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#P.E.

-1

La horatime p. 8

Qu hora es?

What time is it?

To answer this question you have to do the following. First, look at your watch to
see if it is between 12:31 and 1:30. If it is, you will start your answer like this:

Es
Es
Es
Es

la
la
la
la

una.
una y cinco.
una y cuarto.
una y media.

Its
Its
Its
Its

1:00.
1:05.
1:15.
1:30.

Es
Es
Es
Es

la
la
la
la

una menos veinticinco.


una menos veinte.
una menos cuarto.
una menos dos.

Its
Its
Its
Its

12:35.
12:40.
12:45.
12:58.

If the time is between 1:31 and 12:30, your answer will look like this:

Son
Son
Son
Son
Son

las dos.
las cuatro y veinte.
las ocho y diecisiete.
las seis y media.
las cinco y cuarto.

Its
Its
Its
Its
Its

2:00.
4:20.
8:17.
6:30.
5:15.

When the minutes are larger than 30, you have to say that it is 20 to the hour, etc.
In Spanish you have to use the word menos to do this.

Its 2:45.
Its 10:35.
Its 1:55.

Son las tres menos cuarto.


Son las once menos veinticinco.
Son las dos menos cinco.

If a.m. is there, write de la maana.


If p.m. is there, between noon and 8:00-9:00 p.m. write de la tarde. Between 8:00midnight, write de la noche.

Its noon. Es medioda.

Its midnight.

Es medianoche.

#P.E.-2

The Definite Articlesel, los, la, las p. 11

All nouns in Spanish have a gender. This means that they are either masculine or
feminine. When you want to say the in Spanish you have to choose the correct
form of the based on the noun. The is used more in Spanish than in English.

Most nouns that end in o are masculine so they would use el if


they are singular, but los if they are plural.
Most nouns that end in a are feminine so they would use la if
they are singular, but las if they are plural.
If a noun does not end in o or a, you will have to memorize if it is masculine or
feminine or learn it with the correct form of the.
Always look at the noun that will follow the to determine which the needs to be
used.
the book
the folder
the teacher
the teacher (f)
the pencil

el libro
la carpeta
el profesor
la profesora
el lpiz

the books
the folders
the teachers
the teachers
the pencils

the sheet of paper la


the paper

hoja de papel
el papel

Some exceptions to the above rules:

the day el da

the hand la mano

los libros
las carpetas
los profesores
las profesoras
los lpices

#P.E.-3

La fecha y los das de la semana p. 14-15

To say the date in Spanish you need to remember this formula:

el + number that represents the day + de + name of month

September 20
October 2
November 24
December 25
January 1
February 14
March 17
April 22
May 5
June 4
July 31
August 10

el veinte de septiembre
el dos de octubre
el veinticuatro de noviembre
el veinticinco de diciembre
el primero de enero
el catorce de febrero
el diecisiete de marzo
el veintids de abril
el cinco de mayo
el cuatro de junio
el treinta y uno de julio
el diez de agosto

Notice that the months are NOT capitalized. You use the numbers 2-31, but 1 st is
primero, NOT uno.
Cul es la fecha de hoy?
Qu da es hoy? Hoy es
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday

Hoy es el cinco de octubre.


lunes
martes
mircoles
jueves
viernes
sbado
domingo

on Mondays

los lunes

on Saturdays

los sbados

Notice that the days are NOT capitalized in Spanish and that Monday is the 1 st day
of the week. To say on a certain day you use el. To say on Mondays, etc. you use
los.

#1A-4

El verbo gustarThe Verb To Like p. 32

What do you like to do?


I like to dance.
I like to spend time with friends.

Qu te gusta hacer?
(A m) Me gusta bailar.
Me gusta pasar tiempo con amigos.

In Spanish, gusta is the verb that is conjugated. The word that follows gusta in
the above sentences is called an infinitive. This is a verb with no subject. It has
the word to before it in English. In Spanish, an infinitive ends with an ar, -er, or
ir. (So there are three types of infinitives.)
I dont like to play the guitar.
You do not like to skate.

