 2 Z 2 H T
g 2 g
g 2 g
Or
V1 2 V2 2
P1 P2
H T
g
2g
And therefore
V 2 V2 2
V1 2 V2 2
P1 P2
H T 1
2g
2
g
g
or R
R
HT
HT
HT
Theoretically, the total energy transferred to the turbine is defined as
HT
U 1V 1
g
Therefore
V V2
R 1 1
2U 1V 1
2
Since U 1V 1 is the work done by runner per unit mass WD, finally
V1 V2
2WD
2
R 1
(Ans)
2. A Francis turbine is operated under the head of 45 m and the water flowrate is 320
liter/s. Flow area of the runner at the inlet is 0.123m2 and the flow velocity is assumed
constant through out the turbine runner. The hydraulic efficiency of the turbine is
0.90. The velocity of the runner at inlet is 22 m/s. Determine
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Solution
Given H Eff 45 m, Q 320 liter/s, A1 0.123 m2, hyd 0.9 , U1 22 m/s, Vr1 Vr 2
Angle of the guide vane:
tan 1
Vr1
V 1
Vr1
0.32 m3/s and therefore
A1
hyd
Prunner
gQht
H
T 0.9
PEff
gQH Eff
45
Then H T 45 0.9
U 1V 1
g
Therefore V 1
40.5 g
18.06 m/s
22
Finally tan 1
2.60
0.144 then
18.06
1 8.19 (Ans)
1 tan 1
Vr1
and therefore
U 1 V 1
2.60
33.42
22 18.06
Prunner gQH T
1000 g 0.32 40.5
127.14 kW (Ans)
Pshaft
PEff
If mechanical loss is 12kW, therefore, the amount of power received by the shaft is
127.14kW 12kW = 115.14kW
Then
115140
0.82 or 82% (Ans)
gQHEff
3. An inward flow reaction turbine, working under a head of 8 m, has guide vane angle
25o and runner blade angle at inlet 85o. Assuming the velocity of flow to be constant
and radial discharge, determine hydraulic efficiency of the turbine.
Solution
Given H Eff 8 m, 250 , 1 850 , Vr1 Vr 2 , V2 Vr 2
Hydraulic efficiency:
From Figure 3.11b, the inlet velocity components can be calculated as
Vr1
V
0.423V1
or U1 V 1 r1 0.906V1
0.869V1 m/s
tan 1
tan 1
V 1 U1
U 1V 1 0.869V1 0.906V1
0.0803V12 m
g
g
(i)
H T H Eff
V1
2 g therefore (ii)
V12
or
2g
V1 7.81 m/s
This yields
hyd
Prunner
gQht
UV
1 1
PEff
gQH Eff
g 8
4. A Francis turbine is operated under the head of 45 m. The diameter of runner at inlet
at outlet is 90cm and 40cm respectively. The width of the runner is 12cm and the
blade angle at outlet is 15 degree. If the flow velocity is constant at 3.5m3/s and
hydraulic efficiency of the turbine is 90%, determine
a) Turbine speed
b) Volume flowrate
c) Guide vane angle
d) Runner angle at inlet and
e) Power output
Solution
Given H Eff 45 m, D1 = 90cm, D2 = 60cm, b2 =12cm, 2 150 , Vr1 Vr 2 3.5 m/s,
hyd 0.9
Turbine Speed:
Refer to Figure 3.11, the blade angle at outlet
tan 2
Vr1
then U 2 13.06 m/s
U2
However, U 2 r2
2N
r2 then
60
Volume flowrate:
The volume flowrate is calculated as
Q A2Vr 2 2r2b2U 2
0.792 m3/s (Ans)
2N
r1 19.61 m/s
60
hyd
ht
UV
1 1 0.9 then
H Eff gH Eff
V 1 20.26 m/s
The guide vane angle is calculated as
tan 1
Vr1
0.173
V 1
Vr1
3.5
5.38
V 1 U1 20.26 19.61
1 79.50 (Ans)
Power output:
The output power is calculated as eulated as
Poutput gQht gQ
U1V 1
1000 0.792 19.61 20.26
g
314.66 kW (Ans)
