Professional Documents
Culture Documents
-1
La horatime p. 8
Qu hora es?
To answer this question you have to do the following. First, look at your watch to
see if it is between 12:31 and 1:30. If it is, you will start your answer like this:
Es
Es
Es
Es
la
la
la
la
una.
una y cinco.
una y cuarto.
una y media.
Its
Its
Its
Its
1:00.
1:05.
1:15.
1:30.
Es
Es
Es
Es
la
la
la
la
Its
Its
Its
Its
12:35.
12:40.
12:45.
12:58.
If the time is between 1:31 and 12:30, your answer will look like this:
Son
Son
Son
Son
Son
las dos.
las cuatro y veinte.
las ocho y diecisiete.
las seis y media.
las cinco y cuarto.
Its
Its
Its
Its
Its
2:00.
4:20.
8:17.
6:30.
5:15.
When the minutes are larger than 30, you have to say that it is 20 to the hour, etc.
In Spanish you have to use the word menos to do this.
Its 2:45.
Its 10:35.
Its 1:55.
Its midnight.
Es medianoche.
#P.E.-2
All nouns in Spanish have a gender. This means that they are either masculine or
feminine. When you want to say the in Spanish you have to choose the correct
form of the based on the noun. The is used more in Spanish than in English.
el libro
la carpeta
el profesor
la profesora
el lpiz
the books
the folders
the teachers
the teachers
the pencils
hoja de papel
el papel
the day el da
los libros
las carpetas
los profesores
las profesoras
los lpices
#P.E.-3
September 20
October 2
November 24
December 25
January 1
February 14
March 17
April 22
May 5
June 4
July 31
August 10
el veinte de septiembre
el dos de octubre
el veinticuatro de noviembre
el veinticinco de diciembre
el primero de enero
el catorce de febrero
el diecisiete de marzo
el veintids de abril
el cinco de mayo
el cuatro de junio
el treinta y uno de julio
el diez de agosto
Notice that the months are NOT capitalized. You use the numbers 2-31, but 1 st is
primero, NOT uno.
Cul es la fecha de hoy?
Qu da es hoy? Hoy es
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
on Mondays
los lunes
on Saturdays
los sbados
Notice that the days are NOT capitalized in Spanish and that Monday is the 1 st day
of the week. To say on a certain day you use el. To say on Mondays, etc. you use
los.
#1A-4
Qu te gusta hacer?
(A m) Me gusta bailar.
Me gusta pasar tiempo con amigos.
In Spanish, gusta is the verb that is conjugated. The word that follows gusta in
the above sentences is called an infinitive. This is a verb with no subject. It has
the word to before it in English. In Spanish, an infinitive ends with an ar, -er, or
ir. (So there are three types of infinitives.)
I dont like to play the guitar.
You do not like to skate.
Notice that no goes before the me/te in Spanish, but in English it goes after I/you
and could be written as dont or do not.
Do you like to sing?
Yes, I like to sing a lot.
No, I dont like to sing.
No, I dont like to sing at all.
No, I dont.
No, I like to swim.
Te gusta cantar?
S, me gusta mucho cantar.
No, no me gusta cantar.
No, no me gusta nada cantar.
No, no me gusta.
No, me gusta nadar.
#1B-5
Los adjetivos p. 55
masculine, plural
artstico
bueno
artsticos
buenos
feminine, plural
atrevida
graciosa
atrevidas
graciosas
paciente
inteligente
deportista
pacientes
inteligentes
deportistas
Adjectives that end in dor are masculine. The feminine form adds an a to the
end of the word.
m,s.
m,p.
f,s.
trabajador
trabajadores trabajadora
f,p.
trabajadoras
A girl is
talking.
A boy is
#1B-6
There are four ways to say the in Spanish. When translating sentences you will
NOT always see the in English, but it will be used in Spanish.
m.,s.
el
m.,p.
los
f.,s.
la
f.,p.
las
I like animals.
Mrs. Gmez is serious.
Dr. Smith is lazy.
There are two ways to say a, an in Spanish. These words will be present in English
and in Spanish. (Sometimes a/an is translated as one.)
Yo tengo un carro.
Yo tengo una casa.
Yo quiero una manzana.
I have a car.
I have a house. or I have one house.
I want an apple.
#1B-7
Placement of adjectives p. 62
In Spanish, adjectives normally come after the noun they describe. Follow this
pattern when writing a sentence in Spanish.
Subject
verb
Ral
es
Ana
es
Yo
soy
La Sra. Blanca es
adjective
un chico
una chica
una chica
una profesora
serio.
muy atrevida.
inteligente.
artstica.
# 2A-8
Subject pronouns p. 82
A persons name may be substituted with a subject pronoun in Spanish just like in
English. For example, John could be changed to he. Jane could be she.