No me gusta tocar la guitarra.


No te gusta patinar.

Notice that no goes before the me/te in Spanish, but in English it goes after I/you
and could be written as dont or do not.
Do you like to sing?
Yes, I like to sing a lot.
No, I dont like to sing.
No, I dont like to sing at all.
No, I dont.
No, I like to swim.

Te gusta cantar?
S, me gusta mucho cantar.
No, no me gusta cantar.
No, no me gusta nada cantar.
No, no me gusta.
No, me gusta nadar.

No me gusta ni correr ni trotar.

I dont like to either run or jog.


or: I like neither running nor jogging.

Me gusta ver la tele.


A m tambin.
No me gusta esquiar.
A m tampoco.

I like to watch TV.


Me too.
I dont like to ski.
Me neither.

#1B-5

Los adjetivos p. 55

Adjectives describe people or things. In Spanish, adjectives have a masculine and


feminine form along with a singular and plural form.

Masculine adjectives normally end in o.


masculine, singular

masculine, plural

artstico
bueno

artsticos
buenos

Feminine adjectives normally end in a.


feminine, singular

feminine, plural

atrevida
graciosa

atrevidas
graciosas

Adjectives that end in e or ista are both masculine and feminine.


m. & f., sing.

m. & f., plural

paciente
inteligente
deportista

pacientes
inteligentes
deportistas

Adjectives that end in dor are masculine. The feminine form adds an a to the
end of the word.
m,s.

m,p.

f,s.

trabajador

trabajadores trabajadora

f,p.

trabajadoras

Juan es atrevido, sociable e inteligente.


Ana Mara es deportista, estudiosa, seria y paciente.
Soy ordenada, simptica, trabajadora e inteligente.

A girl is

talking.

Soy simptico, ordenado, inteligente y trabajador.


talking.

A boy is

#1B-6

Definite and indefinite articles p. 60

There are four ways to say the in Spanish. When translating sentences you will
NOT always see the in English, but it will be used in Spanish.

m.,s.
el

m.,p.
los

f.,s.
la

f.,p.
las

A m me gustan los animales.


La Sra. Gmez es seria.
El Dr. Smith es perezoso.

I like animals.
Mrs. Gmez is serious.
Dr. Smith is lazy.

There are two ways to say a, an in Spanish. These words will be present in English
and in Spanish. (Sometimes a/an is translated as one.)

Yo tengo un carro.
Yo tengo una casa.
Yo quiero una manzana.

I have a car.
I have a house. or I have one house.
I want an apple.

Yo tengo veintiuna bicicletas. I have 21 bikes.


Yo tengo treinta y un lpices. I have 31 pencils.
Notice that one has to agree with the noun.

#1B-7

Placement of adjectives p. 62

In Spanish, adjectives normally come after the noun they describe. Follow this
pattern when writing a sentence in Spanish.

Subject

verb

Ral
es
Ana
es
Yo
soy
La Sra. Blanca es

indefinite article + noun

adjective

un chico
una chica
una chica
una profesora

serio.
muy atrevida.
inteligente.
artstica.

# 2A-8

Subject pronouns p. 82

A persons name may be substituted with a subject pronoun in Spanish just like in
English. For example, John could be changed to he. Jane could be she.

Singular pronouns:
I
yo

Plural pronouns:
nosotros we (boys or boys & girls)
nosotras we (only girls)

you t (familiaruse with


1st name)

vosotros

you all (familiar, boys or boys &


girlsused in Spain)

vosotras

you all (familiar, only girls)

you usted (Ud.) formal

ustedes (Uds.) you all (formal in Spain, but


both formal & familiar in LA)

he

ellos they (boys or boys & girls)

she ella

ellas they (only girls)

Which you should you use when talking to the following people?
the president
the king & queen
your best friend
your two brothers in Spain
your two brothers in LA
your sisters in Spain

Ud.
Uds.
t
vosotros
Uds.
vosotras

Which pronoun would you use to replace the following subjects?