5. A Francis turbine is required to give 180kW output power under a head H of 20m.
Overall efficiency is 80% dan the hydraulic efficiency is 85%. The turbin speed is
600rpm. The runners occupy 85% of the circumference. If a flow velocity is constant
at 0.3(2gH)1/2 and peripheral velocity at inlet 0.8(2gH)1/2 and the water discharge
without whirl, determine
Solution
Given Po 180 kW, H Eff 20 m, o 0.8 , hyd 0.85 , N = 600rpm, k 0.85
D1
2N D1
therefore
60 2
60U1 60 15.84
N
600
0.504 m (Ans)
Vr1
V 1
V 1
gH Eff hyd
U1
20 g 0.85
10.53 m/s
15.84
UV
HT
1 1 0.85 therefore
H Eff
gH Eff
Vr1 5.94
0.564 therefore
V 1 10.53
29.60 (Ans)
Vr1
5.94
1.119 therefore
U1 V 1 15.84 10.53
1 48.20 and
1 1800 48.20 131.80 (Ans)
Po
180000
0.8 Then
Pi gQH Eff
180000
1.147 m3/s
g 0.8 20
b1
Q
1.147
0.143 m (Ans)
6. A Francis turbine with diameter of the runner and width are 2.4m and 0.3m, operates
at 428rpm and volume flowrate of 15500liter/s. The velocity and pressure head at the
inlet are 9.0m/s and 260m of water respectively. The inlet section is located 3.35m
above the water surface of tailrace. If no head loss is turbine, determine
a. Turbine power
b. Guide vane angle
p1
260 m,
g
Z1 3.35 m
Turbine power:
Take Bernoulli equation between point at the turbine inlet and water surface at tailrace
gives
p1 V12
p V2
Z1 2 2 Z 2 H T
g 2 g
g 2 g
Since p2 V2 Z 2 0 therefore
p1 V12
92
Z1 H T 260
3.35 267.48 m
g 2 g
2g
Then the turbine power is calculated as
40.67 MW (Ans)
Vr1
Q
Q
15.5
6.85 m/s
A1 D1b1 2.4 0.3
sin
Vr1 6.85
0.761 therefore
V1
9
49.60 (Ans)
tan
V
6.85
Vr1
5.83 m/s
therefore V 1 r1
tan tan 49.6
V 1
U1 r1
D1 N 2.4 428
6.85
53.79 m/s
60
60
tan 49.6
Therefore tan 1
Vr1
6.85
0.143
U1 V 1 53.79 5.83
And 1 8.130
Finally 1 1800 8.130 171.87 0 (Ans)
7. A Francis turbine works under effective head of 50m and volume flowrate of aliran
300liter/s. The diameter of runner at outlet is D1 and at the inlet is D1/3. The flow
velocity is constant at V=0.15(2gHEff)1/2. If the turbine operates runs at 1000rpm,
hydraulic efficiency of 80%, radial runner angle and the blades occupy 10% of the
circumference, determine
a. Guide vane angle
b. Runner angle at outlet
c. Width of runner at inlet and outlet
d. Output power is the overall efficiency is 70%
Solution
Given HEff = 50m, Q = 300liter/s, V r1 = V r2 = 0.15(2gHEff)1/2, N = 1000rpm,
Vr1
V 1
hyd
UV
HT
1 1 0.8
H Eff
gH Eff
V21
0.8 then V 1 0.8gH Eff 0.8g 50 19.81 m/s
gH Eff
Then tan
Vr 1
4.7
0.237
V 1 19.81
And 13.350
tan 2
Vr 2
U2
U 2 r2
D2 N
60
Therefore tan 2
D2 N
60
D1 3N
4.7
0.712
6.6
60
1
1 D1 N
or U 2 U 1 6.6 m/s
3
3 60
D1 N
60
19.81 m/s
60 19.81
0.378 m and therefore D2 D1 3 0.126 m.