Singular pronouns:
I
yo
Plural pronouns:
nosotros we (boys or boys & girls)
nosotras we (only girls)
vosotros
vosotras
he
she ella
Which you should you use when talking to the following people?
the president
the king & queen
your best friend
your two brothers in Spain
your two brothers in LA
your sisters in Spain
Ud.
Uds.
t
vosotros
Uds.
vosotras
la Sra. Haines
Ana y Ud.
Ud. y yo
Pepe y ella
t y yo
el Sr. Hale
ella
Uds.
nosotros
ellos
nosotros
l
#2A-9
In Spanish you have to change the infinitive to show who the subject is. In English this
only happens in the 3rd person singular. She sings instead of I sing.
hablar
stem habl
yo hablo
nosotros hablamos
nosotras
t hablas
vosotros hablis
vosotras
Ud.
l habla
ella
Uds.
ellos hablan
ellas
en ingls: t hablas
-ar endings
yo
o
t
as
Ud., l, ella
a
nosotros,-as
amos
vosotros,-as
is
Uds., ellos, ellas an
you speak
you do speak (Do you speak)
you are speaking
Hablas ingls?
#2B-11
La segunda manera: Put the verb before the subject and write a
at the beginning of the sentence.
Trabaja usted mucho?
Canta l bien?
verbo
sujeto
To answer questions
You can answer a yes or no question in 3 ways.
Ganas mucho dinero? o: T ganas mucho dinero, verdad?
S, yo gano mucho dinero.
If a question word is used (who, when, what, how, why, where), you
should answer like the examples below.
La Srta. Howes ensea la clase.
A qu hora es la sptima hora?
Es a las dos menos diez.
Cundo tienes la clase de espaol?
Tengo la clase de espaol a las 12:00.
Qu estudias?
Yo estudio mi espaol.
Por qu estudias?
Yo estudio porque deseo una buena nota.
Quin ensea la clase de espaol?
#2B-12
The verb estar is irregular in Spanish. You still have to take the ar off of the
infinitive, but some of the endings are going to look different.
yo
Estar-to be
estoy
nosotros/nosotras
estamos
ests
estis
l
ella est
Ud.
vosotros/vosotras
ellos
ellas
Uds.
estn
You will use forms of estar when you want to say how someone is or where someone
or something is located.
How are you all?
We are happy.
Where are you?
Im in the office.
# 2B-13
The definite article in English is the. In Spanish there are 4 ways to say the.
singular plural
masculine el
los
feminine la
las
There are 3 reasons why you would need to use the in Spanish.
La leche es buena.
Milk is good.
El colegio es interesante.
3rd: When you are talking about someone with a title, you must use the.
Notice on the 1st and 3rd ways that the does not appear in the English.
los frijoles
the pencil
el lpiz
las mochilas
# 2B-14
or
el lpiz de Mary
Tims car
or
el coche de Tim
the house of Luisa and Pedro
Son de Mariana.
Son de la profesora.
# 3A-15
la sopa de pollo
el yogur de banana
los yogures de uva
Notice that in English the noun being described comes second, but in Spanish
the noun that is being described comes first. Also, the second noun in Spanish
will not use a definite article but the first one needs it. The first noun in Spanish
may be made plural, the second one will remain singular.
la sopa de tomate
la ensalada de lechuga
el jugo de pia
el sndwich de pollo
los sndwiches de jamn
Tu pupitre est detrs del pupitre de Ana.
# 3A-16
In Spanish you have to change the infinitive to show who the subject is. In English this only happens in
the 3rd person singular. He eats instead of we eat.
infinitivo
beber
-er endings
yo
o
t
es
Ud., l, ella
e
nosotros,-as
emos
vosotros,-as
is
Uds., ellos, ellas
en
stem beb
yo bebo
nosotros bebemos
nosotras
t bebes
vosotros bebis
vosotras
Ud.
l bebe
ella
Uds.
ellos beben
ellas
en ingls: l bebe
he drinks
he does drink (Does he drink)
he is drinking
For an ir verb you will use 4 of the er endings. So only 2 forms are different.
infinitivo escribir
stem escrib
yo escribo
nosotros escribimos
t escribes
vosotros escribs
l
ella escribe
Ud.
ellos
ellas escriben
Uds.
-ir endings
yo
o
t
es
Ud., l, ella
e
nosotros,-as
imos
vosotros,-as
s
Uds., ellos, ellas
en
#3A-17
When you want to say that you like or love one thing you will use
me gusta or me encanta.
Me gusta la leche.
Me encanta la pizza.
I like milk.
I love pizza.
When you want to say that you like or love two singular nouns or anything that is
plural, you will use me gustan or me encantan.
Te gusta bailar?
Do you like to dance?
S, me gusta mucho bailar. Yes, I like to dance a lot.
Te encantan las naranjas? Do you love oranges?
No, no me encantan nada las naranjas. No, I dont love oranges at all.
Le gusta cantar y patinar.
He/she likes to sing and skate.
Notice that only nouns require us to use gustan/encantan. You could have many
infinitives and still not add the n to the gusta/encanta.