Donatelo
l
Jorge y yo
nosotros
Luisa y t
vosotros o Uds.
Julia y Francisca ellas
Pablo y Pedro ellos
Catarina
ella

la Sra. Haines
Ana y Ud.
Ud. y yo
Pepe y ella
t y yo
el Sr. Hale

ella
Uds.
nosotros
ellos
nosotros
l

#2A-9

Present tense of ar verbsin other words conjugating p.84

In Spanish you have to change the infinitive to show who the subject is. In English this
only happens in the 3rd person singular. She sings instead of I sing.

Steps to conjugating verbs:


1. Drop the ar off the end of the infinitive (what is left is called the
stem)
2. Add the appropriate ending
infinitivo

hablar
stem habl

yo hablo

nosotros hablamos
nosotras

t hablas

vosotros hablis
vosotras

Ud.
l habla
ella

Uds.
ellos hablan
ellas

en ingls: t hablas

-ar endings
yo
o
t
as
Ud., l, ella
a
nosotros,-as
amos
vosotros,-as
is
Uds., ellos, ellas an

you speak
you do speak (Do you speak)
you are speaking

Subject pronouns do not have to be present in Spanish. When they are


used, they are there to clarify or emphasize. The ending on the verb tells
you who the subject is.
Write the following in Spanish.
I speak Spanish. Hablo espaol.
Do you speak English?

Hablas ingls?

#2B-11

Asking and Answering Questions in Spanish

La primera manera: Put verdad? or no? at the end of the sentence.


Usted mira mucho la TV, verdad?

You watch a lot of TV, right?

Usted mira mucho la TV, no?

You watch a lot of TV, dont you?

Ella practica el piano a veces, verdad?


She practices the piano sometimes, doesnt she?

La segunda manera: Put the verb before the subject and write a
at the beginning of the sentence.
Trabaja usted mucho?

Do you work a lot?

Canta l bien?

Does he sing well?

verbo

sujeto

To answer questions
You can answer a yes or no question in 3 ways.
Ganas mucho dinero? o: T ganas mucho dinero, verdad?
S, yo gano mucho dinero.

Yes, I earn a lot of money.

No, yo no gano mucho dinero.

No, I dont earn a lot of money.

No, yo gano poco dinero.

No, I earn a little money.

If a question word is used (who, when, what, how, why, where), you
should answer like the examples below.
La Srta. Howes ensea la clase.
A qu hora es la sptima hora?
Es a las dos menos diez.
Cundo tienes la clase de espaol?
Tengo la clase de espaol a las 12:00.
Qu estudias?
Yo estudio mi espaol.
Por qu estudias?
Yo estudio porque deseo una buena nota.
Quin ensea la clase de espaol?

#2B-12

El verbo estar p. 107

The verb estar is irregular in Spanish. You still have to take the ar off of the
infinitive, but some of the endings are going to look different.

yo

Estar-to be
estoy
nosotros/nosotras

estamos

ests

estis

l
ella est
Ud.

vosotros/vosotras
ellos
ellas
Uds.

estn

You will use forms of estar when you want to say how someone is or where someone
or something is located.
How are you all?
We are happy.
Where are you?
Im in the office.

Cmo estn Uds.?


Estamos contentos.
Dnde ests?
Estoy en la oficina.

El pupitre est al lado de la puerta.


The clock is behind the curtain. El reloj est detrs de la cortina.
The desk is next to the door.

The student desks are in front of the teacher desk.

Los pupitres estn delante del escritorio.

Notice that de becomes del when the form of the is el.


The wastepaper basket is on top of the table.

La papelera est encima de la mesa.

There is your homework. It is on the chair.

All est tu tarea. Est en la silla.

There are diskettes underneath the keyboard.

Hay disquetes debajo del teclado.

# 2B-13

los artculos definidos p. 110

The definite article in English is the. In Spanish there are 4 ways to say the.

singular plural
masculine el
los
feminine la
las

There are 3 reasons why you would need to use the in Spanish.

1st: When you talk about a noun in the general sense.

La leche es buena.