1000
0.3
0.0597 m (Ans)
4.7 0.378 0.9
Similarly
b2
Q
0.3
0.179 m (Ans)
Vr1D2 k 4.7 0.126 0.9
Output power:
Power input is calculated as
Poutput
Pinput
0.7 then
Usually, the Pelton wheel is placed horizontally and not more than two jets can be used.
However, for a vertical wheel, up to six jets can be used to rotate the wheel.
The inlet and outlet velocity triangles are shown in Figure 3.15. We need to derive the torque
and power transferred to the shaft from these velocity components. From the figure, we can
see that
V1 V 1 W1 U
(3.51)
where U is the bucket velocity. Note that there is no velocity triangle at inlet.
While at the outlet, relative velocity leaving the bucket is slightly smaller than the relative
velocity entering the bucket. This is due to the friction on the bucket. Therefore, relative
velocity at outlet can be written as
W2 kW2
(3.52)
Where k is the friction coefficient and its value is less than one.
From the velocity triangle at outlet,
cos
U V 2
W2
(3.53)
And
V 2 U W2 cos
(3.54)
or
V 2 U kW1 cos
(3.55)
where is the deflected angle. The torque on the bucket can be derived as following
rV 1 m
rV 2 m
r V 1 V 2
Twheel m
(3.56)
V 1 V 2 V1 U W2 cos
(3.57)
Twheel m r V1 U W2 cos
(3.58)
or
r V1 U kW1 cos
Twheel m
(3.59)
or
Twheel m r V1 U k V1 U cos
(3.60)
r V1 U 1 k cos
Twheel m
(3.61)
Pwheel Twheel
(3.62)
r V1 U 1 k cos
Pwheel m
Since U r and m W
Pwheel
(3.63)
the we obtain
W U V1 U 1 k cos
g
(3.64)
Eq. (3.64) indicates that the power transferred to the wheel depends on the deflected angle
and the value of friction coefficient k. In theory, the maximum power can be obtained if
1800 . However, practically if 1800 , the deflected fluid will strike on the back of
neighbouring bucket and reduce the torque of the wheel.
Pwheel U V1 U 1 k cos
W
g
Efficiency
The nozzle power is defined as
(3.65)
Pnozzle gQH N
(3.66)
(3.67)
with H Eff is the kinetic energy head which is transferred by the fluid jet to the wheel as
H Eff
V12
2g
(3.68)
PEff H Eff
PN
HN
(3.69)
The hydraulic efficiency h is then defined as the ability of a Pelton wheel to transform the
obtained kinetic energy of fluid jet into mechanical energy. Therefore, the hydraulic
efficiency is defined as
U V1 U 1 k cos
Pwheel m
PEff
gQH Eff
(3.70)
Since m Q and by using Eq. (3.68), Eq. (3.70) can be rewrite as follow
2U V1 U 1 k cos
V12
(3.71)
Eq. (3.71) indicates that a graph of efficiency against bucket velocity is in parabolic form as
illustrated in Figure 3.16.
V1
2
(3.72)
Substitute U
V1
into the expression for the hydraulic efficiency gives the maximum
2
hydraulic efficiency as
V1
V
V1 1 1 k cos
1 k cos
2
2
2
V1
2
2
h, max
(3.73)
Eq. (3.73) demonstrates that the hydraulic efficiency can be 100% when k cos 1 This
is true when k = 1 and . However, it is almost impossible to get k = 1 due to the
presence of surface roughness. It is also impossible to set to avoid the deflected fluid
strikes on the back of neighbouring bucket.