#3B-18
If your noun is plural, your adjective is going to be plural too. If an adjective ends
in a vowel, all you have to do is add an s to make it plural. If an adjective is
describing a group of both masculine and feminine items, use the masculine plural
form. If the adjective ends with a consonant, add es.
El sndwich es delicioso.
The sandwich (m.s.) is delicious.
Los sndwiches son deliciosos.
The sandwiches (m.p.) are delicious.
La pizza es buena.
The pizza (f.s.) is good.
Las pizzas son buenas.
The pizzas (f.p.) are good.
#3B-19
Ser is used when you want to describe the personality or character traits of
someone or something; to tell time, to say the date or day; to say what something
is made of; to say where someone or something is fromthe origin; and to show
ownership. Ser is irregular in both languages.
yo soy
serto be
nosotros somos
t eres
vosotros sois
l
ella es
Ud.
ellos
ellas son
Uds.
l es
he is
he is being
Hoy es lunes.
Son las tres menos diez.
Pepe es impaciente.
Lidia y Lola son bajas.
Juan es de Puerto Rico.
Es el veintitrs de febrero.
El libro es del profesor.
La mesa es de madera.
Today is Monday.
It is 2:50.
Pepe is impatient.
Lidia and Lola are short.
Juan is from Puerto Rico.
It is February 23.
The book is the teachers.
The table is made of wood.
#4A-20
yo
voy
nosotros vamos
vas
vosotros vais
*l
ella va
Ud.
ellos
ellas van
Uds.
l va he goes
Does he go? or he does go
he is going
Adnde vas?
Where are you going to?
Yo voy al cine.
Im going to the movie theater.
Con quin vas?
With whom are you going?
Voy con Pabla.
Im going with Pabla.
Vas a la iglesia el domingo?
Are you going to church on Sunday?
No, voy a la mezquita.
No, Im going to the mosque.
Notice that to the changes based on which the is used in Spanish.
al
#4A-21
a + el
a la
two words
The following question words allow you to get information from the person you are
talking to. You wont receive yes or no for the answer.
Las reglas:
Where? Dnde?
Dnde trabaja tu mam?
Mi mam trabaja en el cine.
Where to?
Adnde?
Adnde vas t?
Voy al banco.
Quin?
Quin habla?
Jess habla.
To whom?
Who is talking?
Jess is talking.
A quin?
A quin hablas t?
Le hablo a Juan.
Whose? De quin?
De quin es la cartera?
La cartera es de Luis.
Why?
Por qu?
Qu?
Qu miran ellos?
Miran una pelcula.
At what?
A qu?
A qu hora sales t?
Salgo a las dos.
Which? Cul?
Me gusta ms tu coche.
How?
Cmo?
Cmo ests t?
How many?
Estoy bien.
Im fine.
Cuntos? o: Cuntas?
Cunto?
When? Cundo?
Cundo estudias t? When do you study?
Estudio por la noche.
I study at night.
#4B-22
Ir + a + infinitivo p. 206
If you want to say that you or someone is going to do something, you can conjugate
ir in the present tense, write a and then put an infinitive after it.
I am going to watch a movie.
#4B-23
Jugar is a stem-changing verb. This means that a change happens in the stem.
Sometimes this kind of verb is called a shoe verb.
stem jug
yo juego
t juegas
l
ella juega
Ud.
Uds. juegan
nosotros jugamos
vosotros jugis
ellos
ellas
juegan
*Uds.
A qu juegas?
Yo juego al ftbol.
When you put a sport after jugar or one of its forms you need to use al.
#5A-24
Tener is a shoe verb with an irregular yo form. There are many expressions that
use tener in Spanish, but in English we use to be.
el infinitivo:
tener
stem: ten
yo tengo
t tienes
l
ella tiene
Ud.
nosotros tenemos
vosotros tenis
ellos
*ellas tienen
they have
Uds.
Do they have?
they are having
teneraos to beyears old
tener fro
to be cold
tener calor
to be hot
tener razn to be right
tener hambre to be hungry
tener sed
to be thirsty
tener sueo to be sleepy
tener miedo (de) to be afraid (of)
tener que + infinitivo
to have to do something
Cuntos aos tienes? How old are you?
Tengo trece aos.
I am thirteen years old.
Tienen Uds. hambre? Are you all hungry?
No, pero tenemos sed. No, but we are thirsty.
Qu tiene que hacer Raquel?
What does Raquel have to do?
#5A-25
mi
mis
our
nuestro
nuestra
nuestros
nuestras
your tu
tus
your vuestro
vuestra
vuestros
vuestras
their, your
su
sus
Tu and tus are used when you are on a first name basis with 1 person.
Vuestro and its forms are used in Spain when you all own something.
Su as your is formal, but keep in mind that Latin America will use it when
you all own something.
I need my book.
Yo necesito mi libro.
T necesitas tu dinero.
I need my keys.
Es el libro de Juan.