Milk is good.

El colegio es interesante.

High school is interesting.

2nd: When the is actually present in English.

Necesito el libro verde.

I need the green book.

Los cuadernos estn en el closet.

The notebooks are in the closet.

3rd: When you are talking about someone with a title, you must use the.

El Sr. Garca es un mdico.

Mr. Garcia is a doctor.

La Dra. Lpez est en Mxico.

Dr. Lopez is in Mexico.

Notice on the 1st and 3rd ways that the does not appear in the English.

Write the following in Spanish.


the beans

los frijoles

the pencil

el lpiz

the fountain penla pluma


the backpacks

las mochilas

# 2B-14

las expresiones con de p.111

The word de is used to show possession or ownership in Spanish. In English the s


shows ownership.
Marys pencil

or

the pencil of Mary

el lpiz de Mary
Tims car

or

the car of Tim

el coche de Tim
the house of Luisa and Pedro

la casa de Luisa y Pedro


the wallets of Hugo
las carteras de Hugo
the books of Miss Howes
los libros de la Srta. Howes
Two common questions with their answers:
De quin es el lpiz?
Es de Juan.
De quin son las llaves?

Whose pencil is it?


Its Juans.
Whose keys are they?

Son de Mariana.

They are Marianas.

Son del profesor.

They are the teachers.

Son de la profesora.

# 3A-15

When and how to use de

for one noun to modify another noun


part of a preposition
to show possession or ownership
of
from
chicken soup
banana yogurt
grape yogurts

la sopa de pollo
el yogur de banana
los yogures de uva

Notice that in English the noun being described comes second, but in Spanish
the noun that is being described comes first. Also, the second noun in Spanish
will not use a definite article but the first one needs it. The first noun in Spanish
may be made plural, the second one will remain singular.

El libro est detrs de la mesa.


Tu cuaderno est encima del pupitre.
In the preposition, you will have to use a definite article, which means you have
to know if you want del or de la.

Tu calculadora est detrs de la mochila de Toms.


Your calculator is behind Toms backpack.

Necesito una taza de pollo.


Soy de Michigan.

I need a cup of chicken.


I am from Michigan.

Write the following in Spanish.


tomato soup
lettuce salad
pineapple juice
chicken sandwich
ham sandwiches
Your desk is behind the desk of Ana.

la sopa de tomate
la ensalada de lechuga
el jugo de pia
el sndwich de pollo
los sndwiches de jamn
Tu pupitre est detrs del pupitre de Ana.

# 3A-16

Present tense of er & -ir verbs in other words conjugating

In Spanish you have to change the infinitive to show who the subject is. In English this only happens in
the 3rd person singular. He eats instead of we eat.

Steps to conjugating verbs:


1. Drop the er off the end of the infinitive (what is left is called the stem)
2. Add the appropriate ending

infinitivo

beber

-er endings
yo
o
t
es
Ud., l, ella
e
nosotros,-as
emos
vosotros,-as
is
Uds., ellos, ellas
en

stem beb
yo bebo

nosotros bebemos
nosotras

t bebes

vosotros bebis
vosotras

Ud.
l bebe
ella

Uds.
ellos beben
ellas

en ingls: l bebe

he drinks
he does drink (Does he drink)
he is drinking

For an ir verb you will use 4 of the er endings. So only 2 forms are different.

infinitivo escribir
stem escrib
yo escribo

nosotros escribimos

t escribes

vosotros escribs

l
ella escribe
Ud.

ellos
ellas escriben
Uds.

en ingls: vosotros escribs

-ir endings
yo
o
t
es
Ud., l, ella
e
nosotros,-as
imos
vosotros,-as
s
Uds., ellos, ellas
en

you all write


you all do write
you all are writing

#3A-17

Los verbos gustar y encantar p. 135

When you want to say that you like or love one thing you will use
me gusta or me encanta.

Me gusta la leche.
Me encanta la pizza.

I like milk.
I love pizza.

When you want to say that you like or love two singular nouns or anything that is
plural, you will use me gustan or me encantan.