V1
as follow
2
Pwheel,max
V
V
W 1 V1 1 1 k cos 2
WV1 1 k cos
2
2
g
4g
(3.74)
The ability of the shaft to extract the energy from the wheel must also be considered. The
energy losses may be due to wind flow or external surrounding. Due to these losses, the
amount of energy that be transferred to the shaft is reduced. Assume PO is the power gained
by the shaft, and the mechanical efficiency can be defined as
mech
PO
Pwheel
(3.75)
PO
PN
(3.76)
which describe the ratio of power gained by the shaft to the power produced by the jet of
fluid.
Question
1. A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 10.0 m/s. The jets discharge 0.70 m3/s of
water under a head of 30.0 m. If the deflection angle is 160, calculate the power
gained by the wheel and the wheel efficiency taking the velocity coefficient for the jet
as 0.98.
Solution
Given U 10 m/s, Q 0.7 m3/s, H N 30 m, 160 CV 0.98
Power gained by the wheel:
The fluid jet velocity is calculated as
V12 23.782
28.82 m.
2g
2g
197.89 kW (Ans)
Wheel efficiency:
The wheel efficiency is the ability of the wheel to extract energy from the wwater jet
and also known as the hydraulic efficiency h
V12
23.782
94.5 % (Ans)
2. A Pelton wheel develops 1250kW output power under a gross head of 600m. Head
loss due to pipe friction between the reservoir and nozzle is 48m. The bucket deflects
the jet through an angle of 170, and velocity of the water is reduced by 12 percent
due to the bucket friction. The speed ratio is 0.47 and the nozzle coefficient
CV 0.89 and the actual hydraulic efficiency actual = 0.9theoretical. If the bucket circle
diameter of the wheel is 900mm and 2 jets working, determine:
i)
ii)
iii)
Solution
Given Poutput 1250 kW, H gross 600 m, 170 , k 0.88 , 0.47 , CV 0.89 , D = 0.9m
2U V1 U 1 k cos
V12
U
0.47 then U 43.53 m/s
V1
Therefore theoretically h
2N D
and therefore
60 2
60U 60 43.53
Pwheel
or
PEff
Pwheel 1250000
0.837
PEff
gQH Eff
C 2 gH N
V2
1 V
2g
2g
1250000
0.348 m3/s.
0.837 gH Eff
0.89
2
2 g 552
2g
437.24 m.
Q 2 AjV1 2
d 2j
4
92.62
and we obtain
d j 0.0489 m (Ans)
3. Pressure at the nozzle of a Pelton wheel turbine is 6m of mercury (Hg) and losses by
nozzle is neglected. Pitch diameter of the wheel is 3m and the number of jets is four.
Turbine has to produce 5MW power. Bucket reflection angle is 165 degree and
relative velocity at outlet is reduced by 10% compare to the inlet. Overall efficiency is
80% and hydraulic efficiency is 90%.
Calculate
(i)
Bucket tangential velocity to jet velocity ratio. If you have more than one answers,
choose the best and justify your choice
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Jet diameter
(v)
Solution
Given CV 1.0 , D = 3m, Poutput 6 MW, No. of nozzle = 4, 165 , k 0.9 , O 0.8 ,
h 0.9
Bucket tangential velocity to jet velocity ratio:
Pressure at the nozzle is given as 6mHg or gH Hg 13500 9.81 6 794.61 kN/m2.
This is equivalent to 794610 gH N water then H N
794610
81 m.