Me gustan la historia y el espaol.


Me encantan los postres de chocolate.

I like history and Spanish.


I love chocolate desserts.

Te gusta bailar?
Do you like to dance?
S, me gusta mucho bailar. Yes, I like to dance a lot.
Te encantan las naranjas? Do you love oranges?
No, no me encantan nada las naranjas. No, I dont love oranges at all.
Le gusta cantar y patinar.
He/she likes to sing and skate.
Notice that only nouns require us to use gustan/encantan. You could have many
infinitives and still not add the n to the gusta/encanta.

#3B-18

Plurals of Adjectives p. 156

If your noun is plural, your adjective is going to be plural too. If an adjective ends
in a vowel, all you have to do is add an s to make it plural. If an adjective is
describing a group of both masculine and feminine items, use the masculine plural
form. If the adjective ends with a consonant, add es.

El sndwich es delicioso.
The sandwich (m.s.) is delicious.
Los sndwiches son deliciosos.
The sandwiches (m.p.) are delicious.
La pizza es buena.
The pizza (f.s.) is good.
Las pizzas son buenas.
The pizzas (f.p.) are good.

#3B-19

El verbo ser p. 158

Ser is used when you want to describe the personality or character traits of
someone or something; to tell time, to say the date or day; to say what something
is made of; to say where someone or something is fromthe origin; and to show
ownership. Ser is irregular in both languages.

yo soy

serto be
nosotros somos

t eres

vosotros sois

l
ella es
Ud.

ellos
ellas son
Uds.

l es

he is
he is being

vosotros sois you all are


you all are being

Hoy es lunes.
Son las tres menos diez.
Pepe es impaciente.
Lidia y Lola son bajas.
Juan es de Puerto Rico.
Es el veintitrs de febrero.
El libro es del profesor.
La mesa es de madera.

Today is Monday.
It is 2:50.
Pepe is impatient.
Lidia and Lola are short.
Juan is from Puerto Rico.
It is February 23.
The book is the teachers.
The table is made of wood.

#4A-20

El verbo irto go p. 180

yo

voy

nosotros vamos

vas

vosotros vais

*l
ella va
Ud.

ellos
ellas van
Uds.
l va he goes
Does he go? or he does go
he is going

Adnde vas?
Where are you going to?
Yo voy al cine.
Im going to the movie theater.
Con quin vas?
With whom are you going?
Voy con Pabla.
Im going with Pabla.
Vas a la iglesia el domingo?
Are you going to church on Sunday?
No, voy a la mezquita.
No, Im going to the mosque.
Notice that to the changes based on which the is used in Spanish.

al

#4A-21

a + el

a la

two words

Las palabras para preguntas p. 184

The following question words allow you to get information from the person you are
talking to. You wont receive yes or no for the answer.
Las reglas:

The question word goes right after the .


Normally the verb followsthe exception is with the
question word How many?
The subject, when it is present, must go after the verb.

Where? Dnde?
Dnde trabaja tu mam?
Mi mam trabaja en el cine.
Where to?

Where does your mom work?


My mom works in the movie theater.

Adnde?

Adnde vas t?
Voy al banco.

Where are you going to?


Im going to the bank.

Where from? De dnde?


De dnde eres? Where are you from?
Soy de los Estados Unidos. Im from the United States.
Who?

Quin?

Quin habla?
Jess habla.
To whom?

Who is talking?
Jess is talking.

A quin?

A quin hablas t?
Le hablo a Juan.

To whom are you talking?


Im talking to Juan.

Whose? De quin?
De quin es la cartera?
La cartera es de Luis.
Why?

Whose wallet is it?


The wallet is Luis.

Por qu?

Por qu escribes t una carta?

Why are you writing a letter?

Escribo una carta porque me gusta escribir.


What?

I am writing a letter because I like to write.

Qu?

Qu miran ellos?
Miran una pelcula.
At what?

What are they watching?


They are watching a movie.

A qu?

A qu hora sales t?
Salgo a las dos.
Which? Cul?