1000 9.81
0.9
V12
39.872
or
2U 2 79.74U 765.466 0
Therefore, the bucket tangential velocity is obtained as 23.77 or 16.11
U 23.77 m/s or 16.11 m/s
Here we take
U
0.4 (Ans)
V1
60U 60 43.53
Total flowrate:
The overall efficiency is defined as
Poutput
Pinput
5 106
0.8
gQH N
therefore
Q
5 106
7.865 m3/s (Ans)
g (0.8)
2N D
and therefore
60 2
Jet diameter:
Since the system consists of four jets, the flowrate for each jet is calculated as
Qjet
7.865
1.966 m3/s
4
Then d j
4Qjet
V1
d 2j
4
V1
0.251 m (Ans)
h, max
1 K cos(180 )
0.9347 or
2
93.47% (Ans)
4. A two jets Pelton wheel is required to produce 5510kW works at 329rpm. Water is
supplied through a 1000m pipe from a reservoir located 350m from the nozzle. The
nozzle coefficient, velocity ratio, overall efficiency and Darcy friction coefficient are
0.97, 0.46, 85% and 0.024 respectively. If the friction loss in pipe is 5%, determine
i)
Diameter of nozzle
ii)
iii)
Solution
Given Poutput 5510 kW, N 329 rpm, H 350 m, CV 0.97 , 0.46 , O 0.85
f 0.024 , friction loss in pipe = 5%, pipe length, l = 1000m
Diameter of nozzle:
Nozzle head is calculated as
H N H loss in pipe
Poutput
Pinput
5510 103
0.85 then
gQH N
5510 103
2 m3/s
0.85 gH N
d 2j
4
V1
4Qjet
Vjet
0.127 m (Ans)
U
0.46 then U 0.46 78.35 36.04 m/s
V1
We know that U
DN
60
then
60U 60 36.04
N
329
2.09 m (Ans)
fl V 2 fl Q A
fl Q d 2
hf
d 2g d 2g
d
2g
2
5.
16 flQ 2
0.85 m (Ans)
2 g 2 h f
A two-jet Pelton wheel is required to produce 2MW power with 400rpm. The
diameter of the wheel is 1.5m. Gross head measure from the water surface in
reservoir to the nozzle is 200m. Head loss in the penstock and nozzle is 10% and
the deflected velocity by the bucket reduced 10%. If the deflected angle is 1650,
determine;
a) Nozzle head
b) Euler Head
c) Velocity ratio
d) Diameter of jet
Solution
Given Poutput 2 MW, N 400 rpm, H 200 m, k 0.9 , 1650
Nozzle head:
H N gross head head loss in penstock and nozzle
Euler head:
Euler head of a Pelton wheel is defined as
HE
U V1 U 1 k cos
g
Here
V1 2 gH Eff 2 g 180 59.43 m/s
and U
HE
DN
60
1.5 400
60
167.7 m (Ans)
Velocity ratio:
U 31.42
0.53 (Ans)
V1 59.43
Jet diameter:
The output power is defined as
PO gQH E 20 106 W then
PO
20 106
gQH E
12.16 m3/s
gH E
g 167.7
We know that
Qjet Ajet V1
Then d j
d 2j
4Qjet
V1
V1
0.360 m (Ans)
6. A Pelton wheel produces 5900kW of power when operates under 550rpm and
net head of 270m. The ratio between the jet diameter and wheel diameter is
1:10. The mechanical efficiency of the wheel is 0.85 while the hydraulic
efficiency is 0.93. If the velocity ratio is 0.46 and nozzle coefficient is 0.98,
determine;
a) Number of nozzle
b) Jet diameter
c) Wheel diameter
d) Total volume flowrate
Solution
Given Poutput 5900 kW, N 550 rpm, H N 270 m, d j D 1 : 10 , mech 0.85
U
0.46 , and therefore U 32.81 m/s
V1
2N D ND
60U
1.14 m (Ans)
then D
60 2
60
N
Since
dj
D
1
then d j 0.114 m (Ans)
10
Pwheel
Poutput
0.85
Pwheel
0.85 , therefore
6941 kW
PEff
Poutput
Pwheel
0.93 , therefore
PEff
Pwheel
7464 kW
0.93
V12 71.332
259.33 then
2g
2g
0.114 2
Q nQjet n AjetV1 n
V1 n
71.33 4.02
4
Finally, n 4 (Ans)