At what time are you leaving?


Im leaving at 2.

(sometimes we use the word what)

Cul te gusta ms, mi coche o tu bicicleta?


Which do you like more, my car or your bike?

Me gusta ms tu coche.
How?

Cmo?

(sometimes it is translated as what)

Cmo ests t?
How many?

I like your car more.

How are you?

Estoy bien.

Im fine.

Cuntos? o: Cuntas?

Cuntos gatos tienes t?


Tengo un gato.

How many cats do you have?


I have one cat.

Cuntas bicicletas tienes t?


How many bikes do you have?
Tengo una bicicleta.
I have one bike.
How much?

Cunto?

Cunto cuesta? How much does it cost?


Cuesta diez dlares.
It costs $10.

When? Cundo?
Cundo estudias t? When do you study?
Estudio por la noche.
I study at night.
#4B-22
Ir + a + infinitivo p. 206
If you want to say that you or someone is going to do something, you can conjugate
ir in the present tense, write a and then put an infinitive after it.
I am going to watch a movie.

Yo voy a ver una pelcula.


Qu vas a hacer?

What are you going to do?


We are going to dance and listen to the radio.

Vamos a bailar y escuchar la radio.

#4B-23

El verbo jugar p. 208

Jugar is a stem-changing verb. This means that a change happens in the stem.
Sometimes this kind of verb is called a shoe verb.

stem jug
yo juego
t juegas
l
ella juega
Ud.
Uds. juegan

you all play


you all do play/do you all play
you all are playing/are you all playing

What are you playing?


Im playing soccer.

nosotros jugamos
vosotros jugis
ellos
ellas
juegan
*Uds.

A qu juegas?
Yo juego al ftbol.

When you put a sport after jugar or one of its forms you need to use al.

#5A-24

El verbo tenerto have p. 228

Tener is a shoe verb with an irregular yo form. There are many expressions that
use tener in Spanish, but in English we use to be.

el infinitivo:

tener

stem: ten

yo tengo
t tienes
l
ella tiene
Ud.

nosotros tenemos
vosotros tenis
ellos
*ellas tienen
they have
Uds.
Do they have?
they are having
teneraos to beyears old
tener fro
to be cold
tener calor
to be hot
tener razn to be right
tener hambre to be hungry
tener sed
to be thirsty
tener sueo to be sleepy
tener miedo (de) to be afraid (of)
tener que + infinitivo
to have to do something
Cuntos aos tienes? How old are you?
Tengo trece aos.
I am thirteen years old.
Tienen Uds. hambre? Are you all hungry?
No, pero tenemos sed. No, but we are thirsty.
Qu tiene que hacer Raquel?
What does Raquel have to do?

Tiene que estudiar.

#5A-25

She has to study.

los adjetivos posesivospossessive adjectives p. 232

Possessive adjectives show us who owns something. In Spanish, possessive


adjectives have to agree in number and gender.

Number refers to singular and plural. Gender refers to masculine and


feminine. Most of the possessives only have singular and plural forms.
my

mi

mis

our

nuestro
nuestra

nuestros
nuestras

your tu

tus

your vuestro
vuestra

vuestros
vuestras

their, your
su

sus

his, her, your


su
sus

Tu and tus are used when you are on a first name basis with 1 person.
Vuestro and its forms are used in Spain when you all own something.
Su as your is formal, but keep in mind that Latin America will use it when
you all own something.
I need my book.

Yo necesito mi libro.

You need your money.

T necesitas tu dinero.

You want your car.

Ud. desea su coche.

I need my keys.

Necesito mis llaves.

You need your tapes.

Necesitas tus cintas.

You need your tapes.

Ud. necesita sus cintas.

We want our house.

Deseamos nuestra casa.

We want our books.

Deseamos nuestros libros.

You all want your money.

Deseis vuestro dinero.

You all want your money.

Uds. desean su dinero.

Because su has many meanings, we will be using the following way to


express when he, she or they own something.
De quin es el libro?

Es el libro de Juan.

Whose book is it?

Its Johns book.

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